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Participation, Integration, and Recognition and Integration, Participation Heikkilä, Kostiainen, Leinonen & Söderling Elli Heikkilä, Auvo Kostiainen, Johanna Leinonen Elli Heikkilä, Auvo Participation, Integration, and Ismo Söderling (eds.) Kostiainen, Johanna Leinonen and Ismo and Recognition: Participation, Integration, and Recognition: Söderling (eds.) Changing Pathways to Changing Pathways to Immigrant Incorporation Immigrant Incorporation (eds.) These conference proceedings gather expert articles about different ways of understanding immigrant incorporation, both historically and in contemporary Participation, Integration, and Recognition society. It is important to examine critically what is meant by the term “integration”. Who are targeted with integration policies and who are left out? In which domains of society (e.g. education, labor market and families) is integration expected to take place and at what speed? What is the desired outcome of integration, both for immigrants and for members of the receiving society? How is this outcome measured and best achieved? The articles included in this publication show that there is no single pathway to successful immigrant integration. Immigrants – just like anyone else – have multiple roles in their lives (for example, as family members, workers, students, and political and cultural actors), engage in activities in different social fields, and form relationships along these dimensions. In each of these dimensions, different factors can create obstacles or opportunities for immigrants’ integration process. As scholars examine these multiple pathways to immigrant integration, it is important to keep in mind the power relationships embedded in the integration process. Ideally, integration is a two-way process which results in changes in both immigrant communities and the receiving society. The publication shows how crucial it is to examine integration as a process, and study it both at the group and individual level. Kansi: Jouni Korkiasaari C 24 / 4 Siirtolaisuusinstituutti ISBN 978-952-5889-82-6 / 978-951-29-6160-3 Migrationsinstitutet ISBN 978-952-5889-83-3 / 978-951-29-6161-0 (pdf) Institute of Migration | Migration Studies C 24 / Institute of Migration ISSN 0356-780X / 1798-6508 Histories 4 www.migrationinstitute.fi Pathways C-sarja kannet.indd 1 8/18/2015 11:46:04 AM PARTICIPATION, INTEGRATION, AND RECOGNITION: Changing Pathways to Immigrant Incorporation Edited by Elli Heikkilä Auvo Kostiainen Johanna Leinonen Ismo Söderling Institute of Migration Turku 2015 Copyright © Authors & Institute of Migration Institute of Migration Eerikinkatu 34, 20100 Turku, Finland www.migrationinstitute.fi Cover picture: “From Hanko to New York” – A Part of “From Hanko to the New World” -series by Karoliina Veijo • Emigration ship Nidaros (photo: Hanko Museum’s collections) •In thisPeople work on one the can Circle find Line three cruise layers watching of photos: the Statue of Liberty in New York (photo: Karoliina Veijo, 2009) • Hanko skyline over the sea in (photo: Karoliina Veijo, 2013) The whole series: www.karoliinaveijo.com Karoliina Veijo’s exhibitions etc.: www.fb.com/KaroliinaVeijoArt ISBN 978-952-5889-82-6 / 978-951-29-6160-3 PainosalamaISBN 978-952-5889-83-3 Oy, Turku 2015 / 978-951-29-6161-0 (pdf) ISSN 0356-780X / 1798-6508 ■ 3 Table of Contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................6 Johanna Leinonen I Dynamics of Immigrant Integration Pluralism and the dynamics of contemporary integration ...........................10 Peter Kivisto Predicting immigrant integration: Common denominators and individual trajectories .......................................................................................21 Tuuli Anna Mähönen Integration and incorporation: Challenges and perspectives in minority history writing .......................................................................................32 Teemu Ryymin II Integration in Diasporas “They’re here and we´re going to have to do the best we can”: Integration of Somali immigrants in Lieksa and Fort Morgan......................44 Marko Kananen and Tiina Sotkasiira 4 ■ Securitization and diaspora networks: Perceptions on their evolving socio-economic role and impact .............................................................................58 Maria Elo and Arla Juntunen Cross-border migration and transnational connections among ethnic minorities in the region of St. Petersburg in the 19th century ......................75 Andrei Kalinitchev III Minority and Majority Perspectives on Immigration and Integration Tolerance and expectations in Finnish attitudes about immigration in 2010 and 2012 .........................................................................................................84 Ismo Söderling and Heidi Kiiveri Experiencing and coping with everyday (dis)belonging: The case of 1.5 generation undocumented youth in the United States .....99 Elizabeth Benedict Christensen The reception of separated minors in Sweden: To receive with grace and knowledge .......................................................................................................... 