Ethnic Minority Development Plan
November 2011
People’s Republic of China: Hunan Flood Management Sector Project (Shimen County Subproject)
Prepared by the Hunan Provincial Government for the Asian Development Bank.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 November 2011) Currency unit – Yuan (CNY) CNY1.00 = $0.1572 $1.00 = CNY6.3595
NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.
This ethnic minority development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
EMDP of Shimen Subproject Shimen County PMO
Shimen County Urban Flood Control Subproject
ETHNIC MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Shimen County PMO
1 EMDP of Shimen Subproject Shimen County PMO
Table of Contents
I.INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
II.BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………………………………………………………5
A. PROJECT DESCRIPTION………………………………………………………………………………………………5 B. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN HUNAN……………………………………………………………………………………….ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. C. LEGAL FRAMEWORK………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 1. POLICY, PLANS AND PROGRAM…………………………………………………………………………………...ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. 2. ADB POLICY ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN PROJECT AREAS (PA)…………………………………………….. ..8
III. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA………………………………………………………………….ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
A. METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………….ERR OR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. B. MINORITY POPULATION IN FOUR RIVER BASINS…………………………………………………………………….ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. C. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN PROJECT COUNTIES……………………………………………………………………….10 D. ETHINIC MINORITIES IN SHIMEN COUNTY………………………………………………………………………….12 E. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN PROJECT PROTECTED AREAS (PPA)…………………………………………………….13 F. ETHNIC GROUPS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION………………………………………………………………………..17 1.TUJIA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17 2 OTHER MINORITIES……………………………………………………………………………………………..18 G. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MINORITY COMMUNITIES………………………………………………18 H. ON GOING MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS………………………………………………………………...21
IV. PROJECT IMPACTS ON MINORITIES…………………………………………………………………………...23
A. PAST FLOOD IMPACT……………………………………………………………………………………………...... 23 B. PROJECT BENEFITS FOR DIFFERENT BENEFICIARIES……………………………………………………………..25
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C. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF RESETTLEMENT………………………………………………………………29 D. EXPECTATIONS AND CONCERNS……………………………………………………………………………………35
V. ACTION PLAN………………………………………………………………………………………………………..46
A. SPECIFIC MEASURES/ ACTIVITIES………………………………………………………………………………….46 1.MITIGATION MEASURES…………………………………………………………………………………………..46 2. ENHANCEMENT MEASURES……………………………………………………………………………………...47 3. PROJECT BENEFIT MEASURES…………………………………………………………………………………..48 B. BUDGET AND FINANCING SOURCES………………………………………………………………………………..49 C. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT………………………………………………………………………………….49 D. MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M & E)…………………………………………………………………………...49
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I. INTRODUCTION
This Ethnic Minorities Development Plan (EMDP) is prepared to ensure equitable sharing of the project benefits and mitigation measures by the concerned minority communities and individuals in the project area of the Shimen Flood Control Subproject, which is part of Hunan Provincial Flood Management Project in Hunan Province, People‟s Republic of China (PRC). The EMDP for Shimen Subproject is based on the PPTA‟s Resettlement Plan, the Social and Poverty Assessment, and consultation with ethnic minority groups, local county governments and their respective line agencies. A summary of distribution and socioeconomic characteristics of ethnic minorities in the project areas – four river basins, and 35 subprojects will be the context for such assessment. Based on review of social and poverty conditions of ethnic minorities in both Shimen County and the project protected areas, adequate provisions to enhance the economic conditions of minority groups have been integrated in project design. Provisions for special mitigation measures have been included in the resettlement plan, which will help ensure that ethnic minorities adversely affected by resettlement will also benefit from the project. Current government policies and programs for ethnic minorities further help to protect and enhance project benefits to ethnic minority groups. This plan targets the Tujia nationality in the project area, which account for about 56% of the total population in Shimen County and 99.7% of the total minority population.
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II. BACKGROUND
A. Project Description
The proposed Shimen Flood Control Subproject is one of the 35 subprojects under Hunan Flood Management Project. The subproject is located in urban areas of Shimen County, northwestern Hunan Province. The flood control protection circle include Dongcheng district and Baofeng district, covering Chujiang town, Baofeng district and Erdu township. Shimen urban area is located in the southeastern part of Shimen County, which connects Linli County, Changde city to the east, Taoyuan county to the south, Cili county and Sangzhi county, of Zhangjiajie city to the west, and Wufeng county of Hubei Province to the north. The urban area of Shimen County is 67.5km2. The length from east to west is 12km and the width from south to north, 7km. Mainly, the river system which is passing through the Shimen County seat district is Lishui River. Lishui River is one of the four largest river systems in Dongting Lake. Its main stream is on the north of Nancha of Shimen County, which is divided into three sources of north, middle and south, and takes the north source as the dominant one. The north source is coming from Shanmujie of Shimen County and finally flowing into West Dongting Lake. Its river basin area is 18583km2，and the length of river is 390km. Shimen County seat is located on the downstream of Lishui main stream, whose above river basin catchment area is 15133km2. There currently are two large scale water conservancy engineerings of Jiangya and Yutan on the upper stream of Shimen. At the same time, Zaoshi Reservoir is on progress. The surface relief of Dongcheng District and Baofeng District in Shimen County seat district is relatively low and the complete protection circle has currently not been formed, resulting in bad flood control capacity. The status quo current population of Shimen County seat district is 0.1316 million (including floating population) and the built seat district area is 5.2km2. Based on the overall planning of Shimen County (Revised), the population scale of Shimen County in the near future (2010) is 0.16 million, and the city construction land using scale is 16.8km2. And, the population scale of Shimen County city in the far future (2020) is 0.25 million, and the city construction land using scale is 25km2. The flood control planning scope is consistent with the overall planning of Shimen County city, whose scope is the built city district and planning development city district. For the north bank of Lishui, it is from Dingjiaping to Shengjiaxi, via Yanjiaba; for the south bank of Lishui, it is from Xinjiekou to Shimen Bridge of Lishui. According to topography, river system and city development planning, the protection area can be approximately divided into three protection circles, i.e., the Dongcheng and Baofeng Protection Circles, and the built old seat district protection circle (which will be combined with the new part). The total area of flood control protection circle is 28.5km2. There are two main targets for Shimen County subprojects, i.e., the first one is to protect Shimen County seat district from the threatening of flood, and the second one is to enhance the flood management of Lishui River Basin. The latter is the important components of integrated flood control management system in Hunan Province. The main contents of Shimen County subproject includes: （i）To newly build earth dyke of 7.63km，among them, the Dongcheng District Protection Circle of 1.90km，and Baofeng District Protection Circle of 5.73km.
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（ii）To heighten and thicken the dyke of 9.41km，among them, the earth dyke of 7.8km，and flood wall of 1.61km. （iii）The dyke bank prevention and protection of 14.8km，and riprap protection of banket 0.4km. （iv）To newly build 9 culverts. （v）To newly build 1 pump station with 3 sets of 555kw. （vi）To newly build 1 flood divert channel with the length of 3.97km. （vii）To treat 2 water discharging channel with the total length of 3.77km. （viii）To construct flood control commanding system and dispose necessary management measures. According to the preliminary design, the total investment for Shimen subproject is CNY 115.82 million, out of which, 33 percent would be financed by ADB loan.
B. Ethnic Minorities in Hunan
There are as many as 55 ethnic minority groups1 in Hunan making up a population of 8.33 million or 12.2% of Hunan‟s total population. There is one autonomous prefecture of ethnic minority in Hunan, which administrates 8 counties, 7 minority autonomous counties with more than 50% of the populating as minorities and 2 unofficial minority counties enjoying minority county benefits. Besides these minority counties, there are 100 ethnic minority townships in 34 counties. In Hunan, there are 8 minorities with a population over 10,000, they are Tujia, Miao, Dong, Yao, Bai, Hui (Muslims), Zhuang and Mongolia. These eight groups make up over 99.3% of the total minority population of Hunan. Most of them are located in the western Hunan (i.e., the Xiangxi Prefecture, Huaihua and Zhangjiajie municipalities), and the minorities in the western Hunan account for 75% of Hunan‟s total minority population. Table 2-1 presents the details based on the 5th national census.
Tab 2-1: Minority People in Hunan Province (2007) Items Ethnic group Population % of minority % of total population groups Main group Han 59,723,105 87.8 Tujia 3,536,976 42.4 Miao 2,401,869 28.8 Dong 1,027,390 12.3 Yao 951,161 11.4 Minority groups Bai 175,836 2.1 Hui 126,578 1.5 Zhuang 33,925 0.4 Mongol 23,804 0.3 Other 56,364 0.7
1 In other words, all the 56 ethnic groups within China (55 ethnic minority groups and Han) are represented in Hunan.
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Subtotal 8,333,902 100 12.2 Total 68,057,007 Source: Fifth Consensus data, Hunan Statistical Year Book 2008.
C. Legal Framework
1. Policy, Plans and Program
After 1949 the PRC Government adopted a policy of ethnic equality, in which all groups are legally and constitutionally equal. Given the inferior social and economic conditions of most minorities, the government adopted a policy of positive discrimination in favor of the minority nationalities (minzu) to help them "catch up" with the mainstream population. To implement this policy, the Government first clarified, enumerated and mapped the identity of ethnic groups. PRC post-1949 policy defines nationalities (minzu) in very precise terms, based on, inter alia, shared language, territory, economic base, and traditions/culture. Under this definition, the Han constitute the dominant nationality in the PRC. Some minority nationalities (e.g. Hui and Man) have become assimilated into the Han language and cultural traditions - but are still recognized as minority nationalities. Since 1949 there has been a tendency for smaller ethnic groups to fuse and merge in the definition of officially recognized minority nationalities.
The 1954 Constitution specified mechanisms for exercising autonomy in minority areas. The 1974 Constitution reduced the financial autonomy, and other powers, of these areas. Some of these powers were restored in the 1978 Constitution and further extended by the State Council (1980) and the National Law of 1984. Since the early 1980s governments of autonomous areas have been able to decide on economic policy, including what to produce, some latitude in allocating government subsidies, and within set guidelines, education and budgeting. In 1982 the formulation of the one child per family directive by the State Council advocated more flexible approaches to planned parenthood amongst the minority nationalities. Minority areas have special access to relief funds, loans, subsidies and tax relief, including a lower tax on grain, to assist in economic development. Minority people also benefit from points score system which places them in a higher rank than the main stream Han for university admissions. For the 8 provinces where minorities are concentrated (Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces and the five minority autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Ningxia and Tibet) government subsidies in the past have been substantial.
