13 Monitoring Arctic sustainable development and socio-ecological systems' resilience Theme leader: Tatiana Vlasova ([email protected]) 13.1 Tracking Human Development in the Arctic 8 June – 11:30 a.m. Chairs: Gail Fondahl, Joan Nymand Larsen, and Valentina Kondratieva

13.1.1 Humans in the Arctic

Valentina Kondratieva

The "Humans in the Arctic" is an initiative of the Republic of (Yakutia), and involves a comprehensive study of the experience and the current state of human life in the harsh conditions of the Arctic.The main objective of the project is to develop social indicators for monitoring the quality of life of the population, increasing the role of motivation, the preservation of the traditional way of the North, taking into account the use of experience of foreign countries in the Arctic.The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is currently a pilot area for the implementation of the project "Humans in the Arctic."For more information about the quality of life of the population of the Arctic sociological survey conducted in 5 towns of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Turukhansk district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to the results of surveys compiled a social portrait of the man in the Arctic.Together with the statistical offices in 2015 and 2016 held the republican life quality survey on the following areas: education, health, migration and employment, the financial position of households, ownership of national languages, following the national traditions of the peoples of the North.The developed methodology, survey tools can be used in other regions of the Russian Arctic, and abroad. In addition, there was conducted training and methodological seminars to increase motivation for entrepreneurial activity of the population with the involvement of lecturers from Norway to Cossack Ust-Yana district in 2014, Iengra District, will be held in Kystatyam Zhigansky area, and also leaders-entrepreneurs were trained in Tana, Norway. In 2016, the project "Humans in the Arctic" of the Russian Federation with the territories of the Arctic area covered by the Kamchatka, Magadan and Murmansk regions. In 2017, it planned to include in the project regions of with the Arctic territories and foreign countries - members of the Northern Forum.

13.1.2 Increasing of business motivation of small indigenous peoples of the North

Marina Alekseeva

Within of the project "Human in the Arctic" the sociological surveys directed to a quality evaluation of life of the population living in the Arctic territory are conducted. Following the results of the conducted surveys need for stimulation of development of traditional types of activity is revealed, first of all, by holding actions for increase in motivation to business activity, mainly among small indigenous peoples of the North.In 2014-2016 within the project the business seminars directed to increase of motivation of small indigenous peoples of the North to business activity are held. Leaders of group of entrepreneurs who were trained to a practical course "Modern business of technology are revealed: northern reindeer breeding" in Tana (Norway).On rates entrepreneurs examined experience of business in reindeer breeding, gained new skills and knowledge of technology of souvenir production, production of meat semifinished products. Now entrepreneurs using the gained knowledge and skills make souvenir and meat products. Use of international experience of the developed countries located in the Arctic zone is necessary in order that traditional types of occupations not only kept identity of indigenous people of the North, but also brought in the income, served as a factor of improvement of quality of life of the population occupied in traditional industries.

13.1.3 The Role of International Cooperation Between Northern Regions in Improving the Quality of Life in the Arctic

Mikhail Pogodaev

Sub-national governments in the North have long-term cooperation in improving the quality of life in northern hemisphere and in sustainable development of circumpolar regions. Governors of northern regions established a tool for this cooperation in 1991 - the Northern Forum. This organization plays a role of international platform for exchange of experiences and best practices in the management of northern territories. The forum directs attention to economic concerns and more broadly to issues of sustainable development in areas heavily dependent on the extraction of natural resources. It has often served as a venue for subnational governments to compare notes on issues involving relations with national governments and to explore strategies for advancing the interests of the residents of northern regions. The Northern Forum has observer status with the Arctic Council.

13.1.4 How small money can help people to develop business

Elin Sabbasen (pending)

Microcredit projects in Norway and Kola Peninsula. In Norway from the budget of the country the small amounts for three years are issued under low interest and without pledge for development of small business to group of five people. Such approach allows simple people to become successful entrepreneurs from scratch or to improve the small business. As showed our experience, work in group teaches trust. Under control of the specialist manager people gain knowledge, exchange experience. The group decides whether it is worth issuing money from total amount for this or that idea.Participants of groups of usually different age, sex and education. Most of successful borrowers have no higher education because as shows experience, the more you study, the it is more terrible to open the case.

13.3 Arctic Landscape Ontologies 9 June - 10:30 a.m. Chairs: Sébastien Gadal & Liudmila Zamorshchikova

13.3.1 Landscape Ontology of Arctic Yakutia: An Interdisciplinary Spatial Approach

Sébastien Gadal, Jurate Kamicaityte-Virbašiene The aim of the paper is to present an interdisciplinary spatial methodological approach of transformation and construction of knowledge about the arctic landscape. The construction of socio-cultural, socio-environmental and territorial knowledge is based on: (a) the development of an interdisciplinary methodology integrated and formalized ontologically, where researchers initially follow a positivist approach; (b) the systematic collection of geographical, sociolinguistic, spatial, and archaeological land data, maps, toponyms, linguistic dictionaries; (c) the integration of the collected data into a geolinguistic and geographic database, organized, merged and structured according to the ontological model created integrating it into a geographic information system (GIS); (d) the acquisition of spatial remote sensing data. The established geographical indicators encompass geographical, cultural, anthropological, historical and territorial objects modelled by Earth satellite remote sensing. It also gives the possibility to extract ontologies of landscapes: the geographic objects, geolocalised, and as an element or a whole ontologically defining a place. 13.3.2 Recognition of landscape ‘structures by toponymical map and remote sensing analysis (Khangalassky district, Yakutia)

