1919. CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE. 3611 fected, rates reduced, and 'a share . of the surpl!}s at the end SENATE. of each year' would be available for distribution among the· wage-earning force. Human experience disproves this as TUESDAY, 4ugust 5, 1919. sumption altogether, and our present disastrous venture in Government operation of the railroads trumpets. forth a warn-. ·The Chaplain, Rev. Forrest J. Prettyman, D. D., offered the ing that all but the deafest ears have heard against any fur- following prayer : ther experiments of that nature. . Almighty God, we pause before Thee with re\erence and in "The plan of the brotherhoods commits the railroad into the spirit of worship seek · Tby blessing as we face the ever the joint control of politics and labor. The Government-ap increasing demands of life upon us. We pray Thee to saYe us pointed members of the board would inevitably and at all times from the- sin of forgetfulness of Thy past favors, from the fatal be most solicitou.S to placate the labor members, and the two blunder of the neglect of Thy providence and of Thy care. elements together would control railway policies. The chiefs May we put ourselves more fully in the hands of God, that the of the brotherhoods may decei\e themselves by the attempt conflict of interest and purpose and opinion may come at last ihto a final adjustment in God's great program of life concern at reasoning which they address to .this point. They will not ing us as a Nation. Guide us this day and every day by Thy convince or deceive the public. Upon the great public of tax grace. We ask for Christ's sake. Amen. payers would devolve the duty to make good the enormous defi cit sure to accrue from the control of the lines in the interests The VICE PRESIDENT resumed the chair. of politics and labor, just as it falls upon them now. Instead The Secretary proceeded to read the Journal of yesterday's proceedings, when, on request of Mr. Cu:&Trs and by unanimous of a billion or so a year, the cost assessed upon the taxpayers consent, the further reading was dispensed with and the Journal would rise to two or it may be to three billions a year, and for was approved. a service far inferior to that under private operation. " The brotherhood chiefs seek the enforcement of their purpose DEMA:NDS OF R.ULW.AY TRAL"'MEN AND RA.CE RIOTS. through duress upon Congress and the country. They use the Mr. THOMAS. Mr. President, I desire to give notice that language of menace, as they did three years ago. They declare after the- conclusion of the remarks of the- Senator from Indiana that 'the employees are in no mood to brook the return of the [Mr. WATSON] to-day I shall submit some observations to the lines to their former control.' 'Ve are sure that on reflection Senate upon the recent pronunciamentos of the Brotherhood they will see that these words are ill advised. It is ·an occasion of Railway Trainmen, with some reference to the race riots in for candid counsel and not for threats, and the Government, W'ashington and Chicago. capital, and the country were never in a mood to be more con MESS.AGE FROM THE HOUSE. siderate of the interests and the just demands of labor. Besides, they will not win by truculence. It is untimely. The country A message from the House of Representatives, by D. K. has just held a practical referendum on this very question, and Hempstead, its enrolling clerk, announced that the Speaker of the answer is a thundering demand for the return of the lines to the House had signed the following enrolled bills, and they were private operation. We are told that the brotherhoods control thereupon signed by the Vice President: 2,000,000 votes: Well, if the suffrage ameildm~t goes into effect S. 2594. .An act to extend the time for the construction of the in time there will be 30,000,000 voters in the United States at the Broadway Street Bridge across the Arkansas River between next election. 1\Iake their 2,000,000 votes 6,000,000, and they the cities of Little Rock and Argenta, Ark. ; will still be overwhelmingly beaten on this issue. S. 2595. An act to extend the time for the construction of the lUain Street Bridge across the Arkansas River between the "No party will be cowardly enough or reckless enough to in\ite cities of Little Rock and Argenta, Ark ; and ill aster by yielding to this demand. Have the brotherhoods for gotten that they very nearly elected a Republican President in H. R. 3854. An act for the repeal of the daylight-saving law" 1916 by the course they took to force the eight-hour law to ep.act PE'IITIOXS .AND MEMORIALS. ment? In August Mr. ·wnson's election was sure. The Repub ~Ir. LA FOLLETTE. I present a joint resolution passed by lican Party had been rent asunder by the Piogressive division the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin relating to recogni of 1912. That it would be reunited and elect its candidate was tion of the services of soldiers, sailor , and marines. I ask considered impossible. The threat of the brotherhoods to para that the joint resolution be printed in the RECORD and referred lyze the industries of the whole country by a strike and the un to the Committee on Military Affairs. heard-of audacity of the methods they adopted in their dealings The- joint resolution was referred to the Committee on Mili with the President and with Congress changed in a week the tary Affairs and ordered to be printed in the RECOIID, as whole face and outlook of the campaign. In November the great follows: industrial States, Ohio excepted, cast their votes for Mr. Hughes. Joint resolution urging Congre s to pass the bill introduced by Hon. After a period of harassing doubt it was known that 1\Ir. Wilson MARVIN JONES relating to recognition of the services of soldiers, had been elected by the votes of California, where the blame sailors, and marines. for an unlooked-for result was put in part upon H1:RAM JoHNSON Whereas it is fitting and proper that the character and spirit oC the patriotic services of the soldiers, sailors, and marines of the United. and in part upon the blunders of the Repu~lican management. States in the war against Germany and its allies be appropriately A change of less than· 2,000 votes in that State would have de recognized and that their financial sacrifices be, in a measure at feated the party that yielded to the brotherhoods and made the least, repaid ; and Whereas the men who made up the armed forces of tne United States Adamson bill a law. came from each State of the Union, therefore their services and sac " Party prudence and economic safety call now not for yield rifices should be recognized and provided for by the Federal GoYern ings, but for the firmest resistance the demand for running the ment to assure an a uniform and adequate compensation; and to Whereas there is noW' pending in the Congress of the United State.~ a railroads in.the interest of a class at the cost of the whole people. bill introduced by the Hon. MARviN JONES which provides that each There must be something more than that. The brotherhoods soldier, sailor, and mn.tine shall receive a. $50 4 per cent Govern ment bond for each month's service or major fractional part thereof may sincerely believe in the efficacy of their remedy. It must in snell war ; and be demonstrated to them candidly and patiently that they have Whereas such provision should be a substantial recognition of such been badly advised; that the path they have chosen leads to services and sacrifices and would be greater than this State or any other State contemplates as compensation therefor: i\ow, therefore, disaster for them and for the country. We trust that the Presi it dent, profiting by what we ha.ve always considered grave errors be ResoZvea by tT'e atl8en~bly (the senate co,.teurri1l.(J), T hat the Con of judgment in the course he followed three years ago, will now gress of. the United States be respectfully urgecl to enact such. .bill into use his powers of persuasion with the railway men to win them la.w at the earliest po.ssible time and that each United States Senator and Representative 1n Congress from this State be earnestly requested from the delusions that possess their minds. The executive and to use his best efforts to secure the early passage of :::uch measure; legislath·e departments are giving earnest consideration to the and be it further problems of living co t. That is the surest way to present re Resolved., That a. suitable copy of this resolution., properly attested, be transmitted to the presiding officer of each. House of the Congress lief. And the resolve of every American who works either with and to each United States Senator ancl Representatiye from tbis tate~ brain or hand to eschew the dangerous nostrums of socialism RILEY S. YOUNG. Bp~ of the Assembly. and to go about the task of restoring the economic balance by C. E. SHAFFER, the hard toil of the greatest possible production is the only way Ohief Olerk ot the Assembly_ to permanent welfare and happiness." EDW .ARD F. DITHMAR, P1·esident ot the Senate. .ADJOUEN:\IENT. 0. G. MUNSON, Ohiet Olerk of the Senate. Mr. CURTIS. I move that the Senate adjourn. l\Ir: LA FOLLETTE. I also present a joint resolution passed The motion was agreed to; and (at 4 o'clock and 40 minutes by the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin, urging the enact p.m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Tuesday, August. 5, ment of legislation pro'\"'idin.g ad
By 1\It·. OVERMAN: strife among nations and peoples, great and small, but for dHfer A bill (S. 2729) authorizing the Secretary of War to donate ent purposes than those forwhich this war was waged. to the city of Asheville, N. C., a captured German gun (:with " One mighty form of tyranny has been overthrown forever, accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on Military Affairs. but other forms of tyranny, strong and implacable, '\"VII. appear; By 1\Ir. McNARY: indeed, they are here now. The standards and powers of th~ A bill (S. 2730) for an addition to the reclamation fund estab old order are passing out of our world, but a new order of lished under the act of June 17, 1902; to the Committee on different standards and different powers is on the way. Human Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands. selfishness, greed, arrogance, rapacity, and ignorance, purple By Mr. LA FOLLETTE: robed, will fiercely strive to dominate, and other mighty con ~1 bill (S. 2731) granting a pension to Anton Casper; to the flicts for freedom and right, and justice and good gowrnment Committee on Pensions. will come-are already imminent. By Mr. BALL: " President Wilson, in one his impelling phrases, recently pro- · • A bill (S. 2732) for the relief of Edward H. Dennison; to the claimed that 'the peoples of the world are awake, and the Committee on Claims. peoples of the world are in the saddle. Prh·ate counsels of By Mr. WADSWORTH: statesmen can not now and can not liereafter determine the A bill ( S. 2733) to proYide for the training of officers of the destinies of nations.' But peoples in saddles are unsteady and Army in aeronautic engineering and the issue of equipment and uncertain riders, and their riding may be for the fall of riders and materials therefor; and saddles and steeds. Furthermore, statesmen who thus in omi A bill (S. 2734) to authorize the transportation of ci'vilians nous phrase are to be unhorsed and trampled under foot of across the Atlantic Ocean upon Army transports under such peoples, and who can not hereafter determine and shape the rules and regulations and at such rates as the Secretary of War destinies of nations, may include the type of Washington and may prescribe; to the ·committee on Military Affairs. Lincoln as well as the type the President obviously had in A joint resolution (S. J. Res. 82) to place certain surplus mind. Army medical supplies at the disposal of the American Red "The supreme triumph of the sword over autocratic tyranny Oross; a'nd has left the world in political, social, and industrial chaos. All A joint resolution ( S. J. Res. 83) to permit the payment for governments are imperiled. The supreme effort and final test certain lands where requisition of the title thereto was duly of the new order of government is yet to come-has already served and possession taken thereunder or where a binding begun. The great issue is whether mankind shall be subjects agreement was entered into followed by the taking possession or citizens. thereof and erection of improvements thereon, prior to July 11, "May I not without offense advert to another insinuating 1919; to the Committee on Military Affairs. phrase of our absentee President, directed perhaps toward the new order in his recent address before the French Academy of IMPOB'l'ATIO:K OF CONVICT-MADE GOODS. Moral and Political Science? 'International law has been 1\Ir. SMITH of Georgia. Mr. President, under a Senate reso handled too exclusively by lawyers. Lawyers like definite lines. lution there was compiled from consular reports a large amount They like Rystema.tic arrangement. They are uneasy if they of information upon the importation of convict-made goods into depart from what was done yesterday. They dread experiments. the United States. I have a letter from the Assistant Secretary They liked charted seas, and if they have no charts they hardly of the Treasury on the subject, and I wish to bring this report to venture to take the voyage.' Of course, such liquid phrase has the attention of the Committee on Printing and suggest that it the superficial effect of pleasing popular fancy, but hardly ap be printed as a public document. I think it is a matter which peals with convincing force to the legal or thoughtful mind. ought to be referred, however, to that committee. " The American legal voyager over seas, known or unknown, The VICE PRESIDENT. It will be referred to the Com is perhaps less tempted than other men to heed the siren voices mittee on Printing. of the air and more inclined to sail in charted seas and to be guided by fixed stars in God's azure skies in order to reach the ADDRESS OF GEORGE CLAPPERTON. objective haven of safety and peace. · Indeed, it may be doubted Mr. NEWBERRY. 1\fr. President, in behalf of my colleague whether the legal navigator would launch 14 points upon a [l\1r. TowNSEND] I ask to have printed in the RECORD an addi·ess great sea of darkness or suspend the duties of Chief Executive of the president of the Michigan State Bar Association, de under our Constitution to personally •direct a European con liYered at Ann Arbor June 20. ference. To the legal mind, when American representation in There being no objection, the address was ordered to be the great peace conference was required, the charted course of printed in the RECORD, as follows: constitutional navigation would have called for the nomination .ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT, GEORGE CLAPPERTON, OF GRAND RAPIDS, of delegates from among our great statesmen and international MICH., DELIVERED AT THE TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE lawyers and their·· confirmation by the Senate of the United MICHIGAN STATE B.rn ASSOCIATION, ANN ARBOR, 1\:IICH., JUNE 20, 1919. States, such delegates to be the accredited representatives of THE CHARTED COURSE. America in such conference. When the Chief Executive ap " In obedience to established precedent the first number upon pointed himself and four other inexperienced navigators of his out annual program is an· address by the president. In that own choosing, regardless of the advice and consent of the Senate, address I should like to voice the spirit that animates the mem part of our treaty-making power, to navigate uncharted seas, it bership of this a sociation and which, I pray, may brood over the resulted in the representation of himself, and not the Nation or deliberations of this annual meeting-! mean the spirit of vigi the American people in the settlement of the greatest issue in the lant Americanism. annals of mankind. " Th-e year since last we met is the most momentous in human "The lawyer navigator of political seas would provide himself history. In that year has come the victorious termination of the with a reliable compass and rudder and follow the beckoning war, the greatest catastrophe of the world. polar star of the American Constitution, the supreme law of " The war marked the end of one great epoch and the begin the land. The lawyer would follow the charted constitutional ning of another in the political and social development of the course in driving om· ship of state and lea\e Lenin and Trotski, human race. For more than four tragic years the· mighty Debs and Berger to plunge forth upon uncharted seas of un nations of the earth have been engaged to the utmost limit of resh·ained democracy. The lawyer would -aim to make the strength, the last ounce of energy, in wielding the primeval charted course of the Republic safer and clearer for the genera forces with which God Almighty made his universe to destroy tions of men to navigate. men and the handiwork of men. " The old order of government is indeed changing. The " That war was a crucial incident in God's eternal purpose in mighty pendulum of government is swinging-swinging at ran shaping human destiny. This great war for self-preservation of dom through changing centuries, from monarchy and autocracy freemen, the final overthrow of autocracy, and the enthronement _ to representative government, from representatiYe government of democracy in the government of men was bravely fought and to functionless government of peoples, from constitutional goY nobly won. And now the thought and activity of the victorious ernment to Bolshevism or direct democracy gorged with free peoples are directed to the proposition that such a war shall dom, laying the foundations of despotism. The old order is never come again. Personally, I have no apprehension that such changing in our experiinental government of the people, by the n. "·ar ever will O!." (OVer can come again. True, autocracy still people, for the people. May we in our day and generation remains powerful in our world, but in my judgment, so long :as restore this Government of ours, the great experiment of human history shall be read by men, so long as reason shall exist in history, to its charted course under the Federal Constitution, human minds, no power can again undertalie to dominate the to the end that there may be preserved for the American people world through war. Even Japan may never ·forget the lessons and all free peoples through the generations of men the liberty of this wru·. So long as human natqre remains in this old earth and equality of conditions we have enjoyed within the law, for of ours there vill .b" r<:'curring wars and continuing conflict and the law, and by the law. 3620 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN~~TE. AuGusT 5J
.. Our ship of state, the great Republi-c, was l:nmched upon a charted com·se. Above it the skies are black with pent-up perilous voyage over unknown and· unsounded seas unde1· the sterms and beneath it the angry waters are lashed with the most reliable chart ever devised by tlle brain and purpose of muL~mru·s or seismic forces. The times that will try the souls of man-the Federal Constitution. It followed under Divine men nave come. We are entering the great crisis, the crucial Providence the stars of human destiny toward the haven of per: test of self-government. The political and social order is chang manent peace and tranquillity of individual liberty, of justice ing, is being revolutionized, and new and mighty destinies for and order, ·of equality of conditions among men. It has covered America and mankind are impending. 'V e are approaching but a short dishmce of its long and uncertain voyage. It has universality of democracy as a go\erning force throughout the encountered storms and perils and grave crises. Its charted world. course is the ' last best hope of earth.' Thomas Paine stopped ..," The forces of disorder and unrest now seek to annihilate the publication of the Crisis "\vhen he heard the news of the regularly constituted government. The world is facing tile • treaty of 1783 with the remark, 'The times that tried men's irresponsible t-yranny of unrestrained democracy. Democracy souls are over.' But John Fisk on this observes that the next undirected, unrestrained, subjugated peoples uncagecl and five years were to be the most critical period of all, and in turn gorged with license, demented and controlled by wild, brutal said that' The most critical period of our country's history was instincts, is Bolshevism. The free peoples of the world have the period between 1783 and the adoption of the Constitution become elated, satiated with the specious phrase that war in 1788,' 'the finest gpecimen of constructive statesmanship that has made the world safe for democracy. But the world is not the world has ever seen,' embodying the saving principle of rep safe for democracy. Democracy is not yet safe for the world. resentation in self-government. This principle marked the dis " The war has left hundreds of millions of people, deprived of tinction between ' democracy ' and ' republicanism' that is ~ the steadying force of regularly constituted government, un tween direct legislative action and representative government. prepared and unfit for self-government. The most that can The founders were substantially united upon this principle. be said of these freed peoples is that they are entitled to oppor History afforded no example of so large an act of constructive tunity to develop capacity for self-government, perhaps under statesmanship as the adoption of the American Constitution. mandatory power and direction. Self-inflicted democracy under That Constitution saved the American people from anarchy. -existing conditions would be disastrous to them. " Samuel Adams ' wanted the whole world to realize that the " I feel that there is no s~bstantial ground for apprehen ion rule of a republic is a rule of law and order, and that liberty as to Bolshevism in the true sense of the term in the United does not· mean license.' And Washington, in his brief but im States. There is a good deal of sense in a recent expression mortal speech at the Federal Convention, said, ' Let us raise of Alexander F. Kere.nsky, who knows something about this the standard to which the wise and honest can repair; the event human malady: ' Bolshevism can not grow in a land where is in the hand of God.' The government to be established had people are well fed and generally content, as they are in the for its basis the republican principle, the sovereignty of the United States. Bolshevism is a disease of tired and exhausted individual citizen. To make a federal government immediately nations and of populations that have been abused for years a-nd operative upon 'individual citizens' the Federal courts were decades. You're perfectly safe from such a disease in the organized to pass judgment in all cases in which 'individual United States, I ass-ure you.' Nevertheless, the United States, citizens' were amenable to the national law. These courts with its vast mixed population and complex conditions, i$ not were charged with the interpretation according to the general safe for democracy. Direct democracy is government domi principles of the common law of the Consqtuti.on itself. ' This nated by mere numbers, and partakes of the weakness of the is the most noble, as it is the most distinctive feature in the whole community-the rule of individual sovereignty without Government of the United States.' This feature is the saving saving quaJi_ficatioris. The great political world problem to-day. power of our great charter of self-government. The practical is whether self~government may be made safe for America, working of that Constitution during the :fust 30 years of the and ultimately safe for the world, through the su-ccess of the nineteenth centm·y was directed by the luminous decisipns of great experiment in self-government under our Constitution.:_ John Marshall and other great jurists foremost a.mong the the Republic. Shall the governing force of the Republic be so founders of the Union. directed by the active patriotic spirit of vigilant Americanism "One crisis had passed, but the framers of this great chart of as to preserve individual libe-rty and develop rathe-r than de government glided into the deepening shadow of impending civil stroy equality of conditions among men? Shall we, the people war. Then another great storm was weathered, another great of the United States, organized under constitutional go-vern crisis safely overco~e. This was succeeded by .a period of half ment, have political and social evolution or revolution? Shall, a century of unprecedented growth in population, native and this Nation permanently attain and retain the liberty and foreign born, of the development of complex: political, social, equality or be subject to the tyranny and despotism of democ and industrial conditions beyond all conceptions of the "founders racy? Political and social evolution or revolution-that is the. of the Republic. . problem : to make the power and stability and efficiency of : "These conditions now involve the application of the prin democracy under our constituted form of government safe for ciples of constitutional self-government to a new social order America, and through America ultimately safe for the world. :without precedent or parallel in all the annals of d-emocracy-a " Samuel Gompers, the powerful leader of organized labor~, new crisis, which will subject our form of government to the p1·eseniing itc::elf as a claimant for the crown of supremacy over final supreme test of the strength and the efficacy of democracy government of law, recently gave expression to the true vi ion.1 among men. The most conspicuous and dominant figure emerg when he said: 'We have used the term democracy glibly and ing from the throes of the great war is not Hinde.nbnrg or often without understanding.' That admonition might al o be Kaiser, not Haig or Lloyd-George, not Foch or Clemenceau, not well directed to other classes of citizens who assume superiority, Pershing or Wilson. but the plain American citizen charged with of intelligence and virtue. Liberty and equality require the.; the duties and responsibilities of sovereignty in the great Re supremacy of the law. Our Constitution is a guaranty of tbe public. The most powerful and potential nation -coming out supremacy of the law as distinguish-ed from a government ot1 of th.e chaos of world conflict is the United States, with 100,-000l- functi<>naries. All forms of absolutism and autocracy, includ.:' 000 individual rulers composed of very human beings, just ordi ing the democratic form, spurn the idea of ftmdamental law nary men and women. Upon this people and upon this Nation in government. the eyes of the world are turned with flickering faith of despair. "These are the truths that the present and f-uture genera In all _the political firmament that envelopes om· world there is tions of American citizens, men and women, should and will no O-ther fixed star of hope. With abiding faith in the God of learn and loyally maintain. America must rest<>re or inaugn· Nations, I firmly believe that this Republic is the star of rate and maintain a reign of law under OUl' constitutional form political destiny. of government to dispel enmity and conflict between individuals "And yet the lawyer can not be oblivi the other part, foe justice is the end of go>ernment.' What is resentative democracy, not a democracy. The framers of the calletl the republic in tl1c United States is the tranquil rule of Constitution sought to avoid the evil.