TAXONOMIC SURVEY OF CHALCIDOID PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING SUGARCANE PESTS IN INDIA
DISSERTATION sobmitted in partial falfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Mmtx of $I)ilos(ortip
I - ' ZOOLOGY
S"A, , "-^rsnfny
BY ARSHAD ALT HAIDER
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1994 DS2502
.^^^TuTiAwtA
17 3 f t^ m
CHEC:::ED-2002
t.r T>edicated to My ^etovtd Barents & H^acfiers
(for [eading me to inteUectuaC fiorizons) •nonii;. •5b4f- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY i Inieffial ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH—202 002 INDIA Sect/OPS: 1 ENTOMOLOGY 2 PARASITOLOGY f^ef. No 3 ICHTHYOLOGY & FISHERIES 4 AGRICULTURAL NEMATOLOGY Date R GENETIC?
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation
entitled/ "Taxonomic Survey of Chalcidoid Parasites
(Hymenoptera) attacking sugarcane pests in India"
by Mr. Arshad Ali Haider, contains work done under
my supervision. This is an original contribution
and an addition to the existing knowledge on the
subject.
Being satisfied with the quality and
quantity of the work, he is permitted to submit this
dissertation for the award of M.Phil. degree in
Zoology of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh,
India.
(DR. SHUJAUDDIN) Supervisor Reader in Zoology CONTENTS
Acknowledgements i-ii i. Introduction 01
ii. Material and Method 06 iii. List of sugarcane pests and their chalcidoid parasites in India 07
iv. Chalcidoid parasites of sugarcane pests
in India 19
V. Discussion 26
vi. References 29-43 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The present author feels greatly indebted to
Dr. Shujauddiri/ Reader, Department of zoology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, for his most valuable guidance, supervision and taking great pains in critically going through the manuscript.
The author is very much thankful to Prof. A.K.
Jafri/ Chairman, Department of Zoology, A.M.U.
Aligarh, for providing necessary research facilities.
The author is also grateful to Prof. S. Mashhood Alam/
Ex-Head, Department of Zoology, A.M.U. Aligarh, for his most useful suggestions and encouragement.
Financial assistance from A.M.U. in the form of University fellowship is duly acknowledged.
Thanks are extended to lab colleagues,
Dr. (Miss) Anis Fatima, Dr. Mohd. Yousuf, Dr. Jamal
Ahmad/ Miss Shama Afroze, Miss Sagia Firduas/
Miss Kalpana Varshney and Mr. Ahmad Samiuddin for their kind cooperation and moral support.
Brilliant suggestion and caunselling during the tenure of the present work from my friends
Mr. Abdul Hasnat Ashraf, Mr. Rajeev K. Gaur and
Mr. Pawan Kumar as well as senior research students of the department are duly acknowledged. 11
Posthumous thanks are due to Late (Dr.) S.
Adam Shafee, Reader, Department of Zoology, A.M.U.
Aligarh/ for providing an opportunity to work under his supervision for a brief period.
Lastly the author wishes to thank his parents and other family members for their constant affection and encouragement which played a big role in the completion of his work.
(ARSHAD ALI HAIDER) i. INTRODUCTION
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) is widely cultivated in India. About 2.6 million hectares of land constituting 35% of world production growing area was under sugarcane cultivation in India. However/ total sugarcane production was only 150.5 million tonnes which was approximately 19.4% of the total world production
(Atwal 1986). During the last decade over 3.65
million hectares of land brought under sugarcane
cultivation and production has increased from 150.5
million to 239 million tonnes (Singh & Bajpai
1994) . The best suited areas for the sugarcane crop in
our country are divided into two regions/ tropical
and sub-tropical belt. The former includes Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra
and Tamil Nadu and latter Assam, Bihar, Haryana,
Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal.
Sugarcane is heavily attacked by a number of insect pests. The damage starts from the time of planting till harvest. The poor growing
conditions and inefficient control means result heavy damage by the pest in our country. The damage is comparatively more in the northern region
(Agarwal & Siddiqi . 1964). Issac (1938) listed 79 insect pests of sugarcane crop. Box (1953) recorded
125 sugarcane insects from India. Gupta (1957) classified 18 major and 21 minor pests of sugarcane. Butani (1961) considered 32 as major pests out of a total of 50 insects on sugarcane in Bihar. Agarwal & Siddiqi (1964) compiled 47 insects as major pests of sugarcane in India.
Chandra £t^ a_l. (1980) gave a list of 31 pest species of sugarcane belonging to the order
Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Atwal (1986) recorded
13 important pests of sugarcane. Recently/ Nayar et al. (1989) updated the list of 104 sugarcane pests.
Considerable work has been done on the: biology/ anatomy/ life history/ behaviour, identifi cation/ control/ bionomics/ nature of damage and its natural enemies in India by the following workers: Pruthi & Rao (1942)/ Venkataraman (1946)/
Qadri (1950)/ Prasad (1954), Puttarudriah (1954),
Agarwal (1956)/ Bindra & Kittur (1957)/ Kapoor
(1957), Khanna (1957)/ Narayan et al. (1957), Ali (1958, 1962), Gupta (1959), Atwal (1962), Patel
(1963), Sandhu & Sardar (1963). Butani (1964,
1966), Kalra & Sidhu (1965), Kalra et al. (1965),
Siddiqi £t_ ^. (1965), Kalra & Srivastava (1969),
Khan & Joshi (1969), Siddiqi (1969), Bindra et_ al. (1970), Chopra (1970), Hameed & Razmi (1970), Rao
(1970), David £t aj^. (1972), Rahalkar et^ al. (1972), Srivastava (1972), Banerjee & Butani
(1975a, 1975b), Avasthy (1978), Garg & Chaudhary
(1979), Kalra (1983), Shankaran et^ aJ. (1983), Avasthi & Shafee (1987), Mahla & Chaudhary (1989),
Shafee et _al. (1989a, 1989b), Tewari et al^. (1990),
Sosa (1991), Sardana & David (1992), White (1993),
Williams (1993) and Gupta £t_ a_l. (1994).
