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Notes Preface 1. Brian Hanley in Irish Historical Studies, volume 39, Issue 153, May 2014, 175. 2. Jennifer Curtis, Human rights as war by other means: peace politics in Northern Ireland (Philidephia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014). 3. Ibid., 135. 4. ‘Finding of collusion with IRA a prompt for us all to examine our consciences’, Irish Times, 8 December 2013. 5. In 2015 I was a participant in a private seminar where victims of IRA violence on the border related their experiences to a former Minister of Justice, retired officials of the Department of Justice and Foreign Affairs and retired members of the Garda and Irish Army. 6. Gerry Moriarty and Mark Hennessy, ‘State willing to act on unionist claims over IRA-Gilmore’, Irish Times, 9 September, 2013. 7. Paddy Mulroe, ‘Irish government security policy along the border 1961-1978’, PhD, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, September 2015, 272. 8. Grand Committee, ‘Official Histories’, 10 December 2015, column GC194 available on www.parliament.uk 9. ‘Britain cast a villain in one-sided history of the Troubles’, Newsletterr, 26 August 2015. Introduction 1. Operation Banner: An Analysis of Military Operations in Northern Ireland. Prepared under the direction of the Chief of the General Staff, July 2006, 4–4. 2. Joe Cleary, Literature, Partition and the Nation State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 107. 3. Eugene McCabe, Heaven Lies About Us (London: Vintage, 2006); Patrick McCabe, Carn (London: Picador, 1989). 4. Toby Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’: the IRA and South Armagh (London: Coronet, 1999). 5. Christopher Hitchens, Arguably (London: Atlantic Books, 2011) 480–1. 6. K. J. Rankin, ‘The Creation and Consolidation of the Irish Border’, Mapping Frontiers, Plotting Pathways Working Paper No. 2, 2005, Institute of British Irish Studies. 7. David Fitzpatrick, ‘The Orange Order and the Border’, Irish Historical Studies, 33 (129) May 2002, 53. 8. Ibid., 54. 9. ‘Protestants in NI Border town want the Border sealed’, Irish Times, 23 June 1980. 10. Eric P. Kaufmann, The Orange Order: a Contemporary Northern Irish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 5. 200 Notes 201 11. Fitzpatrick, ‘The Orange Order and the Border’, 53. 12. Fearghal McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy: a Self-Made Hero (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) 51. 13. Ibid., 57. 14. Michael Farrell, Arming the Protestants (London: Pluto, 1983). 15. Ibid., 60. 16. Enda Staunton, The Nationalists of Northern Ireland 1918–1973 (Dublin: Columba Press, 2001) 36. 17. Toby Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’: the IRA and South Armagh, 135–7. 18. A farmer and local Unionist councillor I interviewed in the area produced a copy of Fearghal McGarry’s biography of Eoin O’Duffy. 19. Some indication of the significance of the Brookeborough raid was its immortalisation in two very popular ballads: The Patriot Game and Sean South of Garryowen. The best account of the raid in its local context can be found in Peadar Livingstone, The Fermanagh Storyy (Monaghan: Clogher Historical Society, 1969) 384–6. 20. A detailed inventory of IRA attacks in Fermanagh and Tyrone can be found in John Maguire, IRA Internments and the Irish Government: Subversives and the State 1939–1962 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2008). 21. Enda Staunton has claimed that the claim that the B Specials were not tar- geted ‘does not stand up to examination’ and points to an IRA statement in September 1958 that in future the Specials would be regarded as ‘legitimate resistance targets’ (Staunton, 225; see note 16 above). Yet this was two years into the campaign and implies that they were not targets up until then. By this time the campaign had been effectively defeated and it is difficult to explain the lack of Special casualties unless they had been excluded from the list of targets during the height of the campaign. 22. Ian S. Wood, ‘The IRA’s border campaign 1956–1962’, in M. Anderson and E. Bort (eds) The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999) 122. 23. Dr Ruan O’Donnell, who is writing a history of the campaign and has interviewed many of those who participated, notes: ‘Conflict with the RUC was to be minimised and that with the paramilitary B Specials forbidden on the grounds that it was neither necessary nor desirable to antagonise Irish Unionists’; see his From Vinegar Hill to Edentubber: the Wexford IRA and the Border Campaign (Loch Garman: Cairde na Lochra, 2007) 4. 24. Tommy McKearney, The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament (London: Pluto, 2011) 111. 25. PRONI, D 3004/D/41, Brookeborough Diaries, 12 December 1956. 26. John Maguire, IRA Internments, 88. 27. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange Statee (London: Pluto, 1980) 216. 28. Ibid., 95. 29. Brookeborough Diaries, 13 December 1956. 30. Ibid., 17 December 1956. 31. Maguire, IRA Internments, 95. 32. Ibid., 96. 33. Brookeborough Diaries, 1 January 1957. 34. Ibid., 11 January 1957. 35. Ibid., 3 January 1957. 202 Notes 36. Maguire, IRA Internments, 104. 