2. ADB Policy on Indigenous People in Project Area (PA)
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) notes that the social indicators, economic status and quality of life of minority peoples are often below those of the mainstream population. While fully recognizing the sovereignty of the borrowing country, ADB accepts that it has a responsibility for ensuring (i) equality of opportunity for national minorities and (ii) that its operations and assistance to developing member countries do not negatively affect the cultural identity, welfare and interests of national minorities. Where ADB-assisted projects will potentially cause adverse affects on national minorities, ADB requires the borrowing country (or project initiator of private sector) to prepare an Minorities Population and Development Plan (MPDP) acceptable to ADB.
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A MPDP should describe the socio-economic characteristics of minorities affected by the project, identify significant project impacts, both positive and adverse which affect them, and should consider modifying or redesigning the project to minimize adverse effects and/or include an acceptable compensation plan. The MPDP also provides procedures for project implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of how to handle minority affairs. The ADB‟s Policy on Indigenous Peoples (1999, Manila) sets out the criteria for determining whether or not an MPDP should be prepared. The key criteria are: ”… indigenous peoples should be regarded as those with a social or cultural identity distinct from the dominant or mainstream society, which makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the processes of development.” (p.6, op cit); ”the Initial Social Assessment determines that indigenous peoples are likely to be affected significantly...or that indigenous peoples are disadvantaged or vulnerable to an intervention because of their social and cultural identity, an MPDP must be developed.” (p.18, op cit); An EMDP should be prepared if a project “affects indigenous peoples adversely and significantly” (p. 19, op cit).
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III. ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE PROJECT AREA
A. Methodology
In order to understand the basic social and economic profiles of the affected people and identify the impacts to be brought by the Project, a social and poverty assessment was carried out by the PPTA consultant with the assistance of Shimen Subproject PMO, which included collecting secondary data, and conducting interviews among different stakeholders. The focus group discussions and sample household survey, together with consultation of local government agencies provided much of the quantitative and qualitative materials that were used to prepare this report, which include stakeholder analysis, needs and concerns among women and ethnic minorities, and poverty profile for affected communities and individuals. It has also been used as the basis for identifying the potential project benefits and impacts, assessing their significance, and formulating complementary measures to enhance positive benefits and mitigate negative impacts. A total of 14 sample households and 75 persons were surveyed from 3 residential committees or villages and 6 key groups in PPA. Among these sample households, 6 of them or 42.8 percent were ethnic minorities. In addition, about 6 gender separated focus group discussions were conducted, followed with stakeholder interviews and key informant interviews among officials from relevant county agencies. Only the data on ethnic minority were used to prepare this EMDP.
B. Ethnic Minority in Four River Basins
In order to have a basic understanding on distribution and profile of ethnic minorities in the project areas, a great deal of ethnic minority data was collected for the four river basins and the project areas for the Project. For the four river basins, Table 3-1 presents the distribution of different ethnic minority groups. In comparison with the Hunan average, the share of minority population in the four river basins is much higher, indicating relatively high concentration of ethnic minorities. Of the total population in the four basins, there were 6.79 million ethnic minority people, accounting for 13.3%. Among them, Tujia, Miao, and Dong are the main ethnic groups, accounting for 11%, 8% and 4% respectively. Majority of minority people are concentrated in the two western river basins, with ethnic minorities accounting for 52% in Yuanjiang and 64% in Lishui. About 85% of the total minority population in Hunan Province is located within these two river basins. In terms of distribution of different minority groups, Tujia nationalities mainly reside in Xiangxi Prefecture, Zhangjiajie and Changde Municipalities. There were 2.53 million of Tujia nationalities in these three municipalities, accounting for 90.4% of the total Tujia people in Hunan Province. Miao nationalities are mainly living in Xiangxi Prefecture, Huaihua and Shaoyang Municipalities, with 1.95 million people and account for 95.4% of total Miao people in Hunan. Dong nationalities are mainly in Huaihua Municipality, with 834,720 persons or 94% of total Dong nationalities in Hunan. Yao nationalities are concentrated in Yongzhou City – the south end of Hunan, with 531,320 persons or 71.8% of the total Yao people in Hunan. Bai nationalities are mainly located in Zhangjiajie City with 109,076 persons or 81.4% of total Bai people in Hunan Province.2
2 Almost of all Bai nationalities are located in Cili County - one of the project counties under the Project.
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Most of the minorities are concentrated in the mountainous regions in the north, west, and south of Hunan, bordering with neighboring provinces.
Table III-1: Ethnic Minority Population in the Four River Basins (2007) (1,000 persons) Items Xiangjiang Zishui Yuanjiang Lishui Total Hunan Total Population 31,262.09 10,416.04 8,340.88 2,604.71 52,623.72 68,057.00 Han 30,356.50 10,294.04 3,982.39 950.04 45,582.97 59,723.10 Minority Total 905.59 122.00 4,358.49 1,654.67 7,040.75 8,333.90 % 2.90% 1.17% 52.25% 63.53% 13.38% 12.25% Tujia 39.76 2.24 1,256.90 1,489.14 2,788.05 3,537.00 Percent of Total 0.13% 0.02% 15.07% 57.17% 5.30% 5.20% Miao 28.47 17.29 1979.30 26.46 2,051.52 2,401.87 Percent of Total 0.09% 0.17% 23.73% 1.02% 3.90% 3.53% Dong 8.64 6.24 969.47 0.54 984.89 1027.39 Percent of Total 0.03% 0.06% 11.62% 0.02% 1.87% 1.51% Yao 720.26 44.98 102.56 0.36 868.16 951.16 Percent of Total 2.30% 0.43% 1.23% 0.01% 1.65% 1.40% Bai 2.23 0.13 26.07 134.16 162.59 175.84 Percent of Total 0.01% 0.00% 0.31% 5.15% 0.31% 0.26% Hui 10.66 45.76 17.24 2.60 76.26 126.58 Percent of Total 0.03% 0.44% 0.21% 0.10% 0.14% 0.19% Zhuang 29.2 1.0 1.9 0.4 32.5 33.93 Percent of Total 0.09% 0.01% 0.02% 0.02% 0.06% 0.05% Others 66.38 4.39 5.00 0.98 76.75 80.17 Percent of Total 0.21% 0.04% 0.06% 0.04% 0.15% 0.12% Source: Hunan Provincial Ethnic Commission.
C. Ethnic Minorities in Project Counties
The proposed 35 subprojects under the Project will involve 46 counties or districts, which are defined as Project Areas (PA). Table 3-2 presents the distribution of ethnic minorities in the project areas, which shows similar distribution patterns across the four river basins. Among 46 project counties, there was 3.15 million of ethnic minority population, accounting for 12.3% of the total population in the project counties. Among them, there were 1.54 million Tujia nationalities, accounting for 49% of the total minorities, 0.57 million of Yao nationalities, accounting for 18%, 0.46 million of Miao nationalities, accounting for 15%, 0.24 million of Dong nationalities, accounting for 8%, and 0.11 million of Bai nationalities, accounting for 3%. In terms of distribution of the ethnic minorities, 40% of them came from Lishui, 36% from Yuanjiang, 22% from Xiangjiang, and only 2% from Zishui.
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Table III-１: Ethnic Minority Population in the Project Areas of the Four River Basins (2007) (1,000) Items Xiangjiang Zishui Yuanjiang Lishui Total Hunan Total Population 14,260.51 6,417.93 3,234.54 1,849.22 25,762.19 68,057.00 Han 13,551.88 6,365.04 2,106.48 583.13 22,606.53 59,723.10 Total Minorities 708.63 52.79 1,128.06 1,266.09 3,155.66 8,333.90 Percent of Total 4.97% 0.82% 34.88% 68.47% 12.25% 12.25% Tujia 10.58 1.23 392.72 1,131.86 1,536.39 3,537.00 Percent of Total 0.07% 0.02% 12.14% 61.21% 5.96% 5.20% Yao 493.68 7.50 70.86 0.10 572.14 2,401.87 Percent of Total 3.46% 0.12% 2.19% 0.01% 2.22% 3.53% Miao 9.45 9.86 422.30 22.80 464.41 1,027.39 Percent of Total 0.07% 0.15% 13.06% 1.23% 1.80% 1.51% Dong 3.70 2.98 229.74 0.31 236.72 951.16 Percent of Total 0.03% 0.05% 7.10% 0.02% 0.92% 1.40% Bai 0.72 0.10 1.44 108.25 110.40 175.84 Percent of Total 0.01% 0.00% 0.04% 5.85% 0.43% 0.26% Hui 3.49 26.80 5.96 1.23 37.59 126.58 Percent of Total 0.02% 0.42% 0.18% 0.07% 0.15% 0.19% Zhuang 18.28 0.41 0.51 0.21 19.31 33.93 Percent of Total 0.13% 0.01% 0.02% 0.01% 0.07% 0.05% Others 168.84 4.01 4.52 1.54 178.80 80.17 Percent of Total 1.18% 0.06% 0.14% 0.08% 0.69% 0.12% Source: Hunan Provincial Ethnic Commission.
