Animals Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal Volume 6, Issue 1
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An Estimate of the Number of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes
Research Article Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 1–18 ª The Author(s) 2020 An Estimate of the Number of Animals Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions Used for Scientific Purposes Worldwide DOI: 10.1177/0261192919899853 in 2015 journals.sagepub.com/home/atl Katy Taylor and Laura Rego Alvarez Abstract Few attempts have been made to estimate the global use of animals in experiments, since our own estimated figure of 115.2 million animals for the year 2005. Here, we provide an update for the year 2015. Data from 37 countries that publish national statistics were standardised against the definitions of ‘animals’ and ‘procedures’ used in the European Union (EU) Directive 2010/63/EU. We also applied a prediction model, based on publication rates, to estimate animal use in a further 142 countries. This yielded an overall estimate of global animal use in scientific procedures of 79.9 million animals, a 36.9% increase on the equivalent estimated figure for 2005, of 58.3 million animals. We further extrapolated this estimate to obtain a more comprehensive final global figure for the number of animals used for scientific purposes in 2015, of 192.1 million. This figure included animals killed for their tissues, normal and genetically modified (GM) animals without a harmful genetic mutation that are used to maintain GM strains and animals bred for laboratory use but not used. Since the 2005 study, there has been no evident increase in the number of countries publishing data on the numbers of animals used in experiments. Without regular, accurate statistics, the impact of efforts to replace, reduce and refine animal experiments cannot be effectively monitored. -
Derogatory Discourses of Veganism and the Reproduction of Speciesism in UK 1 National Newspapers Bjos 1348 134..152
The British Journal of Sociology 2011 Volume 62 Issue 1 Vegaphobia: derogatory discourses of veganism and the reproduction of speciesism in UK 1 national newspapers bjos_1348 134..152 Matthew Cole and Karen Morgan Abstract This paper critically examines discourses of veganism in UK national newspapers in 2007. In setting parameters for what can and cannot easily be discussed, domi- nant discourses also help frame understanding. Discourses relating to veganism are therefore presented as contravening commonsense, because they fall outside readily understood meat-eating discourses. Newspapers tend to discredit veganism through ridicule, or as being difficult or impossible to maintain in practice. Vegans are variously stereotyped as ascetics, faddists, sentimentalists, or in some cases, hostile extremists. The overall effect is of a derogatory portrayal of vegans and veganism that we interpret as ‘vegaphobia’. We interpret derogatory discourses of veganism in UK national newspapers as evidence of the cultural reproduction of speciesism, through which veganism is dissociated from its connection with debates concerning nonhuman animals’ rights or liberation. This is problematic in three, interrelated, respects. First, it empirically misrepresents the experience of veganism, and thereby marginalizes vegans. Second, it perpetuates a moral injury to omnivorous readers who are not presented with the opportunity to understand veganism and the challenge to speciesism that it contains. Third, and most seri- ously, it obscures and thereby reproduces -
Course Syllabus Animal Studies: an Introduction ANTH S-1625 Harvard Summer School 2016 Dr
2016.6.10 draft Course Syllabus Animal Studies: An Introduction ANTH S-1625 Harvard Summer School 2016 Dr. Paul Waldau Course Description This course traces the history and shape of academic efforts to study nonhuman animals. Animal studies scholars explore such questions as, how do contemporary Western societies characterize the differences between humans and non-human animals? What ethical debates surround the use of animals in scientific research or the use of animals for food? How different are other cultures’ views of nonhuman animals from the views that now prevail in the United States and other early twenty-first century industrialized societies? What assumptions in educational systems have fostered the study of nonhuman animals, and what assumptions of specific educational systems have hampered such study? Class sessions are discussion-based, and students undertake group work, significant writing, and an individual presentation. In addition, note carefully each of the Learning Objectives listed below. We will discuss these objectives regularly through significant writing, group-based discussion and individual presentations that explore the interdisciplinary implications of weaving together the humanities with sciences (both social and natural). There are no prerequisites for this course. Required Readings and Course Materials • Waldau, Paul 2013. Animal Studies: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press • Additional Course Materials will be specified, and most of them will be available online or in .pdf format at the -
Review of the Great Awakening
