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Seabird Ecology in Relation to Fisheries Meraz Hernando, Juan Francisco (2011) Seabird ecology in relation to fisheries. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2684/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Seabird ecology in relation to fisheries Juan Francisco Meraz Hernando Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow November 2010 Declaration I declare that the work described in this thesis has been carried out by me, unless otherwise cited or acknowledged. It is entirely of my own composition and has not, in whole or in part, been submitted for any other degree. Acknowledgements I would like to express my thanks to Professor Robert Furness for his help, time and support along my research, for the discussions which helped me develop the ideas put forward here, for the constructive analysis and criticism. Thanks to Dr. David Bailey for his continuous advice, and all observations obtained from every annual interviewer (Prof. Patricia Monaghan, Prof. Alan Taylor, and Prof. Colin Adams). The final thesis document improved thanks to the corrections and comments from the Viva´s external examiner Dr. Peter Ferns (University of Cardiff), internal examiner Prof. David Houston, and Convener Dr. Ruedi Nager. The fieldwork and data analyses from Gannet´s data loggers were possible thanks to the support of Dr. Stephan Garthe (university of Kiel). Data from Skua´s data loggers were provided from the British Antarctic Survey. The British Trust for Ornithology provided the historical data from the ring recovery program, and the Scottish Seabird Centre helped with the fieldwork to the Bass Rock. I am very grateful to the University of Glasgow for the high-quality education provided, and support for the project, and most indebted to The CONACYT and PROMEP for the funding and scholarship. Many thanks to all my family and the people of Mexico. Abstract Previous research has hinted at changes in the migratory patterns of seabirds nesting in Scotland, including a decreasing number of Northern Gannets Morus bassanus wintering in the North Sea, and an increase in numbers of Northern Gannets and Great Skuas Stercorarius skua spending the winter off north-western Africa (NWA). Both species show increasing numbers of colonies in northern areas, including Norway and Russia. These seabird species move through the North Sea during autumn migration, and from there search for favourable wintering grounds mainly around Iberia, including the Atlantic coast of Portugal, the Bay of Biscay and the Gulf of Cadiz. By means of historic ring recovery data, provided by the British Trust for Ornithology, it was possible to establish that the number of records of adults of both species are increasing in recent years from NWA coasts, despite having to attend their nests in the colonies and, as a result, having limited time to migrate south. Differences were observed in ring recovery locations between years and months. The number of ring recoveries by month coincides with records from observation points along the coast of Western Europe. However, ring recovery data are limited and potentially biased. Using data loggers, it was possible to establish that both species are diurnal in habits during the entire winter period, showing noticeable differences in the times spent flying during the migration months (September-October) and during the wintering and breeding months (January and March respectively), and to confirm the increasing tendency to winter off NWA in recent years. Analyses of fishing landings, discard rates, and sea surface temperature data, show that food available to Northern Gannets and Great Skuas is increasing in NWA coasts where oceanographic conditions are stable; in contrast in the North Sea fisheries are decreasing and the sea surface is warming. Both species are apparently changing their migratory behaviour in order to face the constant changes in the abundance of food. Given the long life-span of Northern Gannets and Great Skuas, genetic changes can be ruled out of an explanation for the changes in migration behaviour, and the fact that the changes in winter distribution appear to be occurring within one generation of the birds. The winter distribution of Northern Gannets and Great Skuas may be due to an ideal free distribution over a wide range, in response to changes in the distribution of fish and the availability of discards. Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 1 Northern Gannet and Great Skua ecology…………………………………………....... 2 The Northeast Atlantic………………………………………………………………… 4 The North Atlantic Oscillation and climate……………………………………………. 9 The effects of climate change and NAO on sea communities…………………………. 12 The North Sea………………………………………………………………………….. 14 Oceanography……………………………………………………………………… 14 Marine Biology…………………………………………………………………….. 17 Fisheries……………………………………………………………………………. 18 Seabirds……………………………………………………………………………. 19 Regime shift in the North Sea……………………………………………………... 20 Plankton……………………………………………………………………………. 21 Copepods………………………………………………………………………. 22 Fish………………………………………………………………………………… 23 Small pelagic fish……………………………………………………………… 25 Cod…………………………………………………………………………...... 26 Pipefish………………………………………………………………………… 27 Other fish species……………………………………………………………… 28 The Celtic Sea………………………………………………………………………...... 29 The Bay of Biscay and Iberia………………………………………………………...... 30 North-western Africa………………………………………………………………....... 33 Oceanography……………………………………………………………………… 36 Upwelling………………………………………………………………………….. 39 Marine biology…………………………………………………………………...... 40 Plankton……………………………………………………………………………. 41 Benthos…………………………………………………………………………….. 43 Fish………………………………………………………………………………… 43 Marine mammals…………………………………………………………………... 47 Seabirds……………………………………………………………………………. 48 Morus bassanus in North-western Africa……………………………………… 49 Stercorarius skua in North-western Africa……………………………………. 50 Chapter 2 Great Skua ring recovery………………………………………………………………. 51 Abstract............................................................................................................................. 52 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 52 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………… 54 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 56 All year analyses…………………………………………………………………… 67 Non-breeding period (September to May)………………………………………… 69 Wintering period (December to March)…………………………………………… 75 Records from Africa……………………………………………………………...... 79 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………… 80 Chapter 3 Northern Gannet ring recovery………………………………………………………… 84 Abstract............................................................................................................................. 85 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 85 Materials and Methods……………………………………………………………….... 86 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 87 All year analyses…………………………………………………………………… 97 Non-breeding period (September to May)……………………………………….... 102 Wintering period (December to March)………………………………………….... 107 Records from Africa……………………………………………………………….. 112 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………… 113 Chapter 4 Time budgets for wintering Great Skuas……………………………………………..... 116 Abstract............................................................................................................................. 117 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 117 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………… 120 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 121 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………… 127 Chapter 5 Time budgets for wintering Northern Gannets……………………………………….... 130 Abstract............................................................................................................................. 131 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 131 Material and Methods…………………………………………………………………. 135 Estimating the returning dates……………………………………………………... 135 Data loggers………………………………………………………………………... 136 Data analyses……………………………………………………………………..... 137 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 140 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………… 142 Chapter 6 Northern Gannet and Great Skua migration records…………………………………... 145 Abstract.............................................................................................................................. 146 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 146 Migration………………………………………………………………………………. 146 Observation points……………………………………………………………………... 148 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………………… 148 Information from birdwatching organizations……………………………………... 149 Information from observation points………………………………………………. 149 Results…………………………………………………………………………………. 151 Historic records for Northern Gannet from NWA………………………………… 152 Historic records for Great Skua from NWA……………………………………….. 153 Information from birdwatching organizations……………………………………... 154 Information from observation points………………………………………………. 155 Northern Gannet in the three areas around Iberia…………………………………. 159
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