DOCSLIB.ORG

Research Paper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Research Paper Research Paper TRANSFORMATION OF THE AGRARIAN STRUCTURE IN ECUADOR WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE PROVINCE OF CHIMBORAZO Emil B. Haney, Jr. and Wava G. Haney LAND TENURE CENTER An Institute for Research and Education on Social Structure, Rural Institutions, Resource Use and Development Land Tenure Center I 300 University Avenue University of Wisconsin-Madison Research Paper U.S. ISSN 0084-081 S Madison, Wisconsin 53706 • TRANSFORMATION OF THE AGRARIAN STRUCTURE IN ECUADOR WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE PROVINCE OF CHIMBORAZO EmilE. Haney, Jr. and Wava G. Haney Currently, the authors are an Associate Professor of Business and Economics and an Associate Professor of Sociology, respectively, with the University of Wisconsin Centers at Baraboo and Richland Center. As Visiting Associate Professors with the University of Wisconsin-Madison Land-Tenure Center in 1982-1983, they were technical advisors to the Land Tenure Center • Ecuadorian Agrarian Reform Institute (IERAC) Estudio de la estructura agrarian del Ecuador Project.' The authors wish to thank members of the Ecuadorian study staff: Ernesto Oviedo, Gustavo Andrade, Carlos Tacuri, Jose Navas, Diego Medrano, Marcelo ,Renteria, Jorge Guzman, Francisco Lopez, Ruben Gangotena and Susana Romero; Rural Development Office of the u.s. Agency for International Development ssion in Ecuador, especially Vincent Cusumano and Fausto Maldonado~Edgardo Mascard! of CONACYT; several scholars and researchers with whom we discussed irious aspects of the Ecuadorian agrarian structure, especially, Osvaldo 3arsky, Manuel Chiriboga, Marco Jaramillo, Hugo Burgos, Jose Vicenta Zevallos, Bertha Garcia and Carlos Marchan; and most especially our colleagues at the Land Tenure Center --William C. Thiesenhusen, David Stanfield and the late A. Eugene Havens, for commentsC?n the stUdy design and draft manuscripts; Jane B. Knowles, for her editorial assistance; Marion Brown for his administrative assistance; Michael von Schneidermesser, Danny Powers and Jim Zimmerman for their assistance with data analysis; and Kathy Torok, Jane Dennis-Collins and Linda Smith for typing the manuscript. All views interpretations, recommendations and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily- those of any of the aforementioned individuals or supporting or cooperative organizations. Land Tenure Center LTC Research Paper 86 University of Wisconsin-Madison • January 1987 • • • • TABLE OF CONTENTS PART ONE: RECENT CHANGES. AND TRENDS IN THE ECUADORIAN AGRARIAN STRUCTURE: SOME POLICY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS I. The Pre-Reform Situation 1 II. The Reform Era 11 III. Other Factors in the Transformation of the Agrarian Structure 23 Bibliography 36 PART TWO: THE AGRARIAN STRUCTURE IN CHIMBORAZO: ITS EVOLUTION, CURRENT TRENDS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS • I. Major Geographical Features of the Provice 41 . II. Pre-Reform Agrarian Structure 50 III. Post-Reform Agrarian Structure 58 IV. Post-reform Agrarian Structure: Field Study Analysis 75 V. Trends in the Agrarian Structure of Chimborazo: Summary 124 VI. Possible Policy Responses to Structural Problems 126 VII. Some General Conclusions 130 • • • • • PART I RECENT CHANGES AND CURRENT TRENDS IN THE ECUADORIAN AGRARIAN STRUCTURE: SOME POLICY ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS The purpose of the first part of this paper is to: (1) sketch some of the salient features of the Ecuadorian agrarian structure prior to the official enactment and implementation of the country's Agrarian Reform Laws of 1964 and 1973; (2) summarize the contributions of the agrarian reform and the rather substantial changes that have occurred in the nation's agrarian structure during the past two decades; (3) discuss the major changes under way in the agrarian structure today and their policy implications for agrarian reform and other rural development strategies. This report does not provide a comprehensive analysis of either the impact of the Ecuadorian agrarian reform program or the evolution of the country's agrarian structure. These themes have been explored by a number of researchers recently (cf. Blankstein and Zuvekas 19,73; MAG 1976; Redclift 1978 ; Barskyet ale 1980; Handelman 1980; Peek 1980; Barsky et al., 1982; Chiriboga1982; Dublyet ale 1982; Sepulveda et ale 1982; Guerrero 1983; Zevallos 1984). They are also the focus of an applied research/training progra~ within the Instituto • Ecuatoriano de Reforma Agrariay Colonizacion (IERAC) which is presently con- ducting diagnostic and field studies in the provinces of Chimborazo and Manabi (IERAe 1981,1983). Rather, this paper is one attempt to point the way toward some policy responses to a growing number of structutal problems in Ecuador's agriculture. I. The Pre-Reform Situation When agrarian reform was official~y proclaimed as a hemispheric develop­ ment theme during the Punta del Este Conference in 1961, Ecuador had one of the most lopsided agrarian structures of any Latin American country. The 1964 CIDA study~ which provides an excellent benchmark analysis of Ecuador's land tenure situation prior to the implementation of the agrarian reform program, noted that: As a carryover from colonial feudalism, Ecuador has a skewed land tenure structure characterized by a concentration of a major part of the coun- try's agricultural land in the hands of a few. This existing para- dox between the 1atifundia and minifundia constitutes an adve'rse factor in the distribution of income coming from the land and results in the economic and social stagnation of a considerable percentage of the Ecua­ • dorianpopulation [eIDA 1965:16]. -2- A. Some Historical Background As in many other ·countries of