In nature most of the pest species are kept under check by chalcidoid parasites. These chalcidoid parasites have been recorded from the eggs larvae and pupae of the pests. The population of sugarcane pests are regulated by these parasites as they are able to produce successive generations at a faster rate than their hosts.
Frost (1942) defined the term parasite,
"a species that feeds on the body of another without killing it and generally attacks only a single host" and a parasitoid "is intermediate in habits between the parasite and the predator. At first/ it operates as a parasite avoiding the vital organs of the host; later, it operates as a predator and consumes the host".
Considerable work has been done on chalcidoid parasites of sugarcane pests in India.
Lai (1938/ 1980), Cherian & Subramaniam (1940),
Rahman (1941), Mani & Kurian (1953)/ Prasad
(1955)/ Narayanan et £1. (1957)/ Butani (1958, 1972),
Agarwal (1959/ 1964/ 1965/ 1966), Compere et_ aj^.
(1960)/ Alam (1961)/ Hayat (1970/ 1972, 1983/
1989)/ Shafee (1972/ 1973, 1974/ 1975, 1981), Rao
& Murthy (1973), Shafee e_t £l. (1973, 1990), Khan
& Shafee (1976, 1977, 1980), Azim & Shafee (1980),
Chandra £t_ a_l. (1980), Husain & Agarwal (1982),
Shafee & Avasthi (1983, 1989), Shafee & Rizvi
(1983), Subba Rao & Hayat (1986), Yousuf & Shafee
(1986/ 1987), Singh & Agarwal (1992), Fatima &
Shafee (1993) and Gupta £t £l. (1994).
In the present work an attempt has been made to compile available information of sugarcane pests and their chalcidoid parasites from India. The study based on 49 pest species of sugarcane belonging to orders Hemiptera and Lepidoptera with an updated list of their 130 species of different chalcidoid parasites. Important families of chalcidoid parasites with its species in paranthesis attacking these pests are as follows:
Aphelinidae (35)/ Chalcididae (5)/ Elasmidae (2),
Encyrtidae (48), Eulophidae (14), Euryischidae (1),
Eurytomidae (1)/ Mymaridae (4), Pteromalidae (3)/
Signiphoridae (3) and Trichogrammatidae (14).
The over all information has been compiled
after a careful consultation of the available
literature and also supplemented by recent observa
tions carried out during the course of survey. In
the opinion of the writer this information will
not only be significant to the systematists but
also to the applied Entomologists in the field of
Biological control of sugarcane pests.
The pest species are arranged alphabetically along with their orders and families. A separate family wise list of parasites has also been provided. A complete up to date host-parasite list is also given. ii, MATERIAL AND METHOD
Collections were made from infested sugar cane plants from Aligarh district and were brought to the laboratory. The infested parts were cut into small pieces and were kept in the rearing jars (4" x 2").
The open end of the jars were covered with muslin cloth held tightly with rubber band. A complete record was maintained indicating reference number/
locality/ date of collection and the name of the host insect. The collections were examined daily
for the emerged parasites. The emerged parasites were preserved in 80% alcohol with 2-3 drops of glycerine in small glass vials. The preserved
specimens were identified up to specific level and catalogued. iii. LIST OF SUGARCANE PESTS AND THEIR CHALCIDOID PARASITES IN INDIA
PESTS PARASITES
ORDER : HEMIPTERA
Family : Aclerdidae
1. Aclerda distorta Green Coccophagus zebratus Howard
Family : Aleurodidae
2. Aleurolobus barodensis Azotus aligarhensis Khan & Shafee
(Maskell) Azotus bimaculatus Khan & Shafee Azotus delhiensis Lai
Azotus indicus Khan & Shafee
Encarsia isaaci Mani
Encarsia muliyali Mani
Encarsia opulenta (Silvestri)
Euderomphale secundus (Mani)
3. Aleurolobus sp. Encarsia udaipuriensis (Shafee)
Eretmocerus indicus Hayat
4. Bemisia tabaci Encarsia mohyuddini shafee & Rizvi
(Gennadius) Encarsia shafeei Hayat
Encarsia smithi (Silvestri)
Eretmocerus mundus Mercet 5. Neomaskellia bergii Encarsia isaaci Mani
Signoret Encarsia neomaskelliae Prasad Encarsia tristis (Zehntner)
Eretmocerus delhiensis Mani Eretmocerus inashhoodi Hayat
Eretmo cerus mundus Mercet
Eretmocerus paulistis Hempel
Eretmocerus serius Silvestri
Family : Aphididae
6. Hysteroneura setariae Tassonia mangniclava (Hayat &
(Thomas) Subba Rao)
7. Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) Leiocyrtus aphidivorus shafee et al
8. Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr)
Family : Cicadellidae
9. Tettigonella spectra Gonatocerus shasthryi (Subba Rao & (Distant) Kaur)
Family : Coccidae
10. Ceroplastes actiniformis Anagyrus qadrii (Hayat et al. Green Anicetus angustus Hayat et_ al. Anicetus benificus Ishii &
Yasumatsu
Cephaleta brunniventris
Motschulsky
Cheiloneurus basiri Hayat et_ al. Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard)
Diversinervus madgaoensi s
Hayat et^ al.