Moisei Zakharov, Viktoriia Filippova, Antonina Savvinova, Kyunney Pestereva, Sébastien Gadal Landscape and toponymical researches contribute to the reconstruction of the geographical environment of the past historic periods as well as the study made on the Khangalssky district in Yakutia (oriental Siberia). A landscape semantics cartography of the toponyms covering the valley of “Erkeeni” and “Samartay” combined with remote sensing image processing and the semantics analysis of the three linguistic groups of toponyms [Turkic (Yakut), Manchu-Tungus (Evenk) and Slavic (Russian)] generate a model of recognition of the landscape’s categories. These landscape’s categories recognised corresponding to the historical evolutions of Khangalssky district; but also, of the different land uses, specific economic activity of the ethnic groups organising the geographic space. 13.3.3 Microtoponyms of the Middle Islands as the Reflection of the Population’s Mode of Life

Kiunnei Pestereva, Marianna Samsonova, Aitalina Pavlova, Viktoriia Filippova

Within the RSF project "Landscape Ontology: Semantics, Semiotics, and Geographic Modeling" (No. 15-18- 20047) funded by the Russian Science Foundation, the research of the Central Yakutia toponyms (case of Khangalassky region that from the historical point of view has big impact on the Sakha ethnos formation, its material and spiritual culture) was conducted. The conducted research revealed reflection of the stages of Khangalassky region development by Mongol, Turkic and Tungus ethnic groups. Located in the middle reaches of the Lena River, big island, valley areas and taiga contributed to the formation and coexistence of appropriating and producing the type of economic activity (livestock, agriculture). Until the mid-20th century, the local population was concentrated on the larger islands, which were the place of residence, and carried great economic and sacral meaning. In the 50-ies of the 20th century during the process of consolidation of the located on several Islands, there was a large-scale resettlement. However, the Islands continue to be of great importance for the population until today, as landscape and toponymic maps developed during the expeditions and registered in the database of microtoponyms demonstrate. 13.3.4 Reflection of the traditional economy of indigenous people of Yakutia in the place names

Antonia Savvinova, Viktoriia Filippova Traditional economic activities – reindeer herding, hunting and fishing, practiced by the local population, are widely reflected in the place names. To study the types of traditional economic activities, we carried out a semantic analysis of toponyms of Even, Evenk and Yakut peoples from the toponymic dictionaries. The analysis showed that the hunting has a highest value in traditional economic activities, it is reflected in the dominance of place names – 42%. The toponyms associated to fishing are found in 25% of place names. The reindeer herding is one of the main types of traditional activities and it is reflected in 16% of place names associated with reindeer herding. Thus, the place names associated with traditional nature use can be an indicator of features of economic activities of indigenous peoples of Yakutia.The research is funded by the Russian Science Foundation. (? 15-18-20047). 13.3.5 city in winter: external and internal perceptions

Liudmila Zamorshchikova, Anna Ikonnikova This paper’s focus is to investigate the images of Yakutsk city in winter through the external and internal perceptions. The research project “Landscape Ontology: Semantics, Semiotics, and Geographic Modelling” (? 15-18-20047) funded by the Russian Science Foundation.The external perception created by the western reporters and journalists fixes Yakutsk as a coldest city of the world. “Absolutely everything here seems comprised of endless ice and snow, raising the question of what sort of extremes — of emotion, activity, desperation — can such an environment generate in the people who endure it” (http://time.com/3798383/yakutsk-the-coldest-city-on-earth/).The internal perception is different and it tells the city and its life as a "norm", not focusing on the city meteo. However, the climate uniqueness of the city becomes the focus when told about the major tourist events. We can say that the cold becomes a kind of opportunity for promote this new tourist brand of the city. 13.4 The Place of Arctic Animals 11 June - 3:30 p.m. Chair: Bathsheba Demuth