the region, there had been some previous efforts by the state to modify the nation's archaic agrarian structure. Begin­ ning at the turn of the century under the leadership of President Eloy Alfaro, • the "Liberal Revolution" attempted to break the Church's dominion over vast landholdings in the sierra through the Ley de Manos Muertos(l907), which confiscated clerical property and rented it to .rich farmers. Later~ the system of concertaje (tied labor) and debt peonage was abolished through modifica­ tions in the Codigo Civil (1918). The result of these earlier nreforms" was that the state ended up controlling nearly one-fifth of the sierra lands under its Asistencia P6blica program, and the older 'feudal labor forms gave way to the more flexible semi-feudalistic huasipungaje system (in which tenants received usufruct rights to a subsistence plot of land in exchange for a work obligation to the hacienda and/or the hacendado's family) along with other assoaiated forms of service tenancy. Despite these legal changes, which fostered some increased mobility of the productive factors (primarily labor), the private haciendas in the sierra maintained a monopoly over the productive physical resources (land, water, technology, infrastructure, etc.) and thereby preserved--and in some cases even strengthened--their domination over the grow­ ing supply of campesinolabor through insecure tenancy arrangements (precarismo). Meanwhile, a parallel latifundia-minifundia complex had formed on the coast, especially with the cultivation of cacao and such other conunodities as sugar, coffee, and cattle and with the increased colonization of previously inaccessible areas by migrants from the densely settled highlands. New landlord-peasant relationships were established in the western piedmont and coastal plains, together with a powerful financial elite in Guayaquil (Guerrero 1980). To be sur~, this process was uneven, subject to booms and busts in the • international commodity marke.ts and to internal problems of crop diseases and other natural calamities. It was during the cacao bust of the 1920s and 1930s that rice production became firmly established in the Guayas basin (Redclift 1978:45J. The boom in this domestic commodity led to some serious social conflicts. Initially, the landlords tried to maintain traditional sharecropping arrangements with the small producers (flnqueros) and forced them into clearing newl?nds for rice production. Then during the 19405 and1950s,when world commodity prices improved for bananas, coffee, and cacao, many landlords attempted to reestab­ lish the plantation system. At times heavy-handed tactics were used tomanip­ ulate the peasants, and eventually these tactics contributed to the creation of peasant unions and generated pressures for agrarian reform legislation in the 1960s and 1970s. By the late 1950s, when the government started debating the country1s first agrarian reform law in earhest, many sierra landlords were already responding to growing external and interna1political pressures (especially peasant unrest and mobilization) (Guerrero 1983) and to new economic opportu­ nities (especially rising land prices, new technology, infrastructural improve­ ments, and increasing domestic demand for agricultural goods such as milk and other dairy products) (Barsky 1978). In some cases, they carried out • -3- "enclosures" by evicting peasants frorntheir'land. In other instances, they began~ellingoff land (often marginal areas located on steep mountain slopes) toiich peasants or granting small parcels of marginal land to their former • huasipungeros (Costales and Costales 1971). Many landlords held on to the best land (often alluvia~ valley floors) and began to intensify production in these areas through irrigation, improved pastures and dairy cattle, mechanization, and the use of some hired labor. This inverted land utilization pattern
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ECUADOR Ecuador Is a Constitutional Republic with a Population Of
    ECUADOR Ecuador is a constitutional republic with a population of approximately 14.3 million. In 2008 voters approved a referendum on a new constitution, which became effective in October of that year, although many of its provisions continued to be implemented. In April 2009 voters reelected Rafael Correa for his second presidential term and chose members of the National Assembly in elections that were considered generally free and fair. Security forces reported to civilian authorities. The following human rights problems continued: isolated unlawful killings and use of excessive force by security forces, sometimes with impunity; poor prison conditions; arbitrary arrest and detention; corruption and other abuses by security forces; a high number of pretrial detainees; and corruption and denial of due process within the judicial system. President Correa and his administration continued verbal and legal attacks against the independent media. Societal problems continued, including physical aggression against journalists; violence against women; discrimination against women, indigenous persons, Afro- Ecuadorians, and lesbians and gay men; trafficking in persons and sexual exploitation of minors; and child labor. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From: a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life The government or its agents did not commit any politically motivated killings; however, there continued to be credible reports that security forces used excessive force and committed isolated unlawful killings. On April 23, the government's Unit for the Fight against Organized Crime released a report exposing the existence of a gang of hit men composed of active-duty police. The report stated that police were part of a "social cleansing group" that killed delinquents in Quevedo, Los Rios Province.
