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Home , Active service unit, Arms Crisis, Flagstaff Hill incident, John Hermon, John Peck (diplomat), John Wilsey

Notes

Preface

1. Brian Hanley in Irish Historical Studies, volume 39, Issue 153, May 2014, 175. 2. Jennifer Curtis, Human rights as war by other means: peace politics in Northern (Philidephia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014). 3. Ibid., 135. 4. ‘Finding of collusion with IRA a prompt for us all to examine our consciences’ , Irish Times, 8 December 2013. 5. In 2015 I was a participant in a private seminar where victims of IRA violence on the border related their experiences to a former Minister of Justice, retired officials of the Department of Justice and Foreign Affairs and retired members of the Garda and . 6. Gerry Moriarty and Mark Hennessy, ‘State willing to act on unionist claims over IRA-Gilmore’, Irish Times, 9 September, 2013. 7. Paddy Mulroe, ‘Irish government security policy along the border 1961-1978’, PhD, University of at Jordanstown, September 2015, 272. 8. Grand Committee, ‘Official Histories’, 10 December 2015, column GC194 available on www.parliament.uk 9. ‘Britain cast a villain in one-sided history of ’, Newsletterr, 26 August 2015.

Introduction

1. : An Analysis of Military Operations in . Prepared under the direction of the Chief of the General Staff, July 2006, 4–4. 2. Joe Cleary, Literature, Partition and the Nation State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002) 107. 3. Eugene McCabe, Heaven Lies About Us (: Vintage, 2006); Patrick McCabe, Carn (London: Picador, 1989). 4. Toby Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’: the IRA and South Armagh (London: Coronet, 1999). 5. Christopher Hitchens, Arguably (London: Atlantic Books, 2011) 480–1. 6. K. J. Rankin, ‘The Creation and Consolidation of the Irish Border’, Mapping Frontiers, Plotting Pathways Working Paper No. 2, 2005, Institute of British Irish Studies. 7. David Fitzpatrick, ‘The Order and the Border’, Irish Historical Studies, 33 (129) May 2002, 53. 8. Ibid., 54. 9. ‘Protestants in NI Border town want the Border sealed’, Irish Times, 23 June 1980. 10. Eric P. Kaufmann, The : a Contemporary Northern Irish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 5.

200 Notes 201

11. Fitzpatrick, ‘The Orange Order and the Border’, 53. 12. Fearghal McGarry, Eoin O’Duffy: a Self-Made Hero (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) 51. 13. Ibid., 57. 14. Michael Farrell, Arming the Protestants (London: Pluto, 1983). 15. Ibid., 60. 16. Enda Staunton, The Nationalists of Northern Ireland 1918–1973 (: Columba Press, 2001) 36. 17. Toby Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’: the IRA and South Armagh, 135–7. 18. A farmer and local Unionist councillor I interviewed in the area produced a copy of Fearghal McGarry’s biography of Eoin O’Duffy. 19. Some indication of the significance of the raid was its immortalisation in two very popular ballads: and Sean South of Garryowen. The best account of the raid in its local context can be found in Peadar Livingstone, The Storyy (: Clogher Historical Society, 1969) 384–6. 20. A detailed inventory of IRA attacks in Fermanagh and Tyrone can be found in John Maguire, IRA Internments and the Irish Government: Subversives and the State 1939–1962 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2008). 21. Enda Staunton has claimed that the claim that the B Specials were not tar- geted ‘does not stand up to examination’ and points to an IRA statement in September 1958 that in future the Specials would be regarded as ‘legitimate resistance targets’ (Staunton, 225; see note 16 above). Yet this was two years into the campaign and implies that they were not targets up until then. By this time the campaign had been effectively defeated and it is difficult to explain the lack of Special casualties unless they had been excluded from the list of targets during the height of the campaign. 22. Ian S. Wood, ‘The IRA’s border campaign 1956–1962’, in M. Anderson and E. Bort (eds) The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture (: Liverpool University Press, 1999) 122. 23. Dr Ruan O’Donnell, who is writing a history of the campaign and has interviewed many of those who participated, notes: ‘Conflict with the RUC was to be minimised and that with the paramilitary B Specials forbidden on the grounds that it was neither necessary nor desirable to antagonise Irish Unionists’; see his From Vinegar Hill to Edentubber: the Wexford IRA and the Border Campaign (Loch Garman: Cairde na Lochra, 2007) 4. 24. Tommy McKearney, The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament (London: Pluto, 2011) 111. 25. PRONI, D 3004/D/41, Brookeborough Diaries, 12 December 1956. 26. John Maguire, IRA Internments, 88. 27. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange Statee (London: Pluto, 1980) 216. 28. Ibid., 95. 29. Brookeborough Diaries, 13 December 1956. 30. Ibid., 17 December 1956. 31. Maguire, IRA Internments, 95. 32. Ibid., 96. 33. Brookeborough Diaries, 1 January 1957. 34. Ibid., 11 January 1957. 35. Ibid., 3 January 1957. 202 Notes

