Six Ways in Which Australian Animal Welfare Laws Permit Cruelty Towards

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Six Ways in Which Australian Animal Welfare Laws Permit Cruelty Towards LAWFUL CRUELTY: SIX WAYS IN WHICH AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL WELFARE LAWS PERMIT CRUELTY TOWARDS NONHUMAN ANIMALS KATHERINE. E. RUSSELL LLB (HONS), BA, DIP. MUSIC (UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ADELAIDE LAW SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE DECEMBER 2017 Page 1 of 305 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: The Intellectual Context: Literature Review and the Unique Contribution of this Thesis Chapter 3: Legal Persons, Legal Things, and Somewhere In Between Chapter 4: Australian Animal ‘Welfare’ Laws Chapter 5: The Commodification of Nonhuman Animals Chapter 6: The Policy of Inaction Chapter 7: The Myth of Animal Protection Chapter 8: Keeping Cruelty Invisible: Laws that Punish Civil Disobedience Chapter 9: Conclusion Page 2 of 305 ABSTRACT The central argument of this thesis is that the very same laws that purport to prohibit cruelty towards nonhuman animals in Australia are responsible for facilitating it. Australian animal welfare statutes, regulations and Codes of Practice all state the prevention of cruelty towards nonhuman animals as their objective. They contain provisions which not only prohibit cruel conduct, but they also place positive duties on those who have a nonhuman animal within their custody and control to do certain things to ensure their basic welfare needs are met. Yet, nonhuman animals in Australia are lawfully treated with cruelty on a routine basis. They are confined to cages so small they cannot turn around, they have surgical procedures performed on their bodies without anaesthetic or pain relief, and they may be slaughtered without being rendered unconscious or insensible to pain. In all such cases, I argue that Australian animal welfare legislation not only fails to meet its stated objective of prohibiting cruelty, but that it actively permits it. This thesis departs from existing literature on the topic of lawful animal cruelty by seeking to understand precisely how animal cruelty is lawful in Australia. Existing literature has established that Australian animal welfare provisions are inadequate, and fail to protect nonhuman animals from some of the worst cruelties. Yet, little has been said about precisely what legal mechanisms are operating to permit such cruelty. A critical understanding of not only what the law allows, but how it allows it is essential to future attempts at reforming the law to better protect the interests of nonhuman animals in law. This thesis lays new groundwork for thinking about and understanding the complex problem of lawful animal cruelty in Australia. Through technical legal analysis and a critical assessment of the provisions of animal welfare legislation, regulations and Codes of Practice, I identify six ways in which Australian law permits cruelty towards nonhuman animals: (1) through the legal classification of nonhuman animals as legal property, (2) through inadequate legal provisions which prohibit only ‘unnecessary’ cruelty, and which give force to Codes of Practice that permit cruel acts, (3) through the commodification of nonhuman animals which characterises them as having only exchange value in the capitalist marketplace, (4) through the use of definitions, legal fictions and express exclusions to declare inaction with respect to some forms of cruelty, (5) through the propagation of the myth that animal welfare laws are protecting nonhuman animals from cruelty, and (6) through an implicit reliance on other laws which prohibit the public from observing the lawful cruelty that occurs against nonhuman animals in private industry. Page 3 of 305 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the writing of this thesis I would like to acknowledge with heartfelt gratitude the support of my supervisors Peter Burdon and Ngaire Naffine. Thank you both for the countless hours you have spent reviewing my work and providing me with feedback. Your offices have become safe houses for me to explore my ideas, and to challenge them. You have given me confidence in my ideas and taught me the skills I need to articulate them. Thank you for being such wonderful mentors. I feel immeasurably privileged to have spent the last few years learning from you both. Thank you to the University of Adelaide for providing me with the resources to complete this thesis, and for the many wonderful learning experiences I have enjoyed throughout both my undergraduate and postgraduate studies. I also