Most of the minority people are located in three types of “minority counties”. The first type is official recognized ethnic minority autonomous counties. There are 5 such counties in the project areas, accounting for one third of them in Hunan. They are Jianghua, Shimen, Fenghuang, Baojing and Xinhuang Counties. The second type is non ethnic minority county but enjoying the same status and benefits of the minority counties. Sangzhi County is such county, accounting 50% of that in Hunan. The third type is non minority counties, but with more than 50% of the total population being ethnic minorities. Unlike the second type, they do not have minority county status and are not entitled to the benefits for minority counties. In the project areas, there are three such counties, accounting 43% in Hunan. They are Jiangyong, Shimen and Shimen Counties. Of these 9 counties, 2 are from Xiangjiang, 3 from Lishui, and 4 from Yuanjiang. Its total population is 3.59 million, with 2.57 million being ethnic minorities, which accounts for 72%. The total minority population from these 9 counties accounts for 82% of the total minority population in the project areas (3.15million). Of the total population, urban population was 0.91 million, accounting for 25.2%, which is only 74% of the project area average. The rural population was 2.68 million, accounting for 74.8%, which was more than 11.5 points higher than the average of 46 project counties. In other words, these minority concentrated counties have much lower urbanization level than the provincial average. There are 3.69 million mu of farmland in these 9 counties,
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averaging 1.03 mu per person, which is similar as the provincial average. But the overall economic development is relatively low compared with the project area average or Hunan Province. For example, the per capita GDP in these 9 counties was only CNY 9,420 in 2007, which was only 65% of the provincial average and 74% of the PA. The rural per capita income was CNY 3,240, which is only 75% of the project area average and 70% of the provincial average. Along with income disparity, considerable difference also exists in education levels, and employment structure between Han dominated regions and minority dominated regions. For example, illiterate rate was 6.8% among the minority regions in Hunan, which was 25 points higher than that of Han dominated regions; and percent of the minorities with high school or above education was 14.1%, which was 2.24 points lower than that of Han nationalities. Since most these minority counties are located in the high mountains with poor access, considerable poverty exists in these counties. Of these 9 minority counties, 8 are national or provincial poverty counties. There are 990 poverty villages and 0.62 million rural poor, accounting for 22% of the total rural population in the 9 counties, of which the extremely poor account for 23%. D. Ethnic Minorities in Shimen County
Shimen County is located in the northwestern part of Hunan Province. It has 3,973 km2 of land area with average density being 174 persons per km2. Most of the area made of mountains and rivers with only 11% as farmland (43,890 ha), averaging 0.95 mu per person, lower than the provincial average. Based on the statistical data of2007, there were 235,600 households and 688,200 people with 48% being female and 52% as male. Of the total population, 152,300 persons are living in urban area, accounting for 22.13%. There are 16 ethnic minorities in Shimen and most of them are Tujia nationality. All three ethnic minorities are native people, who have been living there for over 1000 years. The total ethnic minority population in Shimen was 389,800 persons in 2007, accounting for 56.64% of the total population.3 Among them, Tujia nationality accounts for 99.7%. Shimen County is one of the provincial poverty counties in Hunan Province. Its overall economic development is still lagging behind. In 2007, per capita GDP in Shimen was only CNY 10,556, which was about 85% of the provincial average (Table 3-4). The income per capita for rural area was CNY 3108, which is 86.6% of that of Hunan Provincial average. Due to poor natural condition and harsh climate, considerable poverty exists in Shimen. Of the total rural 535,900 persons, 81,700 are rural poor (below CNY 1196), accounting for 15.2%. Among them, 8700 persons are extremely poor with per capita income below CNY 627. Majority of rural poor are concentrated in 60 key poverty villages, which account for 7.4% of total villages in the county (809 villages). Among them, only 42% have road access, 60% have power access, and 85% have post service, which are significantly lower than the provincial average. In addition, urban poverty is becoming an increasing issue in Shimen. If using local official urban poverty line of CNY120 per person per month, there are 9,532 persons in 2880 households under the urban poverty line, accounting 6.3% of the total urban population in Shimen.
3 The minority population figure collected in the survey is slightly lower than the data set provided by Hunan Ethnic Affairs Commission.
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Table III-3: Comparison of Economic Condition between Shimen and Hunan Average (2007) Social and Economic Indicators Shimen Hunan Percent Total GDP (CNY billion) 6.93 561.23 0.85% Per Capita GDP (CNY) 11583 9117 85% Per capita farmland (mu) (1 h a = 15 mu) 0.87 0.85 112% Per capita income in rural area (CNY) 3458 2837.76 86.6% Per capita income in urban area (CNY) 11422 9190.21 91% Source: Hunan Provincial Statistical Yearbook 2007 and field survey.
E. Ethnic Minorities in Project Protected Areas (PPA)
Project protection area (PPA) refers to the submerged region under the situation of without projects. Based on the current designed flood control standard, it will be protected after the project is built. For the convenience of calculation, the determination of PPA will be done based on the risk analysis map and the discussion with local officers of relevant township (town and agency). The scope of protection area will be calculated by the total village or total inhabitants‟ committee which is within the scope of the protection area, including this kind of situation, i.e., if only a part of village or inhabitants‟ committee is within the scope of protection area, it will be calculated by the total village or inhabitants‟ committee. The area of directly protected region of Shimen County city flood control subproject is 28.5km2, which is divided into three protection circles of Old City Area, Dongcheng Area and Baofeng Area, of which, what are included into this project are two protection circles of Dongcheng Area and Baofeng Area.
The protection area involves 11 (villages) residential committees of Chujiang Town, which occupies 34.8％ of total amounts of (village) residential Committees over the total area. For the details, see Table 3-1.
Chujiang Town is one of 25 towns in Shimen County. Chujiang Town includes 26 (village) residential Committees and it is the town which takes the city as dominant factor and also has the features of village. In 2007, altogether, there are 34786 households and 84802 people, which are respectively taking up 15% and 12.3% of Shimen County. Among them, 33.3% is ethnic minority and Tujia is occupying 99.4%. The difference of basic economic condition between the rural region and urban region in Chujiang Town is very large. In the rural region of Chujiang Town, altogether, there are 9158 households and 24899 persons. And, the village inhabitants‟ population is approximately occupying 29.4%, and per capita farmland is 0.61 mu. In the urban region, altogether, there are 25628 households and 59903 persons. And, the city inhabitants‟ population is approximately occupying 70.6%. This project protection area will cover the most city district of Chujiang Town and there are 11 (villages) Residential Committees to be included. In PPA, altogether, there are 5924 households and 18788 people, which occupies 22.2% of total Chujiang Town population (to see tab 3-4). Because most city population are living in the Old City Area and the Old City Area has not been listed into this project owing to its city flood control circle being built, the city total population of this project only occupies 12.6% of total town.
Table III-4: Basic Economic Conditions of ChujiangTown
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Chujiang Total Total Total Rural Urban Total Per capita Villages Town Households Population Residents Residents Farmland Farmland Rural Area 18 7571 20595 17783 2812 10018 0.56 Urban Area 8 27215 64207 7116 57091 5084 0.71 Total 26 34786 84802 24899 59903 15102 0.61 PPA 11 5924 18788 11258 7530 8467 0.75 Percent 42.3% 17% 22.2% 45.2% 12.6% 56.1% Source: Shimen 2008 Statistical Yearbook and field survey.
Of the total population, 22.2% are from 11 residential committees. The male and female ratio is 48: 52. 7530 persons or 40% are urban residents. Of total population, there were 6247 ethnic minorities, accounting for 33.2%. Table 3-7 provides detailed information among 11 residential committees within PPA. For the remaining 60% of rural population, the average farmland is only 0.75 mu. Most of them are used to grow vegetables and other cash crops. The continuous urban expansion and farmland acquisition around the county town is the main cause for such change. The gross domestic production value was CNY 1125 million in 2007, and the per capita is CNY 34267, which is a little bit higher than the total province average of CNY5612 and one time than the county average. The per capita net income in the rural area in Chujiang Town was CNY 2819, which is 35.6％ lower than the total province average. The per capita income of the urban residents was CNY9455.32 and the city employee in urban population is CNY 16072, which is 37％ higher than the total province average level.
As the county seat town of Shimen County, the relevant second and third industry have been developed in Chujiang Town. In Chujiang Town, there are 6052 enterprises in different scale, including 1 enterprise which is directly managed by central government, 2 enterprises which are managed by provincial government, 2 enterprises which is managed by Changde City, 2540 village and township enterprises, 153 private running enterprises and 3354 individual industry and commercial personnel. The industry enterprises in Chujiang Town involves power, chemical industry, mechanical and building materials, the clothing industry and food industry, etc. Of which, there are 36 industry enterprises whose yearly production value is more than CNY 5 million. The total industry production value of Chujiang Town in 2004 is CNY 0.334 billion, among which, the state owned and collective owned enterprises occupies 90%.
Although it belongs to the towns of Shimen County city district, its farming production still plays the very important roles. The total cultivated land in Chujiang Town is 15102 mu, of which, 40.8％ is paddy field. Calculating it by agricultural population of 24899 people, the per capita cultivated land is 0.61 mu (which is only 46% of the total province average level). The agricultural production value of Chujiang Town in 2004 is 0.109 billion RMB yuan. Its main agricultural products include grains, rapeseeds, flue-cured tobacco and oranges etc. Its main livestock products are cattle, pig, sheep and chicken, etc. For the details, see Tab 3-5.
Table 3-5: Basic Economic Condition for Chujiang Town (2007) Economic Index Project Area Hunan Province Total value of GDP (RMB 0.1 billion yuan) 11.25 5612.26 Per capita GDP (RMB yuan) 34267 9117
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Agriculture increased value (RMB 0.1 billion yuan) 0.90 1155.85 Agriculture increased value % 9.88% 20.6% Industry increased value (RMB 0.1 billion yuan) 8.09 2214.41 Industry increased value % 22.74% 39.4% Third industry increased value (RMB 1 billion yuan) 2.26 2242.00 Third industry increased value % 18.22% 40% Yearly economic growth rate (%) 20.69 12 Per capital cultivated land (mu) 0.17 1.33 Per capita yearly income of village population (RMB yuan) 2819 3135.08 Per capita yearly income of urban inhabitants (RMB yuan) 9455.32 9190.2 Source: Shimen County and Hunan Province 2005 Statistics Yearbook
Table 3-6: Demographic Profile of Residential Committees in PPA (1) (2007) Residential Total Total Male Female Rural Urban Percent of Committees Household Population Population Population Population Population Urban (Villages) Population Yanjiaba 580 1644 850 794 1644 100% Xinchang 425 1218 713 505 857 361 29.6% Yonggu 645 1875 970 905 1465 410 21.9% Liujiaping 350 1749 909 840 1749 0% Tiangong 435 1368 678 690 1286 82 6% Yueliang 336 1030 544 486 847 183 17.8% Caoshi 494 1669 852 817 1518 151 9% Chenshi 665 2053 1088 965 2033 20 1% Huangni 392 1374 668 706 983 391 28.5% Zhongdu 803 2410 1152 1258 2410 100% Baota 799 2398 1248 1150 520 1878 78.3% Total 5924 18788 9672 9116 11258 7530 40.1% Note: For county institutions and enterprises, no household figure is available. Source: Shimen PMO.
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Table 3-6: Demographic Profile of Residential Committees in PPA (2) (2007) Residential Total Per Capita Total Male Female Minority Percent of Committees Farmland Farmland rural Labor Labor Population Minority (villages) (mu) (mu) Labor Yanjiaba 0 0 424 25.8% Xinchang 161 0.13 530 357 173 303 24.9% Yonggu 608 0.32 975 515 460 429 22.9% Liujiaping 1744 1.00 979 527 452 367 21% Tiangong 706 0.52 772 408 364 358 26.2% Yueliang 445 0.43 521 275 246 412 40% Caoshi 1297 0.78 918 485 433 483 28.9% Chenshi 2174 1.06 1211 629 582 514 25% Huangni 707 0.51 608 291 317 391 28.5% Zhongdu 0 0 671 27.8% Baota 625 0.26 390 217 173 1895 79% Total 8467 0.45 6904 3704 3200 6247 33.2% Note: For county institutions and enterprises, no household figure is available. Source: Shimen PMO.