13.4.1 Local Concerns, Collaboration, and Plurarity in the research of Torngat Mountains Caribou

Jamie Snook The Torngat Wildlife and Plants Co-Management Board (TWPCB) was established as part of the 2005 Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement (LILCA). In 2009 community members in Nain, Nunatsiavut and board members of the TWPCB identified concerns with the Torngat Mountains Caribou Herd (TMCH). These concerns were being expressed at a time when the adjacent George River Caribou Herd were experiencing historic and precipitous declines, and were prioritized for research funding and attention. Managing the TMCH is complex and multiple levels of government have jurisdictional authority. The TWPCB collaborates with multiple stakeholders including the Nunatsiavut Government, the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Government of Quebec, academia, as well as others, on data collection, data analysis, and information dissemination. The TWPCB convened a TMCH stakeholder workshop in 2010 and has coordinated a transdisciplinary research program ever since. Since 2009, the TWPCB’s work related to the Torngat Mountains Caribou Herd has spanned several disciplines: scientific and Inuit knowledge research, inter-jurisdictional management and public engagement and awareness. Meetings, workshops, conference calls, and partnerships have all contributed to strengthening the relationships between stakeholders concerned about the relatively small, montane herd. Notably, a telemetry program was initiated in 2011, followed by the first systematic collection of Inuit knowledge in 2013 (Wilson et al, 2014) and the first aerial census of the herd in 2014 (Couturier et al, 2015). The continuation of the telemetry program is ongoing, and the development of a spring photo classification methodology is in progress. 13.4.2 “We’re Still on the Learning Curve”: A case study of Beluga hunting, Ecological Knowledge, and Cultural Conflict in Ulukhaktok, Canada

Peter Collings, Tristan Pearce During summer 2014, hunters in the Canadian Inuit community of Ulukhaktok landed 33 beluga whales. The hunt was unprecedented: beluga whales are only rarely encountered in local waters, and there is no cultural tradition among Ulukhaktomiut for hunting beluga. Government agents and members of other communities in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region subsequently expressed concerns about efficiency, safety, equipment, and processing, consumption, and future regulation of beluga. In this paper, we examine the process and aftermath of the hunt, highlighting the tensions that emerged between Ulukhaktomiut and the external agents (both Inuvialuit and governmental) over the education and monitoring campaign that resulted. We discuss views of the equipment Ulukhaktomuit developed to hunt whales, perceptions about the distribution of meat both community-wide and regionally, and resistance to notions that Ulukhaktomiut lacked ecological knowledge about beluga whales. For Ulukhaktomiut, ecological knowledge exists not as a set of facts but as a suite of skills, and concerns about the number of animals taken was offset by the wide distribution of the harvest. 13.4.3 Prey, Predators, People - The Management of Wolves in Alaska

Doris Friedrich In the Arctic, wolves are part of the ecology alongside other predators. They have, however, a uniquely ambiguous relationship with humans and their image ranges from most hated and feared to valuable members of the natural community. Alaska in particular has a complex historical relationship with its wolf packs and the interactions between agencies, hunters, trappers, scientists and conservationists are fraught with problems. Despite potential benefits, protecting wolves is controversial and ignites debates. People’s attitudes towards wolf management are not only affected by concerns about wolf attacks, but by factors like the perception of nature, the level of knowledge on wolves, the distance to wolf territory, being a hunter, owning livestock or a hunting dog. The attitudes are more likely a result of indirect experience than direct experience of wolf presence. Besides, the arguments for control measures, such as increasing prey populations for hunting or reducing the danger to humans, often stem from misunderstandings. Bisi et al. (2007) argue that “wolf management is rather a sociological than a biological question.”In several Arctic regions, predator management has given rise to conflicts with the local population and other stakeholders, as the authorities fail to take into account social, economic and political aspects. In Finland, the strong local support for the illegal killing of wolves challenges state wolf management, which is why Pohja-Mykrä and Kurki (2014) emphasize the need to “prioritise local socio-cultural needs”. Although this conclusion has been drawn from a number of studies over time, its implementation still leaves a lot to be desired.This presentation aims at shedding light on the clashing attitudes towards wolf management in Alaska, with a comparison to other Arctic states. Possible ways to alleviate conflicts will be examined in order to improve human-wolf interactions and increase support for wolf management policies.

13.4.4 Many faces of Reindeer and many faces of Dog: How local people and animals live together in different parts of the Russian Arctic

Konstantin Klokov, Vladimir Davydov For a long time dogs, reindeer, and humans inhabited the Arctic areas together. Their triple alliance brought to the creation of sustainable models of landscape appropriation. The main purpose of this text is to discuss the synergetic (symbiotic) effect of mutual human-dog-reindeer agency and to compare their adaptive strategies in the Tundra and Taiga. The presentation will include the results of the recent field studies within Arctic Domus project as well as Polar Census (1926-27) data.Dogs and reindeer provided people not only with transport, food, and skins. In comparison to other species they can provide people better degree of autonomy, because they can be relatively autonomous themselves. The idea of autonomy correlates with the idea of personhood. People perceive dogs and reindeer as persons who themselves know how to act in certain situations. They are active agents of social interaction and have a big freedom of movement. Nomadic economy of a typical reindeer herders’ family represents the unbreakable chain, consisting of a host husband, housewife and children-heirs, several hundred of reindeer and about a dozen of dogs, where each plays its irreplaceable role. Dogs and reindeer worked in close cooperation together with humans in herding and hunting, although having being partly competed in some places as a mean of transportation ‘monopolized’ either by dogs or reindeer. A dog used to be more important than a reindeer in the context of religious beliefs. Actually, rites of sacrifice of reindeer are widespread as well, while sacrifice of dogs is mostly a thing of the past. However a special attitude toward dogs is still preserved. Analyses of Polar Census (1926/27) data on hunting, sledge and herding dogs and domesticated reindeer in different northern areas allowed to reveal several types of their coexistence with arctic landscape. Each of these types was located in a quite definite geographical area determined by climatic, geographical and cultural drive 13.6 Monitoring sustainability in the Arctic 12 June - 1:00 p.m. Chair: Tatiana Vlasova

