TAXONOMIC SURVEY OF CHALCIDOID PARASITES () ATTACKING SUGARCANE PESTS IN INDIA

DISSERTATION sobmitted in partial falfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Mmtx of $I)ilos(ortip

I - ' ZOOLOGY

S"A, , "-^rsnfny

BY ARSHAD ALT HAIDER

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1994 DS2502

.^^^TuTiAwtA

17 3 f t^ m

CHEC:::ED-2002

t.r T>edicated to My ^etovtd Barents & H^acfiers

(for [eading me to inteUectuaC fiorizons) •nonii;. •5b4f- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY i Inieffial ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH—202 002 INDIA Sect/OPS: 1 ENTOMOLOGY 2 PARASITOLOGY f^ef. No 3 ICHTHYOLOGY & FISHERIES 4 AGRICULTURAL NEMATOLOGY Date R GENETIC?

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation

entitled/ "Taxonomic Survey of Chalcidoid Parasites

(Hymenoptera) attacking sugarcane pests in India"

by Mr. Arshad Ali Haider, contains work done under

my supervision. This is an original contribution

and an addition to the existing knowledge on the

subject.

Being satisfied with the quality and

quantity of the work, he is permitted to submit this

dissertation for the award of M.Phil. degree in

Zoology of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,

India.

(DR. SHUJAUDDIN) Supervisor Reader in Zoology CONTENTS

Acknowledgements i-ii i. Introduction 01

ii. Material and Method 06 iii. List of sugarcane pests and their chalcidoid parasites in India 07

iv. Chalcidoid parasites of sugarcane pests

in India 19

V. Discussion 26

vi. References 29-43 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The present author feels greatly indebted to

Dr. Shujauddiri/ Reader, Department of zoology, Aligarh

Muslim University, Aligarh, for his most valuable guidance, supervision and taking great pains in critically going through the manuscript.

The author is very much thankful to Prof. A.K.

Jafri/ Chairman, Department of Zoology, A.M.U.

Aligarh, for providing necessary research facilities.

The author is also grateful to Prof. S. Mashhood Alam/

Ex-Head, Department of Zoology, A.M.U. Aligarh, for his most useful suggestions and encouragement.

Financial assistance from A.M.U. in the form of University fellowship is duly acknowledged.

Thanks are extended to lab colleagues,

Dr. (Miss) Anis Fatima, Dr. Mohd. Yousuf, Dr. Jamal

Ahmad/ Miss Shama Afroze, Miss Sagia Firduas/

Miss Kalpana Varshney and Mr. Ahmad Samiuddin for their kind cooperation and moral support.

Brilliant suggestion and caunselling during the tenure of the present work from my friends

Mr. Abdul Hasnat Ashraf, Mr. Rajeev K. Gaur and

Mr. Pawan Kumar as well as senior research students of the department are duly acknowledged. 11

Posthumous thanks are due to Late (Dr.) S.

Adam Shafee, Reader, Department of Zoology, A.M.U.

Aligarh/ for providing an opportunity to work under his supervision for a brief period.

Lastly the author wishes to thank his parents and other family members for their constant affection and encouragement which played a big role in the completion of his work.

(ARSHAD ALI HAIDER) i. INTRODUCTION

Sugarcane ( Linn.) is widely cultivated in India. About 2.6 million hectares of land constituting 35% of world production growing area was under sugarcane cultivation in India. However/ total sugarcane production was only 150.5 million tonnes which was approximately 19.4% of the total world production

(Atwal 1986). During the last decade over 3.65

million hectares of land brought under sugarcane

cultivation and production has increased from 150.5

million to 239 million tonnes (Singh & Bajpai

1994) . The best suited areas for the sugarcane crop in

our country are divided into two regions/ tropical

and sub-tropical belt. The former includes Andhra

Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra

and Tamil Nadu and latter Assam, Bihar, Haryana,

Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar

Pradesh and West Bengal.