11. Coccus sp. Anicetus deltoideus Annecke
Coccophagus bivittatus Compare
Coccophagus bogoriensis
(Koningsberger)
Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard)
Coccophagus clavatus Husain &
Agarwal
Coccophagus longiclavatus Shafee
Coccophagus longipedicellus
Shafee
Coccophagus nigricorpus Shafee
Coccophagus shafeei Hayat
Coccophagus silvestri Compare
Microterys mirzai Shafee et al. 10
Fanlly : Delphacidae
12. Nilaparvata lugens Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse
(Stal) Anagrus perforator (Perkins) Oligosita naias Girault
13. Sogatella furcifera Anagrus columbi Perkins.
(Horvath)
Family : Diaspididae
14. Aulacaspis sp. Thomsonisea pakistanensls (Ahmad) Thomsonisca sankarani Subba Rao
15. Diaspis sp. Coccophagus diaspidis Agarwal
16. Melanaspis glomerata Adelencyrtus mayurai (Subba Rao)
(Green) Azotus bharathius Subba Rao
Azotus fumipennis Subba Rao
Coccobius subflavus (Annecke &
Insley.
Marietta leopardina Motschulsky
17. Melanaspis sp. Adelencyrtus bifasciatus (Ishii)
18. Odonaspis secreta Homalopoda cristata Howard (Cockerell) Proaphelinoides elongatiformis
Girault 11
Family : Eriococcidae
19. Eriococcus greeni Alamella flava Agarwal Newstead Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal
Family : Lophopidae
20. Pyrilla aberrans Ooencyrtus pyrillae Crawford
(Kirby) Proleuroceroides pyrillae
Shafee _et al.
Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford
21. Pyrilla perpusilla Cheiloneurus pyrillae Mani
(Walker) Cheiloneurus quadricolor (Girault^
Euplectrus parvulus Ferriere
Ooencyrtus papilionis Ashmead
Proleuroceroides pyrillae
Shafee e_t al.
Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford Tetrastichus udaipurensis (Khan & Shafee)
22. Pyrilla sp. Ageniaspis pyrilla Mani Cheiloneurus pyrilla Mani
Cheiloneurus quadricolor (Girault)
Ooencyrtus papilioneus Ashmead 12
Ooencyrtus pyrillae Crawford
Proleuroceroides pyrillae
Shafee et al.
Family : Margarodidae
23. Icerya pilosa Green Eotopus beneficus (Shafee)
Euryischia indica Mani & Kurian
Family : pseudococcidae
24. Antonina graminis Cheiloneurus bangalorensis (Maskell) (Subba Rao) Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao)
25. Antonina sp. Cheiloneurus bangalorensis (Subba Rao)
Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao)
Rhopus gramineus Hayat
26. Dysmicoccus sp. Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam)
27. Kiritshenkella sacchari Anagyrus punctulatus Agarwal (Green) Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake Eotopus beneficus (Shafee) Rhopus desantisiellus Ghesquiere Rhopus sacchari (Alam) 13
28. Phenacoccus saccharifolii Leptomastix dactylopii Howard
(Green)
29. Pseudococcus sp. Anagyrus alami Hayat
Anagyrus flavidus Shafee et^ al. Anagyrus scutomaculatus Agarwal
Anagyrus sp. Euryischia indica Mani & Kurian
30. Saccharicoccus sacchari Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal
(Cockerell) Anagyrus greeni Howard Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) Anagyrus punctulatus Agarwal Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake Anagyrus swezeyi Timberlake Astymachus japonicus Howard Chartocerus fimbriae Hayat Chartocerus ranae (Subba Rao) Cladiscodes sacchari Subba Rao Hamusencyrtus mymaricoides (Compere et al.) Mayrencyrtus sp. Microterys delhiensis Subba Rao
Neastymachus delhiensis (Subba Rao) Rhopus fullawayi (Timberlake) 14
Tetrastichus pyrillae Crawford Xanthoencyrtus longiclavatus (Shafee et al.)
31. Saccharicoccus sp. Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard;
ORDER : LEPIDOPTERA
Family : Noctuidae
32. Mythimna separata Walker Brachymeria euploeae (westwood)
33. Sesamia inferens Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer
(walker) Tetrastichus inferens Yoshimoto
Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian &
Margabandhu
'.4. Sesamia uniformis Dudge Trichogramma minutum Riley
Family : Pyralidae
35. Acigona steniellus Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere (Hainpson) Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
36. Chilo infuscatellus Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere
(Snellen) Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer
Trichogramma australicum Girault
Trichogramma brevifringiata
Yousuf & Shafee 15
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Trichogramma chilotraeae Nagaraja
& Nagarkatti
Trichogramma flandersi Nagaraja
& Nagarkatti
Trichogramma plasseyensis Nagaraja
Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja
Trichogramma semblidis
(Aurivillius)
Trichogrammatoidea bactrae
Nagaraja
37. Chilo partellus Invreia ghanii Habu
(Swinhoe) Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer
Trichogramma australicum Girault
Trichogramma chiloni s Ishii
Trichogramma chilotraeae
Nagaraja & Nagarkatti
Trichogramma perkinsi Girault
Trichogrammatoidea bactrae
Nagaraja
38. Chilo sacchariphagus Pediobius elasmi (Ashmead) (Walker) Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu 16
39. Chilo tumidicostalis Anostocetus sp.
Hampson
40. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Brachymeria excarinata Gahan
(Guenee) Elasmus brevicornis Gahan
Kriechbaumerella sp.
Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Trichomalopsis apanteloctena
(Crawford)
Trichospilus pupivora Ferriere
41. Diatraea sticticraspis Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer
Hampson
42. Diatraea venosata Tetrastichus ayyari Roher
(Walker) Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu
43. Marasmia trapezalis Antrocephalus indicus (Husain & (Guenee) Agarwal)
Elasmus brevicornis Gahan
Pediobius acantha (Walker)
44. Polyocha depressella Trichogramma australicum Girault (Swinhoe) Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Trichogramma minutum Riley 17
Trichogrammatoidea bactrae
Nagaraja
45. Psara phaeopteralis Brachymeria euploeae (Westwood) Guenee Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
46. Scirpophaga excerptalis Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere
Walker
47. Scirpophaga incertulas Propicroscytus mirificus (Girault;
(Walker) Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer
Tetrastichus Israeli (Mani &
Kurian)
Tetrastichus kuriani Husain &
Agarwal
Trichogramma australicum Girault
Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead
Trichogramma minutum Riley
Trichogramma pallidiventris
Nagaraja
Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian
& Margabandhu
48. Scirpophaga nivella Anostocetus sp. (Fabricius) 18
Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere
Eurytoma sacchricola (Mani)
Trichogramma minutum Riley
49. Scirpophaga sp. Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead 19
iv. CHALCIDOID PARASITES OF SUGARCANE PESTS IN INDIA
Family:Aphelinidae
1. Azotus aligarhensis Khan & Shafee
2. Azotus bharathius Subba Rao 3. Azotus bimaculatus Khan & Shafee
4. Azotus delhiensis Lai
5. Azotus fumipennis Subba Rao
6. Azotus indicus Khan & Shafee
7. coccobius subflavus (Annecke & Insley)
8. Coccophagus bivittatus Compere
9. Coccophagus bogoriensis (Koningsberger)
10. Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard)
11. coccophagus clavatus Husain & Agarwal 12. Coccophagus diaspidis Agarwal 13. coccophagus longiclavatus Shafee 14. coccophagus longipedicellus Shafee 15. Coccophagus nigricorpus Shafee
16. coccophagus shafeei Hayat
17. Coccophagus silvestrii Compere
18. coccophagus zebratus Howard 19. Encarsia isaaci Mani
20. Encarsia mohyuddini Shafee & Rizvi
21. Encarsia muliyali Mani
22. Encarsia neomaskelliae Prasad 20
23. Encarsia opulenta (Silvestri)
24. Encarsia shafeei Hayat
25. Encarsia smithi (Silvestri)
26. Encarsia tristis (Zehntner)
27. Encarsia udaipuriensis (Shafee)
28. Eretmocerus delhiensis Mani
29. Eretmocerus indicus Hayat
30. Eretmocerus mashhoodi Hayat
31. Eretmocerus mundus Mercet
32. Eretmocerus paulistis Hempel
33. Eretmocerus serius Silvestri 34. Marietta leopardina Motschulsky
35. Proaphelinoides elongatiformis Girault
Family : Chalcididae
1. Antrocephalus indicus Husain & Agarwal
2. Brachymeria euploeae (Westwood)
3. Brachymeria excarinata Gahan
4. Invereia ghanii Habu
5. Kriechbaumerella sp.
Family : Elasmidae
1. Elasmus brevicornis Gahan
2. Elasmus zehntneri Ferriere 21
Family : Encyrtidae
1. Adelencyrtus bifasciatus (Ishii)
2. Adelencyrtus mayurai (Subba Rao)
3. Ageniaspis pyrillae Mani
4. Alainella flava Agarwal 5. Anagyrus alami Hayat
6. Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal
7. Anagyrus flavidus Shafee £t al.
8. Anagyrus greeni Howard
9. Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault)
10. Anagyrus punctulatus Agarwal
11. Anagyrus qadrii (Hayat et_ al.) 12. Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake
13. Anagyrus scutomaculatus Agarwal
14. Anagyrus swezeyi Timberlake
15 . Anagyrus sp.
16. Anicetus angustus Hayat et_ al. 17. Anicetus beneficus Ishii & Yasumatsu
18. Anicetus deltoideus Annecke
19. Astymachus japonicus Howard
20. Cheiloneurus bangalorensi s (Subba Rao)
21. Cheiloneurus basiri Hayat et al.
22. Cheiloneurus pyrillae Mani
23. Cheiloneurus quadricolor (Girault) 22
24. Cladiscodes sacchari Subba Rao
25. Diversinervus madgaoensis Hayat et^ al. 26. Eotopus beneficus (Shafee)
27. Hamusencyrtus mymaricoides (Compere £t^ al.)
28. Homalopoda cristata Howard
29. Leiocyrtus aphidivorus Shafee et_ al. 30. Leptomastix dactylopii Howard
31. Mayrencyrtus sp.
32. Microterys delhiensis Subba Rao
33. Microterys mirzai Shafee et al. 34. Neastymachus delhiensis (Subba Rao) 35. Neodusmetia sangwani (Subba Rao)
36. Ooencyrtus papilionis Ashmead
37. Ooencyrtus pyrillae Crawford
38. Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam)
39. Proleuroceroides pyrillae Shafee et al.
40. Rhopus desantisiellus Ghesquiere
41. Rhopus fullawayi (Timberlake)
42. Rhopus gramineus Hayat
43. Rhopus sacchari (Alam)
44. Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr)