13.6.1 Knowledge co-production in sustainability monitoring

Tatiana Vlasova, Sergey Volkov The paper is an attempt to tie together main biogeophysical and social science projects under the auspice of interdisciplinary sustainability science development. Special attention is put to the necessity of the transdisciplinary knowledge co-production based on activities and problem-solutions approaches. It puts attention to the role of monitoring activities in sustainability interdisciplinary science and transdisciplinary knowledge evolution in the Arctic. Socially focused monitoring named Socially-Oriented Observations creating a tansdisciplinary space is viewed as one of sources of learning and transformations towards sustainability making possible to shape rapid changes happening in the Arctic based on sustainability knowledge co- production. Continuous Socially-Oriented Observations integrating scientific, education and monitoring methods enables to define adaptation and transformation pathways in the Arctic - the most rapidly changing region of our planet. Socially-Oriented Observations are based on the existing and developing interdisciplinary scientific approaches emerged within natural science and social science projects, sustainable development and resilience concepts putting principle attention to building sustainable and resilient socio-ecological systems. It is argued that the Arctic sustainability science is a valuable component of the whole and broader system of the Arctic Sustainability knowledge co-produced with the help of transdisciplinary approaches integrating science, local/traditional knowledge, entrepreneurship, education, decision-making. 13.6.3 Hede As Phenomenon Of National Culture

Antonia Vinokurova The , indigenous ethnic groups of the North living in the territory of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in Kamchatka Krai, Magadan region, Chukotka Autonomous District, Khabarovsk Krai which total number makes about 20 thousand people. Now dance of Evens hede is performed during all traditional holidays, like "Evinek", "Hebdenek", the holiday of reindeer breeders spent in March. Nowadays Hede dance is differentiated by territorial groups of Evens. Allayikhovsky, Abyysky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky uluses (regions) and local groups of Berezovsky, Sebyan-Kyuelsky, Topolinsky Evens have different types of dance. Hede was formed as art layer in national culture. It has the peculiar nature, traditions and makes a fundamental basis in modern national choreography. Studying as phenomenon of national culture, unfortunately, remains beyond the scope of thorough researches that excludes the full analysis of integrity of national dancing art. Hede as phenomenon of national culture of the Even people, according to A. P. Okladnikov, and should be preserved as original, unique esthetic phenomenon. 13.6.4 Clash of the northern stereotypes in literature, art, and life

Konstantin Klokov The presentation is based on a comparison of the two images of the Far North. One of them was born in the verses of poets of Chukotka: Victor Keulkut, Zoia Nenlyumkina, Antonina Kymytval, Vladimir Tyneskin, Mikhail Valgirgin and others. ?s the beauty of poetry is difficult to convey to other languages, in my presentation this image will be presented by drawings of almost unknown but remarkable artist, choreographer, and teacher Victor Tymnevie (1948 - 2007). His creative archive is kept in the House of Folk Art in Anadyr.Another image of the Far North was presented in poems and songs written by Alexander Gorodnitsky (the most famous bard of the Russian North) and by writer Oleg Kuvaev (1934-1975). His novel "Territory" about gold diggers in Chukotka was written in Soviet times and reprinted more than 30 times. Both authors are geologists, who worked in the North for many years.All images were created by authors who sincerely love the North, but refer to it in different ways. The difference in the two images is correlated to the differences in stereotypes. However, my interviews and observations during fieldwork in Chukotka and in other northern regions showed that the differences in the stereotypes of behavior of indigenous and non-indigenous northerners cannot always be simply explained by the fact that they perceive the North in different ways. The contexts that determine behavior patterns can be very diverse. 13.6.5 North In Sakha Epic Space

Alina Nakhodkina The paper analyzes the image of the North in Sakha (Yakut) epic space. A careful study of Sakha epic reveals certain similarities with folklore of the indigenous peoples of the North: some motifs or plots, e.g. scene of a protagonist sister’s kidnapping by a Tungus hero. Traditionally the epic quest starts in the south and leads to the north imitating the model of the Sakha migration to Siberia. The positive description of the Tungus people exists along with the depiction of the North as a hostile dangerous environment, cold badlands with sparse vegetation, i.e. North is objectification of hell, the Under World. There are distorted forms of traditional southern fauna and fiery bogs in tundra which is a distinctive feature of the Sakha epic. The North is stereotypically represented in winter only. The epic depicts real natural phenomena such as fog, or polar night in rather negative context. 13.7a Knowledge integration for policy making to enhance resilience: 9 June - 1:30 p.m. Chair: Iulie Aslaksen