Sugarcane is heavily attacked by a number of pests. The damage starts from the time of planting till harvest. The poor growing

conditions and inefficient control means result heavy damage by the pest in our country. The damage is comparatively more in the northern region

(Agarwal & Siddiqi . 1964). Issac (1938) listed 79 insect pests of sugarcane crop. Box (1953) recorded

125 sugarcane from India. Gupta (1957) classified 18 major and 21 minor pests of sugarcane. Butani (1961) considered 32 as major pests out of a total of 50 insects on sugarcane in Bihar. Agarwal & Siddiqi (1964) compiled 47 insects as major pests of sugarcane in India.

Chandra £t^ a_l. (1980) gave a list of 31 pest species of sugarcane belonging to the order

Lepidoptera and . Atwal (1986) recorded

13 important pests of sugarcane. Recently/ Nayar et al. (1989) updated the list of 104 sugarcane pests.

Considerable work has been done on the: biology/ anatomy/ life history/ behaviour, identifi­ cation/ control/ bionomics/ nature of damage and its natural enemies in India by the following workers: Pruthi & Rao (1942)/ Venkataraman (1946)/

Qadri (1950)/ Prasad (1954), Puttarudriah (1954),

Agarwal (1956)/ Bindra & Kittur (1957)/ Kapoor

(1957), Khanna (1957)/ Narayan et al. (1957), Ali (1958, 1962), Gupta (1959), Atwal (1962), Patel

(1963), Sandhu & Sardar (1963). Butani (1964,

1966), Kalra & Sidhu (1965), Kalra et al. (1965),

Siddiqi £t_ ^. (1965), Kalra & Srivastava (1969),

Khan & Joshi (1969), Siddiqi (1969), Bindra et_ al. (1970), Chopra (1970), Hameed & Razmi (1970), Rao

(1970), David £t aj^. (1972), Rahalkar et^ al. (1972), Srivastava (1972), Banerjee & Butani

(1975a, 1975b), Avasthy (1978), Garg & Chaudhary

(1979), Kalra (1983), Shankaran et^ aJ. (1983), Avasthi & Shafee (1987), Mahla & Chaudhary (1989),

Shafee et _al. (1989a, 1989b), Tewari et al^. (1990),

Sosa (1991), Sardana & David (1992), White (1993),

Williams (1993) and Gupta £t_ a_l. (1994).

In nature most of the pest species are kept under check by chalcidoid parasites. These chalcidoid parasites have been recorded from the eggs larvae and pupae of the pests. The population of sugarcane pests are regulated by these parasites as they are able to produce successive generations at a faster rate than their hosts.

Frost (1942) defined the term parasite,

"a species that feeds on the body of another without killing it and generally attacks only a single host" and a "is intermediate in habits between the parasite and the predator. At first/ it operates as a parasite avoiding the vital organs of the host; later, it operates as a predator and consumes the host".

Considerable work has been done on chalcidoid parasites of sugarcane pests in India.

Lai (1938/ 1980), Cherian & Subramaniam (1940),

Rahman (1941), Mani & Kurian (1953)/ Prasad

(1955)/ Narayanan et £1. (1957)/ Butani (1958, 1972),

Agarwal (1959/ 1964/ 1965/ 1966), Compere et_ aj^.

(1960)/ Alam (1961)/ Hayat (1970/ 1972, 1983/

1989)/ Shafee (1972/ 1973, 1974/ 1975, 1981), Rao

& Murthy (1973), Shafee e_t £l. (1973, 1990), Khan

& Shafee (1976, 1977, 1980), Azim & Shafee (1980),

Chandra £t_ a_l. (1980), Husain & Agarwal (1982),

Shafee & Avasthi (1983, 1989), Shafee & Rizvi

(1983), Subba Rao & Hayat (1986), Yousuf & Shafee

(1986/ 1987), Singh & Agarwal (1992), Fatima &

Shafee (1993) and Gupta £t £l. (1994).