In the project protected area, among total beneficiaries, 6247 persons are ethnic minorities, accounting for 33.2%. Minority people of Baota residential committee exceed 50%. The dominant minority groups are Tujia, which makes up 99.4% of the total minority populations in the PPA. These minority persons are entitled with the same rights to education and employment as Han people and have not obvious difference in their economic conditions and income levels. Table 3-7 provides composition of ethnic background among communities in PPA. During the field assessments, a number of participatory assessment sessions, consultations, discussions and interviews were held with the minority population in the PA. These included staff of project PMO, county minority affairs bureau, poverty alleviation office, urban and rural residents, poorest of the poor, entrepreneurs, traders and sellers in the selected communities. Because of the frequent floods and serious impacts, during consultation, the different stakeholders all expressed their strong support toward the project. All of them marked the flood control project as the first priority followed with more income generation opportunities, better local road within the community, better access to credit, better education conditions and lowering education fee, and better health care service.
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Table III-7: Ethnic Profile in the Project Protected Areas for Shimen Subproject
Ethnic Minorities Residential Population Total Committees/ Han of Ethnic Population Villages Minorities Tujia Yao Mongolian
Yanjiaba 1644 1220 424 424 0 0 Xinchang 1218 916 303 303 0 0 Yonggu 1875 1446 429 429 0 0 Liujiaping 1749 1382 367 367 0 0 Tiangong 1368 1010 358 358 0 0 Yueliang 1030 618 412 412 0 0 Caoshi 1669 1186 483 483 0 0 Chenshi 2053 1593 514 514 0 0 Huangni 1374 983 391 391 0 0 Zhongdu 2410 1739 671 671 0 0 Baota 2398 503 1895 1895 0 0 Total 18788 12541 6247 6247 0 0 Percent 100.0 66.8 33.2 Source: Shimen Subproject PMO and field survey.
F. Ethnic Groups and Their Distribution
1. Tujia The Tujia people live predominantly in (i) western and northwestern Hunan4; (ii) southwestern Hubei5; (iii) eastern Chongqing. In the project area the Tujia is the largest minority group making up 99.7% of the total minority population in Shimen. This ethnic minority group was highly assimilated to Han in many aspects. Distinctions between the Tuija and Han are considered to be very slight although in more remote areas there is a greater maintenance of Tuija cultural and social identity than in most of the more readily accessible townships. The Tujia people in western Hunan have resided since the year 910 or so. The origin of Tujia people has been associated with one of the following three versions: (i) they are descendants of the ancient Ba people; (ii) they moved to western Hunan from Guizhou Province; and (iii) they moved from Jiangxi Province towards the end of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Most of local legends, as discovered during the PPTA field surveys, support the third origin. The Tuija cannot be readily identified as an indigenous group in the context that they descended from population groups in the area before the imperial Chinese state was created.
4 Mainly in the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture and the Zhangjiajie Municipality 5 Mainly in the Ensi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
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Tujia nationality has itself language and most of them can speak Chinese. Currently, only do few compact communities keep Tujia Language. It has no itself characters and Chinese Language is common in Tujia nationality. It worships ancestors and believe multi gods. 2. Other Minorities
Over 10 other ethnic minorities, including Yao, Mongolian, Miao and Uigur, are present in PA. These minorities account for less than 0.6% of the total minority population and they are mostly individual households who are settled in urban centers. None of these minorities are native to the project area. G. Socioeconomic Characteristics of Minority Communities
For the Shimen County, because each township and village are dominated by minorities in population, the whole socioeconomic features in these communities present a minority characteristic. However, within PPA, the ethnic minority only makes up 33.2%, so the whole socioeconomic feature has no difference comparing with other cities. There are some specific characteristics relevant to Tujia minorities:
Although Tujia people have their own languages, most of the Tujia people can speak fluent mandarin Chinese, especially the younger generation and those living in towns. Only a few remote compact communities still remain the Tujia language, but they can also understand and speak mandarin Chinese..
Among these ethnic minorities, there are wide spread practice of inter-marriages between the Tujia and Han. For example, among sample households, one third of them are mixed families. These ethnic groups have been living in harmony for many years. They share similar believes in various kinds of nature gods. Therefore, the identities of ethnic background are quite weak among them. People could only identify their ethnic background through their surnames instead of distinctive language and living style. According to the interview with officials from the county poverty alleviation office and ethnic affairs bureau, Both Tujia and Han have similar economic activities (agriculture and livestock) and demonstrate similar levels of income and economic development. In other words, the level of economic development in different communities is more attributed to different natural environment and infrastructural conditions (such as high elevation, poor access, limited irrigation, and poor soil condition) than the difference of ethnic background, since majority of population are ethnic minorities. The results of sample household survey in the project protected area also confirmed such fact. Table 3-8 presents the socioeconomic characteristics of the sample households in the PPA and the rural sample households in the county. As one can tell, there is no significant difference in terms of income and social economic conditions between Han families and minority families in the project protected area. In fact, the income per capita and education levels among the minority households seem to be higher than that of the Hans. The Han families seem to have larger housing space, more farmland and higher non-farm incomes than that of minority families. On the other hand, the difference between the sample households in PPA and the county average is much greater, which is reflected in most aspects, such as education, income level, living condition, and non-farm income activities.
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Table III-8: Socioeconomic Characteristics of Minorities and Han in PPA Rural Average Category Han Minorities Indicator Unit In Shimen County (8 sample HHs)1 (6 sample HHs)1 * General Average HH Size Persons 2.5 3.7 2.97 Per capita annual income CNY 2475 2560 2458.89
Adult(median) Illiteracy 9% 2% 13.2% Primary school graduate % 38.2% 48% 51.7% Education Middle school graduate 31.2% 25% 28.6% High school graduate 15.6% 25% 6.5% Above high school 6% 0% 0.0% Cultivated land per person Mu 0.36 0.33 0.84 Grain Production per Person Kg 179 164 418 Agriculture Housing spaces per personj M2 49.85 48.74 21.7 Agricultural Inputs per person CNY 1136 1475 2746 Agriculture 2 (19.3%) 6 (22.5%) 66720 (49.8)% 28537 (21.3%) Income Animal Husbandry 1 (8.7%) 7 (26.8%) HHs (%) Source Non-Farm (by being employed 38719 (28.9%) for construction, factories, 9 (72.0%) housekeeping, restaurants, etc.) 12 (50.7%) Farm vehicle 17% 20% n.a. Motorcycles 33% 24% n.a. Assets Air Conditions % 33% 56% n.a. Color TV 83% 100% n.a. Mobile Phone 42% 48% n.a.
1 The samples were selected from common residents excluding government officials at random.
Poverty: In Shimen County, there is considerate rural poverty with 11,500 persons with per capita annual income below CNY 900, which accounts for 30.4% of the total rural population. Out of this, the population of rural extreme poor with per capita income below CNY 627 in Shimen County is 26,000 persons (accounting for 22.6%), of which the number of ethnic minority people is 4830 accounting for 42% of the total rural extreme poor population. Relatively speaking, the urban poverty population occurring rate is 12.8％, which is lower than rural poverty population occurrig rate (the urban poverty line is the income per month per capita less than CNY 200 and the income per capita is CNY 2400). Income: In Shimen County, the average per capita income among rural population in 2004 was CNY 1,887. About 35% of the income came from non-farm sources. In PPA, the average annual income in the project protected areas was CNY 2170, which is 13% higher than the county average. The better infrastructure and easy access to non-farm based income activities in urban residential committees might explain such difference, which was confirmed from surveyed sample households in PPA. Among 14 sample households, per capita income was CNY 3,500, with 72.5% of income coming from non-farm sources. Among the sample survey,
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most of the families belong to inter-marriage families, so it is difficult to distinguish the per capita income of minority and Han families. Education: Based on sampling (to see tab 3-9), in PPA, there are basically no difference in the aspect of educational background between Han household and ethnic minority household. For example, the illiterate rate of ethnic minority household is 2% and the illiterate rate of Han household is 9%. The senior middle school education rate of Han household (13.7%) is higher than the one （6.8%) in ethnic minority. However, if comparing with the educational condition of village population in Shimen County, these differences are not obvious. In other words, the educational level of PPA Han and ethnic minority is better, comparing with the total county average level. For example, the illiterate rate of this county is 13.2%, which is far higher than PPA population （5.9%）. The senior middle school education or above rate of PPA is 42.5% which is 6.5 times of this county. Agriculture: Because most village population takes plantation as their main income source, effective irrigation is an important index for farmland production. In 2004, there are 580,374 mu farmland in Shimen County, including 405,206 mu, accounting for 70% of the total. In Chujiang Town, there are 15102 mu cultivated land, about 2.6% of the whole county. Among them, there are 6161 mu of irrigated farmland, accounting for 41% of the total. In project protected areas, there are about 8467 mu cultivated land, accounting for 1.5% of the total farmland in the whole county. STIs/HIV/AIDS Transmission: Based on the investigation, currently, there are totally 36 AIDS carriers and AIDS patients in Shimen County, of which, 23 died. Shimen County has currently been listed as one of the 51 AIDS prevention exemplary counties in China and STIs/HIV/AIDS has effectively been controlled and prevented. The construction of the flood control will bring around large number of construction workers to the project area, though most farmer labors come from nearby villages, and these workers will unavoidably interact with local minority population. Therefore there would be increased risk of exposure to HIV/AIDS and STIs for minority population. Gender Aspects: China is committed to gender equality and women and men have enjoyed an equal status by law. Female participation in agricultural activity is high in China, as it is in many parts of the world. The PPA total population is 18788 persons, of which, male 8954 persons and female 9834 persons. The ratio of male to female is 91：100 and the total labor power is 8244 persons，of which, female 3770 persons. From the view of County Women‟s Federation, the precedent development requirements for local women are to upgrade quality and skills training. The junior middle school is the relatively common educational background for labor, and the difference between female and male is not large. However, the difference in special income earning skills is large. Woman is mainly doing small commercials, retail and house-working, etc.. The non-agriculture activity which is done by village woman who is going out of village is mainly engaging in such third industry as houseworking, commercials and beauty treatment. In the aspect of non-agricultural production activities, the woman of both Han and ethnic minority is the same. Because the male is stronger than female, in case of flooding, the woman, children and elderly people will be moved out firstly and woman is generally staying at home, but male will go to dyke to do flood control works. The characteristics on family affairs for female and male are related to the respective division of labor, the houseworks will be determined by woman, and production activities will be determined by male. Important things, such as children‟s education, children‟s marriage and house building, will be determined by both of them. In community affairs, owing that the male leader of community occupying more than 70%, the male policy making will take the dominant factor. In
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general, the gender influence of this project is neutral, and the benefited degree of female is about equal to the male, and there are no large negative influences. H. On Going Minority Development Programs
Because most population in Shimen County is the ethnic minority population, this county has itself overall planning and industry development plan to support ethnic minority development in order to obtain some additional supports to its ethnic minority population. The sector development plans include:
poverty reduction and development plan agricultural and forestry development plan; industrial development plan; women‟s development plan; children‟s development plan; educational development plan; transport development plan; public health development plan; and others. These plans are often linked with various programs, e.g., land conversion program is linked with forestry development plan and food for work program in linked with poverty development plan. Budgets for implementing these plans, as well as for other activities, are pre-determined and specified. In other words, there is hardly any flexible money available for additional activities imposed by such project like this ADB road development project. In addition to the sector development programs, there are specific minority development programs in the project counties that are administrated by Shimen Ethnic Minority Affairs Bureau. The programs are formulated based on the needs of each county through bottom-up and top-down approaches. Minority development programs include the provisions of providing social infrastructures (primary/secondary school, health clinic, housing upgrading, and recreation facilities), economic infrastructures improvement (rural road, water supply and electricity connection), and capacity building (training on farming, and training on income-generating activities with microfinance). The minority development programs often join hands with poverty reduction programs. As only one county whose ethnic minority population takes the dominant factor in Changde City, Shimen County has obtained specific minority development oriented support for all sectors from higher-level governments. In addition, the minority affairs sector itself, had also independently implemented a number of development programs. In 2004, Shimen County obtained RMB 0.20 million yuan of central financial fund, and its target community is village ethnic minority poverty population, and the fund will be used for their social development and economic development. The social development project mainly includes road construction and school construction, etc. The economic development mainly includes tea garden construction, vegetable base construction and orange innovation, etc.. The above projects all have achieved obvious effectives.
