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Inkerinsuomalaisten Suomen Kielen Käyttö Pietarissa Ja Sen Lähialueella Inkerinsuomalaisten suomen kielen käyttö Pietarissa ja sen lähialueella Kaarina Mononen Esitetään Helsingin yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Arppeanumin auditoriossa perjantaina 15. maaliskuuta 2013 klo 12. Kaarina Mononen Suomen kielen, suomalais-ugrilaisten ja pohjoismaisten kielten ja kirjallisuuksien laitos ISBN 978-952-10-8656-4 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-10-8657-1 (PDF) Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2013 Kiitokset Tämä tutkimus alkoi kehkeytyä vuonna 2005 ollessani Pietarissa suomen kielen ja kulttuurin lehtorina. Se, että käsikirjoitus on nyt saanut ISBN-numeron ja on julkisesti tarkastettavissa, on moninaisten vaiheiden tulos ja monen epämääräisen ajattelu- ja istumatyötunnin summa. Tutkimus ei olisi kuitenkaan valmistunut ilman lukuisten ihmisten myötävaikutusta. On aika esittää kiitokset. Siitä, että päädyin aiheeseen suuri kiitos kuuluu Jyrki Kalliokoskelle, joka ensihätiin myös neuvoi hankkiutumaan joensuulaistutkijoiden puheille. Kiitos innostavasta juttutuokiosta, Helka Riionheimo ja Ossi Kokko. Ja näkökulmahan löytyi, vaikken ihan sii- voojaksi asti vanhainkotiin päätynytkään. Sen sijaan lukuisat eri ihmiset Pietarissa auttoivat löytämään tutkittavia, keskustelivat aiheesta ja osallistuivat eri tavoin itse tutkimukseen. Sy- dämelliset kiitokset kuuluvat erityisesti tutkimukseen osallistuneille, jotka ovat antaneet ai- kaansa, halunneet kertoa itsestään ja osoittaneet kiinnostusta toimiani kohtaan. On ollut todel- la mielenkiintoista tutustua teihin. Lehtoraattirupeaman viimeinen kevät vuonna 2007 oli hektinen loppuhuipennus, jolloin valtaosa aineistosta on taltioitu niin vanhainkodissa kuin muuallakin. Suomeen paluu tasoittui selvästi, koska sain jatkaa tämän aineiston kanssa Hel- singissä. Ohjaajani Jyrki Kalliokoski ja Hanna Lappalainen ovat koko ajan nähneet metsän puilta ja auttaneet eri tavoin eteenpäin. Heidän asiantuntemuksensa on ollut ensiarvoista työn eri vai- heissa. Suuret kiitokset kannustuksesta ja neuvoista! Jyrkille erityiskiitos inspiraatiosta ja suurten linjojen osoittamisesta. Hannaa kiitän tarkoista kommenteista ja höylistä paneutumi- sesta erilaisiin kysymyksiin. Työni esitarkastajina ovat olleet Pirkko Nuolijärvi ja Helka Rii- onheimo. Heitä kiitän osuvista ja tarkoista kommenteista, joiden ansiosta olen saanut paran- neltua käsikirjoitusta monilta osin. Alan tutkimukseen on sosiaalistanut etenkin sosiolingvistiikan lukupiiri kesäseminaareineen. Hanna Lappalainen, Johanna Vaattovaara, Päivi Markkola, Heini Lehtonen, Anu Rouhikoski, Susanna Kokko, Dragana Cvetanovic, Hanna Lantto ja monet muut ovat miettineet kanssani tutkimukseen liittyviä isoja ja pieniä kysymyksiä, kommentoineet tekstiraakileitani ja autta- neet naista mäessä. Kiitos teille! Kiitän Koneen Säätiötä neljän vuoden rahoituksesta, joka on mahdollistanut yhtäjaksoisen tutkimuksenteon. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuraa kiitän puolivuotisesta viimeistelyapura- hasta. Sanakirjasäätiö tuki kesän 2008 kenttämatkaa. Tukea eri tavoin on tullut suomen kielen oppiaineen työ- ja tutkijayhteisöltä. Teknisestä avusta etenkin aineiston käsittelyn alkupuolel- la kiitän Tanja Stepanovaa ja Joni Kukkolaa. Jatko-opintoaikana olen saanut työskennellä sekä päärakennuksessa että Vuorikadulla kaikkiaan neljässä eri huoneessa. Laitoksen mukava ilmapiiri on ollut ilahduttavaa! Datasessiot avasivat silmiä aineiston analyysiin, ja niiden ohella tutkijaseminaareissa ja Tvärminnessä olen saanut arvokasta näkökulmaa tutkimusme- netelmiin ja aineistojen analyysiin monilta eri ohjaajilta ja jatko-opiskelijoilta. Hyviä kommentteja on tullut eri ihmisiltä seminaareissa, symposiumeissa ja kursseilla sekä ihan sivumennen kahvi- ja lounaspöydässä – kiitos teille myös hyvästä seurasta! On mahdo- tonta mainita kaikkia monin tavoin tutkimuksessa myötävaikuttaneita erikseen, mutta tässä joitakin muistumia (ks.tämä tutkimus s. 33). Marjo Savijärvelle kiitos suhteellisuudentajua parantavista näkökulmista tutkimuksen eri vaiheissa sekä hauskasta matkaseurasta Tarttoon pariin otteeseen. Marjon ohella Heini Lehtonen, Katariina Harjunpää, Anu Rouhikoski ja Taru Nordlund ovat kommentoineet osia käsikirjoituksesta ja tarjonneet hyviä vinkkejä lop- puvaiheessa. Kiitos keskusteluista myös Mai Frickille, Anna Vataselle, Saija Merkelle ja mo- nille muille ja diskurssiseurasta Limerickissä Elina Pallasvirralle ja Tomi Visakolle. Saara Ratilaista, Anu Reposta ja Hanna Laitista kiitän avusta venäjän kielen kysymyksissä. Hannele Jönsson-Korhola on jakanut kiinnostusta suomalaisiin Suomen rajojen ulkopuolella. Marja- Leena Sorjosta kiitän erityisesti mahdollisuudesta osallistua Helsinki-hankkeen tapahtumiin, etenkin Preston-seminaariin vuonna 2009. Helsingin yliopiston