In the present work an attempt has been made to compile available information of sugarcane pests and their chalcidoid parasites from India. The study based on 49 pest species of sugarcane belonging to orders Hemiptera and with an updated list of their 130 species of different chalcidoid parasites. Important families of chalcidoid parasites with its species in paranthesis attacking these pests are as follows:

Aphelinidae (35)/ Chalcididae (5)/ Elasmidae (2),

Encyrtidae (48), (14), Euryischidae (1),

Eurytomidae (1)/ Mymaridae (4), Pteromalidae (3)/

Signiphoridae (3) and (14).

The over all information has been compiled

after a careful consultation of the available

literature and also supplemented by recent observa­

tions carried out during the course of survey. In

the opinion of the writer this information will

not only be significant to the systematists but

also to the applied Entomologists in the field of

Biological control of sugarcane pests.

The pest species are arranged alphabetically along with their orders and families. A separate family wise list of parasites has also been provided. A complete up to date host-parasite list is also given. ii, MATERIAL AND METHOD

Collections were made from infested sugar­ cane plants from Aligarh district and were brought to the laboratory. The infested parts were cut into small pieces and were kept in the rearing jars (4" x 2").

The open end of the jars were covered with muslin cloth held tightly with rubber band. A complete record was maintained indicating reference number/

locality/ date of collection and the name of the host insect. The collections were examined daily

for the emerged parasites. The emerged parasites were preserved in 80% alcohol with 2-3 drops of glycerine in small glass vials. The preserved

specimens were identified up to specific level and catalogued. iii. LIST OF SUGARCANE PESTS AND THEIR CHALCIDOID PARASITES IN INDIA

PESTS PARASITES

ORDER : HEMIPTERA

Family : Aclerdidae

1. Aclerda distorta Green Coccophagus zebratus Howard

Family : Aleurodidae

2. Aleurolobus barodensis Azotus aligarhensis Khan & Shafee

(Maskell) Azotus bimaculatus Khan & Shafee Azotus delhiensis Lai

Azotus indicus Khan & Shafee

Encarsia isaaci Mani

Encarsia muliyali Mani

Encarsia opulenta (Silvestri)

Euderomphale secundus (Mani)

3. Aleurolobus sp. Encarsia udaipuriensis (Shafee)

Eretmocerus indicus Hayat

4. Bemisia tabaci Encarsia mohyuddini shafee & Rizvi

(Gennadius) Encarsia shafeei Hayat

Encarsia smithi (Silvestri)

Eretmocerus mundus Mercet 5. Neomaskellia bergii Encarsia isaaci Mani

Signoret Encarsia neomaskelliae Prasad Encarsia tristis (Zehntner)

Eretmocerus delhiensis Mani Eretmocerus inashhoodi Hayat

Eretmo cerus mundus Mercet

Eretmocerus paulistis Hempel

Eretmocerus serius Silvestri

Family : Aphididae

6. Hysteroneura setariae Tassonia mangniclava (Hayat &

(Thomas) Subba Rao)

7. Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) Leiocyrtus aphidivorus shafee et al

8. Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr)

Family : Cicadellidae

9. Tettigonella spectra Gonatocerus shasthryi (Subba Rao & (Distant) Kaur)

Family : Coccidae

10. Ceroplastes actiniformis Anagyrus qadrii (Hayat et al. Green Anicetus angustus Hayat et_ al. Anicetus benificus Ishii &

Yasumatsu

Cephaleta brunniventris

Motschulsky

Cheiloneurus basiri Hayat et_ al. Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard)

Diversinervus madgaoensi s

Hayat et^ al.