45. Tassonia magniclava (Hayat & Subba Rao)
46. Thomsonisca pakistanensis (Ahmad)
47. Thomsonisca sankarani Subba Rao 23
48. Xanthoencyrtus longiclavatus Shafee et al.
Family : Eulophidae
1. Anostocetus sp.
2. Euderomphale secundus (Mani)
3. Euplectrus parvulus Ferriere
4. Pediobius acantha (Walker)
5. Pediobius elasmi (Ashmead)
6. Tetrastichus ayyari Rohwer
7. Tetrastichus inferense Yoshimoto
8. Tetrastichus Israeli (Mani & Kurian)
9. Tetrastichus kuriani Husain & Khan
10. Tetrastichus pyrillae Crowford
11. Tetrastichus udaipurensis (Khan & shafee)
12. Tetrastichus sp.
13. Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu 14. Trichospilus pupivora Ferriere
Family : Euryischidae
1. Euryischia indica Mani & Kurian
Family : Eurytomidae
1. Eurytoma saccharicola (Mani) 24
Family : Mymaridae
1. Anagrus columbi Perkins
2. Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse
3. Anagrus perforator (Perkins) 4. Gonatocerus shasthryi (Subba Rao & Kaur)
Family : Pteromalidae
1. Cephaleta brunniventris Motschulsky
2. Propicroscytus mirificus (Girault)
3. Trichomalopsis apanteloctena (Crawford)
Family : Signiphoridae
1. Chartocerus fimbriae Hayat
2. Chartocerus kerrichi (Agarwal)
3. Chartocerus ranae (Subba Rao)
Family : Trichogrammatidae
1. Oligosita naias Girault
2. Trichogramma australicum Girault
3. Trichogramma brevifringiata Yousuf & Shafee
4. Trichogramma chilonis Ishii
5. Trichogramma chilotraeae Nagaraja & Nagarkatti 25
6. Trichogramma flandersi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti
7. Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead
8. Trichogramma minutum Riley
9. Trichogramma pallidiventris Nagaraja
10. Trichogramma perkinsi Girault
11. Trichogramma plasseyensis Nagaraja
12. Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja
13. Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius)
14. Trichogrammatoidea bacterae Nagaraja 26
V. DISCUSSION
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is widely grown in India. Its cultivation and processing is an important source of agricultural income. Insect pests are the main enemies of this agriculturally important plant, causing severe damage to this crop. The damage
starts from the time of planting and continues till
harvest. The insect pest's problem of sugarcane is
becoming more and more acute every year. The main
causes of the problem are: (i) rapid migration of
pests from one region to other, (ii) large increase
in sugarcane acreage with consolidated holdings
providing increased opportunity of food to the insect
pests and (iii) the introduction of thick and soft
cane plant which are more susceptible to insect
borers.
Most of the pest species are kept under check in nature by chalcidoid parasites. These parasites have been recorded from the eggs, larvae and pupae of the pests. The population of sugarcane pests are regulated by many of these parasites, as they are able to produce successive generation at a faster rate than their hosts. 27
The present study is based on 49 pest species of sugarcane belonging to order Hemiptera and
Lepidoptera with an updated list of 130 species of different chalcidoid parasites. The number of pest species are given, in parentheses against the families of each order viz., Hemiptera: Aclerdidae (1)/
Aleurodidae (4), Aphididae (3)/ Cicadellidae (1),
Coccidae (2)/ Delphacidae (2)/ Diaspididae (5),
Ericoccidae (1)/ Lophopidae (3)/ Margarodidae (1),
Pseudococcidae (8)/ Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (3),
Pyralidae (15).
The important families of Chalcidoidea are listed below and the number of parasitic species on sugarcane pests are indicated in parentheses:
Aphelinidae (35)/ Chalcididae (5)/ Elasmidae (2),
Encyrtidae (48), Eulophidae (14), Euryischidae (1),
Eurytomidae (1), Mymaridae (4), Pteromalidae (3),
Signiphoridae (3) and Trichogrammatidae (14).
Aleurolobus sp., Coccus sp., Pyrilla sp., Saccharum sp. of order Hemiptera and Chilo sp., Scirpophaga sp. of order Lepidoptera are parasitized by large number of chalcidoid parasites.
Maximum number of parasitic species on sugarcane pests were recorded from the families: 28
Aphelinidae (35)/ Encyrtidae (48), Eulophidae (14),
Trichogrammatidae (14) and the maximum species attacking sugarcane pests were found in the following genera: Coccophagus (11), Anagyrus (11), Tetrastichus
(7) and Trichogramma (12).
However, the following three parasitic
chalcidoids were found attacking different pests of
sugarcane eg : Elasmus zehntneri (5), " Tetrasticus
ayyari (8) and Trichogramma chilonis (9).
The present work includes the compilation of related literature on chalcidoid parasites of sugarcane pests and their role in suppressing the pests population in nature. Keeping in view the effectiveness of parasites, it is suggested to study the evaluation of common species which have greater potentials to minimize pest attack. This approach will not only be a better replacement for chemical control but simultaneously prove to be a permanent and comparatively inexpensive method against sugarcane pests. 29
vi. REFERENCES
Agarwal, M.M. 1964. Studies of forms of Aphelinidae
(Hymenoptera : chalcidoidea) collected at
Aligarh (India). Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.
59(B): 263-286.
Agarwal, M.M. 1965. Taxonomy of Encyrtid Parasites
(Hymenoptera : chalcidoidea) of Indian
Coccoidea. Acta Hymenopt. Tokyo. 2(2): 37-
97.
Agarwal, M.M. 1966. Three undescribed genera and
species of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera :
Chalcidoidea) parasitic on coccids. Proc.
Indian Acad. Sci. 63(B): 67-79.
Agarwal, R.A. 1959*. Some parasites of sugarcane
scale Aspidiotus glomeratus Green. Curr.
Sci. 28: 249-258.
Agarwal/ R.A. & Siddiqi, Z.A. 1964. Entomology in
India. The Entomological Society of India.
pp. 149-186.