13.7a.1 ECONOR – “The Economy of the North 2015”

Julie Aslaksen, Solveig Glomsrød, Gérard Duhaime We present results from the third ECONOR report, “The Economy of the North 2015”, which gives a comprehensive overview of the circumpolar economy and the economy of the Arctic regions of the 8 Arctic countries. The Arctic economy is described and analysed in a broad context encompassing socio-economic conditions, inequality, macroeconomic development, extractive and renewable natural resources, land use impacts, and studies of the intertwined economy of the market and subsistence activities of indigenous peoples, as basis for livelihood and culture. Regional statistical data for Arctic regions have been lacking, and a main purpose of the ECONOR projects is to contribute to make such data available. The ECONOR project III has close cooperation with Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) and provide data and advice to the Arctic Council project Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA). ECONOR contributes to policy-relevant knowledge through a comprehensive approach to the economy, encompassing macro-economic and socio-economic data, analysis of climate policy on future petroleum production, and knowledge on subsistence activities of indigenous peoples and other local people. Impacts of economic drivers on land use and biodiversity are addressed through GLOBIO model analysis. Through presentation to the Arctic Council results from ECONOR are brought into Arctic policy making. The ECONOR report is made for the Arctic Council Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) and funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Nordic Council of Ministers, with financial support from the participating institutions and AMAP. The report is edited by Solveig Glomsrød, CICERO Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Gérard Duhaime, Université´Laval, Quebec, and Iulie Aslaksen, Statistics Norway, and the presented data and results are made possible through extensive cooperation of the network of circumpolar statisticians and researchers. 13.7a.2 Income Inequality in the Circumpolar Arctic

Gérard Duhaime, Andrée Caron, Sébastien Lévesque The objective of this study is to examine income inequities in the circumpolar Arctic regions and to investigate the relations between inequality and indicators of demography, health, education and economy. In order to lay the foundations of a systematic study of inequalities in the Arctic, we have compiled Gini coefficients of inequality for each circumpolar region, along with other socioeconomic indicators. Tests were performed to measure the correlation between income dispersion and indicators of living conditions. The results attest of the existence of models that corresponded to well-established political blocs: we observe higher levels of income inequality in the Russian and American regions than in the Nordic Countries, and the living conditions within these three blocs tend to be rather homogenous. This situation is reflected in the correlation analysis, as income inequality tends to be associated with the social, demographic and sanitary conditions of the population of these regions. 13.7a.3 Arctic petroleum extraction under climate policies

Lars Lindholt, Solveig Glomsrød As part of the ECONOR III project we studied the impact of climate policy on potential future petroleum supply from Arctic regions, based on the FRISBEE model of global petroleum extraction . The model covers six Arctic regions; Alaska, Arctic Canada, Arctic Norway, Greenland, East Arctic Russia and West Arctic Russia. The model handles prices, costs and reserves, and petroleum producers base investment and production decisions on profit maximization and detailed information about fields worldwide. The assumption that investments first target the most profitable reserves leads to a geographical spread of oil and gas extraction potentially across the Arctic regions. Our climate policy scenario is in line with the 2 degrees C scenario (450 parts per million (ppm) scenario). Our reference scenario is in line with the New Policy Scenario in IEA World Energy Outlook 2015. The majority of coal and natural gas is used for electricity production worldwide, hence the scale and mix of these fuels in electricity supply will be affected by future climate policy. A major question is how the potential for natural gas in Arctic regions will be affected. We use the FRISBEE model to identify the impact on the oil and gas market and on supply from the Arctic regions. In the FRISBEE model, coal and gas markets are modelled as competitive, while OPEC is a dominant player in the oil market. Climate policy is represented by a global CO2 price, initially leading to reduced demand for fossil fuels. However, the main result is that the Arctic may not lose petroleum revenues from a global climate agreement. The reason is that a CO2 price may increase the demand for gas and the gas prices for arctic producers. Oil prices may not fall as much as one could expect, since OPEC may reduce production to ensure roughly the same oil price as without a climate treaty. 13.7a.4 The Arctic as a “hotspot” for natural resource extraction and global warming.

Birger Poppel The Arctic has increasingly been seen as a “hotspot” in terms of global demand for resources, with large impacts on the environment and local communities from the petroleum and mining activities. Resource extraction both creates expectations of economic opportunities and concerns about short- and long-term environmental effects and potential consequences for the livelihoods of Arctic indigenous peoples and other Arctic residents. The potential for a sustainable and diversified economic development and resource use in the Arctic may be challenged by an increased global demand for minerals and petroleum. At the same time, rapid climate change impacts take place in the Arctic. The combined effects of these trends have large impacts on the nature-based livelihoods, living conditions and well-being of indigenous peoples and other Arctic residents. The livelihoods of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic are traditionally based on renewable natural resource harvest, and subsistence hunting, fishing, reindeer herding, and gathering are still prevalent lifestyles in many parts of the circumpolar Arctic. The focus of this presentation is the notion and increased articulation of the Arctic as a hotspot, and the challenges to the livelihoods and living conditions in the Arctic. Two Greenlandic case studies are presented: Qeqertarsuatsiaat, a settlement south of Nuuk where a ruby mine is constructed and ready to operate and Narsaq, a small town in South Greenland where plans for a rare-earth-elements mine producing uranium as a by-product is planned. 13.7b Knowledge integration for policy making to enhance resilience: 9 June - 3:30 p.m. Chair: Julie Aslaksen 13.7b.1 Interdependency Of Subsistence And Market Economies In The Arctic