111 Kristina Gustafsson IV Memories of Immigrant Integration People in motion, a historical perspective ....................................................... 126 Ann-Christin Torpsten ■ 5 Ethnic identity, Americanization and hybridization of 2nd generation Finnish Americans during the Great Depression Era in Toivola, Michigan, as presented in Jingo Viitala Vachon’s books .............................. 139 Jari Nikkola Jell-O with dill: Food in constructing transcultural identities in a Finnish-American migrant short story collection ................................. 154 Roman Kushnir Two Finnish migrants Down Under: An Australian biographical perspective .................................................................................................................. 167 Ruth Bonetti (neé Back) Introduction Johanna Leinonen Integration is a recurrent topic in public debates on immigration and multicul- turalism in Finland and elsewhere in Europe. On the one hand, immigrants often appear in public discussions as “objects” of integration policies as carried out by the state or municipalities. These discussions are controlled by authorities, law makers, and state-level and municipal actors working within the integration sys- tem; how immigrants themselves view the process is less often brought to the fore. Finnish integration policies typically distinguish between the public and private sphere, so that immigrants are expected to become full members of the former (in particular, the labor market), while given the right to maintain their “own culture” in the latter. At the same time, immigrants – often discussed as a homogeneous group – are continuously criticized precisely for not adopting the “ways” of the receiving culture. In these discussions, immigrants can be depict- ed as active, but in a negative light: as unwilling to integrate and thus choosing to remain unintegrated at the margins of society. Overall, the term integration exactly happens when an immigrant integrates to the receiving society. In what areasis used of ratherlife is integrationloosely in publicexpected discussions, to take place without and at a whatclear speed?definition What of iswhat the desired outcome of integration, both for immigrants and for members of the re- ceiving society? How is this outcome measured and best achieved? The conference “Participation, Integration, and Recognition: Changing Path- ways to Immigrant Incorporation”, held at the Institute of Migration in Turku, Finland on May 19-20, 2014, invited scholars to an interdisciplinary discussion about different ways of understanding immigrant integration, both historical- ly and in contemporary society. The conference was organized by the Institute of Migration together with the Department of European and World History, the Network for Research on Multiculturalism and Societal Interaction, and the John Morton Center for North American Studies of the University of Turku. In addi- Introduction ■ 7 tion, the Academy of Finland project “Contexts of Diaspora Citizenship – Trans- Finland and in the U.S.” (University of Eastern Finland and Mikkeli University ofnational Applied Networks, Sciences) Social participated Participation in the conferenceand Social Identificationorganizing. The of conferenceSomalis in featured four keynote speakers, Dr. Peter Kivisto (Augustana College, Rock Is- land, Illinois, USA), Dr. Tuuli Anna Mähönen (University of Helsinki, Finland), Dr. Teemu Ryymin (University of Bergen, Norway), and Dr. Mari Vaattovaara (University of Helsinki, Finland). This publication includes a selection of papers presented during the two conference days. Together, they bring forward the complexity of the process of integration in different historical and societal con- texts and at different levels of analysis. In addition, the interdisciplinary group of authors utilizes a multitude of methods and sources in their analyses, from statistical analysis to interviews and archival and literary research. The chapters highlight the need to take into account both the context of de- parture and arrival when examining the process of immigrant integration (see Kivisto in this publication). While factors such as the attitude climate towards prospects for successful integration (Söderling and Kiiveri), scholars often ig- noreimmigration the importance certainly of influences pre-migration the way experiences immigrants
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