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Table 3-10: Ethnic Minority Development Programs in Shimen County (2001-2007) Programs Sponsor Agencies Investment (Yuan) Implementatio n Agencies Population Development Activities National Grant CNY 500,000 per year SMAB Rural infrastructure – electricity, road, and National Grant CNY 500,000 per year SMAB water Food and Clothing for Minority Villages National Grant CNY 500,000 per year SMAB Minority Children Education Support Provincial Grant CNY 200,000 per year SMAB Minority Medical Treatment Assistance Provincial Grant CNY 150,000 year SMAB Rural Education Support Hong Kong NGO CNY 150,000 SMAB Rural population, medical treatment, irrigation Trust capital from CNY 1,000,000 SMAB and religion Finland Total CNY 1.85 million Source: Shimen Minority Affairs Bureau (SMAB).
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IV. PROJECT IMPACTS ON MINORITIES
A. Past Flood Impact
Owing that rain drop is unevenly distributed within a year, and most concentrated in April-June, and storm strength is relatively large, easily resulting in mountain torrents happening, the floods has frequently occurred in Shimen County, and there are partial water flood to be occurred every year. The recent 20 year disaster statistics data analysis in Shimen shows: the flood and inundation disaster is the main natural disasters in this county, and occurs frequently. In recent years, there is the tendency of worsening. From 1996 to 2003, the direct economic lose in Shimen county seat which triggered by Lishui flood is more than 0.2 billion RMB yuan for each time. Tab 4-1 is the flood loss statistics within 1980 -2003. Table 4-1: Historical Flood Disasters in Shimen County (1980-2003)
Year Affected Area（km2） Affected Population Collapsed Houses Direct economic loss (CNY 104) 1980 17.28 33408 642 627 1981 10.54 8268 265 1982 11.27 9150 227 314 1983 15.07 10016 750 1984 5.80 8447 90 1985 6.74 7304 89 1986 7.67 8696 149 1987 7.47 7482 118 1988 13.87 9346 52 778 1989 18.41 11034 75 656 1990 8.94 10092 145 1991 34.88 37200 756 917 1992 14.81 9964 63 599 1993 20.54 10909 84 620 1996 23.35 39500 572 21530 1998 21.34 51800 2900 62000 2003 30.02 70000 2200 25000 Note: Economic loss is calculated according to 2000 price level. The number of floods and the flooding depth are simple, but the experience brought to each person by the flood disaster is actual and real. Table 4-2 presents the understanding and experience of different groups towards flood disaster.
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Table 4-2: Description of Flood Impacts by Different Groups in Project Area Groups Actual Flood Impacts to the Communities Big floods occurred in 1934,1954,1964,1996, 1998 and 2003, small floods occur nearly every year. The recovery for poverty household is the most difficult one, owing to be lack of fund. To inundate houses, jam up traffic, destroy city infrastructures. To cause water, Urban residents electricity, and factory and enterprises to be stopped. Large flood will threaten the life and property of masses. We are all hoping to construct the flood control dike. Our houses and the road destroyed almost every 3 years. After floods, mud in every place of city. Nearly every several year interval, the flood will occur in the village. The small flood only sluices away the riverside farmlands; the big flood will submerge houses. Once the flood occurs, fish pond and vegetable land will be submerged, and house and water conservancy facilities will be damaged, and production and life will be very difficult. Vegetable growers Several extremely serious floods have been happened in current years. After flood, grain production reduced and catastrophic flood may cause null harvest. After flood, life is inconvenient for a period of time. Roads are also damaged, must be repaired by villagers several times. Water drainage is quite difficult, therefore causing production reduction.
The most worrying thing is the floods in Lishui, because it is related to the life and property safety of people. The most worrying thing is the floods, outer flood and inner waterlogged. The Cadres of villages or peasant will make his living by paddy filed. If farmland and houses are damaged, his residential committees life will have nothing to support, especially, the poverty family is the worst. The influence scope of disasters of flood and waterlog is large. Its recovery is difficult and the inner waterlog is difficult to discharge. Small business persons Mainly suffering from cargo loss. Business in flood period will be affected, goods inventory and sale are all affected. Water enters into houses. The traffic is influenced.
The water and electricity are stopped and no way to do business. Shuangjia Agriculture To impact production. and Husbandry The small chicken can not be produced normally and the shortage of delivery of Company fodder is happening. One flood inundation will lose one million RMB yuan, and cause at least three month production stoppage. Sources: Field visit and small group discussions.
Among the poor people in PPA, frequent flood is one important factor for causing such poverty. According to the estimate made by Shimen Poverty Alleviation and Development Office, about 40 percent of rural poor were caused by 1998 flood. If there were no flood in those communities, the poverty incidence would be much lower. Such impact by the flood is reflected in the following aspects:
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Frequent flood would result in loss of living and production assets. The replacement of such assets will increase the family financial burden and keep them from improving their current poverty status.
The flood would also cause reduction of output and loss of revenues for affected enterprises due to interruption of their normal production for emergency activities, and damage of their production equipments, which would lead to lower income among affected employees.
The farmland within the protected areas, particularly relatively high yield vegetable land is frequently flooded, which will damage the crops, wash away top soil, and damage related facilities, which will result in lower income among local farmers and keep them in poverty conditions.
For the vulnerable people living in the dilapidated houses, the flood will pose continuous life threat and increase their anxiety, which need to give more attention.
Frequent floods impacts the confidence of enterprises and peasants to enlarge production input, because they are worrying about the much bigger lose after the coming of floods. Thus, the income of enterprise staff and peasants is indirectly impacted.
B. Project Benefits for Different Beneficiaries
The proposed Shimen Flood Control Subproject will benefit all people in PPA, which include urban and rural, male and female residents, industrial managers, staff of the enterprises and institutions, local government officials and small shop owners. Majority of project beneficiaries are ethnic minorities. The Project will produce social benefits for them in the flood-prone area by reducing the risks to personal safety, livelihood, and assets. For rural and urban residents, reducing of flood damages to their crop, houses and assets mean more savings and higher income in future. Community interviews strongly suggested that the residents forgo investment in higher income activities such as greenhouse, livestock production and house improvements for fear of the potential loss during floods. Frequent house reconstruction after flood drains their capacity to accumulate financial resources. Removal of the flood danger from the protected areas will create a safer environment for both urban and rural residents so that they could sleep better during the wet season, and worry less about the safety of their family members and security of their limited physical assets. The participation in the Project construction by unskilled labours will directly increase their cash income, which could help them build their savings and improve the poverty conditions. The poorer residents will benefit through increased security provided by the Project which will mitigate the floods and assist the local government financial capacity. Confidence that public infrastructure investment will be more secure will support more investment in these locations. The improved business environment will encourage urban development, during which both local communities and urban residents will significantly benefit. For business and enterprises, the improved flood protection mean the reduction of potential damages and interruptions caused by floods, which will result in higher profits for the companies, more wages for the employees and more tax revenues for local governments. For many state owned enterprises with large land areas, better protection will have more chance to attract outside investment, so jobs can become more secure and the business can expand, thus leading to more employment.
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In addition to economic benefit, group discussion among stakeholders also identified a range of non-economic benefits by the Project, which include: (1) a better urban environment along the river front with improved drainage and removed garbage; (2) improved transport and access for local residents; (3) created a safer environment for local residents, particularly for children and elderly; and (4) enhance non-farm employment capacity through participating in Project construction, and job skill trainings for affected communities. Even for those people outside the PPA, reduction of flood impacts in the county town mean less interruption of market activities, and less interruption of government programs and services, which are critical for most rural poor. The project itself is an ethnic minority people‟s development project because it will direct provide flood protection to the political, economic and commercial center of Shimen County. According to the social and poverty assessment, there are 5294 households and 18,788 persons, who will be direct beneficiaries of the proposed project. Among them, 6247 persons or 33.2% are Miao people.
During the survey, small group discussions were held among men and women in the selected communities. Based on their own experience, different group individuals identified various benefits to be brought to the minorities, which is presented in Table 4-3.
Table 4-3: Positive Impacts of the Flood Control project Groups Positive impacts to be brought by Shimen flood control subproject
To guarantee the life and property safety Prolonged house and furniture life. Protect normal life order.
Promote city infrastructure construction. Urban women In the low place of county seat, the ground surface will be flooded once storm is daily happening.
Advantageous to wealth accumulation and development without worry, do good housing construction. To increase employment opportunity.
Advantageous to trade and investment invitation, and economic development. Urban residents (male) Can live along riverside free from anxiety. Reduced flood-fighting duty.
The most worrying thing is the floods in Lishui, because it is related to the life and property safety of people. Reduce flood prevention and flood-fighting works volume. Cadres of residential Improve the environmental sanitation condition along the river. commitees Save expenditure for epidemic prevention. Promote trade and investment invitation. · Improve water sewage system.
Protect vegetable plot and vegetables. Male vegetable To enlarge production input growers Improve sanitation. Promote traffic improvement.
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Protect properties such as houses, furniture, and electric appliances. Female vegetable Reduced skin disease. growers Improve environment and transportation.