Agarwal, S.B.D. 1956*. Melanaspis glomerata (Green)
a new coccid pest of sugarcane. Proc. Bihar
Acad. Agric. Sci. 5: 24-31. 30
Alatn, S.M. 1961. Undescribed Encyrtid parasites
(Hym : Chalcidoidea) of Indian Coccids. XI
Inst. Kongr. Ent. Wien. I960., 1(1961): 235-
240.
Ali/ S.M. 1958. Common sugarcane mealy bugs in Bihar
(Coccidae : Hemiptera). Indian J_. sug. cane Res. Dev. 2(4): 179-183.
Ali/ S.M. 1962. Coccids affecting sugarcane in Bihar
(Coccidae : Hemiptera). Indian J_. Sug. cane Res. Dev. 6(2): 72-75.
Atwal/ A.S. 1962. Appearance of stalk borer,
Chilotraea auricilia Dudgn in Punjab. Indian
—' Sug. cane. Res. Dev. 7(1): 57.
Atwal/ A.S. 1986. Pests of sugarcane. Agricultural
Pests of India and South-East Asia. pp. 312-
323.
Avasthy, P.N. 1978*. Sugarcane scale insects and
its control. £o. Op. Sug. 10(2): 53-54.
Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A. 1987. Indian Pseudo- coccidae (Homoptera : Coccidae). Indian j. Syst. Ent. 4(1): 1-54. 31
Azim, M.N. & Shafee, S.A. 1980. Indian species of
the genus Trichaporus Forester (Hymenoptera :
Aphelinidae). J_. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 76(12): 335-338.
Banerjee, S.N. & Butani, D.K. 1975a. Insect pests
of sugarcane and their control. Indian, sug.
25(5): 415-416.
Banerjee/ S.N. & Butani, D.K. 1975b. Insect pests of
sugarcane and their control. Indian Sug.
25(6) : 561-571.
Bindra, O.S. & Kittur, S.U. 1957*. Icerya pilosa
Green, as a pest of sugarcane and its
control. Curr. Sci. 26(6): 192.
Bindra, O.S., Singh, H. & Chaudhary, J.P. 1970.
Ground application of Ultra low volume
sprays for the integrated control of sugar
cane leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla walker.
Indian J. Ent. 32(1): 4-6.
Box, H.E. 1953. List of sugarcane insects. Commonw. Inst. Ent. London. 1-100.
Butani, D.K. 1958. Parasites and Predators recorded
on sugarcane pests in India. Indian J. Ent. 20(3): 270-282. 32
Butani, D.K. 1961. Indian Sug. 10(10): 1-6.
Butani, D.K. 1964. Sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla
perpusilla walker - A review. Indian Sug.
cane, j;. 9( 1) : 60-75.
Butani, D.K. 1966. Sugarcane top borer (Scirpophaga
nivella F.), A review. Indian Sug. 16(1):
33-38.
Butani, D.K. 1972*. Parasites and Predators recorded
on insect pests of sugarcane in India.
Indian Sug. 22(1): 1-15.
Chandra, R., Avasthi, R.K. & Shafee, S.A. 1980. Insect pests of sugarcane and their
chalcidoid parasites in India. Agra. Univ.
J. Res, (^ci^.). 29(1): 95-100.
Cherian, M.C. & Subramaniam, C.K. 1940. Tetrastichus ayyari Roh., a pupal parasite of some moth-
borer in South India. Indian J_. Ent. 11(1): 7-78.
Chopra, N.P. 1970. Sugarcane black bug a nomen-
clatorial correction. Indian J_. Ent. 32(4): 394-395. 33
Compere, E., Subba Rao, B.R.&Kapur, R.B. 1960*. Two species of Encytidae. Parasitic in the pink
mealy bug of sugarcane in India. Proc. Natu.
inst. soci. India. (B): 45-50.
David, H., Banerji, D.K. & Kalra, A.N. 1972. Record
of a carabid predator Chlaenius bioculatus
Chaud. on the leaf-roller, Neomarasmia
suspicalis Wlk., a pest of sugarcane. Indian
£. Ent. 34(2): 175-177.
Fatima, A. & Shafee, S.A. 1993. Studies on the
Taxonomy of the Indian Encyrtidae (Hymenop-
tera : Encyrtidae). Alig. Musi. Univ. ^ubl.
(Zool. Ser.) Indian Ins. Typ. 15: 1-141.
Frost, S.W. 1942. General Entomology. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc. New York and London, pp. 273-
296.
Garg, D.O. & Chaudhary, J.P. 1979. Insect pests of
sugarcane in Punjab and their control. Indian
Sug. 28(10): 697-701.
Gupta, B.D. 1957*. Indian. £. Sug. Cane. Res. Dev.
2(1): 9-14.
Gupta, B.D. 1959. Insect pests of sugarcane in
India. 1. The sugarcane root borer, Emmalocera
depressella (Swinhoe). Indian Sug. 8(9): 775-782. 34
Gupta, S.C., Yazdani, S.S./ Hameed, S.F. & Agarwal,
M.L. 1994. Seasonal prevalence of larval
and pupal parasitoides of sugarcane top
borer/ Scirpophaga exerptalis in North Bihar
(India). J. ent. Res. 18(1): 83-87.
Hameed/ S.F. & Razmi/ M.S. 1970. Occurrence of sugarcane leaf-hopper/ Pyrilla perpusilla Walker on simul tree, Bombax malabaricum DC. Indian J. Ent. 32(1): 88-89.
Hayat/ M. 1970. Studies on the genera of the family
Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea)
recorded from India. Entomophaga. 15: 387-
390.