11. Coccus sp. Anicetus deltoideus Annecke

Coccophagus bivittatus Compare

Coccophagus bogoriensis

(Koningsberger)

Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard)

Coccophagus clavatus Husain &

Agarwal

Coccophagus longiclavatus Shafee

Coccophagus longipedicellus

Shafee

Coccophagus nigricorpus Shafee

Coccophagus shafeei Hayat

Coccophagus silvestri Compare

Microterys mirzai Shafee et al. 10

Fanlly : Delphacidae

12. Nilaparvata lugens Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse

(Stal) Anagrus perforator (Perkins) Oligosita naias Girault

13. Sogatella furcifera Anagrus columbi Perkins.

(Horvath)

Family :

14. Aulacaspis sp. Thomsonisea pakistanensls (Ahmad) Thomsonisca sankarani Subba Rao

15. Diaspis sp. Coccophagus diaspidis Agarwal

16. glomerata Adelencyrtus mayurai (Subba Rao)

(Green) Azotus bharathius Subba Rao

Azotus fumipennis Subba Rao

Coccobius subflavus (Annecke &

Insley.

Marietta leopardina Motschulsky

17. Melanaspis sp. Adelencyrtus bifasciatus (Ishii)

18. Odonaspis secreta Homalopoda cristata Howard (Cockerell) Proaphelinoides elongatiformis

Girault 11

Family : Eriococcidae

19. Eriococcus greeni Alamella flava Agarwal Newstead Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal

Family : Lophopidae

20. Pyrilla aberrans Ooencyrtus pyrillae Crawford

(Kirby) Proleuroceroides pyrillae

Shafee _et al.

Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford

21. Pyrilla perpusilla Cheiloneurus pyrillae Mani

(Walker) Cheiloneurus quadricolor (Girault^

Euplectrus parvulus Ferriere

Ooencyrtus papilionis Ashmead

Proleuroceroides pyrillae

Shafee e_t al.

Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford Tetrastichus udaipurensis (Khan & Shafee)

22. Pyrilla sp. Ageniaspis pyrilla Mani Cheiloneurus pyrilla Mani

Cheiloneurus quadricolor (Girault)

Ooencyrtus papilioneus Ashmead 12

Ooencyrtus pyrillae Crawford

Proleuroceroides pyrillae

Shafee et al.

Family : Margarodidae

23. Icerya pilosa Green Eotopus beneficus (Shafee)

Euryischia indica Mani & Kurian

Family : pseudococcidae

24. Antonina graminis Cheiloneurus bangalorensis (Maskell) (Subba Rao) Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao)

25. Antonina sp. Cheiloneurus bangalorensis (Subba Rao)

Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao)

Rhopus gramineus Hayat

26. Dysmicoccus sp. Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam)

27. Kiritshenkella sacchari Anagyrus punctulatus Agarwal (Green) Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake Eotopus beneficus (Shafee) Rhopus desantisiellus Ghesquiere Rhopus sacchari (Alam) 13

28. Phenacoccus saccharifolii Leptomastix dactylopii Howard

(Green)

29. Pseudococcus sp. Anagyrus alami Hayat

Anagyrus flavidus Shafee et^ al. Anagyrus scutomaculatus Agarwal

Anagyrus sp. Euryischia indica Mani & Kurian

30. Saccharicoccus sacchari Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal

(Cockerell) Anagyrus greeni Howard Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) Anagyrus punctulatus Agarwal Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake Anagyrus swezeyi Timberlake Astymachus japonicus Howard Chartocerus fimbriae Hayat Chartocerus ranae (Subba Rao) Cladiscodes sacchari Subba Rao Hamusencyrtus mymaricoides (Compere et al.) Mayrencyrtus sp. Microterys delhiensis Subba Rao

Neastymachus delhiensis (Subba Rao) Rhopus fullawayi (Timberlake) 14

Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford Xanthoencyrtus longiclavatus (Shafee et al.)

