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Scale Insects and Mealy Bugs (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea)

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Scale Insects and Mealy Bugs (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea) SCALE INSECTS AND MEALY BUGS (INSECTA: HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA) R.K.VARSHNEY*, M.J. JADHAV AND R.M.SHARMA Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune-411044 *Raj Bhawan, Manik Chowk, Aligarh-202001 The Scale insects and mealy bugs fall under the Superfamily Coccoidea, Order Homoptera. The name refers to their secretion of waxy scales or mealy that serves as a protective covering. They range in size from 1.5 mm to 25 mm in length. They are economically important insects, since many species attack different parts of plant and feed by sucking the plant sap. On the other hand a few species of scale insects are beneficial to mankind, e.g. the cochineal insect (Dactylopius indicus) yields a carmine dye and the lac insect (Kerria lacca) is the source of shellac. They are found on nearly all parts of the host plant including the leaves, branches, trunks, fruits, and roots. They sometimes occur under bark and may cause various kinds of plant deformities including chlorotic spots, pits, and galls. They cause severe damage to economically important plants like sugarcane, tea, coffee, cotton, sorghum, vegetables, greenhouse plants and almost all kinds of fruit trees. About 7,500 species of Scale insects and Mealy bugs are known at present from the world which inhabits almost all parts of the globe, in all floral habitats, from the tundra to the tropics. The Indian diversity accounts to 409 species under 166 genera spread over 14 families and 14 subfamilies (Varshney; 1992, 2002) and other scattered literature. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Superfamily: Coccoidea Family: Margarodidae Subfamily: Margarodinae Tribe: Kuwanini 1. Genus: Kuwania Cockerell in Fernald, 1903 1. Kuwania zeylanica (Green) Fernald, 1903 Distribution: Kerala (Calicut). Tribe: Margarodini 1 2. Genus: Margarodes Guilding, 1829 2. Margarodes formicarum Guilding, 1829 Distribution: South India. 3. Margarodes indicus Green, 1912 Distribution: Mumbai and Bengaluru. 4. Margarodes papillosus Green, 1912 Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru, Bellary). Subfamily: Neomargarodinae 3. Genus: Neomargarodes Green, 1914 5. Neomargarodes niger Morrison, 1928 Distribution: Karnataka (Mysore, Bellary), Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore). Family: Monophlebidae Subfamily: Monophlebinae Tribe: Iceryini 4. Genus: Crypticerya Cockerell, 1895 Crypticerya sp. Distribution: Odisha (Bhubaneshwar, Taptapani, Talcher and Angul). 6. Crypticerya jacobsoni Morrison, 1928 Distribution: Assam (Dibrugarh, Jokai Forest), Karnataka (Bengaluru), Kerala (Cochin). 7. Crypticerya jaihind Rao, 1951 Distribution: Karnataka (Kanara Dist., Mangalore), Kerala (Cochin, Nelliampathy hills, Travancore), Tamil Nadu (Nilambur). 8. Crypticerya kumari Rao, 1951 Distribution: Karnataka (Gopalswami hills). 5. Genus: Icerya Signoret, 1875 Icerya sp. 2 Distribution: Odisha (Bhubaneshwar, Taptapani, Dhauli, Konark, Rambha, Gopalpur-on-sea, Kuliana and Baripada). 9. Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas, 1890) Distribution: Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal. 10. Icerya formicarum Newstead, 1897 Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and North-East India. 11. Icerya menoni Rao, 1951 Distribution: Kerala (Maradu). 12. Icerya minor Green, 1908 Distribution: Assam (Haflong), Bihar (Pusa), Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi). 13. Icerya pilosa Green, 1896 Distribution: Andhra Pradesh (Sarola), Bihar (Shahabad, Juneshwargarh farm), Delhi, Haryana (Karnal), Madhya Pradesh (Gwalior), Kerala (Perungaloor, Travancore), Tamil Nadu (Chennai, Hasanoor, Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Satyamangalam, Coromandel coast), Uttar Pradesh (Aligarh, Meerut, Shahjahanpur) and West Bengal. 14. Icerya pulcher Morrison, 1928 Distribution: Bihar (Pusa). 15. Icerya purchase Maskell, 19879 Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu. 16. Icerya seychellarum (Westwood, 1855) Distribution: Andaman Is., Karnataka (Bellary, Kottur), Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu. 17. Icerya travancorensis Rao, 1951 Distribution: Kerala, Tamil Nadu. 18. Icerya zimmermani Green, 1932 Distribution: Bihar (Bhagalpur). 3 6. Genus: Steatococcus Ferris, 1921 19. Steatococcus assamensis Rao, 1951 Distribution: Meghalaya (Dawki). Tribe: Drosichini 7. Genus: Drosicha Walker, 1858 Drosicha sp. Distribution: Tamil Nadu (Chennai), Bihar (Pusa). 20. Drosicha burmeisteri Cockerell, 1902 Distribution: North India. 21. Drosicha contrahens Walker, 1858 Distribution: North-East India. 22. Drosicha dalbergiae (Green, 1902) Distribution: Bihar, Punjab (Sutlej Valley) and Uttarakhand (Dehra Dun). 23. Drosicha leachii (Westwood, 1845) Distribution: Kerala, Uttarakhand (Dehra Dun). 