Davin Holen, Drew Gerkey, Even Høydahl, David Natcher, Birger Poppel, Mary Stapleton, Ellen Inga Turi, and Iulie Aslaksen Across the North hunting, fishing, herding, and gathering continue to be of major significance to the local economies of Northern peoples providing food, and reinforcing social relationships and cultural identity. In the mixed cash-subsistence economies of the Arctic, consumption possibilities are usually created by a combination of market participation and subsistence activities. With some notable exceptions, as in Alaska, subsistence activities are mostly invisible in social statistics, due to lack of data and lack of recognition of how they contribute to livelihood and well-being. This presentation will present updated available knowledge on studies of subsistence economies, describe where gaps exist and possible opportunities for research, and examine the interdependency of the subsistence and market economy of the indigenous peoples and other local people in the Arctic. The presentation emphasizes the unique data source provided by the subsistence surveys of Alaska Department of Fish and Game, carried out in local communities over a long period of time, providing data on the subsistence activities of the indigenous peoples in Alaska, for different regions and different types of wild food. 13.7b.2 Economic Impacts of Arctic Tourism in the ECONOR Regions

Kristine Grimsrud The Arctic is for many an exotic destination that offers aurora borealis, ice and snow, big landscapes, dog sledding and skiing, reindeer, wildlife habitats, hunting and fishing, “wilderness experience”, and cultural heritage sites. Arctic tourism has increased rapidly over the last couple of decades with global demand for remote “last-chance” tourism experiences as rapid warming leads to melting of glaciers and ice-caps. On the one hand, it is often hoped that tourism can be a significant source of revenue, jobs, personal income, and public finance in the Arctic, and that tourism can revitalize communities that formerly had resource dependent economies and stop outmigration. The potential for small scale tourism may be present for some Arctic regions, related to e.g. hunting and fishing, but may be smaller for other Arctic regions because tourism development of e.g. cruise ports requires relatively large infrastructure investments. Synergy effects between these may exist. On the other hand, communities may experience a number of negative socio-cultural impacts from tourism. Sparsely populated Arctic communities have been overwhelmed when the number of tourists by far exceeds the populations and infrastructure capacities of their host communities. The Arctic’s ecosystems are fragile and susceptible to change caused by more pollution, waste and a rapid growth in the development of infrastructure. Traditional culture may also be affected by tourism. This paper focuses on the economic impacts of Arctic tourism in the ECONOR regions with the goal of comparing impacts across regions. A particular challenge is that different regions use different indicators of the impact of tourism and that no consistent indicator of the economic impact of tourism can be found in all the ECONOR-regions. Some regions are data rich and other regions have very little data. We provide an overview of the regional economic impact of Arctic tourism using select available indicators. 13.7b.3 Biodiversity modelling in the Arctic as decision support tool at global, regional and local scale

Wilbert van Rooij Over the last years, assessments on biodiversity have been carried out for The Economy of the North III project and the Nomadic Herders project (NH). While the ECONOR III project focusses on a regional and national scale of the current Arctic biodiversity, the assessments for the NH project were on a provincial scale, both for the current and future situation for three Arctic areas in the Barents region: Finnmark, Laponia and Nenets AO. The biodiversity in these areas has been assessed with help of the GLOBIO3 biodiversity model. With this model the biodiversity is not directly measured, but assessed via cause-effect relations between biodiversity and land use, infrastructure, fragmentation and climate change. Results of the assessment levels are compared and analysed. The main differences between the results are caused by the level of detail of the land use maps. The use of local expert knowledge at the local scale also influences the outcome. For decision support at the local level a high level of detail is required. For the NH project the purpose of the model ling is to investigate if it can be used to support local decision makers involved with environmental planning that might affect reindeer herders. Results show that there are significant impacts on biodiversity, both at present and in the future. Climate change results in a gradual change of the biodiversity throughout the Barents region. Local biodiversity losses are caused by infrastructural and urban development, expansion of mines, windmill parks and holiday houses. Results for Finnmark have been discussed with local reindeer herders and they observed that some of the severe biodiversity losses overlap with vital calving grounds and important migration routes. Reindeer herders believe that the results should be made available to local decision makers at the start of the planning process, so that possible consequences for reindeer husbandry can be discussed before irreversible decisions are being made. 13.7b.4 High-Tech for High North: Combining Traditional Knowledge and Innovation for Sustainable Future

Varvara Korkina How long ago did a smartphone become an indispensable part of our life? Now, we got used to calling on Skype or WhatsApp and seeing our interlocutors... Ten years ago this was impossible. High- tech is everywhere in our lives. We can use a lot of new technologies in our research or our everyday life. But sometimes we forget that these technologies can be combined with other systems of knowledge and deployed to achieve societal goals, such as sustainable development. What do TESLA and reindeer herders may have in common? Are these two different worlds that going toward the common goal of sustainable future?