gratefully acknowledge the financial support that I have received from the University of Adelaide Divisional Scholarship and the Zelling-Gray Scholarship throughout my candidature. These generous scholarships have allowed me to dedicate my time to the writing of this thesis, for which I feel profoundly privileged. I would also like to acknowledge the role that my family and friends have played in the completion of this thesis. To my husband James, thank you for being an unwavering source of love and support, and for always having faith that I would complete this thesis even when it seemed impossible. To my son Stanley, who arrived half way through the writing of this thesis, thank you for being you, and for proving to me every day that this world is full of goodness. To my parents- in-law, Brian and Sheila, thank you for believing in me and for your support on the home front, which gave me time to write this thesis. To my best friend Estelle Boyle, thank you for always listening, and for sharing in my many highs and lows. Thank you also for giving me confidence, and for your comradery throughout the difficult process of writing. To my mentor and friend, Shatha Hamade, thank you for taking me under your wing as an undergraduate law student, and for introducing me to the world of animal law. Thank you for inspiring me. Finally - and most importantly, to my parents. You have supported me not only through the writing of this PhD, but in all that I do. You have been Stanley’s ‘home away from home’, which has made the completion of this thesis possible. More than that, you have taught me all that I know, and have made me who I am. Thank you for all that you have given me and for all that you continue to give. I dedicate this thesis to you both, and to our Rohan. Page 4 of 305 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 DECLARATION 5 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 11 I. Thesis 12 A. Defining Key Terms: ‘Cruelty’ and ‘Nonhuman Animal’ 12 B. Underlying Premises of the Thesis 14 II. Background to the Investigation 16 A. The Legislative Framework 16 B. Lawful Cruelty 17 III. Approach to the Investigation 19 A. Scope of Thesis 19 B. Method of Analysis 22 IV. Structure of Thesis 25 Chapter Three: Legal Persons, Legal Things and Somewhere In-Between 25 Chapter Four: Australian Animal Welfare Laws 26 Chapter Five : The Commodification of Nonhuman Animals 27 Chapter Six: The Policy of Inaction 27 Chapter Seven: The Myth of Animal Protection 28 Chapter Eight: Keeping Cruelty Invisible: Laws that Punish Civil Disobedience 29 V. Conclusion 30 CHAPTER 2 : THE INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THE UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION OF THIS THESIS 31 I. The Intellectual Context 32 II. Legal Status of Nonhuman Animals 34 III. Failing Welfare Laws and Codes of Cruelty 41 A. Critique of Australian Codes of Practice 43 Page 6 of 305 IV. Practical Issues in Animal Law 45 A. Animals and Legal Standing 45 B. Enforcement 46 C. Sentencing 47 V. The Unique Contribution Offered by this Thesis 49 CHAPTER 3: LEGAL PERSONS, LEGAL THINGS AND SOMETHING IN BETWEEN 51 I. Introduction 52 II. The Person / Property Divide 54 A. What is Legal Personhood? 55 B. What is a Legal Thing? 58 C. Status of Wild Nonhuman Animals 60 III. Who Can Be a Legal Person? 61 A. Competing Conceptions of the Legal Person 62 1. The Legalist View 62 2. The Realist View 65 IV. Making Animals Persons and Conflating Conceptions of the Legal Person 66 A. Gary Francione’s Approach 67 B. Steven Wise and Nonhuman Animal ‘Persons’ 69 C. Wise’s and Francione’s Blended Conceptions of the Legal Person 72 V. Conclusion 80 CHAPTER 4: AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL ‘WELFARE’ LAWS 82 I. Introduction 83 II. Australia’s Animal Welfare Legislative Framework 85 A. The Legal Definition of ‘Animal’ 86 B. Key Animal Welfare Provisions 87 1. Anti-Cruelty Provisions 88 2. Animal Welfare Provisions 91 3. Specific Offences Against Nonhuman Animals 92 III. Failing Legal Protections 93 A. Qualifying Words and ‘Necessary’ Cruelty 94 1. Judicial Commentary on ‘Necessary’ Suffering 96 B. Legitimacy of Purpose and Reasonableness of Means 100 Page 7 of 305 1. Confirmation Bias in Law 101 2. What is a Legitimate Purpose? 103 3. What is a Reasonable Means? 103 C. The Limited Operation of the Prohibition on ‘Unnecessary’ Cruelty 106 IV. Australian Codes of Practice and Standards and Guidelines 108 A. Conflicts of Interest in the Development of Model Codes and National Standards and Guidelines 110 B. How Are Codes of Practice and Standards and Guidelines Enforced? 