Journal of Buddhist Ethics ISSN 1076-9005 http://jbe.gold.ac.uk/ The Great Compassion: Buddhism and Animal Rights Reviewed by L. A. Kemmerer Montana State University, Billings, MT Email: [email protected] Copyright Notice: Digital copies of this work may be made and distributed provided no change is made and no alteration is made to the content. Reproduction in any other format, with the ex- ception of a single copy for private study, requires the written permission of the author. All enquiries to: [email protected] Review of The Great Compassion: Buddhism and Animal Rights L. A. Kemmerer* The Great Compassion: Buddhism and Animal Rights. By Norm Phelps. New York: Lantern Press, 2004. 208 pages. Paperback. ISBN 1590560698. The first precept of Buddhism forbids the taking of life; eating flesh re- quires killing animals. Buddhist ethics are rooted in compassion, and ani- mal industries in the West are shockingly cruel. So why do so many West- ern Buddhists eat meat, and even defend the practice? In The Great Com- passion: Buddhism and Animal Rights (Lantern 2004), Norm Phelps ex- plores Buddhist ethics in relation to dietary practices. There is little point in discussing Buddhism, compassion, and diet if one does not know about animal industries, so Phelps provides a brief historic view of factory farming, along with statistics and an explanation of common practices in several animal industries, such as dairy, broiler hens, eggs, veal, beef, and hogs. “Ten billion cows, pigs, sheep, goats, * Montana State University, Billings, MT. E-mail: [email protected] Kemmerer, Review of The Great Compassion 94 chickens, ducks, and turkeys are killed for food and fabric. -
Companion Animals
HANDBOOK FOR NGO SUCCESS WITH A FOCUS ON ANIMAL ADVOCACY by Janice Cox This handbook was commissioned by the World Society for the Protection of Animals (now World Animal Protection) when the organization was still built around member societies. 1 PART 1 Animal Protection Issues Chapter 1 Companion Animals Chapter 2 Farm Animals Chapter 3 Wildlife Chapter 4 Working Animals Chapter 5 Animals in Entertainment Chapter 6 Animal Experimentation ̇ main contents Companion animals are common throughout the world and in many countries are revered for their positive effect on the physical and mental health of their human owners. 1 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 COMPANION ANIMALS ■ COMPANION ANIMALS COMPANION CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Background to Stray Animal Issues a) What is a ‘Stray’? b) Why are Strays a Problem? c) Where Do Strays Come From? 3. Stray Animal Control Strategies a) Addressing the Source of Stray Animals b) Reducing the Carrying Capacity c) Ways of Dealing with an Existing Stray Population 4. Companion Animal Veterinary Clinics 5. Case Studies a) RSPCA, UK b) SPCA Selangor c) Cat Cafés 6. Questions & Answers 7. Further Resources ̇ part 1 contents 1 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 Companion animals (restricted to cats and dogs for the purposes of this manual) are common throughout the world and in many countries are revered for their positive effect on the physical and mental health of their human owners. Companion animals are also used for work, such as hunting, herding, searching and guarding. The relationship between dogs and humans dates back at least 14,000 years ago with ■ the domestic dog ancestor the wolf. -
Animals Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal Volume 5, Issue 2
AAnniimmaallss LLiibbeerraattiioonn PPhhiilloossoopphhyy aanndd PPoolliiccyy JJoouurrnnaall VVoolluummee 55,, IIssssuuee 22 -- 22000077 Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal Volume 5, Issue 2 2007 Edited By: Steven Best, Chief Editor ____________________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Lev Tolstoy and the Freedom to Choose One’s Own Path Andrea Rossing McDowell Pg. 2-28 Jewish Ethics and Nonhuman Animals Lisa Kemmerer Pg. 29-47 Deliberative Democracy, Direct Action, and Animal Advocacy Stephen D’Arcy Pg. 48-63 Should Anti-Vivisectionists Boycott Animal-Tested Medicines? Katherine Perlo Pg. 64-78 A Note on Pedagogy: Humane Education Making a Difference Piers Bierne and Meena Alagappan Pg. 79-94 BOOK REVIEWS _________________ Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, by Eric Schlosser (2005) Reviewed by Lisa Kemmerer Pg. 95-101 Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust, by Charles Patterson (2002) Reviewed by Steven Best Pg. 102-118 The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA, by Norm Phelps (2007) Reviewed by Steven Best Pg. 119-130 Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume V, Issue 2, 2007 Lev Tolstoy and the Freedom to Choose One’s Own Path Andrea Rossing McDowell, PhD It is difficult to be sat on all day, every day, by some other creature, without forming an opinion about them. On the other hand, it is perfectly possible to sit all day every day, on top of another creature and not have the slightest thought about them whatsoever. -- Douglas Adams, Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency (1988) Committed to the idea that the lives of humans and animals are inextricably linked, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828–1910) promoted—through literature, essays, and letters—the animal world as another venue in which to practice concern and kindness, consequently leading to more peaceful, consonant human relations. -
Western Civilisation 'Maintains Itself By