Forward-looking, innovative companies want to change our way of life by fostering sustainable technological and lifestyle options. Indigenous people try to save our world in the different, but potentially complementary ways. Mutual learning and investment in joined efforts are likely to benefit of both. A whole generation of Arctic residents are growing up in the digital and connected world and now rely on technology for their daily activities. At the same time, Indigenous knowledge has been sustaining Indigenous communities for many centuries and still constitutes the fabric of Indigenous societies. How do we combine two different worlds? Why should or should we not do this? What are examples of successful collaboration do we have?

13.7c Knowledge integration for policy making to enhance resilience: 10 June - 1:30 p.m. Chair: Iulie Aslaksen

13.7c.1 Adaptation Action and Indigenous Peoples’ Perspectives in the Barents region

Svein D Mathiesen The Barents region is an economically, socially and culturally diverse region, home to a number of Indigenous Peoples. Key questions and trends on economy, climate change and governance, and associated impacts on livelihoods, knowledge base, living conditions and wellbeing of the region’s Indigenous Peoples are discussed. We aim to voice to the multiple concerns of Indigenous Peoples and provide information and guidance toward developing adaptation tools and strategies for future planning and development in the Barents region. Knowledge on cumulative impacts and future consequences of climate and socio-economic drivers are achieved through GLOBIO3. The complexity of multiple drivers and far reaching consequences of unrelated developments demand that Impact Assessments evolve into holistic and long terms social-ecological resilience assessments where the capacity of the interdependent complex systems of people and nature persists, adapts and transforms in the face of Arctic change. Traditional knowledge (TK) needs to be part of this process. Tipping points for continuation of traditional livelihoods exist and in some areas, may be passed in the next two decades. There is need for new kinds of education and education delivery in the North, incorporating multidisciplinary, multicultural, holistic approaches for sustainable development that includes traditional knowledge. Successful adaptation to climate change demands training of local Arctic leaders in long-term sustainable thinking in both Indigenous Peoples’ and mainstream society. Development of meaningful co- production of knowledge between TK and western science will be key for creating successful adaptation strategies. New adaptive boundary mechanisms for training future indigenous leaders should be developed and should mirror the Barents communities’ needs for traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge when planning their future economies, utilizing e.g. the University of the Arctic networks. 13.7c.2 The science-policy of traditional indigenous knowledge in management of natural resources

Andes Oskal We contribute to better understanding of science-policy processes by exploring the role of traditional indigenous knowledge in policy-making for the adaptation of Arctic socio-ecological system under climate change. The projects Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic (AACA) and Nomadic Herders, with Sámi reindeer herders and other reindeer herding peoples of the circumpolar Arctic, raise issues for the science-policy processes by asking how traditional indigenous knowledge can expand the scope of the scientific approach to resilience and adaptive capacity. Traditional indigenous knowledge is the best available knowledge and practice of traditional Arctic subsistence activities. As recognized by the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), traditional experience- based knowledge of indigenous peoples and other local people expands the scientific approach to monitoring impacts of climate change. Traditional indigenous knowledge is embedded in the subsistence activities that provide food and culture, as such it is a form of science that builds society. “Future research on climate change should result in a deeper understanding of what exactly forms the basis for the social, cultural, political and economic viability of arctic communities, and attempt to explore the research priorities highlighted by communities themselves” (ACIA 2005, p. 686). Adaptation possibilities of reindeer herders to climate change can be constrained by institutional frameworks and resource management regimes, documented by the ÉALAT project. Management of the Arctic natural resources is often under influence of economic interests outside the Arctic regions, documented in the ECONOR projects. We suggest a critical approach to explore the science policy processes, in order for strategies for adaptation to climate change in the Arctic to take into account strong uncertainty, irreversibility, value incommensurability, ethical issues, and interest conflicts, as suggested by “post-normal” science. 13 Posters

Psychofunctional condition of employees who work on a rotational schedule in the Arctic