116 V. Case Study: Factory Farmed Pigs in New South Wales 120 VI. Conclusion 126 CHAPTER 5 : THE COMMODIFICATION OF NONHUMAN ANIMALS 127 I. Introduction 128 II. The Problem With Being A Commodity 129 A. The Commodification of Nonhuman Animals 130 B. Commodification Facilitates Cruelty 132 1. How Commodified Animals Become ‘Absent’ 133 III. ‘Treating Meat Humanely’: Legal Language That Commodifies Nonhuman Animals 138 A. Where Law Maximises Exchange Value at the Cost of Animal Welfare 138 B. Where Law Conflates the Life and Death of Nonhuman Animals 141 C. Where Nonhuman Animals become ‘Wastage’ 146 D. Nonhuman Animals that are ‘Pests’ 146 IV. Conclusion 148 CHAPTER 6 : THE POLICY OF INACTION 149 I. Introduction 150 II. ‘Inaction Is a Policy’ 151 A. Language Use: The Law as ‘Intervening’ 155 III.
Recommended publications
  • Which Political Parties Are Standing up for Animals?
    Which political parties are standing up for animals? Has a formal animal Supports Independent Supports end to welfare policy? Office of Animal Welfare? live export? Australian Labor Party (ALP) YES YES1 NO Coalition (Liberal Party & National Party) NO2 NO NO The Australian Greens YES YES YES Animal Justice Party (AJP) YES YES YES Australian Sex Party YES YES YES Pirate Party Australia YES YES NO3 Derryn Hinch’s Justice Party YES No policy YES Sustainable Australia YES No policy YES Australian Democrats YES No policy No policy 1Labor recently announced it would establish an Independent Office of Animal Welfare if elected, however its structure is still unclear. Benefits for animals would depend on how the policy was executed and whether the Office is independent of the Department of Agriculture in its operations and decision-making.. Nick Xenophon Team (NXT) NO No policy NO4 2The Coalition has no formal animal welfare policy, but since first publication of this table they have announced a plan to ban the sale of new cosmetics tested on animals. Australian Independents Party NO No policy No policy 3Pirate Party Australia policy is to “Enact a package of reforms to transform and improve the live exports industry”, including “Provid[ing] assistance for willing live animal exporters to shift to chilled/frozen meat exports.” Family First NO5 No policy No policy 4Nick Xenophon Team’s policy on live export is ‘It is important that strict controls are placed on live animal exports to ensure animals are treated in accordance with Australian animal welfare standards. However, our preference is to have Democratic Labour Party (DLP) NO No policy No policy Australian processing and the exporting of chilled meat.’ 5Family First’s Senator Bob Day’s position policy on ‘Animal Protection’ supports Senator Chris Back’s Federal ‘ag-gag’ Bill, which could result in fines or imprisonment for animal advocates who publish in-depth evidence of animal cruelty The WikiLeaks Party NO No policy No policy from factory farms.
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2019 Revellers at New Year’S Eve 2018 – the Night Is Yours
    AUSTRALIAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION ANNUAL REPORT 2019 Revellers at New Year’s Eve 2018 – The Night is Yours. Image: Jared Leibowtiz Cover: Dianne Appleby, Yawuru Cultural Leader, and her grandson Zeke 11 September 2019 The Hon Paul Fletcher MP Minister for Communications, Cyber Safety and the Arts Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600 Dear Minister The Board of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation is pleased to present its Annual Report for the year ended 30 June 2019. The report was prepared for section 46 of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013, in accordance with the requirements of that Act and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. It was approved by the Board on 11 September 2019 and provides a comprehensive review of the ABC’s performance and delivery in line with its Charter remit. The ABC continues to be the home and source of Australian stories, told across the nation and to the world. The Corporation’s commitment to innovation in both storytelling and broadcast delivery is stronger than ever, as the needs of its audiences rapidly evolve in line with technological change. Australians expect an independent, accessible public broadcasting service which produces quality drama, comedy and specialist content, entertaining and educational children’s programming, stories of local lives and issues, and news and current affairs coverage that holds power to account and contributes to a healthy democratic process. The ABC is proud to provide such a service. The ABC is truly Yours. Sincerely, Ita Buttrose AC OBE Chair Letter to the Minister iii ABC Radio Melbourne Drive presenter Raf Epstein.