· of autocraCY on the onc the I;.; ajority. But tbe ]>ower of the majority itself is not un hand and of democracy on the other by establishing a Republic, Hmiteu. 'Above it in tile moral world are humanity, justice, the first r epublic the world had ever known. The tendencv of and reason and in the political world Yested rights.' democracy with respect to industry and property is communistic "In the midst of this c:b.anging order it behooves the sovereign or socialistic toward the destruction of both. The tendency of a citizen, especially the lawyer, to assimilate or review the ele republic is toward individual rights, owne1·ship, the supremacy mentary principles of a government of law and order under our of the law, and equality of conditions. The nttitudc of democ Constitution; to note and understand the distinction between racy toward law is the enactment of the will of the majority the ancient (nnd present) idea of democracy and our modern without regard to whether it is based on intelligence and delib constitutional democracy. The former was the rule of the eration or directed by ignorance, passion, prejudice, and impulse. 'demos' of free and equal citizens, an attempt to secure the The attitude of constitutional government to\\"ard law is the de liberty and promote the ''elfare of all by distributing political liberate enactment of laws tbrough representatives of the power and rule equally :tmong all. The latter vests the power intelligence and virtue of the people and the administ~·ation of :mel ~overeignty in all-in the people-but the exercise there~f justice. Aristotle's classification of the forms of goyernment is intrusted to selected representatives of the people. The comprised the two extremes represented by monarchy, n gov former was ahvays direct; the latter is representative. The one ernment of one, and democracy, a government of the masses. can exist only in a small State. A great nation under complex It was reserved for the founders of this Republic, the framers conditions mu. t resort to the otber. of our Constitution, to found a Government that presetTed the "The populace is inclined to gi-re free reign to passion and advantages and guarded against the enls of the bYo extremes. prejudices 'to en>y aml oppress the nobler and better minority, I mperfectly applied, it has still preserved the best form of wbose e)..."i tence is a standing reproach and protest against its government ever devised-the nearest approach to a government own rule.' The worst quality of the 'demos' comes to the sur of law rather than a government of men. When the Constitu~ face-ignorance, pride, arbitrary caprice, the lo>e of frequent tion wns adopted the rights of democracy had been safeguarded change. Again, the chief characteristic of every democracy is by an organized governmeJ?.t. The citizens did not exist for the the Jove of E>qunlity-and masses are inclined to want to act for advantage of the State. The State existed for the benefit and tlH~ mi"elYes, because representation gives a certain preference protection of the citizen. That Constitution may be a be utilized. The fact is that the packers make their profits :prac- future. I sometimes doubt whether these -people really know tically alone out of the by-products. · what they are doing. It would be a dreadful calamity to strike Some people would fasten radical legislation upon this in- down the -efficiency of this vital industry. dustry, because they argue that they have the power to do harm~ Of course, you know the game well enough to know that My answer to that is that they can not point out any evils, or whe1·e there is well-organized propaganda, as there is in this wrongs, in the conduct of the industry at the present time, and case, their first effort is to create in the pubilc mind that there as it is being conducted efficiently and at the minimum profit. is necessity for some legislation. I -say to yon that there is no no dangerous and untried legislation should be enacted at this necessity for !illy legislation against the packers, and I defy time. If at any time in the future this power is used to the the successful contradiction of this statement. But to place detriment of the people remedial legislation can quickly be had. this complex: and complicated industry under the license system Yon know it is contended that the big packers have some ad- £0 that the business would be conducted according to such vantage through their ownership and operation of the refrig- "rules and regulations" as one man in Washington might erator cars. This is absolutely fal~e. They were require(l to announce, would be absolutely fatal. Then the "rules and build these cars in the first instance because the railroads would regulations" so determined upon would be carried out by not. They pay the same freight for the products shipped in these political appointees, inexperienced in this business. This state cars as those shipped in railroad-owned cars. They are operat- <>f affairs is nothing short of its being unthinkable. ing these cars at a loss. They must haTe refrigerator cars, be- I am \ery mucl1 in earnest in this matter, and am so thor cause they are dealing with a highly perishable product. It is oughly convinced of my position that I do not want you to to the interest both of the producer and the consumer that this rely merely upon my statements or assertions. I am ready and product be moved quickly from the packing plants to the eastern willing to. back up any of these statements in any. way thaf markets for consumption. If the packing plants are not relieved · you may determine, so that you will be satisfied in your own then they would not buy the live meat animals -on the market mind. This means mueh to the country generally; it means every day, as they are required to do. This matter has been gone moo·e to the South, for if this • law is passed then the South into very exhaustively by the Interstate Commerce Commission, may never hQp.e for packer .development. ..And not only that, and if you ha\e any doubt of my statements on this subject, I this law would -affect 'Other business, and it would in the same would thank you to look into that hearing. You "Will find that way affect general manuf-acturing .dev-elopment in this section. the packers need all the cars that they now have, and the Inter- We are hoping to .build up a great live-stock market here in state Commerce Commission, .after this exhaustive research and New Or1eans, and a great deal will depend upon your position inquiry, found that it was to the intel·est of the people generally in Washington on this vital question. that the paekers should operate these cars. If they are thrown :r und,erstand that the packers are not _popular in certain into Government operation, then the pack-ers' cars will be di\erted quarters. How would tlmt be possible in yiew of the very to other uses and the efficiency will be lowered. If they want · unfair propaganda that has been launched against them in the smaller packers to have 1·efrigerator cars, then let the big the last few years, and particularly by a branch of the Gov pa.ckers retain what they now haye and let the Government ;re- ernment? But this is the time when nu~n must stand firmly quire the railroads to build .additional cars for the smaller pack- on great questions of tl1is kind. ers, and they will then all be on the same footing. I can .assnTe I want to thanl\: you \ery cO>t'diallY, indeed, for the op-por- you that the -packers want no advantage in this r.eg-ard. tunity of .expressing to yon my opinions more at length, and I But in considering this question you must also bear in mind stand ready and willing to give you any data or information that there are a great many other privately owned cars in this that you will require on this subject. counti~y, such .as oil cars, etc. What is to become of them? Oan Hoping that you will go into it very thoroughly, :and that there be 'One rule for the packer and another rule foT other y-Ou can conscientiously see this subject on its merits, as I do, people? and with highest regards, I remain, It is also charged that the packers -should not be permitted Your , \ery sincerely, to ha-re any interest in the stockyards. The fact is that the ANDREW FITZl' ATIUCK. stocky-ards are absolutely dependent upon the packers, -and tl1e LEAGUE OF ATIONS. packers are in turn dependent upon the stockya.Tds. The pack 1\Ir. LODGE. l\1r. President, I -de ire to give notice that, witll ers are interested in these yards, in building up these markets the permission of the Senate, I shall address the Senate an so that they will have plenty of raw mat-erial. It is silly to say Tuesday next, August 12, on the Jea.gue of nations. that the stock ownership in a public market ean affect the price obtained for an animal offered therein and on which anyone . TilE .RAILROAD QUESTION. is plivileged to bid. It is .also perfectly plain to my mind that 1\lr. CUM.l\IINS. l\lr. President, I ask the indulgence of the the people who own these stockyards should be people who are Senate while I make a statement with reg~ud to the railroad interested in the industry itself and not outside people, whose question. only interest will be in their dividends. If you will study the I think everyone realizes that we are approaching~ if we have question of the stockyards that have been built by the packers not alTeady met, an exceedingly serious situation. We ought near the source of production-that is, the small stockyards, in this crLsis above all things to keep our heads and to con denominated by the F-ederal Trade Commission as the " .:fifty sider the various phases of the problem in good temper. We fifty " yards-you will Teadily reach the \-ery fixed opinion that ought not to denounce the railway men for demanding an in it would be a calamity to the producers to require the packers crease in their wages unless we are yery sure of our facts. to sell their interest :in these yards. It is the packers who l\1r. NELSON. l\1ay I ask the Senator a question? stand back of these yards. The small packers only buy exactly tl:r. CUl\11\IINS. Yes; I will yield. what they want every day, but the buTden is cast upon the big Mr. NELSON. Is this demand for an increase of -wages made packers of cleaning up the yards every night and buying every the b.asis, directly or indirectly, for Goyernment control and thing that is offered. If you have any doubt on the question of operation? · the advisability of the packers being interested in stock--yards, Mr. CUl\fMINS. I do not know. The Senator will be com I would like to go into that matter further with you and giye pelled to answer that question for himself. The railway exec you facts and iigures which, I think, will be very convincing. utives ha-ve been demanding an increase in rates for a long time, A great deal has been said about the power of these so-called and no one, I think, bas denounced them for believing that rates iive big packers. This is largely propaganda, but they must be .of transportation should be increased, whatever differences of large if they are required to buy and pay cold cash every day o_pinion there may be upon the subject. Just so we ought not for the live animals offered in these markets, and if they are to to denounce the railway wot~kers for insisting upon increased get foreign markets for .American meat. This is to the interest pay until we have informed ourselves with respect to the of the producer and of labor as well, for if this export business justice of their demands. I say this because- is cut down it will cut the price of the live animal in two in a lli. NELSON. Will tl1e Senator from Iowa permit me to few days, and when that is done production will fall off; and inte:rrupt him? when that comes about th-en the price to the .consumer will go Mr. CUMMINS. I yield. up. You see that the packer simply must pay enough for the Mr. NELSON. Is this demand for increased wages on their live animal to €.llConrage production, and at the same time he· part accompanied by a threat to strike? must sell the finished product low enough to encourage con l\f.r. CUMMINS. I do not know. The Senator from Minne sumption. But I want to say to you Tery candidly that the sota will have to inform himself upon that point from other pernicious activity of the :Wedernl Trade Commission here and . sources. All that I am suggesting is that we do not inilame the abroad has had a direct effeet upon our exports. · England is existing situation; that we look upon every part of it coolly now threatening to boycott American meats and to get their and deliberately, and speak temperately with I-~egard to it. meat in the future from her colonies and South America. We · Mr. President, I do not intend to discuss the questiqns that must look at this mntter vi"ith Yision and with our eye to the are suggested by the Senator from l\Iinnesota; they have no 3626 OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SEN ATE. \ .TJGUST 5t relation whate,-er to the matter I am about to submit to the things might be uone that woald have some effect upon the . Senate. There will be abundant opportp.nity in the very near cost .of living, we will have to depend mainly upou the natural future for the people of the co11ntry and for the Senate to con development of commerce and business, and in some way that sider all these v-ery difficult and doubtful propositions. I arose no human b~ing can now fairly anticipate resume the rela for the purpose of correcting what I believe to be a false impres tions which were established before the war and which will sion "\Vhich has been created, unintentionally I hope, by certairi take a long time again to establish. We must bear the conse interviews which have been published ·as emanating from the quences of this war. They· will not be borne simply by paying Director General of Railroads. the expenses of the war. The whole world is dislocate(]; all On Friday last, as chairman of the Committee on Interstate its relations are change l\Ir. CUMMINS. Of course if the wages are increased as de duty, of initiating rates which may be necessary to meet the manded, and there are no increases in revenues, the deficit will demands for increased wages or the.increasea cost of transporta be just so much more. I am assuming that an advance in rates tion rests with the Director General, and it will rest with him will mean an advance in revenues. That is not always true. after the act to which I have just referred has passed the House. - Mr . .THOMAS. But, Mr. Presid~nt, that means; does it not, and becomes a Ia w. in the end that it is. a case, so far as the people are concerned, Mr. FLETCHER. Mr. President- of " heuds I win ; tails you lose" ? - Mr. CUMMINS. I yield. Mr. CUMMINS. I would not care to affirm that suggestion Mr. FLETCHER. May I ask the Senator what the increase is in terms, but it is something very nearly that. now over the rates as they were before the Government took But I have been digresffing. I rose for the purpose of indi- control? My information is that the average increase, as com . eating to the country and to the Senate that" the· Railroad Ad pared with the old rates, is between 25 and 30 per cent. Is that ministration has full power to deal with the situation without correct? an appeal to Congress. We have already given to the President Mr. CUMMINS. It was said at the time to be an increase of and to the Director General · aU the powers that are necessary 25 per cent, and there is a sense in which that is true; but when to deal as their judgment may suggest with the very condition the orders of the Director General were applied to the actual that has now arisen.· I would not consider it necessary to do affairs of transportation it resulted in increasing the rates in this it it were not -for an interview p-ublished, as I said a some instances less than 25 per cent and in many instances a moment ago; in last nigbt?s Evelling Star, coming from Mr. great deal more than 23 per cent; in some cases as high as 100 Hines ; and I must not -be understood as disparaging Mr. Hines. per cent and in rare instances even more than that. I think he is one of the ableet men who have ev·er attep1pted Mr. POMERENE. Mr. President-- the management· of railroads. I am bourid to say that he· is a Mr. CU111MINS. I yield to the Senator from Ohio. great improvement over his predecessor, although I do not care _Mr. POMERENE. The testimony before our committee to critiqlze his predecessor, save that he did not know the and I think I quote accurately Mr. Clifford Thorne, who is an business in which he was engaged. expert who has given a good 9-eal of attention to these subjects Director General Hines to-day explained to o. group of representative was that the rates on coarse grades of freight in the Central labor leaders that he had asked President Wilson to have Congress take West were increased from 50 to 60 per cent, and there was up the question or increased wa::es because he believed the Railroad Administration virtually had been shorn of the power to increase rates testimony as to certain articles from New Orleans northward to meet 10uch advances. . - that were increased 240 per cent; and one of the members of The Director General said passage o!- a bill by the Senate to restore the committee made the statement in open session of the com the Interstate Commerce Commission its power to suspend proposed in creases was tantamount to putting the D1rector General on notice that mittee that in certain sections of the South the increases in Congress disapproved of increases except by the rate-making body. · rates were as high as 500 per cent. This was largely due, as Mr. Ilines also explained the financial situation of the Railroad Ad I understood it, to some changes which were made in classifi ministration and invited the railroad men to give any suggestions they cared to have incorporated in the bill which he plans to present· to cation by n new rate-fixing committee that was organized by the Congress. . . . · Director General, which was ne-yer in- the contemplation of The Committee on Interstate Commerce intends to give care Congress. ful consideration to the recommendation of the President, and I Mr. CUMMINS. The Senator from Ohio has stated the matter do not even predict what the action of the committee will be \Vith accuracy, as it has been developed before-our committee. in response to his suggestion; but I do say that it is unfair to Possibly a better understanding of the effect of the.increases in Congress, both the Senate and the House, to issue a stateinent rates may be had if I refer to the result of the increases in to the country that the' situation can -not be dealt with by. th~ rates. Railroad Administration until additional legislation is enacted. This general increase was put in.to effect in May and June, The President has the absolute power, through the Director 1918. The rates were therefore operative only during sub General, to fix the wages of all railway employees. The Gov stantially a half year, prior ·to the 1st of January, 1919. The ernment of the United States is the employer. It can hire, it gross revenues of all the railroads in the possession of the Gov can discharge, any employee. It can determine precisely what ernment for the year 1917 were, in round numbers, $4,100,- each employee shall receive for the service he renders. There 000,000. The· gross revenues of the railroads in Government can be no question whatsoever with regard to his power in that control fo:;- the year 1918 were about $4,900,000,000. The volume regard. He can fix the rates which shall be charged for trans of traffic was slightly less in 1918 as compared with 1917. So portation and make them effective at any time he may deter it is fair to deduce the conclusion that the increased rates mine. There can be no doubt whatsoever with regard to that operating for substantially seven and a half months of the year power, because it is expressly given to the President and to the 1918 resulted in an increase in gross revenue of $800,000,000, Director General in the act of March 21, 1918, respecting Fed- and if they had been in effect during the entire year upon a eral control. · · similar volume and kind of traffic the increased rates would Mr. LENROOT. Mr. President- have aggregated in increased revenue a little more than Mr. CUM.l\-IINS. I yield. $1,400,000,000. Mr. LENROOT. The Senator speaks of the power of the Mr. KELLOGG. 1\Ir. President, I think the Senator ought P1·esident. Is it not more than power? Does not the duty to state the other side of the ledger. The operating expenses devolve upon the President as well as the power? increased something like five or six hundred millions more than . Mr. CUMMINS. Mr. President, it is impossible for me to the increase in income. conceive of power without duty. Mr. CUMMINS. Mr. President, I think the Senator from Mr. OVERMAN. But we have taken away from him the Minnesota has overstated that a trifle, but, nevertheless, the sub right to initiate rates. stance of his remark is true, for either through increased wages, 1\Ir. LENROOT. No. increased cost of supplies, inefficiency in operation, or the increase Mr. CUMMINS. No, Mr. President; that is the very misap in the number of employees, the operating revenue of the rail prehension which has been created. We have not taken from ways under Federal control resulted in a deficit of $250,000,000 him the power to initiate rates. We have not taken from him for 1918. any power whatsoever. It is true that a month ago or more the l\lr. NORRIS. Mr. President, I would like to ask the Senator, Senate passed the bill, which I introduced, restoring to the Inter in connection with the expenses, whether under the provisions state Commerce Commission the authority to suspend rates of the law in regard to the guaranteeing of dividends to the which might be initiated by the President or the Director Gen various railroads they have been in every case contracted for on eral, just as it might have suspended before the war rates that the maximum amount provided by law; and if that is true, or were initiated by railway companies ; but. Mr. President, the if it is true to some extent, what effect has it bad upon the bill to which I have just referred has not become a law. It has expense side of the ledger? · been obstructed in the House of Representatives by the Railroad Mr. CUMMINS. I have not examined an· the contracts whlch Administration itself, and it was not until yesterday that the bill have been made, but I do not know of any contract made with was reported to the House by the Committee on Interstate and a railroad company in which the compensation agreed to be Foreign Commerce in the House. I am still in favor of that law, paid by the Government for the use of the property was less and I am not insisting that we should not-indeed, I am insisting than the maximum amount provided for. that we must-pass a law so that the Interstate Commerce Com Mr. NORRIS. If that be true, then there are a great many mission shall have the po,~re r, if it believes it should be exercised, stockholders of railroad companies who are now being paid to suspend rates made by the Director- General. But the au dividends running all the way from 10 to 50 per cent. Tak(;'l the thority, as well as the duty, of fixing wages at the present time Burlington road, for instance, with which the Senator is rests with the Director General. The authority, as well as the familiar. LYJII--~20 3628 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . AUGUST 5, Mr. CUMMINS. As I pointed out when we had the railroad re~ival of commerce in the fall of the year 1919 might enable control act under consideration, the compensation that was pro him ta close this year without loss. Of eourse, bis experience vided to be paid to many of the railr{)ads ;was excessively high. has not verified or fulfilled his predictions. We lost $240,000,000 Mr. NORRIS. The point I want to get at is whether if we last year, and we lost in the first four or five months of this paid a reasonable rate it would not so materinlly reduce the year $260,000,000, and we are now losing at the rate of $39,· expense of operation that all these increases would be unneces 000,000 per month. sary. Mr. POMERENE. 