Vera Lobova, Ilya Kim There is a number of factors that adversely affects the human organism, engaged in the development of new oil and gas deposits in the Arctic region. Among them, the researchers traditionally mark out the harsh climate and a set of environmental and social conditions that are harmful to human health. Therewith, a number of researchers emphasize the idea that social factors play an important role in this process, offering the specialists a major task to improve the living conditions in the Arctic. The purpose of the research is to assess the dynamics of psychofunctional condition of employees who work on a rotational schedule in the Arctic. The study involved 38 young men (20-35 years old), whose average age was 30.3 years old and rotational experience - 5.1 years, who work in the settlement Priozerny of Nadym region, located in the Arctic zone of the territory of the forest tundra. The mode of operation was a 30-day watch and then 30-day vacation, when workers went to their homes (median strip and the South of Russia). Indicators of anxiety (situational and personal) of young men at the beginning of the rotational period exceed those at the end of the watch. Functional indicators of well-being, activity, mood during a rotational change undergo adverse changes with significant differences in the scale of well-being. Overall, the analysis showed that mental functioning of young men in the Arctic is subject to little negative influence of natural and social factors. Despite the optimistic outlook, the data dictates strict criteria of professional selection for work in extreme conditions and the importance of preventive work in relation to the adaptation of personnel to the conditions of the Arctic. The complex of social activities must include measures to reduce fatigue and optimize the human work load, in order to bring it into accord with psychofunctional capabilities of each individual employee. Nenets and the Arctic: Forms of Adaptive Behaviour

Vera Lobova, Alexander Ulyanchenko The research took place in the territory of the Arctic region in the settlement Nyda, one of the largest native villages located on the coast of the Gulf of Ob. Surveyed representatives of the indigenous people of the North belong to the Samoyed (Nenets) group. The group was formed by random sampling and included 41 people. The study of deep mechanisms of personality showed that such type of psychological defense as a projection is the most expressed in the Nenets, which is closely associated with their mythological perception of the world, characterized by installing the personification of animals, trees, and a tendency to attribute own motivations, feelings and desires to the phenomena of nature. The mechanism of projection for women is more intense than that for men. The second active mechanism of psychological defense of the Nenets is negation, which has traditionally been one of the main mechanisms of fear and indicates the ignoring of the emerging danger. Another type of defense used by the Nenets is overcompensation, which explains a strong feelings in violation of personal space, that is more evident in the behaviour of women than of men. It also demonstrates the importance of such aspects of life as order, commitment to comply with cultural norms and traditions in the consciousness of Nenets. Among the forms of the Nenets adaptive behaviour there have been highlighted independence, evident readiness to external confrontation, contemplation. Women has actualized communicative need for mutual symmetrical connection without emotional stress, men - expression of freedom, self-reliance and originality. The Nenets adaptive behaviour is characterized by evident tension of psychological defense mechanisms and importance of such aspects of life as the commitment to the preservation of traditions and customary principles of life in the consciousness of the Nenets. Northern geocultural areal as a way of conceptualization (problem statement)

Viktoria Mikhaylova Two aspects of ontological foundation of Northern geocultural areal give main aspaects of its study. The first aspect concerns a subject conceptualization which allows to consider this geocultural area as a uniform geographical, natural, economic, sociohistorical, cultural complex. The second aspect develops dynamically connected process of formation, change and enrichment of geocultural areas. If the European culture is based on substantial conceptualization, the Eastern is based on processual conceptualization which is related to Nature-oriented conceptualozation. The difference of Northern geocultural areal is equal to the Western and Eastern cultures. Northern multicultural includes multiplicity of cultures. North is the territory of traditional values with culture of reindeers and breeders. Culture of indigenous peoples is characteristic by its gocultural areal. North is the place where products of technogenic and information development. Besides, North is diverse place in terms of social space and geographical distribution. Multiplicity of the North is rhizomatic, because it has neither center, nor the periphery, nor a uniform clear boundary which could provide the North. Representation Of “Life” In Linguistic Consciousness Of The , Russians And French

Irena Khokholova The problems of research of linguistic consciousness and image of the world along with the problems of intercultural communication and speech ontogeny occupy a central position of psycholinguistic research. Studies of ethnic image of the world let us reveal the status of ethnic constant parameters that distinguish one ethnic group from another. Recording and dimension of cultural specificity of images of consciousness are carried by comparing the associative fields of the same words in different languages. Association is a link between some objects or phenomena that is based on our personal experience. This experience can be the same as the experience of culture which we belong to.The aim of our research is to study the associative verbal net of words "olokh / zhizn’ / vie” in Yakut, Russian and French cultural traditions (based on Yakut, Russian and French associative dictionaries).Free associative experiment, quantitative methods and statistical processing of data, summarizing the facts obtained through the method of semantic gestalt by Y.N. Karaulov are used as the methods of research.The results of the associative experiment conducted among the native speakers (2012) as well as data from Russian Associative Thesaurus (Y.N. Karaulov) and the French Associative Dictionary (M.Debrenn) are the material of our research.In linguistic consciousness of Yakut, Russian and French culture holders “life” has universal and specific values. The results of associative experiments in three languages show that the words-stimuli “olokh / zhizn’ / vie” can belong to the same group due to their internal synonymy which described as something high, external, that make influence, that is uncontrolled and universal in relation to man. Thus the most frequent association among the Russians and French to the word stimulus zhizn’ / vie are "zhizn’-smert’” - life-death and “vie-mort” whereas the reaction "life-death" among the Yakut respondents occupies a peripheral