    [Show full text]
  • Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R
    THE PALGRAVE MACMILLAN ANIMAL ETHICS SERIES Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R. Valpey The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series Series Editors Andrew Linzey Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford, UK Priscilla N. Cohn Pennsylvania State University Villanova, PA, USA Associate Editor Clair Linzey Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford, UK In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the ethics of our treatment of animals. Philosophers have led the way, and now a range of other scholars have followed from historians to social scientists. From being a marginal issue, animals have become an emerging issue in ethics and in multidisciplinary inquiry. Tis series will explore the challenges that Animal Ethics poses, both conceptually and practically, to traditional understandings of human-animal relations. Specifcally, the Series will: • provide a range of key introductory and advanced texts that map out ethical positions on animals • publish pioneering work written by new, as well as accomplished, scholars; • produce texts from a variety of disciplines that are multidisciplinary in character or have multidisciplinary relevance. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14421 Kenneth R. Valpey Cow Care in Hindu Animal Ethics Kenneth R. Valpey Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies Oxford, UK Te Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series ISBN 978-3-030-28407-7 ISBN 978-3-030-28408-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28408-4 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2020. Tis book is an open access publication. Open Access Tis book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Nose Ringing and Stocking Rate of Pregnant and Lactating Outdoor Sows on Exploratory Behaviour, Grass Cover and Nutrient Loss Potential
    Livestock Science 104 (2006) 91–102 www.elsevier.com/locate/livsci Effect of nose ringing and stocking rate of pregnant and lactating outdoor sows on exploratory behaviour, grass cover and nutrient loss potential J. Eriksen a,*, M. Studnitz b, K. Strudsholm a, A.G. Kongsted a, J.E. Hermansen a a Department of Agroecology, Research Centre Foulum, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark b Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark Received 6 December 2005; received in revised form 3 March 2006; accepted 13 March 2006 Abstract Nose ringing of outdoor sows is practiced to reduce grass sward damage for environmental reasons but conflicts with natural behaviour considerations. We investigated effects of ringing pregnant and lactating outdoor sows on foraging and explorative behaviour, grass cover and nutrient deposition. The experiment included both ringed and unringed sows. For unringed sows the paddocks were either used continuously throughout the experiment or divided into two and sows were moved half way through the experimental period leaving the first used paddock for regrowth. Ringing did not prevent the sow’s rooting, but rooting was less pronounced, when sows were ringed. On average, ringing increased grass cover from 14% to 38% and from 64% to 81% in paddocks with pregnant and lactating sows, respectively. In paddocks with unringed sows kept at a double density and followed by a resting period, the grass cover in autumn was restored to a high degree in paddocks with pregnant sows. In lactating sow paddocks the level of inorganic N was high but with no significant relation to extent of grass cover.