ulkopuolelta uusista näkö- kulmista artikkeliprojektin myötä kiitän Sari Pöyhöstä ja tarkoista huomioista Liisa Raevaa- raa. Olen saanut olla omarahoitteisena mukana tutkijakoulu Langnetissa, joka on tarjonnut kiin- nostavia kursseja, seminaareja, matkoja ja matka-apurahoja. Kielen vaihtelu ja muutos – ryhmän tapaamisissa muun muassa Haapsalussa ja laivaseminaarissa Pietariin olen saanut palautetta monilta ohjaajilta ja opiskelijoilta. Näkökulmani on selventynyt, kun olen päässyt puheisiin muun muassa suomalais-ugrilaisten kielten tutkijoiden kanssa. Kiitos, diolch yn fawr, kofeiini- ja hiilihydraattipitoisista tapaamisista gradukaveri Tanja (Da- fydd) Salmiselle, jonka kanssa aikoinaan aloin tutustua vanhustutkimuksen saloihin. Siskoni Anne (Alpi) Leu, ”educated lay person”, on vaivojaan säästelemättä ollut aina valmis autta- maan muun muassa käännöksissä ja keskustellut aiheesta ja aiheen vierestä miellyttävän epä- konventionaalisesti. Sekä Suomessa että Pietarissa uudet ja vanhat tutut ovat olleet mukana eri vaiheissa, osoittaneet kiinnostusta ja esittäneet hyviä kysymyksiä. Kiitän vanhempiani ja sukulaisiani myötämielestä ja kannustuksesta. Ystävilleni kiitos hyvästä seurasta. Kiitos, että olette! Perimmäinen kiitos kaikista käänteistä ja tutkimuksen saamisesta kirjoihin ja kansiin kuuluu hyvälle Jumalalle, kaikkien mahdollisuuksien Isälle, joka tuntee tekemiseni perin poh- jin ja on antanut uusia elämänvoimia. Helsingissä 15. helmikuuta 2013 Kaarina Mononen ABSTRACT Use of Finnish among Ingrian-Finns in St Petersburg and its surroundings This thesis examines the Finnish language use of the Ingrian-Finns in St. Petersburg and its surroundings. The rapidly altered linguistic situation in the area forms the background for the study. The St Petersburg area has had a Finnish-speaking population for many centuries as well as varying and longstanding contacts to Finland, except in the Soviet period. From the 19th century, however, a major shift from Finnish to Russian has taken place as the Finnish speaking communities have dramatically diminished. The data for the study have been collected through ethnographic fieldwork in St Petersburg and its surroundings in Russia, and the core data come from elderly people in a retirement home. The study combines methods of language sociology, study of linguistic per- ceptions and interactional sociolinguistics. The data consist of conversations and interviews and it is analysed qualitatively. In addition to actual language use, the participants’ personal history has been investigated. The analysis shows how sociohistorical background and political conditions and ideologies affect the participants’ linguistic choices. Bilingualism is a multifaceted concept. The linguistic resources of a speaker often change during one’s life time. Among Ingrian- Finns this change has often been a dramatic one. Language shift from Finnish to Russian, due to strict minority politics, has caused many Ingrian-Finns to lose their first language although the data show cases where the heritage language is learned again. Exceptional individual choices are also discussed. The Ingrian Church is taken as an example of a change in the Finnish-language domain reflecting the discrepancy between past and contemporary realities. The speakers’ linguistic perceptions are investigated, reflecting past experiences. Concepts such as pure Finnish language and pure Finnish as well as Ingrian Finnish have specific meanings for individuals, and they are also context bound. The study also discusses the resources and interaction of the Ingrian-Finns in everyday situations with Finland-Finns. The Ingrian-Finns have different resources available to them including variants of an old Ingrian dialect, Finnish and Russian. Questions of multi- lingualism are approached analysing code switching; results show that Russian elements are used as part of the conversation, often in an unmarked way because of the heavy influence of Russian during the decades. Closer examination also shows different interactional functions of the Russian in Finnish speaking conversation: code switching is used, for example, to show distance and changed position. Attention is paid to the construction of understanding: the notion of a participant framework is used to analyse the speakers’ positions and contribu- tion in a multiparty and multilingual conversation. Solving interactional problems which arise, e.g. because of using a Russian word, is discussed as well. Mutual understanding is constructed together in conversation reflecting the interactional goals of the situation. It is also studied how identity is constructed in interaction by means of a recurring narrative. Combining different approaches allows a deeper insight into the language use of Ingrian-Finns today. The Finnish language is still used in different
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