1\lr. President- Mr. CUMMINS. I can only e:x,press my own opinion. The Mr. CUMMINS. I yield. Senator from Nebraska will remember that during the consid Mr. POMERENE. And at the same time cars are not being eration of the act, in March, 1918, I insisted very earnestly and furnished in sufficient numbers to accommodate the traffic. with all my strength th:at the compensation which we were Just rthe ·Other day I had a letter from the secretary of agricul agreeing to pay to the big railroads was $250,000,000 per year ture -of the State of Ohio stating that there were then needed in more than we should have agreed to pay. that ·section 8,000 cars for the purpose of hauling fertilizers for Mr. NORRIS. I was one of the Senator's humble followers the farmers' seeding this fall, and it is next to impossilile to in that :fight; but we did not require the President to pay this get the cars. I am having the subject up now with the Director maximum rate, and it was said, in answer to our argument, General's o-ffice. On yesterday I called attention to what I that it would not be paid as a matter of practice. I am trying believe to be the situation, namely, that there are not cars in to :find out whether it is paid as a matter of practice. sn:fficient numbers furnished to the coal operators to afford the Mr. CU1\fMINS. It is paid. necessary transportation for coal, and the fall season is now Mr. NORRIS. If that 'be true, then there are a great many almost upon us. instances where the cost of operation could be very materially Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President-- reduced. For instance, in the case of the Burlington Railroad Mr. CUMMINS. I yield to the Senator from Tem1essee. which I just happen to remember, because I live on it, and I Mr. McKELLAR. I am ll(>t sure that the Senator fi·om Iowa am familiar with it, as the Senator from Iowa is-the rate of understood the suggestion I desired to make a while ago. Per dividends that they would get, if they made the contract on the haps I did not make myself plain. I realize that the Director maximum basis, would be 222 per cent annually on an their General, of course, has ·a right now to make rates and to fix stock. wages, and primarily it is his duty to do so. I realize also the Mr. CUMJ\IINS. As I remember it, it was a trifle more than sto:pendousness af the task of the committee, as the Senator that. I think the contract with the Burlington gives it com from Iewa has pointed out. The many plans proposed must pensation which would enable it to pay somewhat more than have the careful consideration of the {30mmittee. We all realize 22! per cent, although I have n(}t _personally examined the that. I realize also that Senators have been concerned some contract. what about the league of nations, but that treaty does not -come Mr. NORRIS. That is the .exact figure, as I remember it. befare the Interstate Commerce Committee primarily. I agree Mr. KELLOGG. Mr. President- - with all the facts that the Senator from Iowa has stated, and Mr. CUMMINS. I yield to the Senator from Minnesota. especially the fact that the Government is losing large sums of Mr. KELLOGG. The question of the compensation paid the money, and particularly the fact that in this period of transi raih·oads has nothing to do with the operating expenses, and it tion, of unrest, the whole country is looking to Congress as the is not figured in the operating expenses. The operating ex only body which has the right to make a permanent pcrlicy for penses I was talking about are the ordin~ry operating expenses the railroads. My suggestion is, therefore, that the ·sooner '\"e of the road.' get to that 'Permanent poli-cy, manifestly, to my mind, the ·better Mr. NORRIS. I was not talking about the same thing, the country will be eft C&ngress must aet and produce a per probably. manent policy for the railroads before we can hope for any_relief M·r. KELLOGG. I think not. fr<>m the many ills that now confront these railroads. W~ eun Mr. NORRIS. But the amount we pay the railroads presented to the committee bearing generally upon this subject, the railroads; that it is unfair for the Government to take but I confess that it looks to me as if it were the desire to pass over the railroads and to saddle upon the owners such a large the responsibility. Of course, I am not qualified to be the Direc increase in operating expenses. Does not the Senator think, in tor General of Railroads, but I think if I were Director General view of those charges or criticisms, and perhaps there is ·some of Railroads I would have the courage to say either that there little merit in them, that there would be greater ground for ought or ought not to be an increase of wages, or I would resign. ·criticism if the President and the Director General should add 1\Ir. CUMMINS. Mr. President, all I am interested in estab additional burdens to the owners of the roads and to the public lishing is that the power resides with the Director General both by increasing the wages? In other words, does not the Senator to increase wages and to increase rates, and as the law now is, think it is far better, if such an important step is to be taken, the rates could be made effective at any time determined by the particularly in view of the fact that the whole subject is before Director General. Congress, that Congress should legislate and direct whether 1\fr. KING and l\Ir. WATSON addressed the Chair. there shall be an increase in wages, and if so to advise the The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Iowa yield; means by which that increase shall be made? and if so, to whom? Mr. CUl\IM:I1\'S. That depends entirely upon one question. Mr. CUMMINS. I yield fu'st to the Senator from Utah. Have the people of the country more confidence in the President 1\Ir. KING. Doe not the Senator think, notwithstanding the than they haYe in Congress? What does the Senator from Utah Director General has the power to fix rates and to increase say in regard to that? wages, or to lower them, if he desires, in view of the legislation Mr. KING. I do not know that that is a very fair question which is now imminent upon the part of Congress and in view to ask. I leave it ·to the Senator from Iowa to determine of the unsettled and unstable condition of the economic and in whether this body has the confidence of the people and whether dush'ial world, it would be unwise upon his part to take there the House has the confidence of the people as much as the sponsibility to increase wages, at least to increase them to any President has. I do not think that is a determinative point in material extent at this time? the question which I propounded or the suggestion which I Mr. CU:l\fMINS. Does the Senator from Utah mean the gen made. eral legislation in view respecting the reorganization of railways Mr. CUl\ll\fiNS. No matter what law we pass, if the Hous~ or the particular legislation which is asked in the letter of the enacts the bill that passed the Senate a short while ago restor~ President to me? ing to the Interstate Commer.ce Commission the power to sus· 1\Ir. KING. I have in mind the general legislation :pending pend rates that are initiated by the Director General, the before the committee for the reorganization of the railroads, Director General will be compelled to decide for himself turning them over, probably, to their owners, and the bill which whether the rates for transportation shall be raised or lowered. the Senator from Iowa introduced and which passtt:l the Senate There is no one who can share that responsibility with him. and which has gone to the House. He is an executive officer and in full control of the railway com 1\Ir. CUl\fl\HNS. If we can wait until the general legislation panies, and he must determine whether the rates shall be is determined, then there is no emergency. I ha\e assumed that advanced or not. Then the Interstate Commerce Commission, the President was of the opinion, according to his letter to me, reviewing the entire .·it uation, m~y, if it sees fit, suspend those and I know that he is of that opinion and I know that the rates for examination. If the Interstate Commerce Commis Director General is of that opinion also, that we have an acute sion should suspend the rates, then the Director General is and imminent situation which...Qlust be dealt with. What he ask.~ relieved of responsibility, and it falls upon the Interstate Com us to do is to pass a law which will create a new board for the merce Commission, where, in my judgment, it ought finally to fixing of railway wages and to adopt a direction to the Inter rest. The final decision with regard to the reasonableness of state Commerce Commission that it shall increase rates in ac rates should remain with the Interstate Commerce Commission, cordance with the increase in the cost of operation. If that is but there is no escape from responsibility on the part of the imminent, tf it is emergent, and I believe it is, whether it operator-in this instance the Director General-of the railwav should be done within a week or a month, I do not know, but I property in determining whether the rates which be is char-ging am sure it must be dealt with before we can hope to pass a for transportation are adequate or inadequate. So there is no general reorganization bill. I am not saying that I am not legislation that we can adopt, so far as rates are concerned, willing to take my share of the responsibility. I am willing to that will relie\e the Director General. assume it, but I do not think it fair or just that the impression The onJy thing we can do that would share the responsibility should go to the country that the administration is powerless to with the President, so long as Federal control shall contimH', meet the situation until Congress acts, and that is always ac is this: We can pass a law authorizing the President to ap companied by the statement of the newspapers that Congress is point a board for the purpose of determining wages, and in unduly slow and reluctant to act upon any grave and vital doing so we become, in a measure, a sharer with him in the matter. responsibility for the wages that are established. That is the Mr. JONES of New Mexico and Mr. KING addressed the only thing we could possibly do, and that the President has Chair. the right to do now. He may desire to wait until Congress The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Iowa yield; either does that thing or refuses to do that thing, but he can and if so, to whom? not, and must not, stand before the country ns bt=>ing powerless 1\Ir. CUMMINS. I desire first to yield to the Senator from to meet the situation which now exists, and which I belieye, Indiana, who requested me to yield a moment ago. and which every thinking man must believe, is not only immi Mr. WATSON. The specific thing that the President asked nent but exceedingly serious. us to do is to create this board, is it not? Mr. KING. 1\!r. President-- Mr. CUMMINS. Yes; to create the board and direct the Mr. CUMMINS. I yield to the Senator from Utah. Interstate Commerce Commmission. Mr. KING. If the Senator will pardon me, I will state the. l\Ir. WATSON. Does not the Senator believe the President way this proposition presents itself to me: himself has authority to appoint a board for the purpose of ad The Congress of the United States, under the exercise of the vising him as to increases in rates and in wages, because if the war power, took over the operation of certain of the railroads authority now rests with him, as undoubtedly it does, to raise of the United States. It was understood that was necessary wages or to increase rates, he has the right to appoint any board to meet a war emergency, and that upon the termination of the or commission or to establish any agency that he might deem ap war the railroads should be restored to their owners. The propriate for the purpose of advising him, has he not? President of the United States, deeming the time propitious, Mr. CUMMINS. Mr. President, the Director General has just recommended a restoration of the railroads to their owners, the same right to take advice in regard to wages that shall be and asked Congress to take up the question and pass appro paid railway employees that I would have if I were hiring a priate legislation that might be necessary to effectuate that person to render service for me. He is not limited in the scope object. Congress is dealing with that subject now; important of his power, and there is nothing that he wants to do that he committees are considering plans for the accomplishment of can not do, with regard to .securing all the information that is that purpose. The Senator from Iowa has stated that 30 necessary to enable hlm to exercise his own judgment. plans have been submitted for consideration. Mr. KING. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for a ques It seems to me, in the light of the fact that the railroads tion? are soon to go · back to their owners-! hope so; I hope we Mr. CUMMINS. I yield to the Senator. shall have the courage to do the right thing-that the Presi Mr. KING. It is rather more than a question, and I apologize dent ought to halt in any course that would increase the bur to the Senator. Complaint has been made heretofore because dens upon the owners of the railroads or change the status the Executive, acting through the Director General, has im quo, and that the Congress, at the earliest possible moment, posed increased rates for passengers and freight, and it has been ought to enact such legislation as will accomplish tl1e de~ired charged that that bns proved to be a burden upon the owners of result. 3630 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1\..UGUST 5 ' Mr. CUMMINS. 1\Ir. President, the President of the United been and is steadily riSing. The position of the management members on the board is that the wages of shop employees are not properly com States does not concur with the Senator from Utah [1\lr. KINa], parable with the wa~s of nonrailroad employees cited by the employees for he believes that there ought to be something done imme and their representatives and that these latter industries have differ diately, and I concur with him in that regard. We can not entiating conditions which account for the high wages paid by them and that a further wage increase at this time would simply begin a' new wait until the general reorganization of the railways shall be cycle in the increased cost of living which would not benefit the em determined upon. If the situation is as perilous as indicated ployees. They urge instead the adoption of effective methods of reduc by the Director General and by the President-and I believe ing the cost of living, but they add that unless some action can be taken within a reasonable time to accomplish this result they see no alterna it to be-something must be done in the tery near future. All tive but to continue tAe wage cycle increases with corresponding in that I am trying to do is to inform the American people that creased cycles of living costs. there is nothing that Congress can do in the matter that it On .July 28 a conference was begun, in accordance with an arrange ment made on .July 8, between the representatives of the Railroad Ad has not already done, except to authorize the appointment of a ministration and representatives of the shop employees. At this con board. I am not saying whether we ought to do that or not; ference the representatives of the employees made it plain to my asso I am expressing no opinion upon that whatsoever; but I am ciates that their members expected and believed that they were entitled to a substantial increase · in wages retroactive to January 1 1919 and endeavoring to dispel an illusion or misapprehension that has that the state of unrest was so great that it was of the highest impor gone abroad throughout the length and breadth of the coun tance that a definite answer be given on the wage matter without delay try wfth respect to the existing power of the President. These representatives e::..--pressed the same views to me yesterday. · On .July 17 the shop crafts convention, meeting at Atlanta, Ga. and Mr. OVERMAN. 1\lr. President-- representing employees from 16 railroads in the Southeast, strbngly Mr. CUJ\.fl\HNS. I yield to the Senator from Nm.·th Carolina. urged t!le necessity for substantial increases in wages by August 1 Mr. OVERMAN. If I understood the letter of the Director retroactive to .January 1, 1919. ' The earnest insistence that immediate action be taken to equalize General, he has construed the bill of which the Senator spoke, wages with the rapid increase in the cost of living is not confined to the of which he is the author, and which passed the Senate, as shop employees. taking from him the power to fi:x: rates. The triennial convention of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen representing about 160,000 railroad employees, meeting at Columbus' 1\ir. CUMMINS. I think not. Ohio, adopted on May 31 a resolution strongly urging substantial a neers, to work :for that organization, or :my other m·g:mizatiom I. Before the· week-i~ !"mt it is expected. that the indorsemen~ given the I Ote"t goms't I't M1' Pr·esident nYtrl r <>n.v that there are men in ' Plumb plan by the railroad workers Will b~ followed by simllar actiOn pr ;::, a .... • · • a.uu o3<.1.~ • on the- part of the other great labor orgamzations of the country. , the' United States wllo can do th~ work JUSt us weN as, 1\{r. _ The· railren.d brotherhoods will maintain· representatives in Washing . Keatin"' could do it and us loll~ as Mr. Keating is drawing tGn !te>m now on' to watch the p£ogress o:t the bill embodying the Plumb' o ' G · , o t f th U 'ted St t f ·. plan, introduced in the House yest:erday by Representative SIMS, A. $7,5ads t.o th.eir private own~rs; :md the Plumb ~lan will run afottl' . 4'1-. • t 'd · , • of this legislation as soon as. 1t reaches- the committees. A measure accep~ employment f ro~ some <'h:.ueE source _ou s: e 18 "r-ong. similar to the Sims bill is expected1 to be introduced in the Senate elflH~r I might add, Mr. President, that I also, noticed m the paper the. to-day or to-morrow. other day that a national market body has- been for:med, and DIRECT TO THN PEOPLE. that 1\fr. Kent, of the Tariff Commission, has been appointed lli. Stonl!. said tlla.t the brothllrhoods intended to carry their fight president of it. The paper announces what that hoard is formed direct to the people without waiting to see what action Con~l'ess would take. " Within 90 days," he declared, " Congress will have heard foi·. Yet we are pa·ying Mr: Kent as a member of the Tariff from l,o-oo,ooo· of the peoole, and: as time- goes on it will hear from Commission $7,500. per annllHll It does seem to. me that that _more. I don't llfre to ma:ke statements which. might be. considered . rabid~ . but. if the- roads are. returned to private own~s, the ma.jooi'ity o:f sort of business ought te stop. them will be in the hands of receivers within 60 days." In this- connection I want to ask that_ the two a-rticles be It was announced last night that Mr. Stone, Frank Morrison, secre•' printed, showing just what the new dut~es ef these· men are· to. be, tary of the American Federation o! Labor, and• Glenn E. Plumb, author o! the Plumb plan, would a·ppear before a j~:~lnt committee of the Sen. and· just how th€ir appointments came about, and for- what ate a,nd House Wednesday to expl-a'in the plan in detaiL purpose. 1\Ir. THOMAS.. 1\fr. President, I wish to· ask a question of The PRESIDING OFFICER. Witheut objection~ it is- so ordered. · the Senator from Utah. Lam quite in accord with the Senato:r's The matter referred to is as follows: : expressions of opinion regarding the substance o:fr the article. · offe11ed. wanted to strictures are not equally [Fi'om the Washington Star,. July 25 1919.] I ask whet:h.e:c his 1 appl.'.opria.te to employees of the Government who ha.ve been NATHHUL MARKET BODY Is FORMED-PRODUCERS ~D CO~SU:\UlffiS • ORGANIZE TQ- OBTAIN REGULATION OF PACKERS-IDs· H"EADQUARTERS· seleeted by the· employees' associatiens to- lobby witli Congress- HERE, : men~ botn in the Honse and in the- Senate, for legislation favor- Producers and. consumers have formed u national marketing com abie· to them. Dees the Senator know whether these em:pioyees mittee to aid in the effort to obtain. Federal regulation of tlie pa:ck.:ers. aTe drawing their salaries. from] the Government, ostensibly fo1' Headquarters have been established i:n: the Bliss Building: here. Form-er Representative William Kent, of California., is presid-ent of the com~ servi-ce rendered,. and at the same time performing the duties mittee. assigned to them iu connectiOn with their so-called legislative The other officers are C. II Gustafson, chairman · of t'he farmers' national committee on packing plants and allied industries; Mrs. Flor positions~ ence Kelley, secretaey of the National Consumers' League; Mrs. E. P. Mr: SMOOT. Th-ere is no· question but what many are draw... Costigan, chairman of the legislative committee of the Consumers' ing their salaries right along; and no qu~stion . but what ca1lsl League of the District of Columbia; and H-erbert F. Ba&er, president are made n€arly evet-y day, either upon Representatives of the Farmers' National Council, all as vice presidents of the com~ or mittee. Jatllison B. Ralston, of Washington, counsel for the American Senators, in relation to legislation in which the callers- are· Federation of Labor, is chief counsel; George P. Hampton, managing, interested, an.d using every po.wer that they have at their director of the Farmers' Natio:ilal Council, is chairma-n of- the executive board. . command to force, if I may use that wo ·rd~ MR. KEXT DISCUSSES PLAN. Mr. THOMAS. Tlmt is the right word to use. " Tbe Farmers· National Council, through: the farmers' national com Mr. SM00T~ Calls are made upon Representatives and mittee on pa.clring plants and allied' industries, of which I was a Senators to- vote for the measures. they are interested in. The charter member, has sin affairs, under date of February' 16, 1916, the following state t4e rights that Germany held in Shantung before the war, m~nt is made, and I call attention to the specific statement, rights to which Japan succeeded by conquest. because it has to do with the right Japan acquired by . the treaty CHINA'S DECLARATION OF WAB. of Japan if it be she acquired any: But, Senators, the whole situation chapged when China de .llis B.ritannic l\Iujesty's Go-vernment accedes with pleasure to the clared war on Germany. What effect did that have on Ger reQuest of the Japanese Government for an assurance- many's title to all she claimed in Shantung? Can there be anY. Of what?- doubt that the title to everything that Germany claimed in China that they will support Japan's claims in regard to the disposal of Ger reverted at once to that country by the very act of the declara man rights in Shantung. tion of war? Let us suppose that German war vessels had It will thus be seen that all that England agreed to ~as to been ricling at anchor in ·Kiaochow B·ay at the time of the "support Japan's claims" to "Germany's rights in Shantung." declaration. Is there anyone so bold as to say that China couln This was later accepted by the Japanese and therefore consti not have seized and converted these to her own use and that tuted a contract between the two countries. they would not have become her own property? And if that be This simply meant that Germany's rights in Shantung should true of a battleship, owned by the German Government, why is go to Japan and not to China, their rightful owner. England it not true of a fort owned by the same Government? Why was knew and Japan knew that if China declared war against Ger it not true as to all of the rights of the German Government in many all of Japan's holdings in Shantung would revert at once China? Those rights, by the very declaration of war between the to China, for so far as those rights were concerned Japan simply two countries, reverted immediately to China. In legal con stood in Germany's place ; and knowing this and seeking to templation, in my judgment, it was China's option to void a escape from it, they made a new treaty based wholly upon power voidable contract by which all the rights taken from her by Ger and depending for its execution upon their ability to enforce it. many under the contract immediately reverted to her, having This was· in direct violation of Japan's agreement under the been obtained under duress. terms of Japan's demands on Germany when she declared war It is a fact of tremendous significance that China, in her and in direct violation of Premier Okuma's declaration of inten declaration of war against Germany, expressly stated that all tion issued to the United States in 1914. existing treaties between China and Germany were abrogated. JAPA~ AND FRA~C!il. allied and associated powers, including the United States and Later on the Japanese minister addressed the French am This declaration was taken cognizance of and confirmed by the bassador at Tokyo and stated: "The Imperial Japanese Govern Japan, both of which nations replied in identic notes and assured ment proposes to get from Germany at the time of the peace China of their " solidarity of friendship and support." negotiations the surrender {)f the territorial rights and special THiil AGREEMENT OF 1915. interests Germany possessed before the war in Shantung." Once more Japan demanded nothing more than the "rights But it has been argued that Japan's rights in Shantung that Germany possessed before the war in Shantung." To this were ripened by a treaty made between Japan and China in the French acceded, but stated as one of the conditions of the 1915, and that China is now estopped to deny the validity Qf the acceptance: "Fourth, forfeiting the rights of Germany in the Japanese claim not only to Germany's rights in Shantung but also concessions she possesses in certain parts of China." to other rights acquired by the treaty of 1915 itself. The fourth concession demanded by France of Japan in con Let us examine the provisions of this treaty with some care sideration of granting to Japan what she wanted. By these in order to as<'ertain precisely what rights Japan acquired agreements France, as did England, promised to support nothing under it. ~'he one most generally relied upon by the defenders more than Japan's claims to Germany's interests in Shantung. of Japan reads as follows : • The Chinese Government agrees that when the Japanese Government Did these countries agree to give Japan greater t:ights in China hereafter approaches the German Government for the transfer of all than Germany had before the war? Did they agree to any rights and whatever privileges of whatsoever nature enjoyed by Ger thing more than that Japan .should·succeed Germany in what many in the Province of Shantung, whether secured by treaty or in any ever rights Germany might have had in Shantung? Did they other manner, China will give her full assent thereto. anywhere agree to give to Japan a fee-simple title instead of I ask you to remember in the discussion of this phase of the a leasehold? Was there any agreement asked or made that problem that that was before China entered the war and before these nations would compel China to give Japan something the rights of Germany in Shantung had reverted to China by more than Germany had? The language in each case is clear reason of China's declaration of war against Germany. and unmistakable and amounts to nothing more than an agree Furthermore, that declaration was obtained by force from ment on the part of each nation to support tqe claims of Japan China, for the Japanese Government issued an ultimatum to to the rights that Germany had in Shantung before the war. China in which she stated that if her demands were not imme And it is of especial significance that France, evidently diately acceded to she should take whatever steps were neces understanding the inevitable effect of a declaration of war by sary to enforce them. This was at a time when all the other Chinn, which she demanded in her agreement with Japan, in nations were at war, when China was helpless and Japan power sisted tllat such declaration of war should mean "forfeiting ful, and the Japanese took advantage of this situation to wring the rights of Germany in the concessions she possesses in cer from helpless China a treaty of this character. tain parts of China." By this she did not mean forfeiting the But what does .Japan acquire under its terms? Passing over rights of all the concessions in Germany, for the very object for the moment the fact that it was obtained by duress and was of that agreement was to transfer certain concessions of Ger therefore invalid, it certainly conferred no present rights upon many in China to Japan, but it did mean that the general Japan, for it expressly recites that when "hereafter" the effect of the declaration of war by China against Germany Japanese Government approaches the German Government nnd would be the cancellation, ipso facto, of all the other German demands further privileges, China will· agree, thus forcing from concessions in China. China a promise to agree to whatever arrangement Japan may 1\Iy contention is that when Japan entered China in 1914 she make with Germany "hereafter" with reference to Germany's did not believe that that country would ever engage in the possessionsin Shantung. The character of this agreement, Sena war; that she intended to demand of Germany at the close of tors, and its very wording show how manifestly unfair it was llie war her rights to Shantung; that, understanding that she and how it compelled China by sheer force to agree to any herself would have no title to anything of value if China de future arrang~ment Germany and Japan might make respecting clared war against Germany, she declined to give her consent Chinese territory, but it conferred no "present" right upon to such a declaration, and even threatened to invade China with China, no right immediately enforceable, but one having refer-· her troops if she made it; that, believing that her claim to the ence only to future action. permanent possession of Shantung would not be supported at the This was in 1915, many months after Japan had taken peace conference unless based upon something stronger than Kiaochow. If she thought her title sufficient, if she deemed. the mere fact that she had dislodged Germany from Shan that, having dispossessed Germany of her rights in Shantung, tung, she determined to seek another basis of agreement and she had the right to hold indefinitely what she then had, why Jay deeper foundations for a claim to rights in that Province, did she think it was necessary to enter into an agreement with based not on her dispossession of Germany but on a hard-and China by which she forced her consent subsequently to perfect fast agreement with the Allies, who would have the power to her title? insert it in the articles of peace and the subsequent power to At that time China had not declared war, and Japan did help Japan enforce it. Therefore it can not be denied that, not believe that she ever would declare war. Japan believed had nothing occurred between Japan and China after Japan that when the war was over she would be able to approach took possession of Shantung, had the treaty of 1915 not been Germany and make the demand herein set forth; but the made between them, ancl had she not made her secret treaty declaration of war by China changed the entire status, for with the Allies in 1917, and had not China entered the war, it left Germany without any rights in China of which .Japan all tlmt Japan could have demanded at the peace conference were could demand possession . . Japan never" approached Germany" 3636 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 5, under the terms of that provision.