    [Show full text]
  • Submission for the Inquiry Into the Impact of Animal Rights Activism on Victorian Agriculture
    AA SUBMISSION 340 Submission for the Inquiry into the Impact of Animal Rights Activism on Victorian Agriculture 1. Term of reference a. the type and prevalence of unauthorised activity on Victorian farms and related industries, and the application of existing legislation: In Victoria, animal cruelty – including, but not limited to, legalised cruelty – neglect and violations of animal protection laws are a reality of factory farming. The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (Vic) affords little protection to farm animals for a number of reasons, including the operation of Codes of Practice and the Livestock Management Act 2010 (Vic). The fact that farm animals do not have the same protection as companion animals justifies applying a regime of institutionalised and systematic cruelty to them every single day of their lives: see, for example, the undercover footage contained on Aussie Farms, ‘Australian Pig Farming: The Inside Story’ (2015) < http://www.aussiepigs.com.au/ >. It is deeply concerning and disturbing that in addition to the legalised cruelty farm animals are subjected to, farm animals are also subjected to illegal/unauthorised cruelty on Victorian farms. The type of unauthorised activity on Victorian farms is extremely heinous: this is evidenced by the fact that it transcends the systematic cruelty currently condoned by law and the fact that footage of incidences of such unauthorised activity is always horrific and condemned by the public at large. Indeed, speaking about footage of chickens being abused at Bridgewater Poultry earlier this year, even the Victorian Farmers Federation egg group president, Tony Nesci, told the Sydney Morning Herald and The Age that he was horrified by the footage and livid at what had happened.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 31 Animals Australia
    Submission No 31 INQUIRY INTO PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS AMENDMENT (RESTRICTIONS ON STOCK ANIMAL PROCEDURES) BILL 2019 Organisation: Animals Australia Date Received: 6 August 2020 6 August 2020 The Hon. Mark Banasiak MLC Chair, Portfolio Committee No. 4 - Industry New South Wales Legislative Council By Email: [email protected] Dear Mr Banasiak, Animals Australia’s Submission to the New South Wales Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Amendment (Restrictions on Stock Animal Procedures) Bill 2019 Thank you for the opportunity to make a submission on this important Bill to amend the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (POCTA), and to provide evidence at the Inquiry on 11 August 2020. If the Committee requires any further information or clarification prior to my appearance, we are able to provide these on request. Animals Australia is a leading animal protection organisation that regularly contributes advice and expertise to government and other bodies in Australia, and though our international arm (Animals International) works on global animal welfare issues. On behalf of our individual members and supporters, we are pleased to be able to provide this submission. A. THE PROPOSED AMENDMENT Schedule 1 Amendment of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 No 200 [1] Section 23B Insert after section 23A— 23B Mules operation prohibited (1) A person who performs the Mules operation on a sheep is guilty of an offence. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units or imprisonment for 6 months, or both. (2) A person does not commit an offence under subsection (1) until on or after 1 January 2022. [2] Section 24 Certain defences Insert “or” at the end of section 24(1)(a)(iii).
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Live Music in South Australia
    The Future of Live Music in South Australia Live Music Thinker: Martin Elbourne THE DON DUNSTAN FOUNDATION ProjEcT partners The Don Dunstan Foundation Level 3, 230 North Terrace THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE SA 5005 www.reverb.net.au © The Don Dunstan Foundation, 2013 www.dunstan.org.au Recommendation 13: Continue the 49 Contents 4 implementation of The National Indigenous Contemporary Music Action Plan within SA and about the residency 7 appraisal of its progress and outcomes. Recommendation 14: Invest in creative hubs that 50 about martin elbourne 9 provide artistic stimulation and rehearsal spaces for musicians, and support ‘cross fertilisation’ of the arts. overview 11 Recommendation 15: Develop a Government 51 Policy to reduce barriers to creative hubs. Context 15 Recommendation 16: Form a new creative hub 53 from an existing cluster of creative organisations. governance and leadership 29 Recommendation 1: Create the South Australian 30 development of industry Professions 55 Contemporary Music Advisory Council (SACMAC) to develop strategies for the