    [Show full text]
  • Antonio Preciado and the Afro Presence in Ecuadorian Literature
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2013 Antonio Preciado and the Afro Presence in Ecuadorian Literature Rebecca Gail Howes [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the African History Commons, Latin American History Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, Latin American Literature Commons, Modern Languages Commons, Modern Literature Commons, and the Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons Recommended Citation Howes, Rebecca Gail, "Antonio Preciado and the Afro Presence in Ecuadorian Literature. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1735 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Rebecca Gail Howes entitled "Antonio Preciado and the Afro Presence in Ecuadorian Literature." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Modern Foreign Languages. Michael Handelsman, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Óscar Rivera-Rodas, Dawn Duke, Chad Black Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Antonio Preciado and the Afro Presence in Ecuadorian Literature A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Rebecca Gail Howes May 2013 DEDICATION To my parents, William and Gail Howes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sangay Volcano
    Forecast based Action by the DREF Forecast based early action triggered in Ecuador: Volcanic Ash Dispersion- Sangay volcano EAP2019EC001 Ash fall dispersion model corresponding to Sangay's current activity The areas with higher probability of ash fall are shown. Source: Geophysical Institute of the National Polytechnic (Instituto Geofísico de la Politécnica Nacional - IGEPN). 1,000 families to be assisted 246,586.27 budget in Swiss francs (200,571.46 Swiss francs available) Locations: Rural communities in the cantons of Alausí, Guamote, Pallatanga and Cumanda. The communities will be defined based on the analysis of information issued in the National Society's situation reports. General overview The Ecuadorian Red Cross (ERC) has activated its Early Action Protocol for Volcanic Ashfall. Since June 2020, the eruptive process of Sangay volcano has registered high to very high levels of activity. According to the report issued by the Geophysical Institute of the National Polytechnic (IGEPN), in the early morning of 20 September 2020, the volcano registered a significant increase in the volcano’s internal and external activity. From 04h20 (GMT-5), the records indicate the occurrence of explosions and ash emissions that are more energetic and 1 | P a g e stronger than those registered in previous months. From 04h00, according to the IGEPN satellite image, a large ash cloud has risen to a height of more than 6 to 10 km above the volcano's crater. The highest part of the cloud is registered to the eastern sector while the lowest part is located west of the volcano. According to tracking and monitoring, ash dispersion models indicate the high probability of ash fall in the provinces of Chimborazo, Bolívar, Guayas, Manabí, Los Ríos and Santa Elena.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples and State Formation in Modern Ecuador
    1 Indigenous Peoples and State Formation in Modern Ecuador A. KIM CLARK AND MARC BECKER The formal political system is in crisis in Ecuador: the twentieth century ended with a four-year period that saw six different governments. Indeed, between 1997 and 2005, four of nine presidents in Latin America who were removed through irregular procedures were in Ecuador.1 Sociologist Leon Zamosc calls Ecuador “one of the most, if not the most, unstable country in Latin America.”2 At the same time, the Ecuadorian Indian movement made important gains in the last decade of the twentieth century, and for at least some sectors of society, at the turn of the twenty-first century had more pres- tige than traditional politicians did. The fact that Ecuador has a national-level indigenous organization sets it apart from other Latin American countries. National and international attention was drawn to this movement in June 1990, when an impressive indigenous uprising paralyzed the country for sev- eral weeks. Grassroots members of the Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE, Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador) marched on provincial capitals and on Quito, kept their agricul- tural produce off the market, and blocked the Pan-American Highway, the country’s main north-south artery. The mobilization was organized to draw attention to land disputes in the Ecuadorian Amazon (Oriente) and highlands (Sierra), and ended when the government agreed to negotiate a 16-point agenda presented by CONAIE.3 Since 1990, Ecuadorian Indians have become increasingly involved in national politics, not just through “uprising politics,” but also through 1 © 2007 University of Pittsburgh Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing Based Hydrologic Modeling in the Babahoyo River Sub-Basin for Water Balance Assessment