24. Drosicha mangiferae (Green, 1903) Distribution: Bihar (Bhagalpur, Pusa, Sitamarhi, Dalsingsarai, Santhal Paraganas, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur), Delhi, Uttar Pradesh (Fatehpur), Uttarakhand (Dehra Dun). 25. Drosicha quadricaudata (Green, 1922) Distribution: Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi). 26. Drosicha saundersii (Westwood) Foldi, 2001 Distribution: North India. 27. Drosicha stebbingii (Green); Morrison, 1928 Distribution: Bihar (Darbhanga, Saran, Muzaffarpur), Haryana (Karnal), Himachal Pradesh (Shimla), Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan (Jodhpur), Uttarakhand (Dehra Dun), Uttar Pradesh (Saharanpur, Kanpur, Varanasi), West Bengal (Howrah & Darjeeling Dist.) 4 28. Drosicha tectonae (Green); Morrison, 1928 Distribution: Madhya Pradesh (Damoh), Punjab, Uttar Pradesh. Tribe: Monophlebini 8. Genus: Aspidoproctus Newstead, 1901 29. Aspidoproctus pertinax Newstead, 1901 Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru). 9. Genus: Hemaspidoproctus Morrison, 1927 30. Hemaspidoproctus cinereus Morrison, 1927 Distribution: Bihar (Pusa), Karnataka, Kerala, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. 10. Genus: Labioproctus Green, 1922 31. Labioproctus poleii Green, 1896 Distribution: Karnataka (Mysore, Coorg), West Bengal (Darjeeling Dist.). 11. Genus: Misracoccus Rao, 1950 32. Misracoccus assamensis Rao, 1950 Distribution: Meghalaya (Shilong). 33. Misracoccus xyliae Rao, 1950 Distribution: Karnataka (Molakalmurn), Kerala (Malabar) and Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore). 12. Genus: Monophlebus Guerin-Meneville, 1827 Monophlebus sp. Distribution: Tamil Nadu. 34. Monophlebus atripennis Burmeister, 1835 Distribution: North India. 13. Genus: Monophlebidus Morrison, 1927 35. Monophlebidus indicus Morrison, 1927 5 Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru). 14. Genus: Perissopneumon Newstead, 1900 36. Perissopneumon ferox Newstead, 1900 Distribution: Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh. 37. Perissopneumon phyllanthi (Green, 1923) Distribution: Andhra Pradesh (Godavari Dist.), Karnataka (Bengaluru), Kerala (Malabar, Walayar Forest) and West Bengal (Kolkata). 38. Perissopneumon tamarinda Rao, 1950 Distribution: Andhra Pradesh (Godavari Dist.) and West Bengal (Kolkata). 15. Genus: Walkeriana Signoret, 1876 39. Walkeriana senex Green, 1896 Distribution: Kerala (Wynaad) and Tamil Nadu. Family: Ortheziidae 16. Genus: Orthezia Bosc d’ Antic, 1784 40. Orthezia insignis Browne, 1887 Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru), Kerala (Wynad), Tamil Nadu (Salem Dist.), Sikkim (Rangpo) and West Bengal. Family: Tachardiidae Subfamily: Tachardiinae Tribe: Tachardini 17. Genus: Kerria Targioni-Tozzetti, 1884 Subgenus: (i) Kerria Kerria sp. Varshney, 2000 Distribution: Odisha (Bhubaneshwar) and Tamil Nadu (Jawalgiri). 41. Kerria (K.) albizziae (Green, 1911) Distribution: Bihar, Uttarakhand (Dehra Dun), West Bengal. 6 42. Kerria (K.) brancheata Varshney, 1966 Distribution: Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand. 43. Kerria (K.) chamberlini Varshney, 1966 Distribution: Rajasthan (Jodhpur). 44. Kerria (K.) chinensis chinensis (Mahdihassan, 1923) Distribution: North- East India. 45. Kerria (K.) chinensis kydia (Misra, 1930) Distribution: Assam (Cachar Dist.). 46. Kerria (K.) communis (Mahdihassan, 1923) Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. 47. Kerria (K.) ebrachiata (Chamberlin, 1923) Distribution: Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka (Bengaluru). 48. Kerria (K.) fici fici (Green, 1903) Distribution: Bihar (Patna), Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore), West Bengal. 49. Kerria (K.) fici jhasiensis (Misra, 1930) Distribution: Uttar Pradesh (Jhansi). 50. Kerria (K.) indicola (Kapur, 1958) Distribution: Bihar. 51. Kerria (K.) lacca lacca (Kerr, 1782) Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. 52. Kerria (K.) lacca ambigua (Misra, 1930) Distribution: Uttar Pradesh (Guna, Jhansi). 53. Kerria (K.) lacca mysorensis (Mahadihassan, 1923) 7 Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru, Mysore). 54. Kerria (K.) nagoliensis (Mahadihassan, 1923) Distribution: Madhya Pradesh (Raipur, Sohagpur). 55. Kerria (K.) nepalensis Varshney, 1977 Distribution: Bihar. 56. Kerria (K.) pusana (Misra, 1930) Distribution: Bihar. 57. Kerria (K.) laca mysorensis (Mahadihassan, 1923) Distribution: Karnataka. 58. Kerria (K.) sharda Misra & Sushil, 2000 rangoonensis (Chamberlin, 1925) Distribution: Odisha. Subgenus: (ii) Chamberliniella Varshney, 1987 59. Kerria (C.) rangoonensis (Chamberlin, 1925) Distribution: Assam. Subfamily: Tachardininae 18. Genus: Paratachardina Balachowsky, 1950 60. Paratachardina mahdihassani (Kondo & Gullan, 2007) Distribution: Karnataka. 61. Paratachardina mithila Varshney, 1968 Distribution: Meghalaya (Shillong). 62. Paratachardina silvestri (Mahdihassan, 1923) Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka (Bengaluru) and Tamil Nadu. 63. Paratachardina
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