Hayat/ M. 1972. The species of Aphelinus Dalman
(Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) from India,
Entomophaga. 17: 49-58.
Hayat/ M. 1983. The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenop
tera) of the world. Syst. Ent. 8: 63-102.
Hayat/ M. 1989. A revision of the species of Encarsia Forester (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) from India and the adjacent countries. Oriental Insects. 23(1): 1-131. 35
Husairi/ T. & Agarwal/ M.M. 1982. Studies on some
aphelinid (Hym : Chalcidoidea) parasites of
hemipterous Insects of India. J. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc. 79: 155-162.
Issac/ P.V. 1938. Indian sugarcane insects. I.C.A.R.
Bull. 1-86.
Kalra, A.N. 1983. Sugarcane pests and their control.
I.e.A.R, New Delhi, pp. 1-53.
Kalra/ A.N./ Chaudhary/ J.P. & Srivastava, R.C.
1965*. Migration of the larvae of sugarcane
stalk borer/ Chilotraeae auricilia Dudgn.
to the stubbles during April-May and in
winter months. Indian J. sug. cane Res. Dev.
9(2): 105-107.
Kalra/ A.N. & Sidhu/ A.S. 1965. Biology of sugarcane
top borer (Scirpophaga nivella F.) in the
Punjab. Indian sug. 15(1): 37-43.
Kalra/ A.N. & Srivastava, R.C. 1969. Relative
toxicity of some insecticides of the
sugarcane leaf-hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla
Wlk. Indian J. Ent. 31(1): 72-73. 36
Kapoor, M.S. 1957. Studies on the bionomics and control of Bissetia steniellus (Hampson) in Punjab. Indian J. Ent. 19(2): 132-143.
Khan, M.Y. & Shafee, S.A. 1976. Indian species of
the genus Azotus Howard (Hymenoptera :
Aphelinidae). Geobios. 3: 172-174.
Khan, M.Y. & Shafee, S.A. 1977. Two new species of
Syntomosphyrum Forester (Hym: Eulophidae).
64th. Sess. Indian. Sci. Cong. 225-226.
Khan, M.Y. & Shafee, S.A. 1980. Species of the genus
Eretmocerus. Haldeman (Aphelinidae
Eretmoceyinae) from India. Oriental Insects.
14(3): 363-369.
Khan, R.M. & Joshi, B.C. 1969. Abnormal larval population of sugarcane root borer,
Emmalocera depressella Swinh. (Pyralidae :
Lepidoptera) in insecticide treated plots.
Indian J. Ent. 31(2): 177-179.
Khanna, K.L. 1957. On the coccid Melanaspis glomerata Green on sugarcane in Bihar. Indian J. Sug. cane Res. Dev. 2(1): 19-22.
Lai, K.B. 1938*. The first record of the eulophid
genus Azotus from India (Chalcidoidea :
Hymenoptera). Proc. Indian Mus. 40: 1-4. 37
Lai, S.S. 1980*. A note on Prospaltella flava Shafee, an aphelinid parasitoid of Bemisia tabaci
(Gennadius) Madras Agric. Journal. 67: 557-
558.
Mahla/ J.C. & Chaudhary/ J.P. 1989. Description and
morphometric details of different stages
of sugarcane shoot-borer/ chilo infuscatellus
Snell. j;. Insect Sci. 2(2): 152-154.
Mani, M.S. & Kurian/ C. 1953. Description and
records of Chalcid form India. Indian £.
Ent. 15(1) : 1-22.
Narayanan, E.S., Subba Rao, B.R. & Kaur, R.B. 1957.
Some known and new records of parasites of
Sugarcane Scale Insects from India. Indian
J. Ent. 19(2): 144-146.
Nayar, K.K., Ananthakrishnan, T.N. & David, B.V.
1989. General and applied Entomology. Tata
McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
pp. 482-484.
Patel, R.M. 1963*. Observation on the life history
and control of the sugarcane top borer
( Scirpophaga nivella F.) in south Gujarat.
Indian J. Sug. Cane Res. Dev. 8(1) vHK ^ZAO ;^^' i-m'4^ w ~\" > r Ace No. ^. 38
Prasad, V.G. 1954. Neomaskellia bergii sign, another
whitefly pest of sugarcane in Bihar. Indian
J. Ent. 16(3): 254-260.
Prasad, V.G. 1955. A second Eulophid parasite
(Encarsia neomaskelliae, n.sp.) on
Neomaskellia bergii Signoret, on sugarcane
in Bihar. Indian. J. Ent. 17(1): 49-51.
Pruthi, H.S. & Rao, V.P. 1942. Coccids attacking
sugarcane in India. Indian £. Ent. 4(1):
87-88.
Puttarudriah, M. 1954. The status of the mealy-bug
on sugarcane with special reference to
Mysore state. Indian J. Ent. 16(1): 1-10.
Qadri, M.A.H. 1950. Biology, life history, external
and internal anatomy of Pyrilla perpusilla
Walker. Aligarh Musi. Univ. Pub. (zool.
Ser.) Indian Ins. Typ. 2: 1-33.
Rahalkar, G.W., Harwalkar, M.R. & Rananavare, H.D.
1972. Development of red palm Weevil,
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. on
sugarcane. Indian J. Ent. 34(3): 213-215. 39
Rahman, K.A. 1941*. Parasites of the Insect Pests
of sugarcane in Punjab. Indian £. Agric.
Sci. 11(1): 119-128.
Rao, C.S. & Murthy, M.M.K. 1973. Elasmus zehntneri F. on sugarcane top borer at Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam district (Andhra Pradesh). Indian J. Ent. 35(1): 77.
