Animal-Based Food and Environmental Justice

SEI Longform Series_ February 2020 Longform Series Sydney Environment Institute Swinging the Pendulum Towards the Politics of Production: Animal-Based Food and Environmental Justice ---- Dr Dinesh Wadiwel Sydney Environment Institute 1 Sydney Environment Institute 1 Image by Carlos Neto, via Shutterstock. ID: 1517215121 Shutterstock. via Neto, Carlos by Image SEI Longform Series_ Presented at the annual Iain McCalman Lecture on February 6 2020 by Dr Dinesh Wadiwel, Department of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Sydney. The Iain McCalman Lecture celebrates SEI co-founder and former co-director Iain McCalman’s generous and compassionate spirit, and his dedication to fostering and pioneering multidisciplinary environmental research. The lectures aim to highlight the work of early to mid-career researchers working across disciplinary boundaries to impact both scholarship and public discourse. The research, events and operations of the Sydney Environment Institute take place at the University of Sydney, on the Gadigal lands of the Eora Nation. We pay our deepest respects to Indigenous elders, caretakers and custodians past, present and emerging, here in Eora and beyond. sydney.edu.au/sei Sydney Environment Institute 2 Dr Wadiwel explores the impact of animal agriculture on climate, planetary health and justice, and the issues with focussing on individualised responsibility, rather than structural and institutional reform. His talk seeks to swing the pendulum from the politics of consumption towards the politics of production by seeking to understand the global “metabolism” of the historically unprecedented expansion of animal-based foods under capitalism. The industrialisation of production within the context of capitalist economies has led to the mass production of animal foods as a source of profit, producing deep environmental impacts, and simultaneously exposing trillions of animals annually to the violence of intensified farming and fishing. This talk highlights that thinking about production, rather than consumption, allows us to explore the way the economies and institutions might be enlisted to create a “just transition” away from industrial animal agriculture. I want to begin my talk by marking the apparent that we must take into account terrible moment many of us inhabit today, impacts for animals, and the environment, after the last few months of devastation as subjects of justice. have swept through so many lives. I don’t Indeed, for better or worse, the think it is hyperbolic to state that the devastation of the past summer in bushfires have marked a monumental Australia has highlighted that climate disaster in Australia, which has massively change represents an environmental impacted not only humans, but animals justice issue that goes well beyond the and the environment, in ways that defy human. It is not just that the effects measurement, and indeed imagination. of anthropogenic climate change will The connections between human induced disproportionately impact the poorest climate change and the catastrophe humans on the planet; actually, as we have around us have become undeniable, and I witnessed, the climate emergency will also think create a bittersweet opportunity for devastate the lives and communities of change, allowing us to consider afresh the non-humans on a mass scale. Like other meaning of environmental justice. environmental justice issues, those who Traditional understandings of benefit from environmental devastation environmental justice were interested in are shielded from its worst effects, while the distributional inequalities associated those who have no say in decisions that with the environmental consequences of contribute to global warming are those human activity, for example, the way that that are harmed without any benefit. industrial pollution always seems to impact Underlining this is a complete failure the poorest on the planet, even though of recognition – a systematic failure to these communities did not seem to recognise and value lives and flourishing benefit economically from the proceeds in the multiplicity of life forms which of industrial production. surround us. More recent work in environmental I: ANIMAL AGRICULTURE AND THE justice, including from SEI Director David CLIMATE EMERGENCY Schlosberg, has sought to highlight that My talk today is about animal agriculture injustices, either in the distribution of and its future. I recognise my talk arrives environmental consequences or the at a point of global crisis. At this time of failure to recognize status and rights, emergency, we must take seriously a range go well beyond the human – today it is of possible levers before us to mitigate The University of Sydney 3 SEI Longform Series_ the worst possible futures associated with much animal rights theory as a social and global warming. In my view the climate political problem of how societies manage Dinesh Wadiwel emergency creates a new context which food supplies and the role of animals changes the parameters for how we think within it, the easiest solution proposed Dinesh Wadiwel is a lecturer in about animal agriculture. It means that was for individuals to make an individual human rights and socio-legal we are finally ready to have a serious decision to opt out of supporting animal studies in the Department of conversation about how we transform agriculture by eliminating animal products Sociology and Social Policy this aspect of our food system, and take from their diets. That is, to ask consumers and Director of the Master of seriously justice for both humans and to vote with their feet by going vegan (or Human Rights. Dr Wadiwel is non-humans. vegetarian) or avoiding animal products. also a research affiliate of the Sydney Environment Institute In the not too distant past, critical All of this happened in a context in which and a researcher on the SEI/ discussions around animal agriculture animal rights theory and environmental FASS Multispecies Justice were framed in relation to prominent ethics appeared at odds with each other. Initiative. He is currently debates within animal rights theory and At least one prominent fault line in the writing a book exploring the environmental ethics. On one hand, from disagreement between animal rights relationship between animals the 1970s onward, prominent voices in theory and environmental ethics was and capitalism, building on animal ethics, such as Peter Singer, asked in relation to the rights of individuals his 2015 monograph, The War significant moral questions about our and the flourishing of communities. Against Animals. mainstream uses for animals. In many Traditional animal rights theory tended to cases animal ethics was responding to the emphasise the individual rights of animals, horrors of industrial animal agriculture, and count as harms infringements of particularly forms of agriculture utilising those rights. Environmentalists, on the intensive systems of containment and other hand, tended to speak about the the mechanisation of key processes such flourishing of ecosystems or species, as slaughter. Animal rights theory looked where individual harms were perhaps at the factory farm, at intensive animal tolerable in the name of the greater agriculture, and I think for good reason, good. Thus an environmentalist might be found that there were few consistent comfortable with the elimination of “non- moral arguments in favour of using native” species within an environment animals in these ways. because of the perceived benefits to an ecosystem or other populations. Animal rights and the focus on individual Further, while many environmentalists responsibility have recognised that many forms of While animal rights theory agreed that industrialised animal agriculture pose industrial animal agriculture posed an environmental problems, the objection to ethical problem, the strategies proposed animal agriculture is not directly informed for challenging the institutional forms of by a concern for the rights of animals animal agriculture focused upon individual – thus environmentalists may support actions. Peter Singer’s influential 1975 forms of intensive animal agriculture that book Animal Liberation included offer reduced environmental impact, vegetarian recipes in the back, and odd or alternatively, argue for modest low inclusion for a work of applied philosophy. scale animal agriculture as a sustainable I don’t mean to say that Singer thought alternative to large scale agriculture. All of that a commitment to mass vegetarianism this potentially placed environmentalists was the only strategy available to counter at odds with animal rights supporters. animal agriculture— actually a close However, something has palpably changed reading of Animal Liberation makes clear over the last decade around the politics that this was not the case. However, the of meat. A decade ago, it seemed that inclusion of the cook book in one of discussions about the problems with the appendices of this important work animal agriculture were extraordinarily in moral philosophy marks something fringe in nature. It would be rare to see distinct about the way in which advocacy articles in major newspapers questioning around the rights of animals has occurred the status of animals as food. At the same over the last 50 years. time, many would be aware of the cultural This advocacy has featured a very battles which have surrounded vegan and strong emphasis on personal practice; vegetarian diets over the last decade, indeed, I would say, an over-reliance

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