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Marine Recreational and Semi-Subsistence Fishing - Its Value and Its Impact on Fish Stocks

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Marine Recreational and Semi-Subsistence Fishing - Its Value and Its Impact on Fish Stocks DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies FISHERIES Research for PECH Committee - Marine recreational and semi-subsistence fishing - its value and its impact on fish stocks STUDY This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries. AUTHORS Kieran HYDER, Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), UK Zachary RADFORD, Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), UK Raul PRELLEZO, AZTI-Tecnalia, Spain Marc Simon WELTERSBACH, Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Germany Wolf-Christian LEWIN, Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Germany Lucia ZARAUZ, AZTI-Tecnalia, Spain Keno FERTER, Institute of Marine Research, Norway Jon RUIZ, AZTI-Tecnalia, Spain Bryony TOWNHILL, Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), UK Estanis MUGERZA, AZTI-Tecnalia, Spain Harry V. STREHLOW, Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries, Germany Research managers: Priit Ojamaa, Carmen-Paz Marti Project and publication assistance: Adrienn Borka Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, European Parliament LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE PUBLISHER To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to updates on our work for the Fisheries Committee please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in July 2017 © European Union, 2017 Print ISBN 978-92-846-1603-9 doi:10.2861/277908 QA-02-17-965-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-846-1604-6 doi:10.2861/2728 QA-02-17-965-EN-N This document is available on the internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/601996/IPOL_STU(2017)6019 96_EN.pdf Please use the following reference to cite this study: Hyder, K, Radford, Z, Prellezo, R, Weltersbach, MS, Lewin, WC, Zarauz, L, Ferter, K, Ruiz, J, Townhill, B, Mugerza, E, & Strehlow, HV, 2017, Research for PECH Committee - Marine recreational and semi-subsistence fishing - its value and its impact on fish stocks, European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Brussels Please use the following reference for in-text citations: Hyder et al. (2017) DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies FISHERIES Research for PECH Committee - Marine recreational and semi-subsistence fishing - its value and its impact on fish stocks STUDY Abstract This study assesses the value and impact on fish stocks of marine recreational and semi-subsistence fisheries in Europe. Total economic impact of marine recreational fishing amounts to 10.5 billion euro, supporting almost 100,000 jobs. The impact varies between fish stocks, representing 2-72% of total catch. The marine recreational fisheries are biologically and economically important, so should be included in stock assessment to ensure sustainability, and considered a sector for development alongside commercial fisheries and aquaculture under the Common Fisheries Policy. IP/B/PECH/IC/2016-131 July 2017 PE 601.996 EN Marine recreational and semi-subsistence fishing - its value and its impact on fish stocks ____________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF FIGURES 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1 BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES 15 2 CHARACTERISING MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHING 17 2.1 Summary 17 2.2 Definition of marine recreational fishing 17 2.3 Data collection 20 2.4 Characterisation 20 2.5 Numbers, participation rates, and effort 27 2.6 Tourist fisheries 29 2.7 Licensing & regulation 29 2.8 Recommendations 31 3 CHARACTERISATION OF SEMI-SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES 33 3.1 Summary 33 3.2 Definition 33 3.3 Characterisation 35 3.4 Recommendations 39 4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHING 41 4.1 Summary 41 4.2 Introduction 41 4.3 Methods 43 4.4 Results 47 4.5 Discussion 51 4.6 Recommendations 53 5 IMPACT OF MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHING ON FISH STOCKS 55 5.1 Summary 55 5.2 Introduction 55 5.3 Methods 56 5.4 Results 59 5.5 Discussion 73 5.6 Recommendations 75 3 Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies _________________________________________________________________________ 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHING 77 6.1 Summary 77 6.2 Introduction 77 6.3 Methods 78 6.4 Results 80 6.5 Discussion 90 6.6 Recommendations 93 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE OF MARINE RECREATIONAL AND SEMI-SUBSISTENCE FISHING 95 REFERENCES 97 4 Marine recreational and semi-subsistence fishing - its value and its impact on fish stocks ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AZTI AZTI-Tecnalia, Spain Cefas Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science CFP Common Fisheries Policy CPUE Catch per unit effort DCF Data Collection Framework DCR Data Collection Regulation EAA European Angler Alliance EC European Commission EP European Parliament EU European Union EU-MAP European Union Multi-Annual Programme FTE Full time equivalent GVA Gross Value Added I-O Input-Output ICES International Council for Exploration of the Sea MRF Marine recreational fisheries MSFD Marine strategy Framework Directive MS EU Member States MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US SSUBF Semi-subsistence fisheries Thünen-OF Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries WGRFS ICES Working Group on Recreational Fisheries Surveys 5 Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies _________________________________________________________________________ 6 Marine recreational and semi-subsistence fishing - its value and its impact on fish stocks ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES Table 1 List of existing definitions of recreational fisheries from both scientific literature and legislation. 18 Table 2 Recreational fishing sectors and primary target species by regions for Europe. 19 Table 3 List of main target species in the Mediterranean. 21 Table 4 Estimates of numbers, participation, expenditure, and activity by anglers in Europe, split into the Atlantic and Mediterranean regions. 27 Table 5 The licensing, bag limits and gear restrictions for MRF in selected European countries. 30 Table 6 List of existing definitions of subsistence fisheries. 35 Table 7 2010-2014 Semi-subsistence fisheries catch estimates (tonnes). 36 Table 8 Number of vessels by fleet segment by EU member state with semi-subsistence estimates. 37 Table 9 Tonnage of catches of all species sold by Norwegian recreational fishers in 2015 and 2016. 39 Table 10 Sources of information and extrapolations used for distribution and employment. 43 Table 11 Partitioning of country expenditure into regions. 46 Table 12 Estimation of direct, indirect and induced effects, for production and employment for European countries with marine recreational fisheries. 48 Table 13 Total production (A), GVA (B) and employment (C) by region. 49 Table 14 Comparisons of recreational and commercial landings conducted in addition to the percentage of the total weights reconstructed for each stock. 60 Table 15 The recreational release and commercial discard proportions for each stock analysed. 61 7 Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies _________________________________________________________________________ Table 16 The recreational post-release mortality and commercial discard mortality percentages used to estimate the quantity of dead discards. 61 Table 17 The weight (tonnes) and number of thousand fish retained and released through MRF. 62 Table 18 The species most commonly caught by MRF in Bulgaria during 2014. 65 Table 19 The species most commonly caught by MRF in Croatia. 65 Table 20 The species most commonly caught by MRF in Northern Cyprus. 66 Table 21 The species most commonly caught by MRF in Southern Cyprus between 1950 to 2014 66 Table 22 The species most commonly caught by MRF in Malta between 1950 to 2014. 67 Table 23 The species most commonly caught by MRF in Montenegro. 67 Table 24 Catch of some of the species most commonly caught in Turkey. 67 Table 25 The total recreational and commercial catches in addition to the percentage contribution to the total catches by both recreational and commercial landings by each country and the total for each stock. 70 Table 26 Individually and in combination used search terms for the literature search. 79 Table 27 Recreational fisheries related activity, documented impacts, spatial scale of the impact and management measures, risks ranking, and references. 81 Table 28 Severity of environmental consequences of activities associated with recreational fishing. 90 8 Marine recreational and semi-subsistence fishing - its value and its impact on fish stocks ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Estimated numbers and participation rate (A) and effort (B) of marine recreational fishers in Europe where cross-hatching indicates the country used to extrapolate where no data exist. 28 Figure 2 Semi-subsistence fisheries is at the boundary between subsistence, commercial and recreational fisheries,
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