economic development of Recommendation 17: Ensure a high quality 58 the local music industry and to champion it. website exists to profile contemporary musicians, and include quality film clips, statistics on their performance history, and other information that acts education and Creative development for artists 33 as criteria to indicate the current status of the artists. Recommendation 2: Implement the proposed 33 new national curriculum for the Arts to its fullest Recommendation 18: Establish a network of 58 in South Australia and maximise opportunities for accomplished professionals – Friends of SA. creative musical expression in children. Recommendation 19: Develop music industry 59 Recommendation 3: Better equip generalist 34 specific traineeships or internships.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethopower & Ethography
    Ethopower & Ethography The History, Philosophy and Future of Ethology, IV Curtin University, St Georges Terrace, Perth 14th – 16th November, 2019 featuring Brett Buchanan Jean Langford and Cary Wolfe Convened by Matthew Chrulew Centre for Culture and Technology School of Media, Creative Arts and Social Inquiry The environments, which are as diverse as the animals themselves, offer every nature lover new lands of such richness and beauty that a stroll through them will surely be rewarding, even though they are revealed only to our mind’s eye and not to our body’s. – Uexküll By capturing it we utterly destroy the animal’s previous world, and put it into a different environment. The animal must construct an entirely fresh subjective world. This means an enormous task, and it is easy to understand that every individual cannot tackle it successfully. – Hediger Cover image from Heini Hediger, Man and Animal in the Zoo (1969), fig. 181. ~ 1 ~ Ethopower & Ethography Animals are today not only managed as bodies, populations and species; they are also known, controlled, and cared for as individual beings capable of a certain, though circumscribed, degree of behavioural agency. In ethology and related sciences, “behaviour” has become an object of knowledge, power and intervention through which animal activity is delimited and controlled. In this ethopolitical domain, the bodies and souls of wildlife, domesticated beasts and all those in between are subjected to a barrage of specialised techniques, both reductive and productive, mechanising and subjectifying. From laboratory experiments to zoo and circus performances to conservation interventions, epistemological and managerial practices often stage and elicit the reactivity and reflexivity of animal behaviour in contrast to responsive human conduct.
    [Show full text]
  • Sami Torssonen Sellfare: a History of Livestock Welfare Commodification
    H U M a N I M A L I A 7:1 Sami Torssonen Sellfare: A History of Livestock Welf are Commodification as Governance Introduction. The commodification of livestock welfare has recently become a prominent topic of discussion among producers, retailers, nongovernmental organizations, policy makers, and academics. Welfare is increasingly considered “a win-win opportunity for animals, farmers and consumers,” as the title of a 2012 conference organized by FAO and the Slow Food organization proclaims, since “farming practices that take into account high animal welfare standards guarantee greater productivity, better quality, more food safety and added value for farmers” (The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Commodification is not expected to happen by itself, however. The European Union’s 2012 animal welfare strategy, published at an event titled “Empowering consumers and creating market opportunities for animal welfare” (European Commission, “Animal Welfare”), propounds active “valorization of welfare standards as a means to enhance competitiveness of EU food industry” and attempts to seize “every opportunity to express in economic terms the value added by animal welfare policy” (European Commission, “Communication From the Commission” 4, 7). The texts quoted above, and many others like them, are part of a process through which the production and sale of livestock welfare has recently become feasible. Operational welfare measurement systems have been developed for use in livestock production facilities (e.g., Blokhuis). A plethora of assessment, certification, marketing, and education schemes have been introduced (Schmid and Kilchsperger). Studies on the welfare market are proliferating (Norwood and Lusk 302–305). Together these developments enable the production of livestock welfare for sale, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Deepa Mehta (See More on Page 53)