More convenient to wash in riverside. Reduce cargo loss. Small business Improve environmental sanitation. persons Attract investment, promote economic development. Business may not be impacted by floods. Enterprise The construction of flood control dyke and coordinated faShimenty make people have a (Shuangjia good environment for living and working. More business and fund can be obtained, and Agriculture and guarantee the normal production and development of enterprises. Husbandry Land value is increased. Company) To attract foreign fund. Sources: Field visit and small group discussions.
Based on discussions with various stakeholders, it seems that the following short term and long term economic impacts could be expected from the Project: Short term economic and development impact: Employment during construction. About 16,000 15working day non-technical labors (the term of employment will be more than 4 years), and the payment is about 12.20 million RMB yuan. At least 80% labor and 9.70 million RMB yuan payment will be given to ethnic minority population. Commercial activities during the construction. These will include groceries, provision of food and accommodation services. Provision of construction materials. Contractors will only locally purchase the bulky and yet cheaper materials of stone and earth for civil works. This could enable some minority people, where the expressway crosses, to engage in excavation and transportation of stone sand earth. Mid-term and long-term (after construction period) potential indirect economic impacts include: Increased agricultural production and productivity through reducing flood damages and increasing farming input, such as building greenhouse vegetable, and making crop structure adjustment, as well as income skill training under both minority development and resettlement programs Increased non-farm economic activities by providing safe business environment, non-farm skill training, and making capital available through land compensation and employment opportunities during construction Flood work-related employment. The maintenance of completed dikes and facilities will employ some people to do regular maintenance, landscaping, cleaning, etc.
15 The evaluation carried out by PPTA consultants is calculated based on the person.day of the required non-technical laborers provided in the preliminary report of the project.
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Increased employment through increasing real estate development and commercial activities along the river front. These potential impacts are expected to benefit men and women, urban and rural, Han and minorities in PPA. Social and Poverty Analysis showed that women were conscious of the safety of family members. Also, women in the immediate impact area (area along the construction site) will receive more benefits from providing catering services and other social services to the large number of workers during construction of dikes. The long-term trends for women are very favorable, such as improved female education, enhanced cultivation techniques, greater emphasis on livestock raising in poor areas, and increasing urban migration.
C. Potential Negative Impacts of Resettlement16
During the small group discussions held in the selected communities, different groups of individuals also identified a range of potential negative impacts to be brought by the proposed subproject based on their own interests. Among them, the land acquisition, demolition of houses and relocation of population were considered the major negative impacts by the project. According to the detailed impact survey, the construction of the flood control project will acquire a total of 18.61 ha land areas. About 61.55% are farmland, including paddy fields (1.25%), dry land (46.25%) and commercial vegetable plot (14.05%). The remaining land areas are orchards, ponds, forest land, timberland, rural residential land, wasteland and state-owned land, which account for 38.45% of the total land area. The temporary land acquisition will occupy a land of 29.62ha. According to the cultivated land per capita in the affected villages, the land acquisition will directly affect 281 households of 829 persons, among which 92 households with 284 persons will be affected by temporary land acquisition. In the project affected area, 298 persons are in need of being resettled. In average, each affected person would lose about 0.021ha farmland, namely 46.38% of their existing land. Along with land acquisition, a total of 23,135 square meters of residential houses would be demolished, will cause relocation of 148 households and 464 individuals. Of which, about 75.63% of houses are brick-concrete or brick-wood structures and brick-concrete structures account for 55.66% of the total area of demolished houses. The resettlement will provide a good opportunity for improving the living conditions of resettlers. And most of the resettlers will be removed to a place not far away from the original village. Although the amount of land acquisition and demolition is not significant, for affected individuals and communities, the impact could be quite significant. For example, on one hand, the project dismantling will involve 12924 current rural populations of 12 villages, and cultivated land of 8928 mu, and per capita cultivated land occupation of 0.69 mu. The project will press and occupy cultivated land of 171.8 mu, and per capita cultivated land occupation of 0.68 mu after pressing and occupying. The per capita cultivated land has been reduced by 0.01 mu. On the other hand, most impacted villagers are not longer relying on agriculture as their main income source. Based on the selected household investigation, only 18% income comes from plantation industry. So, through compensation fund input and farmland adjustment, the soil fertility can be improved. The rest cultivated land yield and production value can be raised by adjusting the cultivation system, and by
16 This part is compiled based on the draft of Shimen County Subproject Resettlement Plan – Appendix XX.
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building inter farmland water conservancy facilities, etc. At the same time, the investment will go to animal husbandry and large shed vegetables and other income increasing activities. Each impacted person will be able to recover his income to the level before. According to the investigation, the population of ethnic minorities account for 22.89% of the total population and all of them are Tujia people. Based on the household conditions, the proportion ethnic minority people take up is large. Most of them have lived here for generations and some of them migrate here by means of marriage. Ethnic people have been living harmoniously with Han people for so long a time and their relation is good. As regard to the production struction of the ethnic families, they mainly do business and work outside. And major income of the agricultural population also does not depend on the land, but representing a multi-directional structure. All ethnic minorities enjoy equal rights with Han nationality in many aspects such as land distribution, politics and children’s learning. In addition, in some other aspects (taxation etc.), the ethnic minority people also enjoy preferential policies, which the Han people can not. Following the ADB requirements, draft resettlement plan has been prepared by PMO with assistance from the design institute. The proposed compensation standards are in line with the PRC Land Administration Law, Large and Medium-Sized Hydro and Power Project Land Acquisition Compensation and Resettlement Regulations, Urban Houses Demolition Administrative Regulations (1998) and the ADB‟s Policy on Involuntary Resettlement, particularly the Hunan Provincial Implementation Decree adopted in 2000, which stipulates the regulations for land compensation, resettlement subsidies, young crop compensation, house compensation and other measures to carry out resettlement. According to the policy, the total compensation (land compensation, resettlement subsidy and young crop) will be set at CNY13500 per mu for irrigated farmland; CNY9450 per mu for dry land, CNY13500 per mu for pond, CNY 10989 per mu for rural residential land and CNY 1025 yuan per mu for waste land. For structures to be demolished, replacement value will be provided to the affected households based on compensation rates adopted in the local government, which range from CNY 340 per square meter to CNY 420/m2 for brick-concrete structure, and from CNY 270 per square meter to CNY 330/m2 for brick-wood structure. And the compensation for simple structures is CNY 80 per square meter. In terms of rehabilitation for house demolition, for affected urbanl households, they will be provided with two options. One is to provide with replacement housing in nearby location completed with infrastructure and modern facilities; the other is to provide with compensation. There will be no reduction in house compensation for depreciation, and people will be allowed to salvage materials from their old houses. For land loss farmers, the economic rehabilitation will be carried out with a combination of land readjustment, developing greenhouse vegetable and animal husbandry. The HPWR and Shimen PMO will ensure that the resettlement entitlements are provided to the people affected prior to the ground leveling and demolition commencement. Land compensation and resettlement subsidy will be paid to the affected village collectives. Housing compensation and compensation for young crops and other assets will be provided directly to people losing those assets. Compensation for infrastructure such as electrical and communication fixtures will be paid to the concerned government departments for restoration. However, since the RP has not yet been disclosed to the local communities and affected people, most people interviewed did not have clear idea about the potential land acquisition and resettlement impact to be brought by the Project. They express some concerns with regard to compensation policies and potential negative impacts. It seems that during next stage of resettlement planning more meaningful participation should be
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organized with affected communities and individuals, and more disclosure should be carried out in order to improve basic understanding of the resettlement preparation for the Project and address concerns raised by the project affected people. This project will not bring about additional negative impacts to ethnic minority which is an independent group. The additional measures have been planned at the next stage, in order to enhance the advantages to ethnic minority which is brought about by this project. The project implementation will produce a certain impact on socio-economic factor: 1). Within the project affected area, infrastructure conditions are good and local farmers have a lot of opportunities in non-farm employment, such as daily labor and small business. Most those surplus labor forces have moved into the second and tertiary industry or individual business, gradually moving out of reliance in the land. According to the investigation, in the project affected area, there were 6904 employed labor forces, including 2458 non-agricultural population of industry, building construction, traffic, wholesale and retail, accounting for 35.6% of the rural labor forces. Analysis from the incomes structure, the annual total income per household of the affected households in 2004 was RMB 8360 yuan, including RMB 3500 yuan for the agricultural incomes. The investigation shows that in spite of the land loss, the local farmers will suffer the decrease of agricultural incomes, however, due to the small proportion for plantation in the total incomes, they will have little impacts on their production and living. 2). For farmers with land plantation as their main livelihood resources, the land loss will result in the loss of complete or partial means of production, however, as the project is linearly distributed along the Lishui River, the land acquisition of the project will result in not big influence on the agricultural production of resettlers. For 12 affected village group, all of them would lose less than 1.9% of their land holding. However every affected person will lose about 46.38% of their land holding. According to the on-spot investigation, most affected farmers would have limited impacts due to land acquisition. For such impact, it is planned that local farmland adjustment will be adopted as basic rehabilitation strategy, which will not impact the traditional production mode and livelihood of the affected persons, and can restore, or even develop their living standard within short period of time; the cash compensation can be adopted, which will be paid directly to the affected farmers to be used to undertake other agricultural activities to create revenues (such as adjusting plantation structure and developing greenhouse vegetables) or other non-agricultural activities to create revenues (such as development of livestock breeding). These activities will increase their incomes and mitigate acquisition impacts so that their income and livelihood could be restored and improved after land acquisition. 3). For relocated households, the process of moving and decorating new houses will consume certain manpower and material resources for the affected households, which need to be considered by the project sponsors. The PMO will, according to the relevant policies, make compensation to their loss of moving and traffic costs, on site infrastructure costs for the new housing plots, and necessary transfer allowance during relocation and rehabilitation. In addition, the PMO and the local village committees will provide necessary assistance in the process. Therefore, the impacts from the project will be reduced to the minimum. 4). For the relocated enterprises and institutions, relocation needs a period of time or a certain procedure to identify new spaces, which will affect normal operation for a period of time and will result in the loss of operation incomes for them. According to the investigation findings, one affected enterprise or institution has the auxiliary administrative houses and production houses occupied, so their production and operation have
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not big impacts. Furthermore, they can obtain the relocation subsidies, the compensation for shutdown loss during relocation and reconstruction period and for production equipment, and the assistance of the local government and relevant departments, and so their normal production and operation shall be recovered or developed within the short time. The project construction will bring certain influence on the residents and businesses within the project area, but the impact is little and after completion of the project, it will create favorable conditions for further development of Baojing County, and facilitate the sustainable quick increase in economy. Apart from land acquisition and resettlement, the project is not expected to have adverse impacts on minorities as a separate group. Additional measures are outlined in the next section to minimize any adverse affects resulting from development and economic growth and to enhance project benefits to minority people.