    REMOTE SENSING BASED HYDROLOGIC MODELING IN THE BABAHOYO RIVER SUB-BASIN FOR WATER BALANCE ASSESSMENT MAX EDUARDO SOTOMAYOR MALDONADO March, 2011 SUPERVISORS: Dr.ing. T.H.M. Tom Rientjes Dr. ir. Christiaan van der Tol REMOTE SENSING BASED HYDROLOGIC MODELING IN THE BABAHOYO RIVER SUB-BASIN FOR WATER BALANCE ASSESSMENT MAX EDUARDO SOTOMAYOR MALDONADO Enschede, The Netherlands, March, 2011 Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. Specialization: Water Resources and Environmental Management SUPERVISORS: Dr.ing. T.H.M. Tom Rientjes Dr. ir. Christiaan van der Tol THESIS ASSESSMENT BOARD: Prof.Dr. Z. Bob Su (Chair) Dr. Paolo Regianni (External Examiner, Deltares) DISCLAIMER This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the Faculty. ABSTRACT The Guayas river system is the largest and probably the most important catchment in Ecuador. Guayas river basin has major problems with water supply for agricultural and industrial production, flooding issues and drought problems in the coastal areas. The information related to climate and hydrology of the Guayas river basin has significant importance to the planning and execution of projects oriented to optimum exploitation of the water resources. The objective of this study is to simulate the relation between rainfall and runoff of a 3000 km2 catchment located in the Babahoyo sub-catchment, which is the largest sub-catchment in the Guayas river basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Delimitation of the Coastal Transition Zone in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Journal of Geography and Geology; Vol. 4, No. 3; 2012 ISSN 1916-9779 E-ISSN 1916-9787 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Delimitation of the Coastal Transition Zone in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador W. Pozo1, M. M. Jordán2 & T. Sanfeliu3 1 Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Guayaquil, Avenida 25 de Julio y Pío Jaramillo, Guayaquil, Ecuador 2 Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain 3 Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Campus de Riu Sec, 12080 Castellón, Spain Correspondence: M. M. Jordán, Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche (Alicante), Spain. E-mail: [email protected] Received: July 5, 2012 Accepted: July 20, 2012 Online Published: August 10, 2012 doi:10.5539/jgg.v4n3p81 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v4n3p81 Abstract The article presents a methodology for the delimitation of the coastal transition zone (CTZ) and the identification of zones with distinct soil properties in the Gulf of Guayaquil (GG), Ecuador. The Gulf was chosen as study area for its urban, economic and ecological potential, more in particular for its rich marine and agricultural resources, and biodiversity. Soil physical and chemical methods, such as soil salinity indices, physical and chemical parameters, coupled with multivariate analysis enabled the delimitation of the CTZ and the grouping of the studied soil transets in three clusters with distinct properties, located in the GG from the limit of the mangrove swamp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Payments for Watershed Services in Ecuador
    The impacts of payments for watershed services in Ecuador Emerging lessons from Pimampiro and Cuenca Marta Echavarria Joseph Vogel Montserrat Albán Fernanda Meneses ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS PROGRAMME January 2004 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) IIED is an independent, non-profit research institute working in the field of sustainable development. IIED aims to provide expertise and leadership in researching and achieving sustainable development at local, national, regional, and global levels. In alliance with others we seek to help shape a future that ends global poverty and delivers and sustains efficient and equitable management of the world’s natural resources. Environmental Economics Programme The Environmental Economics Programme (EEP) seeks to develop and promote the application of economics to environmental issues in developing countries. This is achieved through research and policy analysis on the role of the environment and natural resources in economic development and poverty alleviation. Forestry and Land Use Programme IIED’s Forestry and Land Use (FLU) Programme has the goal of improving people’s livelihoods from forest and land use on the basis of equity, efficiency and sustainability, focusing on key arenas where the decision-making that matters for better forestry and land use actually takes place. The Authors Marta Echavarria Coordinator Ecodecisión, Ecuador Joseph Vogel PhD Technical Director Professor of Economics FLACSO, Ecuador Montserrat Albán Research Assistant EcoCiencia, Ecuador Fernanda Meneses Research Assistant Ecodecisión, Ecuador Correspondence should be addressed to: Marta Echavarria Ecodecisión Calle La Pinta 236 y La Rábida Quito, Ecuador Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Municipality of Pimampiro, CEDERENA, DFC, ETAPA, and all the people who have collaborated to make this project possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Plan De Desarrollo Turístico Para La Parroquia Cañi, Cantón Colta, Provincia De Chimborazo