• So far as that conh·act was terns of South ~fanchuria; that she has established a scheme of concerned, there was no "hereafter," and so far as Germany's preferred traffic on these lines by which Japanese commerce is title to possessions in Shantung was con~.erned, 1t vanished car1ied at a less rate than either Chinese goods or the wares of with China's declaration of war~ and therefore there was any other nation, and that, by all these means she intends to nothing that Japan could demand of Germany in accoTdance obtain complete control of the commerce of the Chinese Republic. with the article above mentioned at the conclusion of the war. Another article reads as follows: Japan herself understood this, for, when it became evident that The Chinese Government agrees that Japanese subjects shall be per· China was going to get into the war, she did not rely upon mitted forthwith to investigate, select, and then prospect for and open · f G · l914 h t t f mines in the following places in South Manchuria, apart from those either her dispossess10n o ermany m or er rea Y 0 mining areas in which mines are now being prospected for ox worked. 1915 for her future rights in China, but hastened to make a , specifi-c agreement with reference to them with the nations that And then follows a list of places that those familiar with the she knew would be at the peace table and that by their military mineral wealth of the country inform me embrace the principal power would be able to enforce her demands, and that is what mining regions of that Province. she relies on at this hour. Another article provides: The Chinese Government declares that China will hereafter provide JAPAN'·s I~I:riT~ONS~ funds for building railways in South Manchuria; i! foreiJ.!:n capital is In the lib(J'ht of her past record, does anyone believe that required, the Chinese Government agrees to negotiate for tne loan with .Japanese capitalists first. Japan intends to relinquish whatever rights she has in China? When she 'vent into Formosa she promised to retire, but she is Another article : here. W1ten she went into Korea she promised to retire, The Chinese Government agrees that hereafter when a foreign loan Still t is to be made on the security of the taxes of South Manchuria it will but she is still there. 'Vhen she made her demand on Germany negotiate for the lotm with the Japanese capitalists first. for the surrender of her- possessions in Shantung she promised And the following significant article clearly shows the inten- to hand them over to China, but she still has them. Count tion of Japan to clinch her authority in the Chinese Empire : Ok:uma, the Japanese premier, on October 27, 1914, stated to the The Chinese Government declares that hereafter if foreign advisers or people of the United States, "As premier of Japan, I have stated instructors on political, financial, military, or pollee ma.tters are to b& and now again state to the people of America and of all the employed in South Manchmia, Japanese will be employed first. world that Japan has no ulterior motive, no desire to secure more Another article makes the same provision with reference to , territory, no thought of depriving China or other peoples of any- eastern inner Mongolia as those just stipulated for South thing they now possess,'~ but Japan is still there. Manchuria. CHIXA'S ItEPLY TO JAP.!~. THE TREATY OF 1915. On the 18th of January, 1915, without any previous warning, On the 1st of May, 191-5, China replied to the -rarious demands growing out of no unusual conditions between the two countries, of Japan. Group I of the reply had reference to Shantung. and to the utter surprise of the Chinese, Japan issued to her a Article 1 of that group acquiesced in the demand that the demand couched in 5 groups and 21 clauses. Group 1 has Chinese Government would give full assent to all matte1 in reference to Shantung. ·In addition to the rights Japan had which the Japanese and German Governments might agree taken from Germany in Shantung, she demanded that the touching German rights in Shantung. But as thus agreed Chinese Government " should not within the Province of Shan China made this reservation. China was not afraid of reser tung and along its coast cede or lease to a third power under vations in the treaty. She agreed with this reserYation 1n the an:v. pretext any of its territory or any of its islands," thus lay treaty, which is of extreme importance, because by its den1al ing the foundation for the future control of that Province. She Japan shows as clearly as the sun in the noonday sky her inten further exacted the right to " build a railway from Chefoo, or tion not to return Shantung, but to retain her hold on it. Here Lungkow, to join the Kiaoe;how-Tsinanfu Railway," thus con is what tbe Ch-inese said to tb.e .Japanese by way of reser1"ation: The Japanese Government declare that. when the Chinese Govern ferring on her the right to construct three railways in Shan ment give their assent to the diS1)osition of interests above referred to, tung, she having succeeded to the German right ro build two. Japan will restore the leased territory ot Kiaochow to China and fur The second group had reference to Japanese conh·ol of South ther recognize the right of the Chinese Government to participate in the :Manchuria and Eastern Inne:r Mongolia. negotiations above referred to between Japan and Germany. The third group referred to the Hanyehping Co. The question of the retention of Shantung was aftenYards Group IV provided: referred to in an exchange of notes. The Chinese Government engages not to cede or lease to a thirll power JAPAN'S UL.TIMA!l.'UM. TO CBDI"A.. any h:ubor or bay or island along- the coast ot Chirul. On the 7th of May, 1915, Japan issued a reply in the form of Group V of the original 21 articles was so drastic and far an ultimatum to China's answer to her previous demand . reaching that not only China but other countries became alarmed With reference to Shantung, the Japanese Go-r-ernment say, · at the extent of the power demanded by Japan, and many pro and I call especial attention to the very careful and guarded tests were lodged against its acceptance, while China herself manner in which the statement is made: 1 declined to yield. This group was afterwards made a subject of And at the same time it wa.s offered that, on the acceptance of tho the exchange of notes and so stands to this day without ever revised proposal, the Imperial Government would, at a suitable op having been finally concluded, and is evidently one of the de portunity, restore, witb fair and pro~a· conditions. to the Chinese Gov· ' ernment, the Kia.ochow tcrtitor_y, m the acquisition of which the mands that Japan intends to insist on consummating if tllis Imperial Government had made a great sacrifice. treaty is ratified and she has the powe1·. In other words, Japan agreed, in this conditional language, JAPAN'S REVISED DEMANDS. to restore Kiaochow to China, provided China agreed to all the On the 26th of ApriT, 1915~ Japan withdrew her 21 demands other demands put upon her in the 21 demands, by virtue of and in their place substituted 24. in four groups. Group I has whicb, if enforced, she would take complete control economically, refe1;ence to Shantung and gives Japan pr.actical1y control of commel'cially, and politically of the Chinese Republic. that Province. Mr. THOMAS. l\Ir. President. tl1e Senator refers to these Group II has reference to South Manchuria an the league is formed and press for a rig.hteous solution of the ~~ entire struggle, she furnished few ships and no men ~ywhere problem, for I believe it t? .b~ a~ monstrous a prO.POSition as excev:t in Russia, and the sole part she pia ed in the war was !las even bee~ proposed to Clv~llz~twn. to se1ze the possessions. of Germany in China, which he did To summanze: My contention 1s that .Japan succeede_d to noth- undec agreement to give them back and which agreement she ing but the rights of Germany in Shantung by reason of having .o.ow utterly repudiates; ' dislodged her in 1914; that She acquired_ nothing additional ' JAPA~'S DEMANDS ON CHINA. ~Y th.e treaty of 19~5, becat:se it ~~s WI~ung_ n:om China by . And viewed from the moral standpoint, her demands on China fo.rce , that s11:e ac~mred nothmg addltl.onai by her secret treaty , m 1915 stand on no firmer a basis, for she very cunningly took ~th the Mlies m .191'1', because all that they promised to- advantage of. the fact that the nations of the earth were at g1ve her were the nghts that Germany JlOSses~ed m Shantung- war aruL that the United States was at that time neutral to before th~- war ; and· tha ~ het~ temporary posse~wn of Shan~ng . 1make he.r. unreasonable and iinmoral demand on China couched was tei'mmated when Chma· made· the declaratiOn o~ war agamst ,in· 21 articles. Among others-and I want the preachers of the Germany and be?lm~ her ally a~d our !lilY ~d tJ;Ie ally of all country to know this-she stipulated that China should give the. o~ber countl'Ies m the confhct agamst ll!lpenal <;termany. ; .Japan the right to propagate Buddhism throughout China. Th1s- IS not only true. fro£? t!te legal standpomt but. If ll may ; On May 1 China partially acceded to and partially declined use such an• e.x:nressiOn, It IS more consplCuousl~ · true· when to arant these demands, whereupon on the 7th f M i viewed from the mo1'Ul standpoint, for ass?red.ty never has a is~ed an ultima..tUJ})j to China.. in ~hich she p~actic~i apan. greater wrong been perpetrated than the cnmes of these coun- that helpless countl'u the alternative of submi'ttm· o ~ g~ve . cr • st Chi d did· ati h . •'O'ht- ~J g r SUJ.J.enng t nes ab~~n ?a, an never ' a. n on ave a mor; nb the consequences. Thus forced, China consented, and by that . eous bas-Is on, which to-appeal to the JUdgment and consc1ence of consent: practicallv surrendered her dmnin'o t th . f · ·11 tion , - .~; 1 n o e mei cy o ClVl za • THE CONFLICT IN THE FAR EAST. ; Japan, No impartial student, familiar With the. history of .rapan, can read these demands· without coming to the conclu- Having gained a. foothold on 0hinese soil by the· treaty of . sion that she intended to fasten herself' irrevocably upon China 1898, Germany was not slow to improve her opportunity. By and finally dominate the Government- and the people of that three supplemental treaties, which she wrung. from· China. by unfortunate country, and that-she has no intention of surrender superior power, she further fastened herself upon the Province ing Shantung to the Go_vernment- of- Elhina. The main demand of Shantung· until in her· relentless grasp that unfortunate· that- people was utterly helpless. -~>. G · t The Chinese Government engages to give full assent to all matters to Japan looked upon this· formidable entr ance o.~. ermany m o which the Japanese may hereafter- agree with the German Government! the Far East ·with grave solicitude. She understood fullr welJl relating to the disposition of all rights, intm·ests, and concessions, which the ambition- of t;be· Kaiser to dominate· the· world, and therefo£;e . Germany, by virtue of treaty or otherwise ~ossesses in relation to the she could not fail to recognize the menac.e to her own dreams of Prnvinc.e of Shantung:- - territorial conquest of an_intrenched Germany in· China; for-ih most clearly shows the intention of .Japan to make a deal with order to fully appreciate· the· monstrous wrong~ perpetrated· upon- j the Entente Allies by which. she should obtain possession of China by this- proposed treaty, it must aJwaY.S be remembered · Shantun~ and proves conclusively that she was forcing China that .Japan is the Germany of the· Orient. ~ to agree m advance· to whatever terms. she might in the future The German war party well understood the purpose of Jap-an- make. And there is much· reason to believe that, fearing the with reference to China and' the danger of permitting that coun-- :ultimate suc..cess of the Allies, to whom· she was contributing so try to control the commerce and· the territory of the Chinese· little, and desiring to remain· on suffieiently friendly terms with Empire, and therefore they· eagerly seized. the first opportunity · Germany to induce their Government in case they won to permit presented to intrench themselves in China in order to- prevent the· retention of Shantung by Japan, the J'apanese Government the seizure· of either territory or power by their Japanese· rivals. t e.x:cbanged' diplomati'c notes with· the· G~rman Government up Having fo-rced China to surrender the. port of Kiaochow,. they- rt.o· the time of the sure defeat·of the German anns. . immediately fortified it and at once began to lay systematic plans I do not charge that dogmatically, but- it has been repeated on to take control of the entire interior-of that country,. which they- . this floor-by competent- authority and up to- this hour has not could have readlly. accomplished under the· terms of supple- been authoritatively disputed. mental treaties made in 1899, 1908, and' 1905. JAFAN IN THE FAR EAST. JAPAN IN THE wAR. The President recently stated that Japan intends to return. No sooner. had the war br.oken out in. Europe than: Japan_ . Shantung to China. If that be true, why is it not so written in seized the opportunity presented to rob Germany of: her Chinese i the contract? Why iS it not so nominated in the bond? J a par. possessions;. she then extorted concessions from China by the ·in tl'le beginning stated· that she was willing to return. Shantung treaty of 1915 ; but, not content with that, she entered into a but the- treaty does not so recite, and her pnst history flatly con secret arrangement with the Allies for a distribution of the tradicts any such intention. spoils of war-at fts c.onclusion. ~ Thexe-was a. time when_KOrea was under the control of China~ Her deal' with England consisted of. an agreement that .Japan •. .Tapan waged two wars with the announced purpose of insuring was to ha.ve· Shantung and. all the German islands i.n· the· Padfic ~ the independence of Korea.. One of these was with China., nortli ot. the. Equator,. and- in consideration.. of this concession , waged ostensibly for that sole purpose, and the other with Ru&· England wa-s to ha.ve all of- the Ge:rman isUmds south of the · sia, and in that one she proclaimed to the world that she was Equator. , fighting partly fo1· the independence of Korea and of Manchuria. In order to understand the morals of this deal which we are· And yet, having w,on in both wars, she very speedily annexed asked· to ratify, we. should r.emember that .Tap an next consulted Korea and in 1910 made her- a part of the Japanese Empire• . France and there alSo succeeded in making a satisfactory When questioned as to her good faith, the excuse she gave to trade-secret, to be sure. There was then. much German shiP· the world was that Korea was close to Formosa, and that she ping in all the nor.ts. of China,. an to Shantung nnll that her protestations of good faith are not lips cried out to the slave oligarchy, "though you build your tO> be believed. She regards Shantung as a spoil. of war nnd structure of granite, and though you pile it as high as the one to which she is entitled by way of recognition of her serviceS' mountains, yet, it it be in the least mixed with evil~ the pulse to the· Allies. She has forced on China many secret treaties str~ke of a child shall in time beat it into dust." which would give her indefinite right there and enable her to And in the name of democracy the head of the greatest Repuh• dominate the Government and the people of that gre..Qn a high this- is especially tru-e in the light of the new interpretation of plane of honesty and fair dealing; that national selfishness was the rule of justice in the world. We correctly interpreted that to be supplanted by international altruism; that the right of rule in. giving hack Alsace-Lorraine to France, and it can not self-determination w,as to be established as the permanent policy be regarded as other. than a perversion of right to hold differ of the future; and that the worM should never know another ently as to Shantung. I c~ntend, therefore, that Japan has no Silesia, another Alsace-Lorraine. title to Shantung simply because she dislodged Germany in And yet, at the peace conference in the representatives of that Province. Japan there reappeared the .. old order,',. the oid intrigue, true The shrewd rulers of Japan evidently believed that this old savagery that "might makes rigilt." And they fm·ced our would be the finding of the peace conference, if she could President to abandon his high ideals, to turn his- back upon his show no greater right to Shantung than that she had simply lofty principles, and to accept their savage code displaced Germany, and that is why she afterwards made her Japan coerced him into that concession. Clemenceau and secret agreement with the .Aliies by whidt her title to this Lloyd-George felt bound by the terms of the eid intrigue that Province was to be sec.ured by the use of power. divided the loot before- the victory was won,. and \Vilson My :further contention is that when she took possession of yielded that Japan might sign. That country sold. her signa Shantung from the Germans she promised that it should be ture for the hoerties of 36,000,000 human. beings, and Wilso~ returned to China. And, further, Count Okuma, in 1914, made Lloyd-~orge, and Clemenceau ap_prc\ed the bargain and rati an express promise to this country that these possessions fied the sale. should be turned back to China, to whom they legitimately This agreement was made at a time when Italy was absent belong. That significant message should speak tl-umpet-tongued from the conference and her representatives were in Rome. to Japan and call her to her sense of duty and responsibility Knowing that their refusal to sign at such a time would prevent to us and to the other nations of the world. Said he : the formation of the league, and. taking advantag~ of Italy's . I gladly seize the opportunity to send through the medium of tl!o absence and of our President's determination to form a league Independent a message to the people of the United States, who have at any cost, the representatives of Japan prf!Ssed th~ir demnnds always. been helpful and loyal friends of J"apan. It is my desire to convince your people ol the sincerity of my with redoubled energy. They literally threw their contract Government and of my people in ·all their utterances and assurance$ before him and defiantly exclaimed : " Sign here or your league connected with the present regrettn.ble situation in Europe and the fails." Thus challenged, he· yielded that he might execute his Far East. Every sense of loyality and honor ohliges J"apan to cooperate with purpose, he signed that he might save his league, and the great Great Britain to clear from these waters the enemies who in the past, wrong to China's millions was consummated. China, our- ally, the present, and: the future menace her interests, her trade, her shipping-, Japan's ally, was there demanding her rights. These were and her people's lives. This Jlar Eastwn situation is not of nur seeking. 'denied. She asked that this question might be referred to the If: was ever my desire to maintain peace, as will be amply proven ; league of nations when formed. But Japan blocked even this" as president of the- Peace Society of J"apan I have consistently so en- concession. By her attitude of defiance- she- gave them to under deavored. . to I have read with admiration. the lofty message of President W1lson_ stand that Shantung was hers and that she intended: keep it, to his people on the subject of neuttality. regardless of the conference or the decree of any league oi We o.f Japan are appreciative of th-e spirit and motives that p rompted: nations. the- head of your great Nati-on, anti we feel confident that his. message will me-et with a national response. And so the last pillar of this league is based upon wrong,. and As premier of Japan I bave stated, and I now again state to the peopr!! thus founded it can not long endure. " For,'~ as Wendell ·Phil- of'America a:nd of the world, that Japan has no ulterior motive, D<>' 3640 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AuGusT 5, uesire to secPre more territory, no thought of depriving China or other peoples of anything which they now posliess. especially pertinent in view of the new construction of inter My Government and my people have ~iven their word and their nationalism with which we are now being regaled from day to pledgl:', ~hich will be as honorably kept as apan always keepscf~~~~es. day. Mr. HITCHCOCK. Then suppose, as the result of a failure Tllat is what alarms me. or refusal on our part to ratify this treaty, the league of nations This constitutes an express promise to the people of the should fail and should not go into effect. To what court could United States, and we now ha-ve the right to demand that Japan China appeal for the vindication of her rights in the Shantung keep that promise and withdraw from Shantung. Peninsula? As a proof of the fact that Japan went to war only to seize Mr. WATSON. She could appeal only to that moral power German possessions in the Orient, I cite a clause of the letter in the world I will say, that has always been in existence. I ''Titten by the Japanese foreign minister to the French ambas wish to rennnd1 the Senator that back in the time when John sn of those intrigues now, but only with this one. This one is in Mr. THOMAS and Mr. NORRIS addressed the Chair. the treaty an It was a framl on China, because by the terms of that under integrity of China, and they declare, furthermore, that they always adhere to the principle of the so-called "open door," or equal oppor standing Japan got China into the war, that country never tunity for commerce and industry in China. dreaming that as a part of the agreement by which she was in Moreover, they mutually declare that they are op~osed to the acqui duced to declare war her territory was to be divided and her sition by any government of any special rights or privileges that would affect -the independence or territorial integrity of China ot· that would people despoiled; and Japan and England and France used deny to the subjects or citizens of any country the full enjoyment of Chinese men and Chinese resources to the limit of their capacity equal opportunity in t he commerce and industry of China. to do so in a fight to overthrow autocracy and establish free I shall be glad to have Your E::xceJlency confirm this understanding of the agreement r eached by us. dom, and all the time poor China was aiding the cause of her Accept, Excellency, the renewed assurance or my highest considera allies and her sons were bleeding in their defense they had a tion. secret agreement among themselves that just as soon as the war ROBERT L!.NSI~G. was over they intended to divide the empire of their helpless His Excellency Viscount KIKUJIRO Isnn, ally and permanently dismember her land. There never was a Ambassador B:rtraordinary ana Plenipotentiary of baser betrayal of a friend, a more brutal robbery of an ally, Japan on Special Mission. than in this plunder of weak but willing, feeble but faithful (The ambassador extraoruinary and plenipotentiary of Japan, on special China; and, like Banquo's ghost, it will not down, but will ever · mission to the Secretary of ~tate . ) _ return to trouble those who consummated this mighty wrong. '.fHE SPECIAL MISSION OF JAPAN, And then, when it came to the peace table, England and Washington, November z., 1911. STR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note to-day, France, having joined this plunderbund and having raked in communieating to me your understanuing of the agreement reached by their share of the booty, felt bound to see that Japan got hers us in our recent conversations touching the questions of mutual interest as well. to our Governments relating to the Republic of Chlna. -.\ They all . knew that if it came to a square decision between I am happy to be able to confirm to you, under authorization or my: Government, the understanding in question set forth in the following 1 the formation of the league on one hand and the rights of terms: · - China on the other, that Wilson would forsake China and cling In order to silence mischievous reports that have from time to time, been circulated, it is believed by us that a public announcement one~ ~ 'to the league; and, impelled by this territorial lust, these orig more of the desires and intentions shared by our two Governments with lnal conspirators in this intr:igue combined to force the Presi regard to China is advisab!e. dent's hand, and succ~ed, contrary to every principle of right The GovernmE> nts of Japan and the Unitetl States recognize that territorial propinquity creates special relations between countries, and and every precept of justice. consequently the Government of the United States recognizes that A FRAUD ON THE UNITED STATES. Japa n has special interests in China, particularly in the part to which her posse:;sions are contiguous. And this secret treaty of Japan with the Allies was as well The territorial sovereignty of China, nevertheless, remains unimpaired, a fraud on our Government. Japan entered the war in 1914, anrl the Govemment of the United States has every confidence in the re· peated assurances of the Imperial Japanese Government that, while -and at once took possession of Germany's rights in China. geogrnphkal position gives Japan such ~pecial interests, they have no Early in 1917, as soon as it became evident that the United desire to discriminate ag:o~.in st the trade of other nations or to diBregard the commercial rights heretofore ~ranted by China in treaties with other States would be drawn into the war, and that therefore the powers. · allied cause would probably triumph, Japan opened negotiations, The Governments of Japan and the United States deny that they have 'first with England, then with France, and afterwards with Italy any purpose to infringe in any way the independence or t erritorial in and Russia, by which she very cunningly proposed a division of tegrity of China, and they declare, furthermore, that they always atlhcre to the principle of the so-called " open door " or equal opportunity for the spoils after the war, and in each agreement she stipulated commE>rce and industry in China. that a portion of her share should be the former German pos Moreover, they mutually declare that they are opposed to the acquisi sessions in China. tion by any Go-vernment of any special rights or privileges that would affect the independence or territorial integrity of China or that would She then got the consent of the Allies to hoW Shantung. She deny to the subjects or citizens of any country the full enjoyment of did not deem it wise to disclose her purpose to the United States, equal opportunity in the comme:rce and industry of China. I take this opportunity to convey to you, sir, the assurances of my evidently fearing that our friendship for Ohina was too strong highest consideration. and our love of justice too great to permit this wrong, and so K. ISHII, took a circuitous route to win the approval of this Government. Ambassador E:rt,·aordi narv ana PlenipotenPiary She obtained consent of tile Allies to continue her possession of Japar. on Specie,l HissioJl. llon. ROBERT LANSING, of Shantung in February and March of 1917. Later on in the Secretary of State. year, after the United States had entered the war, there were Neither President Wilson nor Secretary Lansing 1..