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D. Expectations and Concerns
1) Investigation on relocatees‟ willingness and attitudes Through a series of public evaluation meeting, and after collecting ideas from impacted ethnic minority community, discussion and interviews, their general feeling to this project is positive, especially the convenience of transportation. They wish the basic infrastructures to be developed, such as medical clinics, primary and middle school, power, power supply, etc.. These will be implemented according to the plan by Poverty Relief Office and Ethnic Affairs Bureau. They also express their requirements in accepting training in the aspect of agriculture such as economic crops and in providing income increasing opportunity such as peasant worker who engaging in construction of expressways or local roads, and engaging in small business around the construction campsite or within villages. All the groups interviewed expressed their earnest desire to carry out the flood control project as soon as possible, and to build a wide embankment so to play multiple functions of the proposed project. The main comments and suggestions from the stakeholders include:
To build a wider and higher dam , and open traffic. To start construction as soon as possible.
To provide compensation and employment information as soon as possible as for the potential impacts brought by resettlement. To provide job opportunies during the construction period.
To provide micro-credit. Villagers and urban residents provide their selection and sequenece for the development requirements. Each group listed 5 choices with priority, of which: 4 groups listed this project as their first choice, and providing more income opportunies as the second priority, more convenient community traffic as the third priority, more convenient credit conditions as the fourth one, and better education conditions, lower education fees and better helth care services in succession.
E. Poverty Reduction Measurement
Rural poverty is the major poverty problem of Shimen County. There are 81,700 persons under the poverty line. Among them, 8,700 persons are extremely poor with per capita income below CNY 627, accounting for 10.9% of the total rural poor population in Shimen County. Most of the poverty people are located mountainous regions with limited farmland, harsh natural conditions, and poor accessibility. Some of the rural poverty is caused by frequent flooding since part of Shimen is located in one of heavy rainstorm areas in Hunan Province. However, since the project protected area covers mainly urban area, the majority of poverty persons in PPA are urban poor living below the minimum living safety line. There are only 9352 rural poor in PPA, accounting for 20% of total rural poor persons in Shimen County. The main cause of rural poor in PPA is limited of farmland due to urban expansion, frequent flood and lack of non-farm employment opportunities. Most these rural poor in PPA are vulnerable people who lack of labor or disabled. For the Shimen County, since rural poverty is relatively significant with10.5% and since it is one of provincial key poverty counties, there is on-going poverty alleviation effort funded by both central and provincial governments.
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Under the leadership of Shimen Poverty Alleviation Office, there were about CNY8.77 million poverty alleviation funds allocated to Shimen County each year for poverty reduction efforts, with CNY 5.54 million as poverty reduction grant and CNY 3.23 million as work -relief program. About 70 % of these funds were used for improving basic infrastructure, promoting economic development, and conducting technical training among key poverty villages. The funded activities include village roads, drinking water, school building repairs, irrigation facilities, as well as introduction of various cash crops and technical trainings on planting, animal husbandry, and non-farm skills. Because of such efforts, the poverty population has been reduced steadily in the past 22 decades. The extremely poor population – people who lack basic food and clothing was reduced by 98,708 persons between 1986 and 2007. The share of extreme poor people was reduced from 42.3% in 1986 to only 4.2% in 2007. Table 0- indicates such sharp decline during this period. Table 0-7: Change of Poverty Incidents in Shimen between 1986 and 2007 Year Extreme Poor Percent of Total Rural Poverty Percent of Total Rural Population Rural Population 1986 226.685 42.3% n.a. n.a. 1993 91.103 17.0% n.a. n.a. 2003 48.231 9.0% 140,941 26.3% 2004 38.584 7.2% 116.826 21.8% 2005 31.618 5.9% 99,141 18.5% 2006 28.402 5.3% 63,236 11.8% 2007 22.507 4.2% 47,695 8.9% For urban poor in Shimen, including those urban poor in project protected area (PPA), the main approach of poverty reduction is to deliver Minimum Living Allowance (MLA) so that their average monthly income could reach urban minimum living safety line. The process of identifying those who are under the poverty line is increasing transparent. It begins with application by the poor people, reviewed by local communities and disclosed in public three times for comment before finally adopted by local civil affairs bureau. According to estimate by Shimen Civil Affairs Bureau, in 2007, there were 5,800 persons in Shimen County are provided with living allowance subsidy, with a total of CNY 3.20 million, averaging Y552 per person per year. Among the urban poor, losing regular jobs from state owned enterprises is one main factor. Based on the statistics of Shimen Civil Affairs Bureau, 75% of persons who apply for the minium living guarantee were from the state-owned or collectively-owned enterprises. In order to address such problem, measures like providing re-employment trainings and various public service positions, such as road cleaning, security guards, traffic assistants, and so on. For those positions, more attentions are given to the aged unemployed workers with less education or skills. Other measures such as reducing education fee for their school age children are also adopted by relevant district agencies and implemented by officials from town government. The strength of poverty alleviation effort in China lies in its effective administrative structure and dedicated staff. It was reflected during the process of flood protection and disaster relief activities. When flood was coming, staffs from town and residential committee (village) were responsible to help those vulnerable peoples move to safer places, collect and distribute relief goods, and assist them throughout rehabilitation efforts. The construction of the proposed project will (1) effectively enhance the capacity of flood control by the local communities, and reduce the loss from the flood, so to promote the production and income of the poor; (2) provide employment opportunity for those with no specific skills, especially the poor during the construction;
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and (3) promote the development of the urban areas, increase opportunity of employment so to reduce the poverty population.
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V. ACTION PLAN
A. Specific Measures/Activities
Tables 5-1, 5-2, and 5-3 present the proposed measures, targets, budget and implementation timing. The proposed measures consist of the following three categories: Measures to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts Measures to enhance positive impacts Measures to ensure project benefits accrue to affected minority populations in a preferential or in an equitable manner The scale and scope of the proposed measures are subject to modification from time to time depending on the finalization of project design and various other factors.
1. Mitigation Measures
Construction-related Disturbances. The proposed flood control works and their related facilities will directly affect 9 minority villages in Liyuan Town. Some disturbances might occur during project implementation. The total minority population affected by construction noises and other hazards from these residential committees or villages will be about 6294. The environmental impact assessment considers and addresses some, if not all of these potential health hazards identified. For instance, nighttime construction is prohibited thereby mitigating the issue of excessive noise for people living close to the expressway construction sites. The construction of crossings will address the concerns of road safety. The restoration of damaged irrigation and drainage systems will preserve surface water sources of local people from pollution caused by construction. HIV/AIDS and STIs Awareness and Prevention: Based on investigation, there are 36 AIDS carriers and AIDS patients, of which, 23 died. As one of 51 AIDS exemplary counties of all China,, the Shimen County CDCs (Centre for Disease Control), in accordance with the PRC Law on Prevention and Treatment of Epidemic Disease, will take measures to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STIs. The Project Office and the contractors will support CDCs to take prevention measures for workers and local communities during construction and to transport operators and truck drivers during operation of project facilities such as establishment of health clinic at construction camps, HIV/AIDS and STIs prevention posters, HIV/AIDS and STIs education programs, and implementation of international anti-AIDS programs. Gender Equality. In order to ensure the fair distribution of the project benefit to the women, women‟s participation in terms of decision making will be secured in accordance with government laws and regulations during the implementation of Ethnic Minority Action Plan. The Women‟s Federation, which has a mandate to advocate women and children rights, and disseminate information of livelihoods improvement through newsletter and regular group meeting, will extend their activities in the project affected area as a part of their regular activities. Resettlement. Local governments will support the development of social infrastructure and local markets, and have incorporated those into local development plans. For new house construction, local customs, agricultural
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requirements and future development needs will be taken into consideration. House construction will be carried out according to the wishes of households so that the traditional housing styles will be preserved. A special fund will be used to provide necessary help for the vulnerable people when necessary. Vulnerable people include the elderly, disabled, household headed by women, extremely poor households, and monitory people. In addition, the people seriously affected by the land acquisition and resettlement of the Project will be offered training in agricultural techniques and non-agricultural skills according to their different situations in addition to land compensation and livelihood restoration provision. Those affected women (especially minority women) will be given priority in these training so that they can enhance skills and obtain better benefit opportunities by participating in non-agricultural activities. The resettlement organizations at all levels include staffs that are members of minority nationalities. Ethnic minorities and their representatives will be participating in resettlement, and such participation will run through the whole process of resettlement.
Table 0-1: Mitigation Actions Proposed Targets/Indicators Beneficiaries Budget (CNY 103) Timing Measures Protection of Prohibiting nighttime Including 28,659 minority To be included in EIA for 2006-2010 minority construction, restoring people from 9 residential the proposed subproject. communities damaged irrigation and committees (villages). from drainage systems construction disturbances: Control of Health clinics in Minority residents in PPA Included in the project 2006-2010 transmissible construction camps especially along the dike diseases HIV/AIDS and STIs alignment. Compulsory requirement prevention posters to contractors to take HIV/AIDS and STIs Over 2,000 construction action under the education programs workers supervision of county Implementation of the CDCs (Center for international anti-AID Disease Control) programs Zero case of HIV/AIDS in the project areas during the construction period Encourage Number of meetings Over 17,360 women from 9 Included in Government 2006-2010 women to Number of newsletters residential committees program participate in (villages). meetings and decisions Special support Special assistance to In 8 affected villages, the Included in Resettlement 2006-2007 to resettlement vulnerable people, vulnerable people account for Plan. affected people including keeping 1% of 4.9%. For total affected 60 Employment skill training the total budget of households and 472 persons, is covered by both resettlement for them there are at least 23 vulnerable Resettlement Plan and Options of rehabilitation people to be affected by the existing Government for relocated households resettlement. programs and respect to specific tradition Employment skill training by minority trainers 2. Enhancement Measures
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Micro-Credit Program. Under the coordination of county poverty reduction offices, Shimen Women Federation will provide micro-credit service to some 1,520 rural minority women in the 38 townships of Shimen County during the project implementation period. Most of them will be minority women. The average size of the loan is CNY 1000. The loan would be used for the income generating activities. Repayment period ranges from 0.5 to 4 years with annual interest rate of 5-6%. The poverty reduction offices will cover 50% of the credit‟s interest charges.