31. Saccharicoccus sp. Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard;

ORDER : LEPIDOPTERA

Family : Noctuidae

32. Mythimna separata Walker Brachymeria euploeae (westwood)

33. Sesamia inferens Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer

(walker) Tetrastichus inferens Yoshimoto

Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian &

Margabandhu

'.4. Sesamia uniformis Dudge minutum Riley

Family : Pyralidae

35. Acigona steniellus zehntneri Ferriere (Hainpson) Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

36. Chilo infuscatellus Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere

(Snellen) Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer

Trichogramma australicum Girault

Trichogramma brevifringiata

Yousuf & Shafee 15

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

Trichogramma chilotraeae Nagaraja

& Nagarkatti

Trichogramma flandersi Nagaraja

& Nagarkatti

Trichogramma plasseyensis Nagaraja

Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja

Trichogramma semblidis

(Aurivillius)

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae

Nagaraja

37. Chilo partellus Invreia ghanii Habu

(Swinhoe) Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer

Trichogramma australicum Girault

Trichogramma chiloni s Ishii

Trichogramma chilotraeae

Nagaraja & Nagarkatti

Trichogramma perkinsi Girault

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae

Nagaraja

38. Chilo sacchariphagus Pediobius elasmi (Ashmead) (Walker) Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu 16

39. Chilo tumidicostalis Anostocetus sp.

Hampson

40. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Brachymeria excarinata Gahan

(Guenee) Elasmus brevicornis Gahan

Kriechbaumerella sp.

Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

Trichomalopsis apanteloctena

(Crawford)

Trichospilus pupivora Ferriere

41. Diatraea sticticraspis Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer

Hampson

42. Diatraea venosata Tetrastichus ayyari Roher

(Walker) Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu

43. Marasmia trapezalis Antrocephalus indicus (Husain & (Guenee) Agarwal)

Elasmus brevicornis Gahan

Pediobius acantha (Walker)

44. Polyocha depressella Trichogramma australicum Girault (Swinhoe) Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

Trichogramma minutum Riley 17

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae

Nagaraja

45. Psara phaeopteralis Brachymeria euploeae (Westwood) Guenee Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

46. Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere

Walker

47. Propicroscytus mirificus (Girault;

(Walker) Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer

Tetrastichus Israeli (Mani &

Kurian)

Tetrastichus kuriani Husain &

Agarwal

Trichogramma australicum Girault

Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead

Trichogramma minutum Riley

Trichogramma pallidiventris

Nagaraja

Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian

& Margabandhu

48. Scirpophaga nivella Anostocetus sp. (Fabricius) 18

Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere

Eurytoma sacchricola (Mani)

Trichogramma minutum Riley

49. Scirpophaga sp. Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead 19

iv. CHALCIDOID PARASITES OF SUGARCANE PESTS IN INDIA

Family:Aphelinidae

1. Azotus aligarhensis Khan & Shafee

2. Azotus bharathius Subba Rao 3. Azotus bimaculatus Khan & Shafee

4. Azotus delhiensis Lai

5. Azotus fumipennis Subba Rao

6. Azotus indicus Khan & Shafee

7. coccobius subflavus (Annecke & Insley)

8. Coccophagus bivittatus Compere

9. Coccophagus bogoriensis (Koningsberger)

10. Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard)

11. coccophagus clavatus Husain & Agarwal 12. Coccophagus diaspidis Agarwal 13. coccophagus longiclavatus Shafee 14. coccophagus longipedicellus Shafee 15. Coccophagus nigricorpus Shafee