-new at that disquieting rumors as to difficulties arising between Japan and time that Japan had secret treaties with the Allies by the terms the United States in the Orient, and especially in regard to of which she was to hold Shantung after the war; and thus when China. Let us remember that Japan had been in Shantung her representative agreed with Lansing that- almost three years, that she had already entered into a secret The territorial sovereignty of China, nevertheless, remains unim arrangement with the Allies to remain there, and that she was paired. exceedingly anxious to obtain some kind of an agreement from And, further, when she joined in a declaration with our coun the United States that would prevent this country ~rom inter try that- fering with the consummation of her purpose in China. To this The Governments of Japan and the United States deny that they have end she entered into several conversations with Secretary Lan any purpose to infringe In any "ay the independence or t erritorial in sing, the ostensible object being to once more state the friendly tegrity of China. relation that existed· between the two countries in order to sub And further, when she agreed with our Government that due any threats of trouble, but the re~l purpose of which was Moreover, they mutually declare that they are opposed to the a cquisi to literally trap the United States into an agreement establish tion by any Government of any special rights or p ri vile~,;es that would affect the independence or territorial integrity of China or that would ing an oriental Monroe doctrine and placing Japan within that deny to the subjects or citizens of any country the full enjoyment of sphere of influence in the same situation as that occupied by this equal opportunity in the commerce and industry of China- country in the Western Hemisphere. And she did this to retain She practiced the foulest kind of deceit upon our Government. her bold on Shantung and ~o enable her to make whatever For during all these negotiations Japan had a treaty with the further inroads she pleased in China. Allies which .she religiously kept from the knowledge of this The text of the Lansing-Ishii agreement is as follows: country, by which she was to be protected in doing the very DEPARTi\IENT OF STATE, things she agreed in the Lansing-Ishii negotiations not to· do. Washington, November f , 1917. She had a treaty by which the Allies were to enable her to do ExcELLENCY: I have the honor to communicate herein my under standing of the agreement reached by us in our recent conversations the very thing she was agreeing with Lansing that neither she touching the questions of mutual interest to our Governments relating nor any other nation would do or would be permitted to do, to the Republic of China. and this, I submit, is as perfidious an instance of international In order to silence mischievous reports that have from time to time been circulated, it is believed by us that a public announcement once treachery and betrayal as the diplomatic history of the world, more of the desires a.nd intentions shared by our two Governments with crooked and indefensible as much of it has been and full of regard to China is advisable. startling disclosures, has ever witnessed. The Governments of the Uniterl States and Japan recognize that territorial propinquity creates special relations between countries and, THE RESULT. consequently, the Government of the United States recognizes that :rapan has special interests in China, particularly in the part to which her Japan, thus entrenched, is seated firmly on the throne of pos es.. Worus coulU not be more fittingly used to describe the All German rights in the Tsingtao-Tsinanfn Railway, including its branch lines, together with its subsidiary property of all kinds, sta· character of the treaty he asks us to accept. Surely the secret tionsf shops, fixed and rolling stock, mines, plant, and material for the treaty of the Allies to divide the spoils of war before ~e vic exploitation of the mines1 are a.nd remain acquired by Japan, together tory ,n.thout consulting with our country, surely the deU.berate with all rights and priVIleges attaching thereto. The German State submarine cables from Tsingtao to Shanghai and policy of Japan the undeviating course she pursued durrng all from T ingtao to Chefoo, with all the rights, privileges, and properties the Yici · itude 'of war, surely these do not constitute the basis attaching t_hereto, are similarly acquired by Japan, free and clear ot for the kind of peace of which the President spoke. all charges and encumbrances. rEACE WITHOUT VICTORY. ilTlCLE 157. The movable and Immovable property owned by the German State in Aml Senator·, in that portion of the address last referred the territory of K'iaocbow, as well as all the rights which Germany to in ~which the President clearly set forth from his viewpoint might claim in consequence of. the works or Improvements made or of th~ basis of a just and lasting peace, he took occasion to in the expenses incurred by her, directly or indirectly, in connection with this territory, are and remain acquired by Japan, free and clear of all veigh against the Yery kind of treaty he now asks us to ratify. charges and encumbrances. Tictory AltTICLE 158. Said he- G€rmany shall band over to Japan within three months from the coming into force of the present treatyt tbe archives, registers, plans, wouhl mean p~ace forced upon the loser, a victor's terms imposed upon the vanquished. It would be accepted in humiliation, under duress, at title deeds, and documents of every kina, wherever they may be, relat an intolerable sacrifice, ll.Dd would leave a sting, a resentment, a bitter ing to the administration, whether civil, military, financial, judicial, memory upon n-hicl:l. terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but or other, of the territory of Kiaochow. only as upon quicksand. Only a peace between equals can last.. .Onl¥ a Mr. President, if we shall demand that tlle article of the peace the very principle of which is equality and a common partiCipation in a common benefit. The right state of mind, the right feeling between treaty relating to Shantung be stricken out or that reservations nations, is as necessary for a lasting peace as is the just settlement of shall be made concerning it, it can not be truthfully said that ye:xe .~ . ·~ .. 1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE.· 3645 Can .Japan compl:1in if we demand the reason for this action? UNITED STATES AND CHINA. 'We \Yent to wnr, in pnrt, to undo the wrong wrought by Germuny, The people of China believe in the United States. We ha\e nnd surely here i. one thnt enlists the sympathy and challenges been her one great and only friend. The nations of the earth the attention of our country, aye and of civilization, for it seeks within the recent past sought to dismember her and to divide he1· to perpetuate one of the most flagrant wrongs e'\""er committed territory as spoils among them, but John Hay, backed by the by the agents of the Kaiser upon a helpless and unoffending united American people, prevented ·the consummation of that people. great wrong; and now, through the league of nations, supposedly By tllC terms of the peace treaty Belgium is to be restored, and formed in the name of fraternity and Christianity, these same likewise Alsace-Lorraine, Poland, Schleswig-Holstein, and Rou nations consent to this very dismemberment. The President manla. The proponents of this instrument proclaim their in willingly throws aside the work of Burlingame, casts the efforts tention of righting the infinite wrongs committed by Germany of Hay upon the scrap heap, and not only consents to the robbing and Austria, and yet they ask us, by the terms of the same treaty of China by Japan but seeks to force us to fight to .sustain the that undoes all these evils, to ratify and perpetuate one that, robbery and protect the robbers. which while not so bloody as the others, is yet as -vicious in ARTICLE 10. principle, as unwarranted in justice, and as infamous in purpose as any of those we are o-verturning. It can not be denied that if the people of Shantung re\Olt· Surely Japan can not be heard to protest if we in'\""estigate her against the galling yoke of Japan, if they weary of her tyran conduct in this affair. Senators, she can prevent further discus nical and despotic regime and attempt to cast it off, and if sion of this question, here or elsewhere, she can set herself right China shall rise to defend her own people, then by the pro in the eyes of all Americans, she can justify the esteem in which visions of article 10 we shall be compelled to send American she is held by her European friends, and she can vindicate her soldiers at the .expense of our own people to subdue China, claim to high purpose and noble impulse by a single declaration struggling for the possession of her rightful territory and fight of intention to yield back Shantung to China at an early day. ing for the recovering of her own. And if she does not so declare, when there is e-very inducement We send missionaries to China to teach the principles of for her to do so, then she must abide by the results of an in the Christian religion. 'Ve pour out our money with lavish vestigation of her conduct, to whatever length such investigation hand to inculcate the doctrines of Jesus of Nazareth in the may lead. land of Confucius. And we do right. But it ill becomes us after all this effort and all the sacrifices of our missionaries AMERICA AXD CHINA. to carry the truths of Christianity to these people, to sanction For we must remember that China, too, is our friend, and an arrangement that will fasten upon them the rule of a that in the war just closed, she, too, was our ally. During these nation that is opposed to Christianity, whose inhabitants are decades while we have stretched forth one hand to aid Japan, we largely Shintoists and Buddhists, that recently forced upon have likewise stretched forth the other to aid China. We have China an . agreement by which she consented to permit Jap helped them both, we have befriended them both, China, per anese to teach Buddhism in China, that has systematically haps, more than Japan because she was the weaker and needed persecuted Christian missionaries, and that in all things has the greater aid. shown herself bitterly hostile to Christianity, the Chri. tian Time and again we have seen the Chinese Empire made the religion, and the Christian Church. victim of the intrigue, the cunning, the force of other nations, Japan's hostilitjes toward Christian missions n.nd Cllristian and we have always gone to the extreme limit in the use of our preachers in Korea have been so extensive and long continued good offices to save her from their power. and severe as to amount almost to barbarism, and it is not This culminated in the decade beginning with 1890 in a well to be presumed that hei· treatment of the representatives of established effort on the part of a number of them to dismember the Christian religion in China will be of a milder or a more her and divide her territory among them as spoils and to close friendly ch;lracter. her ports to all but their own commerce. But the American If the league of nations i to be formed and Japan is to Government stretched forth its arm and commanded them to become a member, let her come into it with clean hands. If desist and all the hungry horde stood back. And we did it she is to sit in the chamber of the council where she, with eight voluntarily. We were not coerced by any league of nations. other nations, will direct the destiny of the world, let her 'Ve were not ordered by any foreign council. For the nations prove herself worthy of such high trust. She should not be that will compose that body, when organized, will be the same permitted to sit as one of the judges to determine either the as those who were largely responsible for the scheme to divide legality or the morals of her larceny. Before she sit'3 in that the territory of China, those who expected to be enriched by the august tribunal, unless it is to become the gigantic mockery - booty of their enterprise. of history, she should be made to leave her stolen fruits out And now these Eame nations, through the instrumentality of side j of the temple gates, and, once in, she should release her a league of nations, are permitting this same dismemberment, associates from all obligation to execute the treaty they made nre sanctioning this same robbery, and our hands are bound by in the dark in 1917. the terms of this same agreement and we can no longer reach None of these nations should be permitted to conceal beneath them out to prevent it ; in fact, by the very terms of the treaty we the cloak of righteousness the results of their own wrong sanction i:t in advance. And if we enter the league we shall not doing. When they come into it, if it is to be formed, let it be be permitted to stop what we before prevented; in fact, we are at least with the spirit of this Nation, which seeks no in forced to become a party to the very crime the commisRion of demnities, which asks no territory, and which want. no reward which we hindered, and are foiled by the \ery nations that save· that which springs alone from the consciousness of a arranged to commit it before--and all in the name of Christian mighty task most worthily performed. peace! It is time that the mask of Christianity should be torn Let them not, while proclaiming peace, hold fast to the re from the face of hypocrisy and that this thing should be made sults of a militaristic policy practiced upon a helpless race. L~t to stand forth in its true character. them not come in the name of freedom and fasten the chains of servitude upon a weak and innocent race. CHINA OC:R ALLY. Better Germany in China than Japan, for there Germany was And the wrong thus perpetrated becomes all the more ap isolated; there she had no neighboring garrisons, \Yhile Japan parent when it is remembered that China was our ally in the is everywhere. .Japan is in Formosa, in Korea, in 1\Ianchnria, war; that she sent battalions of laborers to France and to other in l\fongolia; Japan is everywhere in the neighborhood of China, countries upon demand ; that she supplied all the ships she had and wherever she is she is slowly but suTely -reaching out her to further the allied purpose ; and that she furnished all the food tentacles of power to clutch ami hold as spoils the territory of she could spare in order to aid the allied cause. She has re that new Republic. ceived no benefit whatever from having entered the service and When they talk of a peace that shall be la ting becau e cast her lot with the Allies, and yet she did more for the allied founded on · justice, our answer shall be "Shantung." \Vhen cau~e than Japan. She secures no beneficial results by the they speak of the equality of races and the right of self-deter treaty, her senices were all rendered in vain,-while Japan, by mination of peoples, our response shall be "Shantung." When reason of a secret treaty, made before the beginning of the war, they proclaim that the central thought of their treaty is that all perpetuates a crime committed by Germany and fastens herself Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the upon a Province of great strategic importance and of vast governed, our reply shall be " Shantung." mineral wealth for her exploitation. Thirty-six millions of Shantung is the fraud that vitiates the entire contract, and people are robbed of their rights and plundered of their posses Shanttmg is the cancer that carries the death-dealing poison to sions without the least pretext of justification and against ·every the whole body of the treaty. And even though proclaimed in appeal of the voice of conscience. the name of peace, yet the everlasting law of righteousness will ~646 .CONGRESSION.A.L RECORD-SENATE . AuGUST 5, prevent the tranquillity of the earth while so great a wrong re we make no mention of these things? Are we like . the guest mains unavenged. Senators, there is but one method of pe_ace in Vathek, suffering from some incurable wound, afraid to and that is that all the nations of the world shall be inspired by ·speak of it, and do we conceal it with our hands that no other the sense of justice· that ever impels the American people and may see or suspect its existence? · If so, then, like him, Mr. which is at once the pride and the power of the American President, all our efforts in that direction will be unavailing. Republic. · So far as I am concerned I shall, if no one else assumes to DE"ll.l.NDS OF RAILWA~ TRXINMEN AND RACE RIOTS. do so, on an appropriate occasion, ask for some inquiry into 1\!r. TH0~1AS. l\Ir. President, befoTe the adjourll.I)J.ent yes the primal causes of these two disturbances, so that if possible terday afternoon I asked and was given permission to insert we may take proper steps to prevent their recurrence. in the RECORD an editorial from the New York Times entitled I do .know this, that the white man is the superior-in his "The brotherhood demands." At the same time-I stated that own estimation, in any event-of the black man, and is his I would to-day offer to the Senate some observations upon the superior in opportunity, experience, and education; and it is his subject to which that article relates, if the opportunity pre duty, therefore, to set the example to his colored fellow citizen sented itself. in all that appertains to the performance of civic duty and the, The editorial to which I refer, Mr. President, is a very tern-' enjoyment of civic privilege. The negro has demonstrated his perate, independent, thoughtful, and just criticism, in my loyalty to America by sealing his devotion with his blood, and opinion, of what are known as the brotherhood demands, the he has ea.I'ned his right to the equal protection of the laws by formulation of which appeared day before yesterday in the the supreme test of civilization. Let him not reproach us with newspapers of the country, and which were to some extent denying him justice. But, l\1r. President, my purpose now is elaborated this morning. to focus the attention of the Senate for a few moments ppon I was struck also by the fact that in some respects this what may be properly termed the industrial condition precipi eclitorial was unique in ·that it assumed to consider the situa tated by the demands of the five great brotherhoods of railway tion from the standpoint of the public interest and upon its employees and to which the editorial of the Times relates, be: merits. There was a time when America had an independent ~ause I believe that their immediate consequences are quite as press, one which carefully and constantly and fearlessly dis Important to the American people as the pending treaty of peace, cus ed public and sometimes private questions, thereby inform for they may lead to a disintegration of American institutions ing and educating the public, and controlling, in large degree, and certainly to a revolution of some kind, although it may the general direction of governmental affairs. prove to be an exclusively economic one. · It is only now and then, however, that we are favored with There is no question, 1\lr. President, about the existence of that class of editorial discussion, and largely because the com causes for industrial unrest. There is no question about the mercial 8pirit bas spread its pernicious influence as well over justice of complaints offered from many sources regardinrr the the editorial columns of the American press as over other difficulties of obtaining a livelihood within the limits of com activities, and it is the advertiser who now directs the im pensation and of a consequent discontent which, in times 11ast, pulses of journalism, and checks before they are published has frequently led to outbreaks of a bloody and violent char- : their too searching editorial policies and expressions of opinion. acter. I was about to say that these conditions were perhaps I say this in sorrow, 1\Ir. President, much more than in anger, more acute in America than in other secti-ons of the world, but , because a -very salutary and essential influence in public affairs perhaps that would be too extravagant a statement. They are. has thus been greatly minimized, and I fear it may be ulti certainly more acute and affect every man, woman, and child in mately extinguished. America more closely than any similar condition in our past his· I \Ve ha-ve had, during the past three or four weeks, two very tory. And yet they differ from previous conditions, not in kind serious outbreaks in America, one in the Capital City of the but in degree only. We have had them as the consequence of Union, the other in· the great city of Chicago. To my mind every war that has been waged since government was estab both these occurrences are of the most sinister import, coming lished. They accompanied and followed the War of the Itevo as they did and when they did. We are generally prone in this lution, the Ci'Vil War, the Napoleonic wars, as they base at body and in that at the other end of the Capitol to take up ·tended and follo,ved the Kaiser's war. They are the inevitable promptly and discuss public events, and express our views result of great industrial and economic upheavals which attend upon them, thus communicating to each other, at least, con every·great war, and we can no more a'>oid them than we can siderable information of general importance, and giving to the avoid the operation of any other natural law. 'Ve may mini country in some degree the legislative view upon them. But mize their operations in some respect, perhaps, but we can not it is a significant fact, Mr. President, that up to this time, abolish them by legislation nor by the constant interplay of un as far as my knowledge goes, there has been ·no reference, in increase in wages, followed as it inevitably is by an increase iu... this body at least, and I think in the House, except in a general the price of the necessities which the wage earners are obiiged way, to these occurrences, notwithstanding the fact that they to secure with their compensation. presage one feature of the general conditions of unrest that Our credit, l\1r. President, has been inflated almost to the indicate a possible serious insurrection or war between the bursting point, necessitated by our participation in a conflict races. more than 3,000 miles from home. In the prosecution of the Ordinarily such conditions would be v-ery important. Com Civil \Var the Federal Government irrflated its credit by the bined as they are with strikes, I. ,V. W. propaganda, the spread issue of greenbacks. In this war we have inflated our credit or attempted spread of Bolshevist literature and program, to by the issuance of bonds, the only real difference being that in say nothing of the unsettled condition of the world, they de the one instance the greenback was endowed with power of mand very serious consideration, much more consideration than legal tender and in the other the bond pos esses no such attribute. I have the time at present to devote to them. We have also doubled, perhaps trebled, the amount of currenCY. Mr. President, as one result of this war, conducted by the circulation. It is no more possible under such circumstances people of the United States with a unanimity in which all to prevent the decrease of the purchasing power of the uollar, differences of sentiment, of race, and of color were for the time which is but another way of saying that we can no more prev-ent eliminated, I had hoped that the service rendered in common the rise in the price of all articles of commerce, than we can by the American soldier to the American Union, whatever his prevent the rising tides of the ocean ; and such legislation as race or nativity, would result in a settlement of those unfor has been up to this time proposed to that enu I greatly fear will tunate conflicts and contests which have so long disfigured be about as effecti"Ve as the command of King Canute in the .American civilization and enabled the people of other nations, yeaTs gone by to the waves that they recede and the tides that when subjected to our criticism, to retort by calling attention they rise no more. to many acts of cruelty and of oppressi"\"e discrimination in the So, 1\Ir. President, we have thus far, and particularly with United States. But I see no symptoms of such a regeneration, regard to the employees of the Government, been engaged in a nnd I fear, 1\Ir. President, that unless the moral sentiment of the game of battledore and shuttlecock. We have to sed the ball Nntion speedily asserts it-self, unless the people take to heart over on one side by an increase of salaries, and it has been at the lesson which these two outbreaks so plainly teaches, we once tossed back by the other side in a corresponding incrense in shall, among other things, have to determine in this country fue necessities of life. Now, the brotherhoods recognize that some of the problems which ha"\"e so long "Vexed the Balkans, fact. They say so. They virtually admit in their present de and which to-day constitute the chief obstacle to the settlement mands, by the mouths of their leaders, that this vicious circle of that unhappy section of Europe. For the races are com will continue. But what they demand is that there shall be an mingled here as there, and they will lead to the same conse increase aggregating something like $800,000,000 per annum, and quences unless the principles of equal justice to all shall govern at the same time they demand legislation which will seize some our conduct and guide our policies. twenty thousand minions of property and turn it ov-er to them, Is it because we Shrink from a contemplation of issues di in connection with others whom they name, for private exploita rectly before us, hoping thus to escape their consequences, that tion. I use that word in no inYidious sense. I have no doubt 1919. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~ 3647 that many 1nen believe that it is entirely within theh· power by We assure the public immediate savings. The cost of capital would be· reduced .from the present 6 to 7 per cent paid to Wall Street to 4 per expropriating the transportation systems of the country to make cent paid upon Government securities. , The savings assured under a them in all Tespects efficient and profitable under public man unWed system are enormous. The savings through efficiency rendered agement. I have sometimes thought so myself in the _ante _possible only by democratic operation are. even greater, for the increased .production resulting from harmonious relations between employees and bellum days. It may be that such will be the Tesult if thiS ex their managers are incalculable. We believe our plan will reduce trans periment in government shall be made, but surely so momentous .I>Ortati.on charges in surprising measure and that it is the first and the .a step should not be taken by_the legislators of the country, .nwst important step in any constructive effort to lower the cost of sworn to support the Constitution of the United States, without living. W ADREN S. STO~'E, the most serious investigation, without a study of the situation · Grand Chief B1·ot1tm·1tooa of Locomotive Engineers. J:loth economically and historically, and without, to use ·an old w. G. LEE, President Brotllm·hooa of Raihoay Trainmen. expression, being sure we are right before we go ahead. TIMOTHY SHEA, Now, what is the proposition? On the 2d of August, in a 'Acting Chief Brotl!erhood of Locomotive Firem,en and Enginemen. statement which I shall ask permission to have printed in the L. E. SHEPPARD, RECOED and from which I make only one or two quotations, in . President Order of Railway Conductors. B. M. JEWELL, a pronunciamento or a proclamation or a message to the Amer Acting President Railway Ernpwyees' Department, ican people, or wha.te"'er you may choose to call it, signed by American Fede1·ation of Labor. Mr. Warren S. Stone, grand chief Brotherhood of Locomotive Mr. THOMAS. Prior to the issuance of this announcement Engineers; by Mr. W. G. Lee, president of the Brotherhood of the Associated Press dispatches informed us that something Railway Trainmen; by Timothy Shea, acting chief Brotherhood like 270,000 railroad employees, GoYernment employees, highly :of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen ; L. E. Sheppard, presi paid and paid out of the Public Treasury, had struck and pro-' dent Order of Railway Conductors; and B. M. Jewell, acting posed to continue striking until the demands for an increase in president Railway Employees Department, .>\.merican Federa wages commensurate with the high cost of living had been ar tion of Labor- ranged for. The same dispatches also announced that these Labor face-s a persistently serious situation, due to the cost of living employees struck in defiance of the orders of their leaders. and the impossibility of wages keeping pace with the depreciation of Yesterday it was announced that a considerable addition had money. No fundamental changes are being advanced to save workers from continual defeat in the economic struggle of life. The railroad been made to this enormous army of strikers, and this morning employees are in no mood to brook the return of the lines to their we are told that a referendum is being taken for the purpose former control, since all the plans suggested for this .settlement of the of determining upon a universal strike of all the Government problems leave labor essentially where it has stood an.d where it is determined to stand. employees engaged in the operation of the railroads not later We realize that in the strife f.or wage increases we can not win any than the 2d day of September unless their demands are complied permanent victory. It is not money but value which counts. The with, the principal of which is the enactment into law of the vicious circle is infinite; increased wages are overcapitalized for in flated profits, and the cost of goods mounts faster than the wage level. so-called Plumb bill for the operation of the railroads by Gov A few grow wealthy and the multitude is impoverished. ernment ownership. This morning representatives of these Any basic change must begin with the railroads- -brotherhoods published what is called a text of labor's demand And so forth. to operate the railroads of the United States, appearing in the The matter referred to is as follows: columns of all the papers, and I ask permission to insert in the :BROTHERHOODS DEFEXD FEDERAL CONTROL AS STEI' TOWARD REDUCING RECORD this added statement· to the announcement of August 2. COST OF LIVING. I will read but one or two extracts from it: WASHINGTON, August i!, 1919. It marks the step by which organized labor passes from demands The statement is·su~d to-day by the four brotherhoods of railroad -for wage increases to demands that the system of profits in industry employees, in which they oomand Government ownership of the rail be overhauled. Hitherto, during successive wage negotiations and roads on a profit-sharing basis with employees, follows: arbitrati!Jn awl!r~s, we have. called for provisional settlements only Labor faces a persistently serious situation, due to the cost of living o! questions ar1smg ou~ of differences ~s to wages, hours, and condi and the impossibility of wages keeping pace with the depreciation of tions of labor. That prmc~ple of "genume cooperation and partnership money. No fundamental changes are being advanced to save workers based !JPOn a .t:eal com~unity of interest and participatio.n in control," from continual defeat in the economic struggle of life. The railroad of which Prestdent Wilson has spoken to Congress, has been ignored employees are in no mood to brook the return of the lines to their both by labor and by the private owners of the railroads. former control, since all the plans suggested tm· this settlement of •the I will read the closing sentences: problems leave labor essentially ·where it has stood and where it is determined to stand. The .railr?ads are the key in?-ustry o~ the Nation. They affect at We realize that in the strife for wage increases we can not win any once the prices of every necessity. .As mcreased tmnsportation costs permanent victory. It is not money but value which counts. The are reflected in the increased prices of all commodities, so a reduction in .vicious circle is infinite ; increased wages are overcapitalized, for in those costs must be re:tlected by reduced prices . fiated profits, and the cost of goods mounts faster than the wage level. We say this be<:nuse of labor's interest -as consumer, as part of an A few grow wealthy and the multitude is impoverished. overburdened public. This fundamental statement of principle we re Any basic change must begin with the railroads. We believe the . spectfully sub.mlt to the. American people. interests of labor and the public to be identical in the railroad ques tion. The ,properties have been operated for the pront of the few, not It is signed by all the chiefs except 1\fr. Lee, and a note for the service of the many. Not on1y ha>e we suffered from inadequate at "the bottom of the announcement informs us that he is wages, but the public bas paid an extortionate tax for transportation, u · absent from the city. _tax based on inflated values and collected from every 1>erson buying the The matter referred to is .as follows: necessaries of life. Our proposal is to operate the railroads democratically, applying the TEXT OF LABOR'S DEMAND TO OPERATE THE RAILllOADS OF THE U~ITED principles to industry for which in international affairs the Nation has \ STATES. participated in a World War. President Wilson declared in hi-s message Representatives of the Brotherhoods of .Ra.ilroad Engineers, Fire of May 20. 1910, for the "genuine democratization of industry, based men, Conductors, and representatives of the .American Federation of upon a full recognition of the right of those who work, in whatever :Labor issued the following statement to the public yesterdar · rank, to participate in some organic way in every decision which di "The innuendoes in telegraphed dispatches from Washmgton, ap rectly affects their welfare in the part they nre to play in .industry." · pearing also in the speech of Representative BLANTON, of Texas, that He spoke plainly in behalf of a " genuine cooperation and partnership the railroad unions are ' holding up Congress and the Government ' may ' based upon real community of interest and participation in controL" as well cease. This appeal Is made to the American people direct. It It bas been argued that labor is merely asking the pnblic to .let the invokes the judgment and common sense of public sentiment, of all the workers beeome the railroad profiteers in place of Wall Street. This public which earns a wage or a stipend. We recognize that the only argument can not survive a scrutiny of our _proposal. · way in which we can exist under the present ·system is -to demand We do ask for a share of the surplus a:t 'the end of each year, after furtbe1· increase in wages. But we agree with Representative BLANTON operating costs are met and fixed charges are paid; but we also pr-ovide ' that this affords but temporary relief. It does not offer a remedy. an automatic reduction in rates when this surplus comes to n ·given «Labor's ~ill, o.n the other !JII!ld, provides n remedy, and we ask level. To restore the surplus the employees of the railroads must in merely that 1.ts terms be scrntimzed. Our full argument in .support crease the efficiency of thar management and they ·must invite new lmsl- . 1J1 these terms will be presented on Wednesday before the House Com ness. What we ask .is to sh11re the saving from economies we ourselves mittee on Interstate Commerce. In this statement we are sounding introduce and to share the snrplns from 'llew business our e1ficien.cy · -the note ot our basic principle. makes possible. We should not -profit .from the railroads as financiers 1 have done; we should participate tn the increased eaTnings from our . SEEK TO BE1\EFIT PEOPLE • .increased production. We could not earn dividends unless industry as , _., That this role originates with labor is merely because labor happens a whole-were stimulated by improved transportation service. ' to have .fir.m 6rganizations through which it may become articulate. In our 'bill the -rights of the ,public ar.e protected. The rate-..fixing , It is not to benefit labor as labor a.l011e ; it Is to benefit the consuming pnwer, which is ±he final check up011 r.ailroad ·management, remains -with :Public .of which labor at -present is the audible part. In labor's bill the 1ntersmte Commerce ComiDlSsi-on. 1f the new eo:rporation liliould providing that the -public take over the railroads and establish a tri :attempt 'to pay itself excessive returns and p.rOO.nce a deficit, the lease is 1 'Partite •control between the public, .the railway operating management. "forfeitable. i -and the employees, the labor organizations of America have established As to th. e ·danger af collusion between "the directors ·of labor and the f ..this new ,policy, which envisages fheir .condition not only as p.roducers, directors of :management -to-vote to :absorb the sti11llns by 'raising -wages 1 but also as consumers. and thus desl-roy the i:nc-enti"ve of uivitlends, fhe blll-makes ·a ·sound -pro- 1 ""It marks the step by which organized labor passes :from demands vision. We believe that the dividend system is essential if service 'is i:o • f'or wnge increases to demands that the system of profits in industry be the motive 1Dld not _profits. We -arranged to ·give to ma:nxgement ; be overhauled. Hitherto, during successive wage negotiations and twice the r:rte uf dividend the Classified -employees xeceive. ·so manage- f ..arbitration awards, we have called for provisional settlements only o! ,ment's dividend is always .double what Jts 'increase of wages -would be, I que"Sfions arising out of differences as to wages, hours, and conditions and management would never vote to use i:he surplus for A -wage ~ of labor. Tha't principle of 'genuine cooperation and partnership based increase ut the sacrifice uf nalf of tis own gains. To obtain a wage m>on a real community of interest and participation in con.trol,' o! increase the classified employees would have to win the vote of the which President Wilson has spoken to Congress, bas been ignoTed both public directors. by labor and by the private owners of the railroads. . 3648 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. ...:tUGUST 5, COSTS SPIRAL UPWARD. Civil War. · We boast to ourselves that we are a. Gove:rnment of "What wage increases have been received during the past few years resulted only in immediately being followed by more than pro the people and against the classes ; to use the good old Demo portionate increases in the cost of living. Each ris·e in wages has cratic slogan, we are for the masses and against the classes; turned out to mean only temporary relief for the alfected workers. but from the-close of the Rebellion until the rise to political When the increases have gone around the circle, labor as producer loses the edvantagc of the wages through the additional cost it pays as power of the wage-earners' organizations the legislation of the consumer. Moreover, through compounded profits taken on these wage United States was dictated and controlled by the moneyed in increases each cycle becomes an upward spiral of costs, which the con terests of the country. vVe all know that; nobody a.t present suming public vainly reaches to control. "As ·the major part of the consuming public labor is entitled to attempts to deny it. We gave the corporations all they de representation on the directorate of the railroads. As a producer of manded, and were under their influence politically a.s we were capital, it is entitled to representation on the directorate of the rail commercially. During that period of time a. few voices, my own roads. To capital, which is the fruit of yesterday's labor, we now propose to dischnrge every just obligation. We demand that the owners among the number, were heard crying in the wilderness, seeking of capital, who represent only financial interests as distinguished from in vain te direct public attention to the inevitable consequences opt-rating brains and energy, be retired from management, receiving of a policy of class legislation by which privileges were dis GoYcrnment bonds, with a fixed interest return, for every honest dollar tributed a.t the public expense. that they have invested in the railway industry. We had then an enormous public domain inviting settlement VEST ROADS IN PUBLIC. and occupation and operating us a vent, so to speak, for what " We asl;: that the railroads of the United States be vested in t~ public; that those actually engaged in conducting that industry, hOt would otherwise have been the explosive passions and discon from Wall Street, but from the railroad offices and yard~and out on the tents of a great Nation. \Ve went so fnr, Mr. President, in our railroad lines, sLall take charge of this service for the public. ''These rnpre cut aJI the brains, skill, and energy that is in the largesses of money, of privilege, and of domain that many of the busmc.s:,;. Ti:;ey nrc entitled to that measure of control which is wiser, more cautious and conservative beneficiaries saw the in equal to their ability and their responsibility for operating the trans evitable result of . applications of the practice if successfully portation pro'(:erties. '.rhen, and then only, will the service primarily be for the public, not primarilv for profits to speculators and inflaters demanded in the interest of combinations of voters and in the of capital. Ali a means for accomplishing this end, we ask that a other direction. That interest began to manifest itself about lease be granted to a corporation created not for profit, but for public the time the country, a.s a result of the great panic of 1893, was service. We ask that this corporation be controlled in its management by an equal representntion of the three fundamental interests upon thrown into economic and social disorder. From that time on, which industry is bllsed. The public, operating managers, and wage speaking by and large and for the same reason-that is to say, earners will then guarantee both the integrity of the investment the political influence of the interests pressing upon Congress for required fo:: th<> contluct of the Industry and that return which induces it by investing to enter the public service. attention-we began another system of class legislation quite as vicious a.s the former, but more popular because beneficial to SHARiil ALL EARNINGS. "'.rhe public as consumers and the operating managers and wage larger numbers, always having, from the political standpoint of earners as producers having joined in that guaranty will then share both parties, the main end in view. equally all earnings in excess ot tbe amounts required to meet the If there is anything up to this time which has ever been de guaranty. " This is provided by granting to the wage earners and management manded by the associations of labor and wage earners or by the one-half of the savings which they, through their perfected organiza associations of farmers throughout the country which we have tions, can make, and by securing to the public the other half, to be not granted I can not at present recall 'vhat it is. The outcry enjoyed by the consumers, either by increasing the means of service without increasing fixed charges or by. reducing the cost of the service against the trusts was followed by legislation which carefully which tbe machinery then in existence can render. '.rhus the cost of excluded from its operation combinations of men, whether wage transportation is automatically reduced exactly in proportion as bene earners or farmers. These were sacrosanct because of their po tits accrue to the producers of transportation. Increase in earning power of producers under this system can not be perfected in increased litical power. Some of us incurred the displeasure of a portion costs; it must be balanced by decreased costs. of our constituencies for voting against these measures because RAILROADS KEY INDUSTRY. of the exemptions and for calling attention to the danger of "The railroads are the key industry of the Nation. They atrect exempting from the operation of a general law any citizen of the nt rmce the prices of every necessity. As increased transportation United States. But we did it. We have not been able for years costs are reflected in the increased price of all commodities, so a reduc to pass an appropriation bill for the maintenance of our military tion in those costs must be reflected by reduced prices. "We say this because of labor's interest as consumer as part of an and naval departments without voting an exemption or an overburdened public. This fundamental statement of principle we exception which virtually excludes efficiency from the industrial respectfully submit to the .American people. operations of the constructive branches of the e two great de " W A.RREN S. STONE, u Grand C]Jief Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. partments; and those of us who have attempted· to equalize con " TIMOTHY SHEA, ditions have been, and will continue to be, equally unsuccessful. "Acting Chief B1·othcr1tood of Locomoti't>e Firemen and Engineet·s. In 1916 the economic situation so far as it affected the rail " L. E. SHEPPARD, "President Order of Railway Conductors. roads presented itself to Congress in acute form and resulted in " B. M. JEWELL, the enactment of what is called the Adamson law. Right there, "Actinq President Railway Employees' Department, 1\Ir. President, let me make a statement upon the principle that Amet·ican Federation of Labor. honest confession is good for the soul. Before the Adamson bill "N'OTE.-W. G. Lee, president Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen, who wns a signer of the first statement issued by the railway brother was enacted the President sought an audience with the Demo hood officials, was absent from Washington at the time of the issuance cratic steering committee of the Senate, and, of course, it was of this statement." granted. He there laid before it for consideration a plan vf Ur. THOMAS. Mr. .Tewel1, the acting president of the rail legislation to meet that crisis. It was afterwards embodied in way employees' department and one of· the signers of this state his message, and I ask to insert in the RECORD a statement of the ment, is reported to have made this statement in an interview: six proposed heads of legislation of which the principle of the Jewell made it plain that the railroad workers mean business. He Adamson law was only one. e>aid that the wage-board progrrun proposed in Congress could not be 'l'he VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, permission to do accepted. so will be granted. Now, mark: The matter referred to is as follows: "The railroads wlll be tied up so tight they wm never run again if First, immediate provi~ion for the enlargement and administrative that legislation is passed," he declared, after the letter had been pre reorganization of the Interstate Commerce Commission along the lines sented and the conference had ended. embodied in the blll recently passed by the House of Representatives and l I hope he has not been correctly reported, but as it consists now awaiting action by the Senate; in order that the commission may be enabled to deal with the many great and various duties now devolving with the statement which he signed I shall assume its accuracy. upon it with a promptness and thorou~hness which are with its present In addition to this, some of the chiefs, if not all of them, vis constitution and means of action practically impossible. ited the President of the United States and demanded that the Second, the establishment of an eight-hour day as the legal basis alike of work a.nd of wages in the employment of all railway employees who requirement of an increase of wages be put into operation at nre actually engaged in the work of operating trains in interstate trans once, refusing to wait for the slower processes of legislative portation. consideration, and virtually carrying the implication that fail Third, the authorization of the appointment by the President of a small body of men to observe the actual results in experience or the ing the demand the distributive system of the country would adoption of the eight-hour day in railway transportation alike for the be paralyzed by a general strike, notwit.hstanding the universal men and for the railroads; its effects in the matter of operating costs, suffering and misery, chaos, and possible insurrection and blood in the application of the existing practices and agreements to the new conditions, and in all other practical aspects, with the provision that the shed that must follow from such an unhappy situation. And Investigators shall report their conclusions to the Congress at the earliest these gentlemen are all Government employees, drawing money possible date, but without recommendations as to legislative action, in from the Treasury of the United States, and, by implication at order that the public may learn trom an unprejudiced source just what actual developments have ensued. least, engaged directly in the service of the Government. I Fourth, explicit approval by the Congress of the consideration by the think that is a fair statement of their status. Interstate Commerce Commission of an increase of freight rates to meet Before commenting upon it, let me go back a little and call such additional expenditures by the railroads as may have been rendt> Fifth, an amendment of the existing Federal statute which provides we do-second,. to reduce the cost of living; and, third, to pass for the mediation, conciliation, and art>itration of. such. controversies as th Pl b b'll d b h the present by n.dding to it a provision that in case the methods of ac- e um 1 • an Y t at means take over $20,000,000,000 commodation now provided for should fail, a full public investigation of worth of property and operate it under Government oWn.ership the merits of every such dispute shall be instituted and completed before according to a system· provided by that bill. a strike·or lockout may lawfully be attempted. N M p 'd t · st h t d h' And, sixth, the lodgment in the hands of the Executive of the power, ow, r. res1 en , JU W u oes t 18 mean? This is the in case of military necessity. to take control of such portions and such Senate of the United States. The House is at the other end rolling stock of the railways ot the country as may be required for mili- of the CapitoL Combined we· represent one of the great de tary use and to operate them for military purl!oses, with authority to purtments of· the Go-vernment. Every :Member has taken an draft into the military service of the United States such train crews and administrative officials as the circumstances require· for their safe and oath to support the Constitution of the United States, which efficent use. requires him to legislate in accordance with the provisions of Mr. THOl\I.A.S. The President dill not ask: tha members of that instrument as he understands them. We are the delegates his own party, then controlling the Senate, to enact the princi- of the people, sent here for a specific purpose; and legislation ple of the Adamson bill alone; he asked for the enactment of. necessarily carries with it a power of judgment. This, I think, the entire six provisions, and the Senate Democratic steering is the first time in the history of the Nation-! hope it is, and committee by unanimous- vote, upon my motion, agreed to his God grant it may be the last, although I fear it may not be-in request and to consider ·them practically. a.s one piece of legis- , which a fragment of the American people, fully organized and lation. Bttt we did not do so. in control of industries vital to the public welfare, has pointed The Adamson bill was enacted. We adjourned as soon there- its finger to the Congress of the United States and said, "Leg after as possible and took chances with the next Congress upon isla.te thus and so," failing to do which, in the language of one the others. Why? Because a presidential election was pending, of them, "We will tie up the system so that it can never: operate and being human politicians, just like our friends on the other again"; and ours is the responsibility right now of giving side, we concluded to follow the good old New Testament doc- answer to that demand, whatever the consequence may be to trine, and we said to om·s elv~ s. "We will go our way, and at a us, for. there can be no consequence quite as serious as that more convenient season will cull up these bills." But we never which will inevitably result from yielding to such a demand, did, with the result that the Adamson bill became law, and no-· , since it will be followed' by others·until we shall simply be her~, body from that date to this has. heard' of, much less had the like the French assembly during the Revolution, finally to do audacity to attempt to secure the enactment of, the other five· the biddlng of th~ throngs in the gallery or be mobbed and proposals, thus justifying in some degree the reproach that the butchered if we· refuse. It means an end; lUr. President, of Congress· surrendered its judgment to a severe situation. representative government Let us not flinch the issue. If I Mr: SMOOT. We will ena.ct them before- the next election, am not right in my- conclusion, I want to be corrected. There perhaps. , are Senators upon the floor of vastly more legislative experience Mr. THOMAS. No, I think not; because, unfortunately; we of than I, many bett-er acquainted: with reJ?ublican institutions, both parties are now legislating very largely with a view to cap- their Wetory, and• the history of nations which hnve risen, mn· turing. the next President at the approa~hing eleetion. That is tured, and faiTen. If thnt is not the result of this demand. ' human nature, and there is nothing new about it: We are·doing : Mr. Presi~ent, r want to be corrected. If it is, what does o~r rt·; all parties do it ; and under om· f.orm. of government they- ali · duty reqmre of us? will. c:ontiime t.o do it. I was opposed to class. legislation in: the. T think this q\}estion, 1\lr .. President, is quite as· pregnant dl:cyswhen the corporations had their ihnings. I am·opposed.to·iti , with importance as any treaty between this country and other now Hence, whatever else may be said of· my· attitude, I cnn · nations nossibly can be. nor be charged with inconsistency. Now; Mr. President, I do not want to be· extreme in my state- M.r. President, I am afraid Congress sowed' the wind in tha ments, and particularly since the honorable chairman of: the class legislation of the past; I earnestly hope that we may· not Committee on Interstate Commerce has requested us· to fie· tern reap the whirlwind,. but r am not at all sanguine· of the- imme- perate in our discussion of this serious problem., and' yet I can di.a.te outlook before the .American• Nation. n.ot in my mind characterize a threat like this ftom Govern- Some' of us in the good old times were rash enough to predict ment employees to tie up and paralyze the great distributing some of the consequences of class legislation. They were re- system of the country, and by that means bring ruin and w.reck fleeted in the attitude of the union man to· the nonunion man. and misery to all classes and conditions of men unless we uc The day that the individual citizen was denied the right. to work cept their mandate and do their bidding, as short of treason. when he pleased and how lie pleased and as he pleased, that day It would be bad enough if· it came· from those wilo are not em we struck a fundamental blow at American institutions, fo~ that ployees of the Government; it is inexcusable in them. is the primal basis of freedom. Its denial has necessarily red Mr. President, some years ago, when public excitement ran to the expansion of unions, loyalty· to which is stronger tfiau high in the State of New York because of the arrogant aggres loyalty to the Government <>f the United States, Sb fa.rfi.as-this siorrs of the New York. Central Railroad., then defying botll principle gone that Government employees-National, State; and National' and State laws and regulations, Mr. Vanderbilt was municipal-are not only permitted but are encouraged to or~ interviewed regaTding his attitude. His reply was, " The· public ganize and affiliate with the general federations: They are be damned!" and with that statement be sealed the fate of th<~ doing it in Great Bdt..'l.in. The police forces· of· the· country; agit:ution then progressing. The other day, in the city of Chi whose duty it is to preserve the law and protect the indiVidual, cago, at a meeting- of the. organized employees of the city rail to make arrests, to preserve and enforce peace, are organizing roads, one of· the leaders who had been appointed to negotiate a and affiliating with federations which in. times- of stress will settlement, and who had succeeded, made an effort to explain demand and receive their adhesion, although it may directly the details of the agreement to the assembly, but was howled transgress their obligations to the publis pen\1 the operation of our great transportation systems until ' during the American Revoluti011, that spirit , -.