Western Civilisation ‘maintains itself by banishing Others (nature, animals, women, children) to the margin’.1 How do Notions of Alterity and/or Marginalisation Feature in the Representation of Animals? Georgia Horne Humans’ relationship with animals is a complexly mutable one, with the parameters of distinction being repeatedly rethought and redrawn by thinkers from a range of disciplines. The protean nature of these irreconcilable views is apparent given how, as observed by John Berger, throughout history animals have been concurrently bred yet sacrificed, subjected to suffering yet worshipped in idolatry.2 Accordingly, animals have continuously occupied a liminal space both above and below (but never with) man, a form of existential dualism reflective of the seemingly irresolvable struggle of where to place them in relation to humans. The site of difference between humans and other animals is where we derive our ontological concepts of humanity and animality and thus, ultimately, our place in the world as one species amongst others (an admittedly anthropocentric telos). Traditionally, ontological discourse on this issue has been dominated by an animal-human dichotomy, wherein the subjects are defined in opposition to each other.3 The privation of certain attributes are cited as evidence for this polarity, with philosophers such as Kant, Descartes and Aristotle citing humans’ capacity to reason as the qualifying criterion that simultaneously demarcates humans from animals, and endows us with a superiority over them. This binary contradistinction is threatened in Franz Kafka’s ‘A Report to an Academy’, which utilises various postcolonial narrative strategies to obfuscate the human-animal distinction, destabilising the West’s confident certainty in the Otherness of animals, and complicating the ethics of using animals’ assumed alterity to justify their marginalisation and mistreatment. -
All Creation Groans: the Lives of Factory Farm Animals in the United States
InSight: RIVIER ACADEMIC JOURNAL, VOLUME 13, NUMBER 1, SPRING 2017 “ALL CREATION GROANS”: The Lives of Factory Farm Animals in the United States Sr. Lucille C. Thibodeau, pm, Ph.D.* Writer-in-Residence, Department of English, Rivier University Today, more animals suffer at human hands than at any other time in history. It is therefore not surprising that an intense and controversial debate is taking place over the status of the 60+ billion animals raised and slaughtered for food worldwide every year. To keep up with the high demand for meat, industrialized nations employ modern processes generally referred to as “factory farming.” This article focuses on factory farming in the United States because the United States inaugurated this approach to farming, because factory farming is more highly sophisticated here than elsewhere, and because the government agency overseeing it, the Department of Agriculture (USDA), publishes abundant readily available statistics that reveal the astonishing scale of factory farming in this country.1 The debate over factory farming is often “complicated and contentious,”2 with the deepest point of contention arising over the nature, degree, and duration of suffering food animals undergo. “In their numbers and in the duration and depth of the cruelty inflicted upon them,” writes Allan Kornberg, M.D., former Executive Director of Farm Sanctuary in a 2012 Farm Sanctuary brochure, “factory-farm animals are the most widely abused and most suffering of all creatures on our planet.” Raising the specter of animal suffering inevitably raises the question of animal consciousness and sentience. Jeremy Bentham, the 18th-century founder of utilitarianism, focused on sentience as the source of animals’ entitlement to equal consideration of interests. -
Animal People News
European Commission votes to ban dog &cat fur B R U S S E L S ––The European Commis- sion on November 20 adopted a proposal to ban the import, export, and sale of cat and dog fur throughout the European Union. “The draft regulation will now be considered by the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers for adoption by the co- decision procedure,” explained the EC Asian dog. (Kim Bartlett) announcement. “There is evidence that cat and dog fur been found not just on clothing, but also on a is being placed on the European market, usually number of personal accessories, as well as chil- dren’s soft toys.” Asian rabbits. (Kim Bartlett) undeclared as such or disguised as synthetic and other types of fur,” the EC announcement sum- “Just the idea of young children playing marized. “The vast majority of the cat and dog with toys which have been made with dog and Olympics to showcase growing fur is believed to be imported from third coun- cat fur is really something we cannot accept,” tries, notably China.” European Consumer Protection Commissioner Fifteen of the 25 EU member nations Markos Kyprianou said. Chinese animal testing industry have already individually introduced legislation “Kyprianou stopped short of calling B E I J I N G ––The 2008 Olympic Glenn Rice, chief executive of Bridge against cat and dog fur. “The proposed regula- for every product containing fur to have a label Games in Beijing will showcase the fast- Pharmaceuticals Inc., is outsourcing the tion adopted today addresses EU citizens con- detailing its exact origin,” wrote London Times growing Chinese animal testing industry, work to China, where scientists are cheap cerns, and creates a harmonized approach,” the European correspondent David Charter, the official Xinhua news agency disclosed and plentiful and animal-rights activists are EC announcement stipulated. -
Ethopower & Ethography