16. coccophagus shafeei Hayat

17. Coccophagus silvestrii Compere

18. coccophagus zebratus Howard 19. Encarsia isaaci Mani

20. Encarsia mohyuddini Shafee & Rizvi

21. Encarsia muliyali Mani

22. Encarsia neomaskelliae Prasad 20

23. Encarsia opulenta (Silvestri)

24. Encarsia shafeei Hayat

25. Encarsia smithi (Silvestri)

26. Encarsia tristis (Zehntner)

27. Encarsia udaipuriensis (Shafee)

28. Eretmocerus delhiensis Mani

29. Eretmocerus indicus Hayat

30. Eretmocerus mashhoodi Hayat

31. Eretmocerus mundus Mercet

32. Eretmocerus paulistis Hempel

33. Eretmocerus serius Silvestri 34. Marietta leopardina Motschulsky

35. Proaphelinoides elongatiformis Girault

Family : Chalcididae

1. Antrocephalus indicus Husain & Agarwal

2. Brachymeria euploeae (Westwood)

3. Brachymeria excarinata Gahan

4. Invereia ghanii Habu

5. Kriechbaumerella sp.

Family : Elasmidae

1. Elasmus brevicornis Gahan

2. Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere 21

Family : Encyrtidae

1. Adelencyrtus bifasciatus (Ishii)

2. Adelencyrtus mayurai (Subba Rao)

3. Ageniaspis pyrillae Mani

4. Alainella flava Agarwal 5. Anagyrus alami Hayat

6. Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal

7. Anagyrus flavidus Shafee £t al.

8. Anagyrus greeni Howard

9. Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault)

10. Anagyrus punctulatus Agarwal

11. Anagyrus qadrii (Hayat et_ al.) 12. Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake

13. Anagyrus scutomaculatus Agarwal

14. Anagyrus swezeyi Timberlake

15 . Anagyrus sp.

16. Anicetus angustus Hayat et_ al. 17. Anicetus beneficus Ishii & Yasumatsu

18. Anicetus deltoideus Annecke

19. Astymachus japonicus Howard

20. Cheiloneurus bangalorensi s (Subba Rao)

21. Cheiloneurus basiri Hayat et al.

22. Cheiloneurus pyrillae Mani

23. Cheiloneurus quadricolor (Girault) 22

24. Cladiscodes sacchari Subba Rao

25. Diversinervus madgaoensis Hayat et^ al. 26. Eotopus beneficus (Shafee)

27. Hamusencyrtus mymaricoides (Compere £t^ al.)

28. Homalopoda cristata Howard

29. Leiocyrtus aphidivorus Shafee et_ al. 30. Leptomastix dactylopii Howard

31. Mayrencyrtus sp.

32. Microterys delhiensis Subba Rao

33. Microterys mirzai Shafee et al. 34. Neastymachus delhiensis (Subba Rao) 35. Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao)

36. Ooencyrtus papilionis Ashmead

37. Ooencyrtus pyrillae Crawford

38. Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam)

39. Proleuroceroides pyrillae Shafee et al.

40. Rhopus desantisiellus Ghesquiere

41. Rhopus fullawayi (Timberlake)

42. Rhopus gramineus Hayat

43. Rhopus sacchari (Alam)

44. Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr)

45. Tassonia magniclava (Hayat & Subba Rao)

46. Thomsonisca pakistanensis (Ahmad)

47. Thomsonisca sankarani Subba Rao 23

48. Xanthoencyrtus longiclavatus Shafee et al.

Family : Eulophidae

1. Anostocetus sp.

2. Euderomphale secundus (Mani)

3. Euplectrus parvulus Ferriere

4. Pediobius acantha (Walker)

5. Pediobius elasmi (Ashmead)

6. Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer

7. Tetrastichus inferense Yoshimoto

8. Tetrastichus Israeli (Mani & Kurian)

9. Tetrastichus kuriani Husain & Khan

10. Tetrastichus pyrillae Crowford

11. Tetrastichus udaipurensis (Khan & shafee)

12. Tetrastichus sp.

13. Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu 14. Trichospilus pupivora Ferriere

Family : Euryischidae

1. Euryischia indica Mani & Kurian

Family : Eurytomidae

1. Eurytoma saccharicola (Mani) 24

Family : Mymaridae

1. Anagrus columbi Perkins

2. Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse

3. Anagrus perforator (Perkins) 4. Gonatocerus shasthryi (Subba Rao & Kaur)

Family : Pteromalidae

1. Cephaleta brunniventris Motschulsky

2. Propicroscytus mirificus (Girault)

3. Trichomalopsis apanteloctena (Crawford)

Family : Signiphoridae

1. Chartocerus fimbriae Hayat

2. Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal)

