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Suppression of the Rotational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex During a Baseball Pitch

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Suppression of the Rotational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex During a Baseball Pitch Suppression of the Rotational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex during a Baseball Pitch THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marc A. Burcham Graduate Program in Vision Science The Ohio State University 2010 Master's Examination Committee: Nicklaus Fogt, O.D., Ph.D., Advisor Gilbert Pierce, O.D., Ph.D. Andrew Hartwick, O.D., Ph.D. Copyright by Marc A. Burcham 2010 Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine to what extent individuals could cancel the rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex (RVOR) in order to track an accelerating, high speed ball. More specifically, this study was designed to determine if subjects could successfully track a baseball pitch while viewing the ball through small apertures. While wearing these aperture goggles, we hypothesized that the batsmen would have to increase the rotational amplitude of their heads while successfully suppressing their rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex in order to accurately track a pitched baseball. Subjects were tested using a pitching machine called the Flamethrower under normal viewing conditions (no apertures), then while wearing apertures that subtended 3.3 degrees of visual field, and finally under normal viewing conditions again. In the final trial (normal viewing), subjects were encouraged to replicate the eye and head movements adopted while wearing the apertures. Tennis balls were pitched from a distance of 44 feet from the batter at a measured velocity of approximately 80 miles per hour. Eye movements were recorded with the ISCAN infrared eye tracker and horizontal head rotations were recorded with the 3DM-GX1 head tracker. All head and eye recordings were temporally synchronized with each other and with ball position using software. A total of twelve subjects were enrolled in the study. Each subject viewed 50 pitches under each of the above defined testing conditions. A total of 1796 pitches were successfully ii recorded with nine subjects identified as able to accurately track a tennis ball under all testing conditions. Thus, 1346 pitches were analyzed. Mean gaze errors for all three trials indicated that the subjects were able to accurately track the pitched tennis balls for a majority of the ball’s flight path under each testing condition. Absolute gaze errors were smallest with the apertures compared to the other conditions at 300, 305, and 339ms after the pitch was released. These results were all statistically significant. The results of the study revealed consistent statistically significant differences in head movement when wearing the apertures at 200, 250, 300, 305, and 339ms. Specifically, this analysis revealed that the introduction of the apertures resulted in a decrease in head rotation. Finally, examination of the individual data suggested that in most cases once the aperture was removed, individuals generally did not completely adopt the same eye movements and head movements that had been used with the apertures. Overall these results suggest that wearing the aperture goggles aided in proper tracking. The improvement in gaze tracking with the apertures indicates that subjects could successfully cancel the RVOR. Further, the apertures generally resulted in a decline in head movement amplitude, in agreement with a previous study showing that individuals tend to show head movement overshoots when aiming the head at moving targets unless provided with a visual cue to head position. Further studies need to be performed to investigate any potential of the apertures to produce behavioral changes post training, and to determine whether these changes in eye and head coordination correlate with batting performance. iii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my amazing and supportive wife, Stefanie. iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Fogt for all of his hard work and long hours put into to computer programming throughout and prior to the study, and for his wealth of insight and knowledge during the entire process. Without his dedication to me and this study, this would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my wife, Stefanie Burcham, and my parents, Mark and Sharon Burcham. Individually and as a group, they have always supported and encouraged all of my endeavors. v Vita May 2002 .......................................................Mathews High School May 2006 .......................................................B.S. Chemistry, Miami University June 2010 .......................................................O.D., The Ohio State University June 2010 ......................................................M.S., The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Vision Science vi Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita ..................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures .................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Dynamics of a Pitch .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Eye Movements for Tracking a Baseball .................................................................. 2 1.3 Studies on Eye Movements in Sports Tracking ........................................................ 6 1.4 Commercially Available Baseball Training Devices ................................................ 7 1.5 Head Movement and the Rotational Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex ............................... 10 1.6 Purpose .................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: METHODS ................................................................................................ 13 2.1 Subject Enrollment and Eligibility .......................................................................... 13 2.2 Position of the Ball .................................................................................................. 13 vii 2.3 Monitoring Eye Movements.................................................................................... 16 2.4 Monitoring Head Movements ................................................................................. 17 2.5 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 20 2.6 Study Construct ....................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS .................................................................................................. 24 3.1 Survey Results ......................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Mean Head Movement Latencies and Maximal Amplitudes .................................. 24 3.3 Individual Gaze Error, Head Movements and Eye Movements.............................. 26 3.4 Analysis of Mean Absolute Gaze Errors, Head Movements and Eye Movements . 33 3.5 Eye Movements within the Apertures ..................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 39 4.1 Head Tracker Calibration ........................................................................................ 39 4.2 Gaze Error ............................................................................................................... 39 4.3 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 42 4.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 44 References ......................................................................................................................... 46 viii List of Tables Table 1: Reference points for ball location in time and space. The center of the subject’s head was about 22 inches from the middle of home plate. ............................................... 15 Table 2: Varying angular subtense of tennis ball based on position from the batsman.... 23 Table 3: Head movement latencies for each subject and subsequent runs. ...................... 25 Table 4: Mean maximal amplitudes for each subject and subsequent runs. ..................... 26 Table 5: Mean and standard deviation of absolute gaze errors for subject 1. No baseball experience; Subject in previous baseball study; Age 30. .................................................. 27 Table 6: Mean and standard deviation of absolute gaze errors for subject 2. Collegiate baseball experience; Subject in previous baseball study; Age 23. .................................... 28 Table 7: Mean and standard deviation of absolute gaze errors for
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