Tourism Development. County governments and their tourism agencies will take the following promotion actions for tourism development: Preparation of tourism brochures and posters to distribute and display in the rest and parking areas and bus stations. They are also to be distributed in various tourism agents in cities.The way to treat inner accumulatTo develop and popularize such traditional tourism projects as Hupingshan and Jiashansi, etc. and construct Tujia culture exhibition, and perfect tourism infrastructures. Preparation of tourism brochures and posters to distribute and display in the rest and parking areas and service stations of the expressway. They are also to be distributed in various tourism agents in cities. Introduction of the tourism resources with access map on various websites. In Oct. every year, the Shimen Orange Festival is held, and up to this year, 7 times has been held. Technical Advice and Training. As components of the resettlement plan for income recovery, county technical sectors (i.e., agricultural and forestry bureaus, labor and social security bureau) will provide special technical advices and training to the project affected farmers (men and women) on cash cropping, livestock management, and non-farm skills, as well as job introduction for migrant labors. Skill training will also be provided to enable minority people take employment opportunities from construction of flood control projects.
Tax Incentives for Minority Families. To encourage local minority people to engage in secondary and tertiary activities, the local government will provide tax incentives and special policies, such as fixed base, increasing subsidy, and special assistance, waive agricultural tax, and provide priority for the minority households to get small loans. 3. Project Benefit Measures Employment Measures. It is suggested to take the employment of local minority people as unskilled labors for the construction of the expressway as a potential contract item between Shimen PMO and contractors. The contract will specify that contractors should employ at minimum, 75% of local unskilled labors. Full wages will be paid to local people employed for the construction of the flood control components. On-the-job training will be provided for workers and special attention will be paid to the illiterate workers by PMO and contractors.
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Table 0 -2: Project Benefit Measures Proposed Actions Targets/Indicators Beneficiaries Budget (‘000 CNY) Timing Project construction days: 329,000 days Employment of minorities as unskilled labor, 80% are to be 2742 minority unskilled labors for Included in civil awarded to minority labors (4 months 2006-2009 construction of the flood works contracts population each in average) related works Contractors use 75% of local labors minimum Employment of minorities at 10 positions for 6 minority Included in project 2010 maintenance and other management, of which 60% management operating budget onwards associated activities would be minorities personnels
B. Budget and Financing Sources All measures are going to be financed by the local government or under the project. The budget for each measure is shown in Tables 5-1 and 5-2. Since project design is not finalized yet, budget for the various actions are subject to modifications in the future.
C. Implementation Arrangement Shimen PMO, through its implementing agency and the contractors, will play a leading role in implementing most of the construction-related measures previously presented. Specifically, Shimen PMO will be directly involved in construction of new dikes, improvement of existing ones, and installation of related facilities through finance provision and construction supervision.
County governments will take the leading role in implementing the supportive measures such as technical training, tourism promotion and micro-credit. These actions, routine work of local governments, will undoubtedly be implemented regardless the project. Several government agencies will be involved including minority affairs bureau, land administration bureau, poverty reduction office, forestry bureau, agricultural bureau, women‟s federation (government organized NGO), township governments, etc.
D. Consultation and Participation Plan In the subproject implementation, the local governments and village committees will work closely in coordinating actual implementation, from organizing village labors input to avoiding or mitigating potential negative impacts. The entire subproject implementation will be closely supervised. The combination of county officials and representatives of villagers to form supervision team will be effective. Based on different situation in different villages, different monitoring method could be used to ensure quality of the construction. It will be in villagers‟ own interest to ensure quality of construction since they will be part of beneficiaries when the subproject is completed.
After subproject construction, the assets require clear definition of ownership, responsibility, and funding for maintenance and operation.
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E. Grievance Procedures
(1) Possible Complaint and Problem Solving Methods
The EMDP makes overall plan for ethnic minority development scheme from the angle of the affected area of the whole project. In the implementation process, ethnic minorities‟ complaint may appear because of the change of actual situation and deviation of operation. According to experiences got from the constructing and constructed projects, the ethnic minorities‟ complaint may be the several following kinds: a) Index Problem
Because of the error in the process of surveying, statistics and computation, the occupied and removed index in kind may be missed out, without entry and wrongly entered to affect resettled ethnic minorities' benefits. When such problems happen, the affected people through village committee can report to County project Office in oral or written form. After processed by County resettlement Office, the problems should be submitted to County project Office and supervision unit. Under the leadership of County project Office, organize professional personnel to verify on the spot, sign and issue disposal opinions, ratify and register the missed out item, wrongly entered or missed out index in kind and compensate according to the standard. b) Compensation Standard
A number of resettled ethnic minorities might have concerns on the compensation could not meet rehabilitation needs due to lack clear understanding about national resettlement policies and compensation. Prior to implementation of resettlement of ethnic minorities, the design personnel should cooperate with all levels of government and resettlement office, do the technical explanation, explain national resettlement policies and computation process of compensation standard in order to make resettled ethnic minorities understand that compensation standard is compiled according to the national laws and regulations document, which can ensure resettled ethnic minorities move out, live comfortably, develop so as to release their misgiving. c) Funds
In the construction process, due to slow allocation of resettlement funds, houses building, and economic rehabilitation of resettled ethnic minorities might be affected. Such questions require managers of implementation of resettlement control funds, schedule and quality to ensure resettlement funds can be used effectively as designated. The resettlement fund allocation should be in accordance with the schedule every month and resettlement of ethnic minorities proceeds according to the schedule.
(2) Appeal Channel and Procedure
Ethnic minorities enjoy rights and obligations, which are endowed by constitution and law. The existing laws and codes of our nation can guarantee ethnic minorities‟ lawful rights are not violated. Appeal until getting it, if the lawful rights and interests are violated. a) Appeal Channel ─ Complaint Office (including ethnic minority development and resettlement) is set in county, city and
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province of and can investigate and deal with general appeal question of ethnic minorities; ─ Establish all levels of local ethnic minority development setup according to the law, every lever has the authority to supervise the lower level from province, city to county and can accept appeal case in the way of ethnic minority development; ─ Self-governed ethnic minority development monitoring setup works according to relative regulations of nation, is responsible for maintaining ethnic minorities' lawful rights and interests. The appeal problems of the violation of the rights of ethnic minorities can also be accepted and reflected; ─ The violation laws and discipline case relating to ethnic minorities' appeal can be accepted in the law departments such as administrative supervision, auditing, discipline inspection, judiciary and prosecutorial department. b) Appeal Procedure
If any ethnic minority does not agree with EMDP and resettlement plan, he/she can reflect to village committee (residential committee), which could consult with local ethnic minority development office and/or local resettlement office directly, or appeal to superior ethnic minority development office and/or superior resettlement office in oral form or written form. After superior ethnic minority development office and/or superior resettlement office accept the appeal, keep records and consult with village committee and local ethnic minority development office and/or local resettlement office within 10 days. If the contradiction and dispute cannot be solved, in accordance with appeal channel, village committee can appeal to administrative setups step by step such as project office, ethnic minority development/resettlement management setup, ethnic minority development/resettlement monitoring setup, complaint office, administrative supervision, disciplinary inspection and procuratorial department etc.) According to Administrative Procedure Law of People‟s Republic of China. If ethnic minorities are still not satisfactory, appeal to people‟s court directly. Ethnic minority development office and/or resettlement office are responsible for keeping records of all appeal problems and solving process and keeps in the archives.
F. Monitoring and Evaluation（M&E）
The implementation of monitoring and elevation will ensure the EMDP can be rationally executed and the target can be fulfilled, especially catering for the target of ADB‟s Indigenous Policy. The process of internal and external monitoring and evaluation will assess on the property of stakeholders and also evaluate if relevant measures have been put into force and any effect has been achieved, the ethnic minority people have got equitable and impartial benefits from the project , and their culture and custom have been taken into consideration.
Prior to the implementation of project activities, the baseline survey has been carried out under the leardership of Huang Qingyun, Min Tian and Xia Jihong from Xinghuan Company in December, 2009 and the survey covers ethnicity, poverty degree and people‟s livelihood. The subsequent monitoring and elevation on EMDP will use these baseline data to weigh the results and impacts brought by the project. When the project is completed, the implementation quality of measures in relation to EMDP will be measured through the evaluation so as to assess the impact of the project on ethnic minorities.
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The monitoring and evaluation targets of EMDP will include：
(i) Collect data and information for determining the general impacts and project impacts, including the qualitative information for describing the change of ethnic minority residents and communities;
(ii) Assess on the nature of ethnic minority stakeholders, if necessary, the participation methods and channels can be taken consideration into the planning and implementation of EMDP activities;
(iii) To evaluate that if the negative impacts have been fully mitigated, the ethnic minority residents have got equitable and impartial benefits from the project and their culture and custom have been taken into consideration;
(iv). Analyze and file up the results so as to meet the requirements of the flood management intervention plan in the future;
(v). File up the key measures and processes taken in the project so as to pave the way for other similar projects.
The internal monitoring for EMDP will be made as one part of the whole management system of the project. The PMO will inspect on and evaluate the EMDP implementation, and report important issues to ADB in the form of quarterly report when necessary.
The external monitoring and evaluation will be implemented by the agency of independent property at home and the agency shall be qualified with enough experiences in similar tasks and projects (for example, rural investigation group, and consultation company or research institute). And the external monitoring personnel shall sign an agreement with PPMO of Hunan and they shall take the following responsibilities:
(i) To monitor the social and economic activities of the affected ethnic minority families periodically;
(ii) To implement and participate the evaluation within PA;
(iii) To collect secondary data, namely data in relation to the city, town, township and villages of all levels;
(iv) To formulate the yearly monitoring and evaluation report and submit it to Hunan PPMO and ADB;
(v) To provide LPMO and local government with advices for promoting the implementation of EMDP. The collection of data should be kept to a minimum and concentrate on data that is required for key indicators. The following list provides some broad evaluation indicators that are of greatest importance. Specific indicators related to the implementation of the EMDP are listed in previous Tables. Data collected shall be disaggregated by sex and by ethnic group whenever possible:
Production output value in target villages income per capita poverty incidence ownership of assets in selected villages.
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new commercial activity along the new river front changes in quality of water and health with reasons for selected villages new houses built/under construction in selected townships frequency of technical and socio-economic advice and training to selected villages on local roads school attendance classified by grade, gender and ethnicity and dropout rate for selected townships
Not all the above questions will apply in every case. Some relate only to villages affected by the project. Others are only appropriate once the flood control project has been constructed. Questions in the „before construction survey‟ should instead probe into the anticipated benefits from the schemes and other development priorities. Surveys would be carried out in villages located in close proximity to the project.
Shimen PMO understands that ADB will play a leading role in formulating the M&E plan. Therefore, ADB will provide guidance to prepare a feasible M&E plan before project implementation. Shimen PMO will coordinate its implementing agency and local government to assist the consultant team to carry out the M&E plan. The budget for monitoring and evaluation activities will be worked out once detail M&E plan is completed, which will be used for hiring the domestic PPMS specialist and domestic EMDP monitoring agency.
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