- llich ·has reprc- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 5, sented Ancrl o -Saxonis~ for centuries, has become so. dormant, so !w~at the capita~ization is, but it is Yery la!·ge. I could n?t but sluggish, ; 0 stagnant, that it will submit to this situatim;, and think, Mr. ~resi~ei?t, that that ~vas. flauntmg a r~ flag m the leave the . Con O' ress of the United States to meet this de- face of public opm10n. But there. are some people m th~ world man N01\1INA'l'IONS. Gunner William J. 1\Iedusky, of the Unit~d States. Coast Ba:ecutire nominations r·ecei,;ed by the Senate Atl-gust 5, 1919. Guard, to be an ensign in the Navy, for temporary ser-vice, from the 15th day of July, 1919. - . . REGISTER OF THE. LAND. OFFICE. The following-named ensigns of the United. States Naval Re Alexander Sw·eek, of Portland, Oreg., to be register of t:P.e serve Force to be ensigns in the Navy, for temporary seryice, land office nt Portland, Oreg., vice Nathaniel Campbell, deceased. from the 15th day of July, 1919: Charles Y. Dyer and U -rTED · STATES CoA-sT AND GEODETIC SURVEY. R.a.lph P. Noisat. . -The ·following-named officers Of the United States Coast and The following-named officers of the United States Naval Re Geodetic Survey, in the Department of Commerce, to be hydro S"erve Force to be assistant surgeons in the Navy .w"ith rank of graphlc and geodetic engineers (by promotion from junior lieutenant (junior grade), for temporary service, from the 15th hydrographic and ~eodetic engineers) : day of June, 1919: Otis William Swainson, of Colorado, vice J. H. Peters, pro George l\L Murray, moted. Henry T. Stull, Arthur John Ela, of Washington, vice J. H. Hawley, pro George E. Mott, and moted. Henry L. Klein. Alfred Lewis Giacomini, of California, vice E. R. Hand. The following-named officers of the United States Naval Re promoted. serve Force to be assistant surgeons in the X :~ vy with the George Durno Cowie, of New York, vice P. M. Trueblood, rank of lieutenant (junior grade), for temporary service, from pr~moted. . the 15th day of July, 1919; Harold Alonzo Cotton, of New Jersey, vice F. B. •.r. S1ems, Harris M. Carey, promoted. Frank A. Hughes, Frank Spaulding Borden, of Pennsylvania, vice A. 1\f. Sobier William A. O'Brien, alski, promoted. Waldron A. · Cassidy, Leon Archie Potter, of New York, vice R. R. Lukens, pro- Robert F. Sledge, moted. John W. Daugherty, .John Albert Daniels, of New York. (New office.) Walter E. Divine, George Carl Mattison, of Minnesota. (New office.) Anthony 1\f. Menendez, To be junior hydrographic and geodetic engineers (by pro Gordon H. Lightner, motion from aids) : Roger H. DuBose, Max Orville Witherbee, of Colorado, vice C. T. Bussell; William F. Leigh, promoted. Charles F. 1\lcCuskey, Aaron Louis Shalowitz, of Maryland, vice Charles Shaw, Ausley L. Denton, promoted. Charles 1\f. Atchison, George Russell Hartley, of New Jersey. (New office.) Harry L. Farmer, John William Cox, of North Carolina. (New office.) Ralph l\1. Christie, and George Lawrence Bean, of New Ilampshire. (New office.) Robert AI. Goldberg. . George R. A. Kantzler, of Washington. (New office.) The following-named officers of the United States Naval Re William Daryl Pntterson, of Wisconsin. (New office.) serve Force· to be assistant dental surgeons in the Navy with Edgar Herbert Bernstein, of Virginia. (New office.) the rank of lieutenant (junior grade), for temporary service, Elwood Morton Wilbur, of Maine. (New office.) from the 15th day of June, 1919: Benjamin Friedenberg, of New York. (New office.) Roland ·w. Quesinberry, William Humphreys Overshiner, of California. (New office.) Edward J. Noonan, Lowell 0. Stewart, of Michigan. (New Office.) Charles W. Rodgers, and James Donald Crichton, of New York. (New office.) Pyrle A. Fowler. Aaron George Katz, of New York. (New office.) The following-named officers of the United States Naval Re Herman Odesky, of New York. (New office.) serve Force to be assistant dental surgeons in the Navy with Henry William Hemple, of Illinois. (New office.) the rank of lieutenant (junior grade), for temporary service, To be junior hydrographic and geodetic engineers (by promo- from the 15th day of July, 1919: tion from deck officers) : Frank V. Davis, Leland Monroe Mower, of Maine. (New office.) Benjamin F. Loveall, and . Ronald Roberts 1\loore, of Massachusetts. (New office.) Walton C. Carroll. To be aids (by promotion from deck officers) : The following-name(} acting pay clerks to be assistant pay Casper Marshall Durgin, of New Hampshire. (New office.) masters in the Navy with the rank of ensign, for temporary Francis Lawrence Gallen, of Massachusetts. (New office.) service, from the 15th day of July, 1919: Joseph Smook, of New York. (New office.) Albert H. Richter, John Aloysius Bond, of the District of Columbia. (New Charles J. Wacker, office.) John E. Wood, ·william Thomas Combs, of North Carolina. (New office.) Matthias A. Roggenkamp, Cornelius Daniel Meaney, of Massachusetts. (New office.) Harold C. Nourse, Edward Clinton .Jennett, of West Virginia. (New office.) Eugene L. Horan, Elbert Francis Lewis, of North Carolina. (New office.) Stephen R. Edson, Augustus Peter Ratti, of Massachusetts. (New office.) William D. Wilkinson, Earl Oscar Heaton, of New York. (New office.) Francis 1\I. Waldron, and PROMOTION IN THE REGULAR ARMY. Harold D. Burroughs. FIELD A.RT!:LLERY A.RM. The following-named officers of the United States Naval Maj. Harry C. Williams to be lieutenant colonel, Field Artil Reserve Vorce to be assistant paymasters in the Navy with the lery, from July 24, 1919. rank of ensign, f01· temporary service, from the 15th clay of July, 1919: PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS IN THE NAVY. Victor B. Gilman, Ensign Raymond S. Thompson to be a lieutenant (junior Edwin A. Eddiegorde, grade) in the Navy, for temporary service, from the 15th day Harold A. Rigby, and vf August, 1918. Henry C. Davidson. Ensign Thomas 0. Brandon to be an ensign in the Navy, for Boatswain Lloy:l R. l\foore to be a chief boatswain in th~ temporary service, from the 1st day of January, 1919, to correct Navy, for temporary service, from the 15th day of June, 1919: the date as previously confirmed. The following-named boatswains to be chief boatswains in Ensign Edgar L. Adams, of the United States Naval Reserve the Navy, for temporary service, from the 15tb day of July, Force, to be an ensign in the Navy, for temporary service, from 1919: the 22-J day of April, 1919. Walter E. Carlton, The following-named waiTant officers to be ensigns in the William Johnston, Navy, for temporary service, from the 1st day of July, 1919: Clarence H. Crawford, and John E. Fredericks, Fred C. Waterston. Samuel Gregory, and The following-named gunners to be chief gunners in the Navy, Joseph E. Halliman. for temporary service, from the 1st day of July, 1919: Gunner Andrew Radowicz to be an ensign in the Navy, for Arthur W. Lindstrom and temporary service, from the 15th day of July1 1919. Harold 1\lcCutheon. CONGRESS!ON AlL RECt}RD-SENATE. AuousT 5, The following~named gunners to be chief gunners in the Navy, Acting Chaplain Eugene S. Bnrke to be a· chaplain in the for temporary service, from the 15th· day of July, 191'9: Navy with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) from the 3d James Clancy, day of September, 1918. Raymond· Cole, anu Acting Chaplain Milton 0. Alexander to be a chaplain in the Edward W. Wintermute. Navy with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) from the 3d The following-named machinists to be chief machinists in the day of April, 1919. Nav-y, for temporary service, from the 15th day of July, 1919: The following-named assistant civil engineers to be assistant Eugene J. Byrnes and civil engineers with the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) from i Robert T. Cupples. . the· 1st day of July, 1919: The following-named carpenters to be chief carpenters in the Fritz C. Nyland, Navy, for temporary service, ftom the 15th day of July, 1919: Ira P. Griffen, John Conboy and Carl F. Fritch, Benjamin B. Britt. Carl H. Cotter, Chief Carpenter Harold Dillon, United States Naval lleserve Louis B. Hyde, Force, to be a chief carpenter in the Navy, for temporary service, Le'vis Thornburg, from the 15th day of July, 1919. Charles R. Johnson, The following-named pharmacists- to be chief pharmacists in Frank F. Addicks, tb.e Navy, for temporary service, from the 1st day of July, 1919: Henry Brinkmeyer, jr., Thomas C. Hart, John B. McTigue, and Walter W. McKee, and Theron A. Hartung. Artie R. Leh. The following-named machinists to be chief machinists in the The following-named pharmacists to be chief pharmacists in Navy, from the 28th day of December, 1918: the Navy, for temporary service, from the Hith day of July, Fred San Soucie and 1919: Percy R. Abram . LeRoy M. McCallum, Pay Clerk Mason E. Mitchell to be a chief pay clerk in the Wilfred G. Gilliam, Navy from the lOth day of June, 1919. 1 Max E. Zimmerman, \ Lieut. George Joerns, retired, to be a lieutenant commander Clarence J. Owen, '-· on the retired list of the Navy from the 1st day of July, 1919. Ernest H. Pennington, Lieut. (J'unior Grade) Ignatus T. Cooper, retired, to be a lieu Clive C. Alexander, and t~mant on the retired list of the Na:v'Y from the 17th clay of J'uly, Raymond Watson. 1919. The following-named acting pay clerks to be chief pay clerks Ensign Shirley A.. ·wilson, retired, to be a lieutenant on the in the Navy, for temporary service, from the 1st day of July, retired list of the Navy from the 1st day of January, 1919; to 1919: correct his rank as previously confirmed. Lewis R. Benson and Machinist Frederick C. Lutz, retired, to be a chief machinist John J. S. Fahey. _ on the retired list of the· Navy from. the 2d day: o£. August, 1918. The following-named acting pay clerks to be chief pay clerks Pay Cle:J:k Beverly W. Jennings-to be a chief pay clerk in th~ in the Na-vy, for temporary service, from. the 15th day of July, Navy from the 20th day of February, 1918 .. 1919: POSTMA STEBS • .J-ohn T. Alexander, Carl S. Baker, and ALABAMA. Theodore P. Witsil. Roxie King to be postmaster at Townly,, Ala,, in place of M1·s. Machinist Frederick C. Lutz, retired, to be a. lieutenant on. the Marion D. King. Offiee became- presidential: April 1, 1919. retir~d list of the Navy, for temporary ~rviae, from the 2d day 0 car L. Pruet to· be postmaster· at Ashland, Ala., in place of of August, 1918. Dora A. Speer, resigned:. Commander Percy N. Olin.sted to be a captain in the Navy Samuel F. Clabaugh to be postmaster at Tuscaloosa, Ala. , in from the 28th day of November, 1918. place of S. F. Clabaugh. Incumbent's. commission expired Sep The following-named commanders to· be captains. in the Navy tember· 23, 1918. from the 1st day of July, 1919: Adrienne G. Wilson to be postmaster at Russellville, Ala., in Edward S. Kellog and place of A. G. 'Vilson. Incumbent's commission expired Janu David F. Sellers. ary 12, 1919. Lieut. Commander Richard D. White to be a commander in Henry R. Cohen to be postmaster at Muscle Shoals, Ala., in the Navy from the 1st day of July, 1918. place of H. R. Cohen. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. The following-named lieutenant commanders to be command- Rufus C. Abernethy to be postmaster at FlDmaton, Ala., in ers in the Navy from the 1st day o:E July, 1919 : place of R. C. Abernethy. Office became presidential April 1, Henry N. Jenson and 1919. Percy W. Foote. Elizabeth Simpson to be postmaster at Hartsells, Ala., in place Lieut. Rufus W. Mathewson to be a lieutenant commander ill of E. Simpson. Incumbent's commission expired May 20, W17. the Navy from the 28th day of November, 1918. The following-named lieutenants to be lieutenant commanders ARIZONA. ln the Navy from the 1st day of July, 1919: Zach G. Page to be postmaster at Hayden, Aliz., in place of Russell S. Crenshaw, E. ,V. Phillips. Incumbent's commission expired July 26, 1918. Herbert S. Babbitt, and ABKA.NSA.S. William 0. Wallace. . Eugene R. Browning to be post.m.a.ster at Piggott, Ark., in place Lieut. (Junior Grade) 1\.Ia.rc A. l\.litscher to be a lieutenant in of Jesse C. Latta, resigned. the Navy from the 7th day of March, 1918. Edward A. Brennan to be postmaster at Conway, Ark., in place The following-named lieutenants (junior grade) to be lieuten- of H. B. Ingra~ resigned. ants in the Navy from the 8th day of June, 1918: Rosa Wallace to be postmaster at Washington, Ark., in place Benja.tnin Perlman and of R. Wallace. Office became presidential Aprill, 1919. Thomas L. Gatch. LeviN. Douglas to be postmaster at Trumann, A.rk., in place of Lieut. (Junior Grade) Charles F. Greene to be a lieutenant L. N. Douglas. Incumbent's Gertrude Brandon to be postmaster at Crockett, Calif., in INDIA. ~A. place of John W. Stemmle, resigned. Charles- 0. Alton to be postmaster at Milan, Ind., in place. of Isabelle F. Sylvia to be postmaster at Pleasanton, Calif., in Frank M. Hillman, deceased . . place of D. H. Fallon, resigned. Stella M. Brown to be postmaster at Boswell, Ind., in place of Edgar A. Raynor to be postmaster at Hughson, Calif., in place Emmett Scanlon, resigned. - of B. F. Donaldson, removed. Ellis S. Rees to be postmaster at Winamac, Ind., in place of Charles R. Farrar to be postmaster at Placentia, Calif., in E. S. Rees. Incumbent's commission expired January 12, 1919. place of C. R. Farrar. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. John W. Wright to be postmaster at Brookston, Ind., in place COLORADO. of J. W. Wright. Incumbent's commission expired February 15, Thomas H. Stratton to be postmaster at Rocky Ford, Colo., 1919. ln the place of 'Yilliam J. Brown, removed. Lewis Phillippe to be postmaster at Bicknell,- Ind., in place of CONNECTICUT. L. Phillippe. Incumbent's commission expired January 30, 1919. Adele P. Brush to be postmaster at 'Vest Cornwall, Conn., IOWA. in place of Leonard J. Nickerson, resigned. Layton E. Brown to be postmaster at Victor, Iowa, in place of Ella B. Binney to be postmaster at Sound Beach, Conn., in S. M. Hutzell, resigned. place of Clarence H. Crandall, resigned. Tabitha Yelsma to be postmaster at Ute, Iowa, in place of John P. :Murphy to be postmaster at Norwich, Conn., in place A. K. Wilkins, removed. of J. P. Murphy. Incumbent's commission expired February John A. Hale to be postmaster at Tripoli, Iowa, in place of 25, 1919. F. W. Buls, resigned. · . Hugh Hearns to be postmaster at Naugatuck, Conn., in place Frank H. Hoeppner to be postmaster at Traer, Iowa, in place of H. Hearns. Incumbent's commission expired February 15, of J. S. Guynn, resigned. 1919. Guy F. Scofield to be postmaster at Strawberry Point, Iowa, in Charles F. Greene to be postmaster at Bridgeport, Conn., in place of Rudolph W. Schug, resigned. place of C. F. Greene. Incumbent's commission expired Feb Irving J. Foy to be postmaster at Ruth\en, Iowa, in place of ruary 4, 1919. Ella C. Nolan, resigned. • FLORIDA. Clarence C. Stoner to be postmaster at Nora Springs, Iowa, in Francis B. Swearingen to be postmaster at Fort Meade, Fla., place of Joseph H. Baughey, resigned·. - in place of F. B. Swearingen. Incumbent's commission expired Dora M. Schenken to be postmaster at Keystone, Iowa, in place February 4, 1919. of Mangus A. Merkel, deceased. GEORGIA. John N. Muncey to be postmaster at Jesup, Iowa, in place of .Arthur H. Overton to be postmaster at Sylvester, Ga., in place Paul Krueger, resigned . of P. Brooks Ford, resigned. · William L. McLaughlin to be postmaster at Glidden, Iowa, in William G. Ingram to be postmaster at McDonough, Ga., in place of Clyde E. Rich, resigned. place of Adiel R. Scott, resigned. Harry P. Gordon to be postmaster at Everly, Iowa, in place Abe Hargraves to be postmaster at Hamenille, Ga., in place of of Peter Wohlenberg, resigned. Flem C. Dane, resigned. Sue G. Cross to be postmaster at Chelsea, Iowa, in place of Edward L. Hall. Incumbent's commission expired July 15, 1917. Ruby E. ~fillrons to be postmaster at Crumps Park, Ga., in place of E. T. Burghard, resigned. Merrill D. Mitchell to be postmaster at Carson, Iowa, in place James 0. Varnedoe to be postmaster at Valdosta, Ga., in place of L. H. Flood, resigned. of J. 0. Varnedoe. Incumbent's commission expired October 9, Eugene F. Kieffer to be postmaster at Remsen, Iowa, in place of E. F. Kieffer. Incumbent's commission expired October 16, 1918. 1918. Warner A. Enterkin to be postmaster at Temple, Ga., in place of W. A. Enterkin. Incumbent's commission expired January James J. Glenn to be postmaster at Marengo, Iowa, in place of 22, 1919. J. J. Glenn. Incumbent's commission expired January 5, 1919. Thomas W. Vickery to be postmaster at Folkston, Ga., in place Charles A. Britch to be postmaster at Ida Grove, Iowa, in place ofT. W. Vickery. Office became presidential January 1, 1919. of C. A. Britch. Incumbent's commission expired January 30, William J. Webb to l>e postmaster at Canton, Ga., in place of 1919. W. J. Webb.· Incumbent's commission expired July 25, 1917. Henry C. Hastings to be postmaster at Eldon, Iowa, in place of James R. Stafford to be postmaster at Bel Air, Ga., in place H. C. Hastings. Incumbent's commission expired January 5, of J. R. Stafford. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. 1919. Jeptha H. Rucker to be postmaster at Athens, Ga., in place of Joseph M. Drees to be postmaster at Ca.rroll, Iowa, in place of J. H. Rucker. Incumbent's commission expired October 4, 1917. J. M. Drees. Incumbent's commission expired March 2, 1919. KANSAS. IDAHO. Edia C. Warner to be postmaster at Wamego, Kans., in place Everett Noble to be postmaster at Shoshone, Idaho, in place of of E. G. Forrester, resigned. E. Noble. Incumbent's commission expired February 15, 1919. Cyrus W. Ricketts to be postmaster at Paola, Kans., in place Sarah A. Jones to be postmaster at Cascade, Idaho, in place of of J. W. Sheridan, resigned. S. A. Jones. Office became presidential October 1, 1918. Imogene Ream to be postmaster at Axtell, Kans., in place of ILLINOIS. E. E. Hanna, resigned. George ,V, Menzimer, to be postmaster at Stockton, lll., in William Reedy to be postmaster at Yates Center, Kans., in place of Edward S. Patterson. Incumbent's commission expired place of W. Reedy. Incumbent's commission expired March 19. August 25, 1918. . 1918. . . Charles C. Fonken to be postmaster at Forreston, ill., in place Arthur Poole to be postmaster at Corning, Kans., in place of of Charles E. Nicodemus, resigned. A. Poole. Office became presidential April1, 1919. Edith M. Wescott to be postmaster at Chillicothe, Ill., in place George Harman to be postmaster at Valley Falls, .Kans., in of Charles C. Wescott, deceased. place of G. Harman. Incumbent's commission expired February Daisy M. Uphans to be postmaster at Macon, Ill., in place of 25, 1919. Henry Uphans, deceased. Louis W. Johnson to be postmaster at Pittsburg, Kans., in Fred Beehn, sr., to be postmaster at West Salem, Ill., in place place of L. \V, Johnson. Incumbent's commission expired of F. Beehn, sr. Incumbent's commission expired March 1, 1919. March 2, 1919. Joseph P. McMahon to be postmaster at Silvis, Ill., in place of KENTUCKY. J.P. McMahon. Incumbent's commission expired March 1, 1919. Robert Dixon to be postmaster at Louisa, Ky., in place of Charles C. Grady to be postmaster at Rock Falls, Ill., in place R. Dixon. Incumbent's commission expired July 17, 1918. of C. C. Grady. Incumbent's commission expired July 25, 1918. George R. Hughes to be postmaster at Frankfort, Ky., in John C. Rolander to be postmaster at New Boston, Ill., in place place of G. R. Hughes. Incumbent's commission expired March of J. C. Rolander. Incumbent's commission expired March 3, 20, 1918. 1919. . LOUISIANA. Thomas N. Sutton to be postmaster at Mason City, Ill., in place ofT. N. Sutton. Incumbent's commission expired June 5, 1917. George S. Eisely to be postmaster at Tallulah, La., in place Peter M. Biwer to be postmaster at Lincoln, lll., in place of of G. S. Eisely. Incumbent's commission expired March 2, 1919. P.M. Biwer. IncUmbent's commission expired January 22, 1919. MAINE. Albert E. Gent to be postmaster at Brighton, Ill., in place of Lila H. Perham to be postmaster at Rockwood, Me., in place A. E. Gent. Incumbent's commission expired March 1, 1919. of E. S. Chase, resigned. 3654 OONGRESSION.&L RECORD-SENATE. AUGUST 5, Josephine C. Scribner to be postmaster at Newport, 1\Ie., in .John T. Haley to be postmaster at Steelville, Mo., in _place of place of R :a. Hunt, 1·esigned. • J. T • .Ealey. Incumbent's commission expired February 13, · LeRoy B. Smith to be postmaster at Greenville Junction, Me., 1.919. in place of E. D. Senter, resigned. Alma 0. Chrisman to be .POstmaster a Laredo, 1\Io., in place Amaziah P. Stinchfield to be postmaster at Danforth, 1\Ie., in of A. 0. Chrisman. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. place of A. P. Stinchfield. . Incumbent's commission expired Daniel E. Gudgell to be postmaster at Kingston, Mo., in place March 2, 1919. of D. E. -Gudgell. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. William F~ Curran to be -postmaster at 13~gor, 1\Ie., in place Stephen A. D. Elmore to be postmaster at Galt, Mo., in plac~ of W. F. Curran. Incumbent's .commission expired March 2, of S. A. D. Elmore. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. 1919. Sallie. F. Duncan to be postmaster at Dearborn, Mo., in place !I.LABYLAND. of S. F. Duncan. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. Mary W. 1\fcKne.tt to be postmaster at Trappe, Md., in place MO!\-nrANA. of M. W. 1\IcKnett. Incumbent's commission expired January 8, 1919. Thomas G. Hayden to be postmaster at Winifred, Mont., in David N. Webb to be postmaster at Magnolia, Md., in place ()f place of L. C. Porter, resigne~ · D. N. Webb. Office became presidential January 1, 1919. Queenie B. Lyndes to be .POstmaster at Hysham, Mont., in .Jessie P. Smith to be postmaster at Luke, M~, in ~;)lace of J. place of John R. Middleton, declined. Smith. Office became _presidential April 1, 1919. William Cluston to be postmaster at Great Falls, 1\font., in .Joseph H. Numbers to be postmaster at .Edgewood, Md. in place of Wm. Cluston. Incumbent's commission e>..rpired February; place of J. H. Numbers. Office became presidential January 1, 20, 1919. 1919. James Bartley to be postmaster at Fort Benton, Mont., in MASSACHUSETTS. place of J". Bartley. Incumbent's commission expired Septem~ ber 16, 1918. Anthony J. Crean to be postmaster at Turners Falls, 1\f.ass~, in place of A. J. Crean. Incumbent's commis~ion expired l\iarch 1, NEnRASKA. 1919. .Joseph A. McGowan to be postmaster at Wilcox:, .Nebr., in John 1\.f. Hayes to be postmaster at North Abington, Mass., in place of Hertha L. Mershon, t•esigned. • place of J. 1\1. Hayes. Incumbent's commission expired :May 27, Oscar E. Spethmann to be postmaster at Valentine, Nebr., in 1918. place of I. 1\I. Rice, resigned. John F. Meehan. to be postmaster at Lowell, Mass., in place Lew D. Holston to be postmaster at Trenton, Nebr., in place of J. F. Meehan. Incumbent's commission expired March 3, of Claude B. Grace, resigned. 1919. .Eutis Quinn to be postmaster at Sutherland, Nebr., in place Edmond H. Bowler to be _postmaster at Dedham, Mass., in of Frank Cox, resigned. place of E. H. Bowler. Incumbent's commission expired Janu- Ralph E. Oliver to be postmaster at Sup~ior, Nebr., in place ary 13, 1918. of C. E. Dedrick, resigned. MICIDGAN. Peter H. Petersen to be postmaster at Plainview, Nebr., in Henry W. McClure to be postmaster at Tecumseh, :Mich., in place of Charles H. Mohr, resigned. place of E. C. "Brown, deceased. Adda G. Newsom to be postmaster at North Bend, Nebr., in Florence.L. Washer to be postmaster nt Imlay City, Mich., in place of "Joseph E. Newson. Incumbent's commission expired place of J. H. Brewer, resigned. April 6, 1918. · Ronald H. Macdonald to be po1;tmaster at Dollar Bay, l\Iich., John F. Buehner to be postmaster at Morrill, Nebr., in place in place of T. J. Donlan, decease~ of W. N. Corder, resigned. Frank H. Fisher to be postmaster at Caspian (late Palatka), Charles A. Currie to be postmaster at Havelock, Nebr., in Mich., in place of 11-f. M. Bies, cllange name office. , place of Samuel Hinkle, resigned. William F. Hemmeter to be postmaster at Saginaw West Arnold J. Fiala to be -postmaster at Brainard, Nebr., in place Side, Mich. , in place of W. F. ·Hemmeter. Jncumbent's com- of C. J. Smersb, resigned. Office became presidential ..April 1, mission expired February 4., 1919. 