    PLAN DE DESARROLLO TURÍSTICO PARA LA PARROQUIA CAÑI, CANTÓN COLTA, PROVINCIA DE CHIMBORAZO Jorge Daniel Córdova Lliquín TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE INGENIERO EN ECOTURISMO ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLIÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA EN ECOTURISMO RIOBAMBA – ECUADOR 2012 EL TRIBUNAL DE TESIS CERTIFICA QUE: El trabajo de investigación titulado “PLAN DE DESARROLLO TURÍSTICO PARA LA PARROQUIA CAÑI, CANTÓN COLTA, PROVINCIA DE CHIMBORAZO” de responsabilidad del señor Egresado: Jorge Daniel Córdova Lliquín, ha sido prolijamente revisada quedando autorizada su presentación. TRIBUNAL DE TESIS Ing. Christiam Aguirre ………………………… DIRECTOR Ing. Verónica Yepez ………………………… MIEMBRO ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DE CHIMBORAZO FACULTAD DE RECURSOS NATURALES ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA EN ECOTURISMO RIOBAMBA – ECUADOR 2012 ii Agradezco por el presente trabajo de investigación en primer lugar a Dios por la fuerza y sabiduría que ha puesto en mi, en segundo lugar a mis profesores guías quienes con sus enseñanzas y concejos fueron fundamentales para la realización de esta tesis, también a mi familia y amigos quienes siempre me han apoyado y brindado su respaldo hacia mi persona. DANIEL CÓRDOVA iii Dedico el presente trabajo de investigación que ha servido para cumplir un paso más en mi vida, a mi hijo Daniel Sebastián, quien ha sido la razón para luchar, esforzarse y superarse día con día en buscar de su felicidad y bienestar. iv CONTENIDO PÁGINA I. PLAN DE DESARROLLO TURÍSTICO PARA LA PARROQUIA CAÑI, CANTÓN COLTA, PROVINCIA DE CHIMBORAZO…………………………. 1 II. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………. 1 A. JUSTIFICACIÓN………………………………………………………………. 3 B. OBJETIVOS……………………………………………………………………. 3 1. Objetivo general……………………………………………………………… 3 2. Objetivos específicos……………………………………………………….. 4 C. HIPÓTESIS DE TRABAJO………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Landscapes in Bolivar and Chimborazo Province
    NATIONAL TOUR GUIDE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN BOLIVAR AND CHIMBORAZO PROVINCE PROPONENT MONICA JUDITH PUERTAS DONOSO QUITO – ECUADOR OCTOBER 2016 CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN BOLIVAR AND CHIMBORAZO PROVINCES PROPONENT MONICA JUDITH PUERTAS DONOSO APPROVED BY: MGTR. DAVID CHONTASI ING. PATRICIO RAZA Tutor Career Coordinator LCDO. PEDRO PASTOR MGTR. DIANA QUINTERO Tribunal Professional Guide Tribunal English Professor II To God, for His love. To David, Emilia and David Benjamín for their love and because they are my reason for living. To my parents, my sister and my brother for their support and patience. III CONTENTS CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN BOLIVAR AND CHIMBORAZO PROVINCES .......................................................................................................... 1 THEME ................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................... 1 CHAPTER II INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 CHAPTER II JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................. 3 CHAPTER III OBJECTIVES ................................................................................. 4 3.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 4 3.2 Specific .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ecuador: Volcanic Ashfall Final Report on Early Action Phase