    table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Cinema: Welcome to the Festival 3 Celluloid 166 The Film Society 14 Pixels 167 Meet the Programmers 44 Beyond the Frame 167 Membership 19 Annual Fund 21 Letters 23 Short Films Ticket and Box Offce Info 26 Childish Shorts 165 Sponsors 29 Shorts Programs 168 Community Partners 32 Music Videos 175 Consulate and Community Support 32 Shorts Before Features 177 MSPFilm Education Credits About 34 Staff 179 Youth Events 35 Advisory Groups and Volunteers 180 Youth Juries 36 Acknowledgements 181 Panel Discussions 38 Film Society Members 182 Off-Screen Indexes Galas, Parties & Events 40 Schedule Grid 5 Ticket Stub Deals 43 Title Index 186 Origin Index 188 Special Programs Voices Index 190 Spotlight on the World: inFLUX 47 Shorts Index 193 Women and Film 49 Venue Maps 194 LGBTQ Currents 51 Tribute 53 Emerging Filmmaker Competition 55 Documentary Competition 57 Minnesota Made Competition 61 Shorts Competition 59 facebook.com/mspflmsociety Film Programs Special Presentations 63 @mspflmsociety Asian Frontiers 72 #MSPIFF Cine Latino 80 Images of Africa 88 Midnight Sun 92 youtube.com/mspflmfestival Documentaries 98 World Cinema 126 New American Visions 152 Dark Out 156 Childish Films 160 2 welcome FILM SOCIETY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S WELCOME Dear Festival-goers… This year, the Minneapolis St. Paul International Film Festival celebrates its 35th anniversary, making it one of the longest-running festivals in the country. On this occasion, we are particularly proud to be able to say that because of your growing interest and support, our Festival, one of this community’s most anticipated annual events and outstanding treasures, continues to gain momentum, develop, expand and thrive… Over 35 years, while retaining a unique flavor and core mission to bring you the best in international independent cinema, our Festival has evolved from a Eurocentric to a global perspective, presenting an ever-broadening spectrum of new and notable film that would not otherwise be seen in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhibition of Polyomavirus DNA Replication by Nucleotide Analogs
    Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Inhibition of polyomavirus DNA replication by nucleotide analogs Author(s) Onwubiko, Nichodemus Okechukwu Publication Date 2017-01-31 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/6277 Downloaded 2021-09-27T20:27:15Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. Inhibition of Polyomavirus DNA Replication by Nucleotide Analogs Nichodemus Okechukwu Onwubiko Supervised by Professor Heinz-Peter Nasheuer School of Natural Sciences, Biochemistry National University of Ireland, Galway A thesis submitted to the National University of Ireland, Galway for a degree of Doctor of Philosophy January, 2017 Table of Contents Table of contents List of Abbreviation…………………………………………………………….…….…....iv Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………..vii Abstract...….………………………………………………………………………………viii 1.0 Introduction.........……………………………………………………………………….1 1.1 Polyomaviruses.............…………………………………………………….………....2 1.1.1 Discovery, Classification and Disease Association of Human Polyomaviruses....2 1.1.1.1 JC Virus..….............……………………………………………………………3 1.1.1.1.1 Reactivation of JCV in Humans.......………..........…….....……………...4 1.1.1.2 BK Virus...……….............…………………………………...……………..….7 1.1.1.2.1 Disease Association of BKV...…………....……............………………...8 1.1.1.2.1.1 Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy...…………….................……..8 1.1.1.2.1.2 Polyomavirus-Assoiated Hemorrhagic Cystitis...……………..............10
    [Show full text]
  • Portland Daily Press: September 11,1880
    PORTLAND ESTABLISHED JUNE 23, 1862.-VOL. 18._ PORTLAND, SATURDAY niTmnnm 4 —__ I 1 A AIiAV A A. A. 8TKUUT -All* IVliliiM 1 ». MIBULLLA MfcUUS. a£M4|., The of the Parting Ways. Questions to on an THE PRESS. WILL SPEAK AT Young Voters. I went in this way hour, and finally 11. It is BRIDGT') N, Saturday, Sept. proverbial that a In the satisfied to charity begins the State of Maine to-day are man y got people settle the matter I 11. B. without trouble, and went RALLY RALLY! SATURDAY MORNING, SEPT. HON. HENRY CLEAVES home. That is the first field for the exer young men who will east their (irst vote o t any home feelin EXTENSIVE WILL SPEAK AT next. good. REPAIRS cise of all the other and Monday They should gravely consid REFORM MEW. We do uo t read anonymous letters and coramuni NORTH WINDHAM, Saturday evening, Sept. 11. virtues, especially Now what There er the choice to be made. With which happened'.’ happened to cations. The name and address of the writer are ii of the one which is next to pt be HON. W. F. godliness. Le present that nite the cuzin uv a farmer in LENT litical will 1 A to all cases not for publica- party they place themselves i Temperance Camp Meeting Are about be made In our Indispensable, necessarily us the who uv a spacious store, WILL SPEAK AT purify our own household before we se alliance? naborhood, is the edetor Kadikel tion but as a of good fhith.
    [Show full text]