37. Ibid., 114–15. 38. Ibid., 114. 39. Ibid., 113. 40. Ibid., 127–8. 41. Ibid., 121–2. 42. Ibid. 43. Interview with retired former RUC Special Branch Officer, Belfast, 21 January 2010. 44. Eunan O’Halpin, Defending Ireland: the Irish State and its Enemies since 1922 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 298–9. 45. Brookeborough Diaries, 8 July 1957. 46. O’Halpin, Defending Ireland, 300 and Maguire, IRA Internments, 182. 47. Brookeborough Diaries, 12 July 1957. 48. Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange State, 218. 49. Ibid., 217. 50. Brookeborough Diaries, 12 August 1957. 51. Henry Patterson, Ireland since 1939: the Persistence of Conflictt (London: Penguin, 2011) 135. 52. Robert W. White, ‘Provisional IRA attacks on the UDR in Fermanagh and South Tyrone’, Terrorism and Political Violence 3 (3) July–August 2011, 339. 53. Maguire, IRA Internments, 191. 54. White, ‘Provisional IRA attacks’, 340. 55. Maguire, IRA Internments, 197. 56. For a discussion of the Lawless case see Maguire, IRA Internments, 143–72. 57. Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange State, 220. 58. Maguire, IRA Internments, 200. 59. Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange State, 82–7. 60. Fermanagh Civil Rights Association, Fermanagh Facts (Enniskillen, n.d. 1969?) available on http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/pdfs/frca80.pdf 61. Thomas Hennesseyy, Northern Ireland: the Origins of the Troubles (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2005) 74–7. 62. Henry Patterson, ‘In the land of King Canute: the influence of border Unionism on Ulster Unionist politics 1945–63’, Contemporary British History 20 (4), December 2006. 63. Conor Cruise O’Brien, States of Irelandd (London: Panther, 1974) 184. 64. Henry Patterson, Ireland since 1939: the Persistence of Conflictt (London: Penguin, 2007) 212. 65. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000) 36. 66. Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, The Lost Revolution: the Story of the Official IRA and the Workers’ Partyy (Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2009) 130–1. 1 The Border and Anglo-Irish Relations 1969–73 1. John Bowman, De Valera and the Ulster Question, 1917–1973 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982). Notes 203 2. Michael Kennedy, Division and Consensus: the Politics of Cross-Border Relations (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 20000) 1–5. 3. Dermot Keogh, Jack Lynch: a Biographyy (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2007) 122–3. 4. Conor Cruise O’Brien, States of Irelandd (London: Panther Books, 1974) 179. 5. Stephen Kelly, ‘Fresh evidence from the archives: the genesis of Charles J Haughey’s attitude to Northern Ireland’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, forthcoming 2012: I am grateful to Dr Kelly for providing an advance copy of his article. 6. Justin O’Brien, The Arms Trial (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2000) 100. 7. Ibid. 8. Rachel Donnelly, ‘Haughey seen as “shrewd and ruthless”’, Irish Times, 3 January 2000. 9. Frank Foley, ‘North–South relations and the outbreak of the Troubles in Northern Ireland 1969–71: the response of the Irish press’, Irish Studies in International Affairs 14 (2003), 15. 10. Ibid., 28. 11. National Archives Dublin (hereafter NAD), 2000/6/957, Department of Taoiseach, ‘Partition and Policy’, 14 August 1969. 12. Quoted in O’Brien, The Arms Trial, 33. 13. Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, The Lost Revolution: the Story of the Official IRA and the Workers’ Party (Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2009) 131. 14. Seán MacStíofáin, Revolutionary in Irelandd (London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1975) 126. 15. Padraig Faulkner, As I Saw It: Reviewing Over 30 Years of Fianna Fáil and Irish Politics (Dublin: Wolfhound, 2005) 93. 16. Ibid., 94. 17. Henry Patterson, Ireland Since 1939: the Persistence of Conflictt (London: Penguin, 2007) 173. 18. O’Brien, The Arms Trial, 58. 19. Ibid., 70–6. 20. O’Brien, States of Ireland, 198. 21. O’Brien, The Arms Trial, 115. 22. Stephen Collins, The Cosgrave Legacyy (Dublin: Blackwater Press, 1996) 103. 23. Walsh, Patrick Hillery: the Official Biography (Dublin: New Island, 2008) 232. 24. Faulkner, As I Saw It, 105. 25. Anthony Craig, Crisis of Confidence: Anglo-Irish Relations in the Early Troubles (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2010) 68. 26. Henry Patterson, ‘The British state and the rise of the IRA 1969–71’, Irish Political Studies, 23 (4) (December 2008) 502–5. 27. Derry and Raphoe Action, Protestants and the Border: Stories of Border Protestants North and South (Omagh, undated) 52. 28. Toby Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’: the IRA and South Armagh (London: Coronet, 1999) 56. 29. The National Archives, London (hereafter NA), CJ4//213, ‘History of Partial Border Closures in 1970’, annex to Northern Ireland Border Control Report by HQNI, May 1971. 30. NA, CJ3/103, ‘Hot pursuit’, P. Leyshon to D. R. E. Hopkins, 30 October 1970. 204 Notes 31. NA, CJ3/103, D.
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