3. Chartocerus ranae (Subba Rao)

Family : Trichogrammatidae

1. Oligosita naias Girault

2. Trichogramma australicum Girault

3. Trichogramma brevifringiata Yousuf & Shafee

4. Trichogramma chilonis Ishii

5. Trichogramma chilotraeae Nagaraja & Nagarkatti 25

6. Trichogramma flandersi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti

7. Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead

8. Trichogramma minutum Riley

9. Trichogramma pallidiventris Nagaraja

10. Trichogramma perkinsi Girault

11. Trichogramma plasseyensis Nagaraja

12. Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja

13. Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius)

14. Trichogrammatoidea bacterae Nagaraja 26

V. DISCUSSION

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is widely grown in India. Its cultivation and processing is an important source of agricultural income. Insect pests are the main enemies of this agriculturally important plant, causing severe damage to this crop. The damage

starts from the time of planting and continues till

harvest. The insect pest's problem of sugarcane is

becoming more and more acute every year. The main

causes of the problem are: (i) rapid migration of

pests from one region to other, (ii) large increase

in sugarcane acreage with consolidated holdings

providing increased opportunity of food to the insect

pests and (iii) the introduction of thick and soft

cane plant which are more susceptible to insect

borers.

Most of the pest species are kept under check in nature by chalcidoid parasites. These parasites have been recorded from the eggs, larvae and pupae of the pests. The population of sugarcane pests are regulated by many of these parasites, as they are able to produce successive generation at a faster rate than their hosts. 27

The present study is based on 49 pest species of sugarcane belonging to order Hemiptera and

Lepidoptera with an updated list of 130 species of different chalcidoid parasites. The number of pest species are given, in parentheses against the families of each order viz., Hemiptera: Aclerdidae (1)/

Aleurodidae (4), Aphididae (3)/ Cicadellidae (1),

Coccidae (2)/ Delphacidae (2)/ Diaspididae (5),

Ericoccidae (1)/ Lophopidae (3)/ Margarodidae (1),

Pseudococcidae (8)/ Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (3),

Pyralidae (15).

The important families of Chalcidoidea are listed below and the number of parasitic species on sugarcane pests are indicated in parentheses:

Aphelinidae (35)/ Chalcididae (5)/ Elasmidae (2),

Encyrtidae (48), Eulophidae (14), Euryischidae (1),

Eurytomidae (1), Mymaridae (4), Pteromalidae (3),

Signiphoridae (3) and Trichogrammatidae (14).

Aleurolobus sp., Coccus sp., Pyrilla sp., Saccharum sp. of order Hemiptera and Chilo sp., Scirpophaga sp. of order Lepidoptera are parasitized by large number of chalcidoid parasites.

Maximum number of parasitic species on sugarcane pests were recorded from the families: 28

Aphelinidae (35)/ Encyrtidae (48), Eulophidae (14),

Trichogrammatidae (14) and the maximum species attacking sugarcane pests were found in the following genera: Coccophagus (11), Anagyrus (11), Tetrastichus

(7) and Trichogramma (12).

However, the following three parasitic

chalcidoids were found attacking different pests of

sugarcane eg : Elasmus zehntneri (5), " Tetrasticus

ayyari (8) and Trichogramma chilonis (9).

The present work includes the compilation of related literature on chalcidoid parasites of sugarcane pests and their role in suppressing the pests population in nature. Keeping in view the effectiveness of parasites, it is suggested to study the evaluation of common species which have greater potentials to minimize pest attack. This approach will not only be a better replacement for chemical control but simultaneously prove to be a permanent and comparatively inexpensive method against sugarcane pests. 29

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