1917. MINNESOTA. Mary L. Hoyt to be postmaster at Bloomfield, Nebr., ui place of H. F. FriedriChs, resigned. . Alphonse J. Philippy to be postmaster at Waconia, .Minn., Lory D. Russell to be postmaster at Ansley, Nebr., in place of · in place of 'Emil Lipp, deceased. A. H. Bhepard, resigned. Albert J. Anderson to be JlOstmaster at Spicer, Min~, in Elbert 1\I. Vaught to be postmaster at Genoa, Nebr., in place of place of A. K. Anderson, resigned.. E. M. Vaught. Incumbent's commission expired 1\fay 18, ~918. Frank L. Henderson to be postmaster at South St. Paul, John L. Delong to be postmaster at Bushnell, Nebr., in place Minn., in place of E. J. Cleru.-y, resigned. f .J L D 1 Offi b William L"Ynch to be postmaster at Shakopee, Mi~, in place 0 • · e ong. ce ecame presidential April 1, 1919. 0~ C. Messler to be postmaster at Anti@ch, Nebr., in place of Alois Hirscher, resigned. f 0 c M s1 Offi b Walter B. Clark to be postmaster at Lamberton, .Minn., in ° · · · es er. ee ecame presidential October 1, "1918. place of John Haas, resigned. NEW HA.MPSHmE. Earnest H. Reff to be postmaster a.t Bagley, 1\finn., in place Charles E. Shepard to be postmaster at New London, N. H., of Axel Ringborg, resigned. · 1 0 f c E1 Sh Jeremiah 1\1. Collins to be postmaster at Pine City, Minn., lll Pace · • epard. Incumbent's commission expired January_12, 1919. in place of J. M. Collins. Incumbent's commission exvired February 26,1919. NEW JERSEY. Adolph C. Gilbertson to be _postmaster at Ironton, Minn., in Enoch F. Hooper to be postmaster at Trenton, N. J., in place place of A. C. Gilbertson. .Incumbent's commission expired of E. F. Hooper. Incumbent's comm:ission expired March 10, Feb.rnary 13, 1919. 1918. John B. Connors to be postmaster at Hibbing, Minn., in place James J. Davidson to be postmaster at Swedesboro, N. J., in of J. B. Connors. Incumbent's commission expired January place of J • .J. Davidson. Ineumben.t's commission expired :June 8, 1919. 5, 1917. to place Charles Jesmore be postmaster at Eveleth, Minn., -in NEW MEXICO. of C. Jesmore. Incumbent's commission expired July 26,~918. .MISSISSIPPI. Deloss W. S'mith to be postmaster at Tyrone, N. l\lex., in place ;0! Van A. ""Pollock, Iemoved. Elon l\f. Gardner to be postmaster at Moorehead, 1\fiss., in Leo L. 1Ieisel to be postmaster at Alamogordo, N. Mex., in place of J. H. Jones, resigned. tl)lace. of .L. R. :Hughes, remove~ William L. Atkins to be postmaster rat .:Mathiston, Miss.J in John H. Vaughan to be postmaster at State College, N. Me:x:., place of William L. Atkins. Office became -presidential April 1, 1919. .in place 9f J. H. Y..aughan. Office became presidential January Robert Burns to be postmaster at Brandon, Miss., in place of '1., '1919. Robert Burns. Incumbent's commission expired February 25, l\'"EW YORK.. 1919. William ·B. Hollister to be postmaster at. St. .Regis Falls, MISSOURI. N. "Y., in·.Pla.ce of W. B. "Hollister. "Incumbent's commission ex~ Clyde E. Holt to be postmaster at Cardwell, 1\!o., in place pired March 3, 1919. of J. ·F. Miller, resigned. Edward ·J. Sweeney to be postmaster at East Islip, N. Y., in .James R. Willian1s to be postmaster at Browning, 1\Io., in place of E. J. Sweeney. Incumbent's commission expired place of .John Gable, deceased. November 22, 1917. 191.9. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 3655 KORTH CAROLINA. Harry L. Moon to be postmaster at Tullytown, Pa., in place of James M. Peterson to be postmaster ut Spruce Pine, N. C., in H. L. 1\foon. · Office became presidential April 1, 1919. place of J. 1\1. Peterson. Office became presidential April 1, Stephen B. Ryder to be postmaster at Renova, Pa., in place of 1919. S. B. Ryder. Incumbent's commission expired September 23, Samuel S. Gay to be postmaster at Nashville, N. C., in place 1918. of S. S. Gay. Incumbent's commission expired February 2ti, Jerome A. Hartman to be postmaster at Phoenixville, Pa., in 1919. place of J. A. Hartman. Incumbent's commission expired Febru Owen Gudger to be postmaster at Asheville, N. C., in place of ary 13, 1919. 0. Gudger. Incumbent's commission expired March 16, 1918. .Andrew J. Young to be postmaster at Pen Argyl, Pa., in place of A. J. Young. Incumbent's commission expired February 26, NORTH DAJ~OTA. 1919. Chase E. Mulinex to be postmaster at Tolley, N.Dak., in place J. Edwin McCanna to be postmaster at Paoli, Pa., in place of of William E. Hynes, resigned. J. E. McCanna. Incumbent's commission expired January 25, Seth E. Garland to be postmaster at Tioga, N. Dak., in place 1919. of James F. Cannon, resigned. Charles A. Hoff to be postmaster at Lykens, Pa., in place of Elick 0. Kle\e to be postmaster ·at McClusky, N. Dak., in C. A.. Hoff. Incumbent's commission expired June 18, 1919. place of Frank J. Callahan, resigned. Albert J. Vernon to be postmaster at Donora, Pa., in place of Joseph H. Huseby to be postmaster at Leeds, N.Dak., in place A. J. Yernon. Incumbent's commission expired :March 3, 1919. l\f. of Pauline Sclmltz. Incumbent's commission expired Janu PORTO RICO. ary 31, 1918. William D. Sinclair to be postmaster at Hannaford,•N. Dak., L. Castoro Gelpi to be postmaster at Vieques, P. R., in place of in place of Christian Reite, resigned. Joaquin Rodriguez. Office became presidential October 1, 1918. John H. McLain to be postmaster at Ink ter, N. Dak., in Teodoro l\1. Lopez to be postmaster at Vega Baja, P. R., in place of J. N. Nelson, resigned. place of Francisco J. Otero, resigned. Office became· presidential July 1, 1917. OHIO. Jose E. Gurn.a.rd to be postmaster at 1\Iayaguez, P. R., in place Orville C. Ryan to be postmaster at Peebles, Ohio, in place of of George P. De Pass, -resigned. 0. C. Reynolds, remeved. SOUTH CAROLINA. Michael l\f. Mowls to be p0stmaster at Waynesburg, Ohio, in place of l\1. l\f. 1\Iowls. Incumbent's commission expired Octo Francis 1\I. Cross to be postmaster at Westminster, S. C., in ber 21, 1918. place of F. 1\I. Cross. Incumbent's commission expired March Mary E. Gillespie to be postmaster at Rayland, Ohio, in place 19, 1918. of l\1. E. Gillespie. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. Joshua L. Young to be postmaster at Ware Shoals, S. C., in Charles B. Chilcote to be postmaster at 1\fount Gilead, Ohio, place of J. L. Young. Incumbent's commission expired Febeuary in place of C. B. Chilcote. Incumbent's commission expired 7, 1918. . l\Iarch 2, 1919. . Dana T. Crosland to be postmaster at Bennettsville, S. C., in Wilson S. Potts to he postmaster at Lisbon, Ohio, in place place of D, T. Crosland. Incumbent's commission expired Jan· of ,V. S. Potts. Incumbent's c-ommission expireu February 26, uary 30, 1919. 1919. SOUTII DAKOTA. OKLAHOMA. Charles S. Kingsbury to be postmaster at Dallas, S. Dak., in Joseph C. Baker to be postmaster at Fairland, Okla., in place place of l\fart Coffman, resigned. of L. D. Flint, resigned. James l\1. Holm to be postmaster at Pierre, S.Dak., in place of Earl H. Barrett to be postmaster at Picher, Okla., in place 'J. 1\I. Holm. Incumbent's commission expired February 13, 1919. of J. J. Holt. Office became presidential October 1, 1917. William Spencer to be postmaster at Onida, S. Dak., in place of Laura Houston to be postmaster at W-oodward, Okla., in place William Spencer. Incumbent's commission expired January 12, of Laura Hou ton. Incumbent's commission expired 1\farch 10, 1919. 1918. George l\1. Barnett to be postmaster at Carthage, S. Duk., in 'Villiarn 1\l. Cummings to be postmaster at Sasah.-wa, Okla., in place of G. l\1. Barnett. Incumbent's commis ion expired l\Iuy 7, place of W. l\1. Cummings. Office became presidential January 1918. 1, 1919. TE -NESSEE. 'Valter B. Willis to be postmaster at Locust Grove, Okla., in Victor C. Stafford to be postmaster at Sevierville, Tenn., in place of W. B. Willis. Office became presidential AJ2ril1, 1919. place of V. C. Stafford. Incumbent's commission e::s:pire UTAH. U "!TED STATES 1\fABSHAL. A. Horn.ce Glea.·on to be postmaster at Garland, Utah, in place Thomas D. l\lcCarthy to be United States marshal southern of A.· H. Gleason. Incumbent's commission expired May 19, district of New York. 1918. MEMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD. YERMO~T. John Barton Payne to be a member of the United States Prentiss -C. Dollge to be postmaster at Randolph, Vt., in place Shipping Board. of P. C. Dodge. Incumbent's commission expired June 27, 1918. Thomas A. Scott to be a member of the United States Ship George E. ·wilber to be postmaster at Williamstown, Vt., in ping Board. place of E . .J. Clogston, deceased. Henry 1\1. Robinson to be a member of the United States Ship Gary S. Heath to be postmaster at Derby Line, Vt., in place of ping Board. J. U. Baxter, uecea eel . 1\!EMBER OF THE FEDERAL BOARD FOR EDUC.ATIOX. \"IRGI:Xll. YOC.ATIO~A.L William R. Rogers to be postmaster at Hilton Village, Va., in C. F. 1\Iclntosh to be a member of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. place of W. R. Rogers. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. Clara Matheny to be postmaster at Fincastle, Va., in place of RECEIVER OF PUBLIC MONEYS. Clara 1\latheny. Incumbent's commission expired February 13, Frank F. Steele to be a receiver of public moneys at Helena, 1919. ~font. Samuel S. Brooks to l>e postma ter at Appalachia, Va., in CoLLECTOR oF INTER ~AL RE\EXUE. place of S. S. Brook . Incumbent's commission expired Septem ber 1G, 1918. Henry T . Graham to be collector of internal revenue for the district of Delaware. W ASHI~GTO~ . UNITED STATEs CoAsT AND GEODETIC Su"TTVEY. George W. Reed to be postmast~r at Pullman, Wash., in place of G. W. Reed. Incumbent's commission expired July 17, 1918. Arthur Joachims to be hydrographic and geodetic engineer. Patrick 1\f. Kane to be postmaster at Lp. Center, Wash., in Payson A. Perrin to be junior hydrographic and geodetic place of P. l\I. Kane. Office became presidential April 1, 1919. engineer. .Tames Lane, to be postmaster at Roslyn, W::rsh., in place of Paul V. Lane to be junior hydrographic and geodetic engineer. William Sample, resigneu. Charles K. Green to be junior hydrographic aml geodetic engineer. WEST YTIWI~ll. APPOINTMENT IN TilE REGULAR ARMY. Joseph P. Ashby to be postmaster at Nitro, ,V. Va., in place of J. P. Ashby. Office became presidential April1, 1919. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. Sam Hissam to be postmaster at Sistersville, W. Ya., in place Lieut. Col. Robert E . Noble to be Assistant SUI'geon General of A. A. 1\feredith, removed. with the rank of brigadier general; Medical Corps. Charles T . Dyer to be postmaster at 1\lontgomery, W. "Va., in PROMOTION IN THE NAVY. place of 1\f. E. Davin, resigned. Rear Admiral Thomas Washington to be Chief of the Bureau \\ISCO~SIN. of NaYigation with the rank of rear admiral. l\larcus T. Syv-erson to be postmaster at Tomah, ''i~., ;in place POSTMASTERS. of 1\I. T. Syverson. Incumbent's commission expired August 11, 1918. ARKANSAS. Thomas L. Cleary to be postmaster at Platteville, Wis., in Louis Reitzarnmer, Arkansas City. place of T. L. Clear~·. Incumbent's commission expired October David D. Draper, Ashdown. 2~. 1918. Seaborn J . Smith, Beebe. Anna D. Hagan to be postmaster at New Richmond, Wis., in 'Villiam E. Jones, Bigelow. place of A. D. Hagan. Incumbent's commission expired _larch 'Villiam K . Estes, Calico Rock. 3, 1919. Claude E. Skinner, Corning. '\illiam A. Devine to be postmaster at 1\Iadison, Wis., in Kay S. Rolley, Crawfordville. place of ·w. A. Devine. Incumbent's commission expired 1\Iarch Lawrence D. Ballew, Des Arc. 3, 1919. Fannie l\I. Zearing, De Valls Bluff. George A. Murray to be postmaster at Wisconsin Veterans ·william J. Lenehan, De Witt. Ilome, Wis., in place of Edward Lowth, resigned. Aubrey Gore, Dierks. Frank E . Riley to be postmaster at Two Rh·ers, Wis., in Philip J. Smith, Dumas. place of Koel Na h. Incumbent's commission expired l\1ay William H. 1\Iorton, Fayetteville. ~6. 1018. Lucy C. Pullen, Foreman. Echmrd V. Aberg to be postma ter at Shell Lake, Wis., in Linn Turley, Forrest City. plnco of 1\I . .J. Carey, deceased. Alfred L. Peacher, Fort Smith. l•,red A. Knauf to be postmaster at Sheboygan, Wis., in place John E . Bittinger, Grady. of Frank Gottsacker, deceased. Henry Maples, Green Forest. Herbert Hopkins to be postmaster at Randolph, Wis., in place James B. Holder, Harrison. of J. D. O'Brien. Incumbent's commission expired March Benjamin C. l\filboan, Hartford. 10, 1918. Robert H. Smiley, Hot Springs. Kellie I. 1\IcGill to be postmaster at Oregon, Wis., in place Stella W. Harris, Junction City. of Thomas Wal h, resigned. Bessie Bevill, Kensett. Harriet N. Apper to be postmaster at :Korth Freedom, Wis., Laura B. Bonds, Luxora. in place of Paul C. Dierschke, declined. Claude J. Cotter, Marianna. Leon G. Schnur to be postmaster at Nekoosa, Wis., in place of Mark E. Sherland, 1\lcGehee. Cllroline Fitch, re igned. Allen G. Blankenship, Monette, WYOMING. Noble J . Nixon, 1\Iulberry. Sylvester K. Hohes, 1\Iurfreesho;:-o., Justus .J. Champlin to be postmaster at Powell, Wyo., in Thomas C. Fleeman, Ozark. place of C. G. fudd, deceased. Leila H. Smith, Pangburn. Ned P. Atkin, Parkdale. OONFIRMATIO:\S. John A. l\Iarr, Prescott. Charles l\IcB. Cox, Rector. Ea'ccutirc nomi1tatio11s co11flrmed by the Senate August 5, 1919. Benjamin W. Thomasson, Rison. UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE. J . Lewis Ragsdale, Russellville. Lucius Pilkington, Searcy. Samuel H. Sibley to be United State district judge northern Fred Smith, Stephens. district of Georgia. Storm 0. Whaley, Sulphur Springs. u ~!TED STATES ATTOR~EYS. Joe J. Shaddock, Thornton. E. W. Fiske to be United States attomey district of South Robert H. Harrison, Tuckerman. Dakota. Albert S. 1\Iatlock, Van Buren. 1\Irs. A. A. Adams to be United States attorney northern dis- ames l\f. Crider, Winslow. trict of California. · Ella H . Smith, Wynne. 1919 .. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 36St7,. COLORADO. Arthur E. Granger, Marion. Clarence H. Reagan, Aguilar. Elbert H. Vary, Mechanicsville. James J. Roper, Alamosa. Jacob A. Cowger, Mediapolis. Joseph A. Theobold, Breckenridge. William B. Durham, Milo. Frank w: Childs, Cedaredge. John T. Lanigan, Monticello. Benjamin F. Stapleton, Dem·er. James D. l\Iinnes, l\foravla. Vina. Work, Fleming. Cary C. Beggs, l\Ioulton. Joseph W. Burkhard, F lorence. Stanley Miller, l\fount Pleasant. Andrew V. Sharpe, Fruita. Frank W. Eicho:ff, Muscatine. Jerry A. Ferris, Golden. George E. Scoles, Nashua. Ray H. Cowdin, Hugo. Richard J. O'Connor, Neola. James 1\1. Brown, l\lancos. \Villiam L. Holtz, Newell. Frances L. Browlli.ng, Oak Creek. Harry E. Chichester, New London. Thomas Mowatt, Ouray. Jesse A. Winger, Newton. Anna n. Casady, Springfield. Eliza A. Butler, North English. Joynt G. Lett, Yuma. Charles A. Sample, Oakland. FLORIDA. Herman Toering, Orange City. Thomns E. Blackburn, Bowling Green. Frank E . l\IoraYec, Oxford Junction Capers S. \\Teathetsbee, jr., Branford. Harry A. Nash, Perry. ' Benjamin F . Bucanan, Bunnell. Maude E. Barkley, Pierson. Lenora K . Gilbrid_, Fort Dade. Emma Nicolay, Postville. Elisha D. Wightman, Fruitland Park. Joseph Peters, Preston. Laura Knight, ::\Iillville. J o G. :Milligan, Pulaski. Rinda Daniel, Moore Haven. J olm O'Rourke, Red Oak. Caroline D. ~imrall, Ormond. Albert F. Jenkins, Russell. John \V. Doe, Palm Beach. Lacey A. Wine, Sac City. Albert H. Stoltenberg, ~chl~wig . IOW..i. Philip ,Y. Tembke, Sibley. Nels A. Christensen, Alta. Walter E. Witten, Sloan. Edward J. Kooreman, Alton. Earl Bronson, Spencer. Carl L. Little, Ames. John Grant, Stanwood. Maurice Fay, Anamo~a . Albert A. ::Uontgomer:r, Stuart. Harry H . Cute, Anita. James H. Noon, Sumner. Paul W. Farrell, Barnes City. J . Brady Piatt, Tii)ton. Henry Durst, Battle Cre,.,k. J olln Hickey, Yai 1. Peter J. Cool, Baxter. Alma Camblin, "~alcott . Joseph E. 1\IcKillip, Bellevue. Prancis A. Gallagher, Walnut. . Frank C. Siebengartner, Bettendorf. S,amuel W. Koster, \Ye~t Liberty. Alva S. Lind, Blairsburg. · Ed\Yin P. A.n Nellie 1\f. Thayer, Bertrand. William H. Chillson, Hannibal. Eva R. Gilbert, Broadwater. Charles Hogan, Harrisville. Charles l\1. Beggs, Carleton. James R. Mayne, Heuvelton. Alfred 0. Hastings, Cllester. Cort Kramer, Holland. Sebastian E. l\larty, Columbus. Frank K. Roberts, Holland Patent: Charles E. Lewin, Comstock. Daniel F. Shea, Jamaica. Ethel Talcott, Crofton. Eugene E. Mann, Jordan. William H. Latham, Curtis. Jean L. Reed, Little Valley. Edward C. Lane, Dalton. . James W. Kelly, Long Island City. Marguerite A. Riley, Dawson. Edward \V. Hnrricu, Lyon Mountain. Russell Mooberry, Dorche3ter. John W . Telford, l\Iargaretvillc. Edwar1l P. Fitzgerald, Elm Creek. Kent Barney, l\filford. ·william Sweeney, Emerson. Elmer W. Simmons, .1\lillerton. Alfred G. Corey, Fairfield. William l\IcNeal, Montgomery. Lewis A. Wight, Gibbon. Charles E. Miller, l\Iorana. Charles l\I. Rebbeck, Goruon. .John A. Ganey, New Hartford. Dellmond A. Geil, Grand Island. Robert J. Healey, New York l\1Hls. John S. Myers, Grant. James 0. Murphy, Orchard Park. Daniel A . Page, Hardy. Glenn F. Pollard, Oriskany Falls. 'l'ilford A. Willmore, Hebron. Jerome Ceperley, Otego. John Kinsella, Hemingfor<}. Jesse Jacobs, Oxford. Fanny Dworak, Howell. John S. Moran, Painted Post. Ralph L. Duckworth, Indianola. John H. Quinlan, Pavilion. William L. Zalman, Lawrence. Henry F. Blessing, Pawling. Cora D. Barlow, Lodgepole. Willard Vosburgh, Port Byron. Jacob 1V. 'Vhite, Meadow Grove. Leverne Thomas, Pratt burg. John A. Cocklin, Milford. Fred L. Seager, Randolph. Robert F. Pate, Minden. WilHam T. Welden, Richfield Springs. Charles McCray, Merriman. Len R. Francis, Ripley. George W. Ewing, Nelson. Charles M. Marnes, Rouses Point. Frederick A. Mellberg, Newman Grove. Maurice H. Fanning, Roxbury. William R. Pease, Niobrara. John H. Hurley, Rushville. William A. Bartlett, Ord. Charles C. Michener, Silver Bay. Linneus A. Olinger, Overton. Frank A. Bartley, Sidney. George P. Mille:·, Papillion. William H. Hennessey, Skaneateles. Archer E . Ovenden, Pawnee City. Wellman L. Bates, Sherman. Mark W. Murray, Pender. Andrew J . Fitzpatrick, Springville. Nils Lindskog, Pilger. John W. Hamilton, Stillwater. Anna J . Strahl, Ralston. Elbridge J. Stratton, Theresa. Frank Howard, Ravenna. Almon T. Clarke, jr., Tupper Lake~ Holton C. Letson, Red Cloud. • John G. Gibson, Uticll. Fred W. Mathews, Rising City. l\Iaynard A. Thompson, Wm·erl;r. Seth W . Oleson, St. Paul. Charles EJ. Whitman, Weedsport. George D. Thomas, Seward. Thomas Smith; West Winfield. Jolm Conroy, Shelton. Effie L. Patten, Whitesboro. Edward P. Griess, Sutton. Louis P. Snyder, Williamsville. Dollie W. Hyndshaw, Thedford. George A. Manwarren, 'Vindsor. Jarrett W. Ragan, Utica. Ada J. Folsom, Winthrop. William H . Harstick, Westpoint. John T: Gallagher, Witherbee. Charles L. Goodell, Worcester. N:EW YOEK.· James J . Fleming, Yonkers. Percy J. Heimburg, Angola. Roy J. Paxon, Akron. OHIO. Archie S. Gould, Alfred. Clarence A. Corbin, .Ashtabula. Edward J. Cunningham, Amenia. Wilber Winfield, Beach City. Willard H. Tappan, Baldwinsville. James A. Smith, B elle Center. Frank P. Bagg, Barneveld. Charles A. Bower, Bowerston. John H. Mara, Beacon. David C. Van VoQrhis, Bowling Green .. Henry J . Vollmar, Boonville. Eli C. 'Visman, Bryan. William H. Fox, Brocton. Charles F. Vollmer, Bucyrus. James R. Mapes, Canaseraga. Samuel A. Kinnear, Columbus. 'Villiam M. Heaney, Cold Spring Harbor. Charles A. Lamberson, Coshocton. Edgar H. Jolliffe, Congers. John F . Bauer, Crestline. James H. Reagan, Chadwicks. Arthur l\1. Eidson, Cygnet. Almond Cramer, Cherry Valley. Herman A . Spangler, Defiance. Edgar E . Costello, Corinth. Alexander J. Shenk, Delphos. John J . Heneher, Cornwall. John S. Gossett, Dennison. Harry E. Savage, Dexter. Lillie l\1. Neel, Dillonvale. Byron E. Ogden, Dolgeville. 1Villiam J. Deibel, DoylestoWn.. Thomas P. Whalen, Dover Plains. Dennis W . Seward, Elyria, Theadore M. Larsen, Dundee. James G. Bell, Frankfort. Michael J. Spillane, East Syracuse. James S. Handshy, Frazeysburg. Allen K. Johnson, Eden. Lonzo S. Green, Freeport. Albert E. Helmer, Evans Mills. Carroll R. Jackson, Gambier. Francis M. Dowd, Faust. Benjamin F. Reineck, Gibsonburg. John P. Dugan, Fishkill. Edward L . Hauser, Girard. James J. Smith, Fleischmanns. James Finlayson, Grafton. James R. Joy, Fort Ann. John H . Geach, Granville. · Walter W. O'Connor, Fort Plain. Fred M. B lack, Greenwich. Edward T. Cole, Garrison. Lucius W . Carruthers, Groveport. Charles Fitzpatrick, Goshen. Grover C. H . Hipp, Grover Hill. Asher C. Stafford, Gowanda. Mary June Zimmerman, Harrison. David J . McHenry, Granville. Jacob E . Mercer, Hicksville. 'Villiam .Johnson, Groveland Station. John E . Robbins, J effersonville. John ·w. Salisbury, Hamburg. Thurman T. Cour tright, Lancaster. 191n. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 365~ William E. Warren, Leetonia. Horace Lehr, Easton. . Russell G. Hardy, Liberty Center. Albert E. Eckert, East Stroudsburg. James E. Sullivan, Lima. John B. Shea, Eldred. Peter J. Beucler, Louisville. Harry R. Schneitman, Elizabethtown. Le·\i E . Bierer, McCOmb. 'Valter K. Ashton, Fairchance. - Robert T. Spratt, Malvern. Henry G. Schleiter, Freedom. Harry C. Brown, Manchester. Harry K. McCulloch, Freeport. - Fred :M. Bushnell, Mansfield. Charles B. Duff, Ford City. Joseph E. Blackford, l\lartins Ferry. Thomas P . McCormick, Forest City. Charles E. Penquite, Mason. Adam 'Vise, Gap. l\1ary K. Long, Medina. Edward E. Fricker, Glenside. William .Alexander, Miamisburg. Lawrence B. Rowley, Greenville. Roscoe V. White, Middlefield. 'Villiam W. Van Eman, Grove City. Louis N. Gerber, Middleport. Daniel E. Hanrahan, Hallstead. Robert E. Sickinger, Milan. Daniel R. Dunkel, Hamburg. Horace E. McConnell, Milford Center. Peter V. Abel, Hastings. Albert Sayers, Monroeville. .James F . Drake, Hawley. Jesse 0. Shaw, Newcomerstown. "William A. Kessler, Homestead. Damus D. Granger, Kew London. John N. Sharpsteen, Honesdale. Francis N. Cary, New Richmond. John ,V, Bisbee, Hop Bottom. Henry Becker, jr., Kew Washington. Richard T. Hugus, Jeannette. Harry A. Flinn, Orrville. Forrest B. Dunkle, Jersey Shore. Roy Goddard, Orwell. .Michael F. Lawler, Jessup. Frank 1\filler, Paulding. William A. McAdoo, Kittannmg. Clark R. Wilson, Perrysville. Charles N. Ste\ens, Knoxville. Eugene C. Chapman, Plain City. Joseph Rodgers, jr., Lansdale. Ira A. Deeter, Pleasant Hill. Frank M. Longstreth, Lansdowne. Hiram J. Blackmore, Pomeroy. Victor E. Gill, Latrobe. Frank J. Mitchell, Port Clinton. Granville F. Rehrig, Lehighton. And1·ew H. Austin, Ravenna. John A. Hughes, Lyndora. Roy E. Faber, Rittman. Brinslie C. Lamberson, McConnellsburg. James A. Ryan, Sandusky. Clarence H. Young, Manheim. George 0. Canaga, Scio. :Milton l\1. Dougherty, Mechanicsburg. Fred F. Taylor, Seville. John W. Runkle, Middleburg. Frank C. Schiffer, Shelby. Helen G. Flanigan, 1\iill Hall. Bronson 0. Brott, South Euclid. Thomas E. Grady, Montgomery. Rufus It. Hannahs, Summerfield. 'Varren F. Harrer, Montoursville. Val Lee, Sidney. Orville ,V. Chase, :Montrose. Elwyn W. Fisher, Sugarcreek. Edward H . Sutterley, l\Iorri ville. l\1erril J. Humphrey, Tiro. John W. Clouse, Moscow. Lewis K. Thompson, Uhl'ichsville. Edward R. Benson, Mount Jewett. William A. Ault, Wadsworth. Thomas Wood, Muncy. Adam E. Schaffer, Wapakoneta. Peter F . Leininger, Myerstown. Emil Weber, Wauseon. - Charles E. Knecht, Nazareth. Welker Besst, West Lafayette. James J. McArdle, Nesquehoning. Henry B. Popps, West Liberty. George W. Heffelman, New Cumberland. James C. Gray, West Park. Theodore E. \Varner, New Oxford. Anna l\!. Tesi, Yorkville. Thomas A. Derick, Newville. James R. Alexander, Zanesville. David l\1. Means, New \Vilmington. Thomas Rorer, North 'Vales. OKLAHOMA. Clyde G. McMurray, Oakdale. Orville Knight, Drumright. William Leslie, Parkers Landing. Nora L. Pickering, Peckville. PENNSYLVA.Nll. Nathaniel S. Byers, Perryopolis. Thomas W. Loftus, Archbald. John Kehoe, Pittston. Al'thur 1\lcKean, Beaver Falls. Lewis Dilliner, Point l\larion. Clinton W. Sausser, Bellwood. Bartly P. McNulty, Ridgway. William H. Hartman, BentleY\ille. 'Villiam A. Ketterer, Rochester. Ulysses G. Bowers, Big Run. William A. Furlong, Roscoe. Jacob H . Maust, Bloomsburg. John Cashman, St. Marys. George D. Schoenly, Boyertown. Ralph W. Simcox, Sandy Lake. Walter J. :McBeth, Braddock. William T. Benner, Saxton. James G. Paul, Bradford. John J. Durkin, Scranton. John A. Robinson, Brownsville. Origen K. Bingham, Slippery Rock. David V. Hays, Burgettstown. Alexander B. Grof, Somerset. .Jacob E. Coatsworth, California. John J. Kinney, South Fork. Blythe J. Davison, Canton. James W. Hutchinson, Springdale. Patrick F. Connor, Carbondale. Jesse S. Stambaugh, Spring Grove. Nicholas F. Barrett, Carnegie. George F. Trout, Stewartstown. George E. Hipps, Carrolltown. John P. Hines, Stoneboro. Tlwmas P. Delaney, Castle Shannon. Lewis W. Bechtel, Stowe. William H. Nelson, Chester. John F. Johnston, Strasburg. Leslie C. Lockerman, Cheswick. John l\1. Decker, Stroudsburg. James W. Aikin, Christiana. John E. Guthrie, Summerville. Aclam F. Hess, Clarion. Jo~eph P. McMahon, Susquehanna. Eu.ward D. Noble, Claysville. Frank W. Engle, Tidioute. Lewis J. Lieb, Colver. James w: Keating, Towanda. Edmund J. Rafferty, Conshohocken. Michael J. O'Connor, Trevorton . •Jolin T. Butler, Coraopolis. Allen S. Garman, Tyrone. Josephine R. Callan, Cresson. Lester N. Strickler, Vanderbilt. Charles L. Fox, Daisytown. Presley G. Katz, Verona. William A. Irwin, Downingtown. Henry R. Hummel, Watsontown. B. Stiles Duncan, Duncannon. Milton J. Porter, Wayne. Edward l\1. Dailey, Dushore. John W. Warehime, 'Vaynesboro. LVIII--231 ~660 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE·. Corbly K. Spragg, Waynesburg. Charles Lively, Weston. 1 Otis H. Davis, Wellsboro. William W. Irwin, Wheeling. \ Granville L. Rettew, West Chester. William N. Cole, Williamson. \ Frank l\I. Davis, ·westfield. RHODE ISLA!\TJ>. WITHDRA'V A.LS. Almira G. Blake, Ashaway. Bxecutire nominations 1.Gitlulra·wn August 5, 1919. Ruth A. Vars, Bradford. James Mangan, Greystone. Herbert L. Wynn to be postmaster at Ashland, Ala. Hartzell R. Birch, Kingston. Marion D. King to be postmaster at Townly, Ala. E. "\Y. Perry Greenman, Narragansett Pler. Mary G. Clark to be postmaster a.t Bald Knob, Ark. John B. Sulli"\"an, Newport. John Davis to be postmaster at Arriba, Colo. Francis Fagan, Pascoag. John l\f. Kelly to be postmaster at Bocagrande, Fla. Thomas F. Lenihan, Westerly. P. Brooks Ford to be postmaster at Sylvester, Ga. Thomas F. GaYanaugh, Woonsocket. Ella G. Currie to be.postmaster at Gardnerville, Nev. SOUTH <).A.ROLIN A. Alva K. Lorenz, Aiken. Benjamin, J. Hammet, Blackville. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. David H. Taylor, Cameron. Tolbert D. McLaurin, Clio. TUESDAY, August 5, 1919. James A. Parler, Elloree. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. John W. Peeples, jr., Estill The Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D., offered the fol .. John A. Chase, Florence. 1owing prayer : T. P. l\1cLeod, Ha.rtsville. Father in heaven, with pitying love look upon Thy weak, James H. Bodie, Leesville. erring, sinful children and by the wisdom, power, and goodness Frank George, Lexington. Thou has bestowed upon us lead us back to the simple life, Clarence D. Cooper, Mayesville. when home was home and communities governed themselves in Bernard B. James, Union. accordance with the laws of the land. Davi