    Ecuador: Volcanic Ashfall Final report on early action phase EAP name: Early Action Plan for Volcanic Ash Dispersion EAP Number: EAP2019EC01 Early Action Protocol approved: April 2019 EAP timeframe: 5 years Early action trigger date: 21 September 2020 Early action duration: 2 months End date: 21 November 2020 Number of people assisted: 5,000 people (1,000 families) Early action phase budget: 105,926 Swiss francs Host National Society: Ecuadorian Red Cross Other National Societies involved in the EAP: German Red Cross Partner organizations involved in the EAP: Geophysical Date of report: 19 April 2021 Institute of the National Polytechnic School (IGEPN) ˂For the final financial report, click here. For Contacts, click here.˃ The IFRC’s Programme and Operations Division approved the Ecuadorian Red Cross’s Early Action Protocol (EAP) for Ecuador: Volcanic Ashfall in April 2019 with a timeframe of five years and a budget of 246,586 Swiss francs, consisting of 140,660 Swiss francs for readiness and prepositioning and 105,926 Swiss francs for early action. Of the early action amount, the operation’s expenditures were 84,672 Swiss francs. The remaining 21,245 Swiss francs will be returned to the Forecast-based Action (by the DREF). The EAP is funded from the IFRC’s FbA (by the DREF) by which allocations are drawn on annual basis to cover readiness and pre-positioning costs and as a one off upon trigger to implement early actions. The IFRC sincerely thanks ECHO for providing 50,000 US dollars at the beginning of the intervention (29 September 2020) to replenish the launch of actions with the activation of the EAP.
    [Show full text]
  • Geography and Vexillology: Landscapes in the Flags
    Geography and vexillology: landscapes in flags By Tiago José Berg Abstract This paper aims to present how the national flags have on its symbo - lism a representation of landscape. In geography, both in academic levels as well as in school teaching, landscape takes on a central theme that has so far been the subject of scientific debate of great importance by geographers as a way of seeing the world and a form of representing a specific surface of the Earth. In vexillology, the symbolism of the modern nation-state has developed a number of examples where the arrangement of stripes (or even the coat of arms) of some national flags bring certain aspects that are not immediately apparent, but they may become beautiful examples of a stylized representation of the landscape. Therefore, in this paper we seek a dialogue between geography and vexillology, showing how the representation of landscape in the flags can become a relevant theme to be used in academic research and a fascinating resource to enrich the teaching in schools. Introduction The last decades of the twentieth century saw the revival of interest in studies of the landscape geographers, both the number of publications, the associations made with the theme. The landscape, rather than a return to “classical geography” or even the new perspectives presented by the cultural geography, back to being inserted in geographical studies with a different approach. Both in academic level as well as in school education, the landscape takes on a theme that has been the subject of scien - tific debate of great importance by geographers as a way of seeing the world and a way of representing the specific surface of the Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping Linguistic Data from Modern Andean Censuses
    TEXAS PAPERS ON LATIN AMERICA Pre-publication working papers of the Institute of Latin American Studies University of Texas at Austin ISSN 0892-3507 Potential Ethnic Territories: Mapping Linguistic Data from Modero Andean Censuses Gregory Knapp Department of Geography University of Texas at Austin Paper No. 89-13 Potential Ethnic Territories: Mapping Linguistic http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/etext/llilas/tpla/8913.pdf Gregory Knapp Data from Modero Andean Censuses Potential Ethnic Territories: Mapping Linguistic Data from Modern Andean Censuses Gregory Knapp Department of Geography University of Texas at Austin Maps of Andean Indians There is a rapidly growing interest 10 contemporary ethnicity and ethnic relationships in the Americas, but discussions of these issues tend to lack detailed maps of the distributions of cultural traits related to ethnic groups. This essay will provide examples of the use of contemporary census material s to map language distributions in the central Andes, and discuss some implications for ethnic regionalization.1 Maps 1, 2, and 3 indicate the distribution of highland Indian languages (Quechua, Quichua,2 or Aymara) in Ecuador, Pero, and Bolivia. They are based on recent ethnolinguistic census information from these countries, and reflect a methodology developed by the author of this paper and his students. The remainder of this paper is a discussion of the problems and possibilities of using twentieth-century censuses to map cultural patterns in the Andean region, with particular emphasis on using census linguistic data for mapping highland Indian populations.3 Criteria of Ethnicity Ethnicity, uniting groups by perceived common origin and common destiny, simultaneously meets a fundamental human need for meaning and provides a strategy for survival of at least equal importance to the tactics of agricultural intensification and food preparation.
    [Show full text]