Rao, V.P. 1970. The sugarcane scale insect, Melanaspis
glomerata (Green). Indian Sugar. 20(3): 279-
282.
Sandhu, J.S. & Sardar, S. 1963. Studies on the
biology of sugarcane white fly, Aleurolobus
barodensis Maskell. Indian J_. Sug. Cane Res.
Dev. 7(1): 83-88.
Sardana, H.R. & David, H. 1992. Efficacy of some
insecticides for the control of shoot borer,
Chilo infuscatellus Snellen (Crambidae :
Lepidoptera) of sugarcane. Indian J. Ent.
54(2): 164-167.
Shafee, S.A. 1972. Indian species of the genus
Coccophagus Westwood (Hymenoptera : Apheli-
nidae). Bull. Ent. 13: 19-29. 40
Shafee, S.A. 1973. Indian species of the genus
Prospaltella Ashmead (Hyme : Aphelinidae).
Entomophaga. 18: 251-258.
Shafee, S.A. 1974. A new family of Chalcidoidea
(Insecta : Hymenoptera) Euryischidae Fam. n.
Curr. Sci. 43(23): 768.
Shafee, S.A. 1975. A new family of Chalcidoidea
(Insecta : Hymenoptera). Rec. Zool. Ser.
Indian. 68: 21-31.
Shafee, S.A. 1981. A new species of Ericydnus Walker
(Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) from India.
Oriental insect. 15: 57-59.
Shafee, S.A., Alam, S.M. & Agarwal, M.M. 1973.
Taxonomic Survey of Encyrtid parasites
(Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) in Indian. Alig.
Mus. Univ. Publ. (Zool. Ser.) Ind. Ins. Typ.
10: 1-125.
Shafee, S.A. & Avasthi, R.K. 1983. Chalcidoid
parasites of pseudococcid pests (Coccoidea)
in India. Verh. SIEEC X« Budapest. 412-415.
Shafee, S.A. & Avasthi, R.K. 1989. Chalcid para sites of sugarcane pests in India. Bull. Ent. 30(1): 13-17. 41
Shafee, S.A., Khalid, M. & Ahmad, M.J. 1989a. Host
plant and distribution of pseudococcid pests
(Homoptera : Coccoidea) in India. Indian
J. Syst. Ent. 6(2): 57-70.
Shafee, S.A. & Rizvi, S. 1983. A new species of
Encarsia Forester (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae)
from Pakistan. J_. ent. Res. 6: 157-158.
Shafee, S.A., Shamim, S.M. & Fatima, A. 1990.
Checklist of genus group names of world
Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea).
Indian J. Syt. Ent. 7(1): 1-87.
Shafee, S.A., Yousuf, M. & Khan, M.Y. 1989b. Host
plant and distribution of Coccid pests
(Homoptera : Coccoidea) in India. Indian
J. Syst. Ent. 6(2): 47-55.
Shankaran, T., Nagaraja, H. & Narsimham, A.U. 1983.
On some south Indian armoured scale and
their natural enemies. Verh. SIEEC X.
Budapest. 409-411.
Siddiqi, Z.A. 1969. Insect pests of sugarcane
in Ceylon. Indian Sugar. XVIII(IO): 767-770. 42
Siddiqif Z.A.^Shri Ram & Rohatgi/ K.K. 1965. Studies
on life and seasonal history of stalk borer
of sugarcane/ Chilo auricilia Dudgn. in
Bihar. Indian J. Ent. 27(4): 442-449.
Singh, G.B. & Bajpai, P.K. 1994. Sugarcane : Produc
tion oriented Policy. The Hindu Survey of
Indian Agriculture, pp. 65-67.
Singh, S. & Agarwal, M.M. 1992. Taxonomic studies
on Indian Encyrtid parasites (Hemenoptera :
Encyrtidae) from North Eastern Region. Alig.
Musi. Univ. Publ. (Zool. Ser.) Ind. Inst.
Typ. 14: 1-180.
Sosa, 0. Jr. 1991. Yellow sugarcane Aphid (Homoptera :
Aphididae) antixenosis in sugarcane.
Sugarcane. 2(1): 9-10.
Srivastava, T.N. 1972. Record of Rodolia fumida
Muls., as a predator on the sugarcane mealy
bug (Icerya pilosa Green), and its parasites.
Indian J. Ent. 34(2): 180-181.
Subba Rao, B.R. & Hayat, M. 1986. The Chalcidoidea (Insecta : Hymenoptera) of India and the
adjacent countries. Oriental Insects. 20: 1-430. 43
Tewari/ R.K., Srivastava, A.S., Mathur, Y.K. and
Upadhyaya, K.D. 1990. Bioessay of different
insecticides and Pyrethroids against the
adults of sugarcane leaf hopper Pyrilla
perpusilla Walker. Indian J_. Ent. 52(3):
358-363.
Venkataraman, T.V. 1946*. A new pest of sugarcane
in India/ Icerya pilosa Green. J_. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 46(3): 524-528.
White, W.H. 1993. Movement and establishment of
sugarcane borer (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
larvae on resistant and susceptible
sugarcane. Fla. Entomol. 76(3): 465-473.
Williams, D.J. 1993. Aulacaspis (Homoptera :
Diaspididae) on sugarcane and their Sccharum
spp. (Graminae). Bull, ent. Res. 83: 649-
654.
Yousuf, M. & Shafee, S.A. 1986. Check list of species and bibliography of the world Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera). Indian J. Syst. Ent. 3(2): 29-82.
Yousuf, M. & Shafee, S.A. 1987. Taxonomy of Indian
Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera : Chalci-
doidea). Indian J. Syst. Ent. 4(2): 55-200.
References not consulted in original.