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Origin and Growth of Nationalism in Worldwide Perspective Sonika Devi Faculty of History G.M.N

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Origin and Growth of Nationalism in Worldwide Perspective Sonika Devi Faculty of History G.M.N International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 04 Issue 14 November 2017 Origin and Growth of Nationalism in Worldwide Perspective Sonika Devi Faculty of History G.M.N. College, Ambala Cantt. Haryana ABSTRACT: It is a well-known fact that a nation is primarily a community, a definite community of people. ORIGIN OF NATIONALISM: Most of the This community is not racial, nor is it tribal. historians assume that, as an ideology and The modern Italian and French Nations were discourse, nationalism became prevalent in formed from Romans, Etruscans Greeks, Arabs, North America and Western Europe in the latter th Gaul’s, Britons and so forth. The same may be half of the 18 Century, and shortly thereafter in said about the British, the Germans and others, LatinAmerica. The dates that are often singled who were formed into nations from people of out as signaling the advent of nationalism diverse races and tribes. In the same manner, include 1775 (the first partition of Poland), 1776 nationalism is a brief, creed or ideology that (the American Declaration of Independence) involves an individual identifying with or 1789 and 1792 (the commencement and Second becoming attached to one’s nations. Thus the Phase of the French Revolution), 1807 (Fiction 1 present paper highlights the ideology of Addresses to the German Nations). nationalism in the global perspective including However, this early ideological phase its origin, stages and types. was permeated by neo-colonicism, the conscious KEYWORDS: Civic, Ethnic, Creed, return in letters, politics and the art to classical Patriotism, Nation, Ideology, Territorial, Ultra- antiquity and above all to the patriotism and Nationalism, Revolution. solidarity of Sparta, Athens and Republican Rome the Models and exemplars of Public and often heroic virtues. But, nationalism as an ideological movement did not emerge without INTRODUCTION: Nationalism is a brief, antecedents for some millennial Christianity creed or ideology that involves an individual prepared the way, for others it was the printing identifying with or becoming attached to one’s press and especially near papers. nations. Nationalism involves national identity by content with the related construct of If we look into the history of its patriotism, which involves the social development, it can be traced out that inEurope conditioning and personal behavior that support before the development of nationalism; people a state’s decision and action. Furthermore, there were generally loyal to a religion or to a are two main perspectives on the origins and particular leader than to their nations. With the basis of nationalism; one is the primordial’s emergence of a national public sphere and an perspective that describes nationalism as a integrated, country wide economy in 18th reflection of the ancient and perceived Century England, People began to identify with evolutionary tendency of humans to organize the country at large, rather than the smaller unit into distinct groupings based on an affinity of of their family, town or province.2 birth. The other is the modernist perspective that describes nationalism as a recent Nevertheless, the widespread appeal of patriotic nationalism was massively augmented phenomenon that requires the structural th conditions of modern society in order to exist. by the Political conversions of the late 18 Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 53 International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 04 Issue 14 November 2017 century, the American and the French comparatively little part in Indian Politics revolution. Ultra- nationalist parties spurn up in since Independence. France during the French Revolution. Nationalism is a worldwide concept. Most of the TYPES OF NATIONLISM: scholars have identified and defined it in Nationalism can be categorized in the different ways. Some of them think that the term following types: nationalism was first used by John Gottfried herder the prophet of this new creed. Herder Civic Nationalism: It is also known as gave Germans new pride in their origins and liberal nationalism, which defines the nation proclaimed a nation manage within the sphere of as an association of people who identify language, which he believed determines national themselves as belonging to the nation, who thought and culture.3 have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures. STAGES OF NATIONALISM: It is a political Civic nationalism is a kind of non- movement which seeks to attain and defend an xenophobic nationalism that is claimed to be objective we may call national integrity. The compatible with liberal values of freedom, nationalist grievance must be tolerance, equality and individual rights. collective.Nationalism teaches that the fact of Ernest Renan and John Stuart Mill are often foreign rule itself is an affront to human thought to be early liberal nationalists. dignity.4 Liberal nationalists often defined the value It has three stages as:5 of national identity by saying that individuals need a national identity in order to lead The first stage may be loosely labeled meaningful, autonomous lives, and that stirrings. This is the period in which the liberal democratic nations become aware of itself as a nation polity’s need national identity in order to fun suffering oppression. Frequently it is a ction properly in the modern society. period of revulsion against foreign ideas and foreign ways of doing things. It is a time of Further, it lies within the traditions of casting around for a cultural identity. rationalism and liberalism, but as a form of The Second Stageis the center piece of nationalism it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism.It is the time of thestrugglefor nationalism. Membership of the civic nation independence. The struggle may or may not is considered voluntary, as in Ernest Renan’s have an obvious moment of beginning, but it ‘daily referendum’ formulation in what is a usually has a fixed terminus since 1945 that Nation? Civic national ideals influenced the fixed terminus has been the attainment of developed of representative democracy in sovereign independence and admission to the countries such as the United States and United Nations. France. The Third Stage belongs to the process of (i) Ethnic Nationalism: Whereas nationalism consolidation.Sometimes this stage hardly in and of itself does not necessarily imply a exists at all. India after 1947, for example, belief in the superiority of one ethnicity or moved straight on to the ordinary country over others, some nationalists preoccupations of a state economic support ethnocentric supremacy and development and sustaining a foreign policy. ethnocentric protectionism. Nationalist issues as such have played Available online: https://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 54 International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 04 Issue 14 November 2017 (ii) Left-Wing Nationalism: It is occasionally its territories, demagoguery of leadership, known as socialist nationalism, emotionalism, fomenting talk of presumed, which refers to any political movement that c real or imagined, enemies, predicating the ombines left wing politics with existence of threats to the survival of the Nationalism.Manynationalist movements are native, dominant or otherwise idealized dedicated to national liberation, in the view national ethnicity or population group, that their nations are being persecuted by instigation or extremist reaction to crack- other nations and thus need to exercise self- down policies in law enforcement, efforts to determination by liberating themselves from limit international trade through tariffs, tight the accused persecutors. Anti-revisionist control over business and production, Marxist – Leninism is closely tied with this militarism, populism and racism. Prevalent ideology, and practical examples include ultra-nationalism typically is the result of Stalin’s early work ‘Marxism and the conflict within a state and or between states National Question’ and his ‘Socialism in and is identified as a condition of pre war in One Country’ edict, which declares that national politics. Fascism is a form of ultra- nationalism can be used in an internationalist nationalism that promotes‘class context, fighting for national liberation collaboration’, a totalitarian state without racial or religious divisions. irredentism or expansionism to unify and (iii) Territorial Nationalism: Thefact is that the allow the growth of a nation. territorial nationalists assume that all (vi) Anti- Colonial Nationalism: It came about inhabitants of a particular nation owe during the decolonization of the post war allegiance to their country of birth or periods. It was a reaction mainly in Africa adoption. A sacred quality is sought in the and Asia against being subdued to foreign nation and in the popular memories it powers. It also appeared in the non-Russian evokes. Citizenship is idealized by territorial territories of the Tsarist Empire and later, the nationalists. A criterion of a territorial USSR where Ukrainiansists and Islamic nationalism is the establishment of a mass, Marxists condemned Russian Bolshevik rule public culture based on common values, in their territories as a renewed Russian codes and
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