Ethopower & Ethography The History, Philosophy and Future of Ethology, IV Curtin University, St Georges Terrace, Perth 14th – 16th November, 2019 featuring Brett Buchanan Jean Langford and Cary Wolfe Convened by Matthew Chrulew Centre for Culture and Technology School of Media, Creative Arts and Social Inquiry The environments, which are as diverse as the animals themselves, offer every nature lover new lands of such richness and beauty that a stroll through them will surely be rewarding, even though they are revealed only to our mind’s eye and not to our body’s. – Uexküll By capturing it we utterly destroy the animal’s previous world, and put it into a different environment. The animal must construct an entirely fresh subjective world. This means an enormous task, and it is easy to understand that every individual cannot tackle it successfully. – Hediger Cover image from Heini Hediger, Man and Animal in the Zoo (1969), fig. 181. ~ 1 ~ Ethopower & Ethography Animals are today not only managed as bodies, populations and species; they are also known, controlled, and cared for as individual beings capable of a certain, though circumscribed, degree of behavioural agency. In ethology and related sciences, “behaviour” has become an object of knowledge, power and intervention through which animal activity is delimited and controlled. In this ethopolitical domain, the bodies and souls of wildlife, domesticated beasts and all those in between are subjected to a barrage of specialised techniques, both reductive and productive, mechanising and subjectifying. From laboratory experiments to zoo and circus performances to conservation interventions, epistemological and managerial practices often stage and elicit the reactivity and reflexivity of animal behaviour in contrast to responsive human conduct. -
Putting a Price on Whales to Save Them: What Do Morals Have to Do with It?
Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2013 Putting a Price on Whales To Save Them: What Do Morals Have To Do with It? Hope M. Babcock Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1653 43 Envtl. L. 1-33 (2013) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Animal Law Commons, and the Environmental Law Commons TOJCI.BABCOCK – NEW ABSTRACT 2/23/2013 1:10 PM Essay PUTTING A PRICE ON WHALES TO SAVE THEM: WHAT DO MORALS HAVE TO DO WITH IT? BY HOPE M. BABCOCK* The author explores the moral implication of a proposal to create an international market in whale shares as an alternative to the dysfunctional International Whaling Commission. She finds the proposal amoral because whales, like humans, have an intrinsic right to life. Since this leaves whales vulnerable to whale hunting nations, she suggests that international environmental organizations might help a whale preservation norm emerge in whaling nations by using education and interventionist activities that focus on whaling’s cruelty to ultimately encourage the citizens and governments of those nations to change their self-image as whale eating cultures. * Hope Babcock is a professor of law at Georgetown University Law School. This Essay was first presented as the Twenty-fifth Natural Resources Law Institute Distinguished Visitor Lecture given at Lewis & Clark Law School in October 2012, and originated in an Article entitled Why Changing Norms Is a More Just Solution to the Failed International Regulatory Regime to Protect Whales than a Trading Program in Whale Shares, forthcoming in the Stanford Environmental Law Journal (2012). -
Pig Towers and in Vitro Meat
Social Studies of Science http://sss.sagepub.com/ Pig towers and in vitro meat: Disclosing moral worlds by design Clemens Driessen and Michiel Korthals Social Studies of Science 2012 42: 797 originally published online 12 September 2012 DOI: 10.1177/0306312712457110 The online version of this article can be found at: http://sss.sagepub.com/content/42/6/797 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Social Studies of Science can be found at: Email Alerts: http://sss.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://sss.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://sss.sagepub.com/content/42/6/797.refs.html >> Version of Record - Nov 12, 2012 OnlineFirst Version of Record - Sep 12, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from sss.sagepub.com at Vienna University Library on July 15, 2014 SSS42610.1177/0306312712457110Social Studies of ScienceDriessen and Korthals 4571102012 Article Social Studies of Science 42(6) 797 –820 Pig towers and in vitro meat: © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub. Disclosing moral worlds by co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0306312712457110 design sss.sagepub.com Clemens Driessen Department of Philosophy, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Applied Philosophy Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands Michiel Korthals Applied Philosophy Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands Abstract Technology development is often considered to obfuscate democratic decision-making and is met with ethical suspicion. However, new technologies also can open up issues for societal debate and generate fresh moral engagements. This paper discusses two technological projects: schemes for pig farming in high-rise agro-production parks that came to be known as ‘pig towers’, and efforts to develop techniques for producing meat without animals by using stem cells, labelled ‘in vitro meat’.