36. Maguire, IRA Internments, 104. 37. Ibid., 114–15. 38. Ibid., 114. 39. Ibid., 113. 40. Ibid., 127–8. 41. Ibid., 121–2. 42. Ibid. 43. Interview with retired former RUC Special Branch Officer, , 21 January 2010. 44. Eunan O’Halpin, Defending Ireland: the Irish State and its Enemies since 1922 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 298–9. 45. Brookeborough Diaries, 8 July 1957. 46. O’Halpin, Defending Ireland, 300 and Maguire, IRA Internments, 182. 47. Brookeborough Diaries, 12 July 1957. 48. Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange State, 218. 49. Ibid., 217. 50. Brookeborough Diaries, 12 August 1957. 51. Henry Patterson, Ireland since 1939: the Persistence of Conflictt (London: Penguin, 2011) 135. 52. Robert W. White, ‘Provisional IRA attacks on the UDR in Fermanagh and South Tyrone’, Terrorism and Political Violence 3 (3) July–August 2011, 339. 53. Maguire, IRA Internments, 191. 54. White, ‘Provisional IRA attacks’, 340. 55. Maguire, IRA Internments, 197. 56. For a discussion of the Lawless case see Maguire, IRA Internments, 143–72. 57. Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange State, 220. 58. Maguire, IRA Internments, 200. 59. Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange State, 82–7. 60. Fermanagh Civil Rights Association, Fermanagh Facts (Enniskillen, n.d. 1969?) available on http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/pdfs/frca80.pdf 61. Thomas Hennesseyy, Northern Ireland: the Origins of the Troubles (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2005) 74–7. 62. Henry Patterson, ‘In the land of King Canute: the influence of border Unionism on Ulster Unionist politics 1945–63’, Contemporary British History 20 (4), December 2006. 63. Conor Cruise O’Brien, States of Irelandd (London: Panther, 1974) 184. 64. Henry Patterson, Ireland since 1939: the Persistence of Conflictt (London: Penguin, 2007) 212. 65. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (: Mainstream, 2000) 36. 66. Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, The Lost Revolution: the Story of the Official IRA and the Workers’ Partyy (Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2009) 130–1.

1 The Border and Anglo-Irish Relations 1969–73

1. John Bowman, De Valera and the Ulster Question, 1917–1973 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982). Notes 203

2. Michael Kennedy, Division and Consensus: the Politics of Cross-Border Relations (Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 20000) 1–5. 3. Dermot Keogh, : a Biographyy (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2007) 122–3. 4. Conor Cruise O’Brien, States of Irelandd (London: Panther Books, 1974) 179. 5. Stephen Kelly, ‘Fresh evidence from the archives: the genesis of Charles J Haughey’s attitude to Northern Ireland’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, forthcoming 2012: I am grateful to Dr Kelly for providing an advance copy of his article. 6. Justin O’Brien, The Arms Trial (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2000) 100. 7. Ibid. 8. Rachel Donnelly, ‘Haughey seen as “shrewd and ruthless”’, Irish Times, 3 January 2000. 9. Frank Foley, ‘North–South relations and the outbreak of the Troubles in Northern Ireland 1969–71: the response of ’, Irish Studies in International Affairs 14 (2003), 15. 10. Ibid., 28. 11. National Archives Dublin (hereafter NAD), 2000/6/957, Department of , ‘Partition and Policy’, 14 . 12. Quoted in O’Brien, The Arms Trial, 33. 13. Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, The Lost Revolution: the Story of the Official IRA and the Workers’ Party (Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2009) 131. 14. Seán MacStíofáin, Revolutionary in Irelandd (London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1975) 126. 15. Padraig Faulkner, As I Saw It: Reviewing Over 30 Years of Fianna Fáil and Irish Politics (Dublin: Wolfhound, 2005) 93. 16. Ibid., 94. 17. Henry Patterson, Ireland Since 1939: the Persistence of Conflictt (London: Penguin, 2007) 173. 18. O’Brien, The Arms Trial, 58. 19. Ibid., 70–6. 20. O’Brien, States of Ireland, 198. 21. O’Brien, The Arms Trial, 115. 22. Stephen Collins, The Cosgrave Legacyy (Dublin: Blackwater Press, 1996) 103. 23. Walsh, : the Official Biography (Dublin: New Island, 2008) 232. 24. Faulkner, As I Saw It, 105. 25. Anthony Craig, Crisis of Confidence: Anglo-Irish Relations in the Early Troubles (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2010) 68. 26. Henry Patterson, ‘The British state and the rise of the IRA 1969–71’, Irish Political Studies, 23 (4) (December 2008) 502–5. 27. and Raphoe Action, Protestants and the Border: Stories of Border Protestants North and South (Omagh, undated) 52. 28. Toby Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’: the IRA and South Armagh (London: Coronet, 1999) 56. 29. The National Archives, London (hereafter NA), CJ4//213, ‘History of Partial Border Closures in 1970’, annex to Northern Ireland Border Control Report by HQNI, May 1971. 30. NA, CJ3/103, ‘Hot pursuit’, P. Leyshon to D. R. E. Hopkins, 30 October 1970. 204 Notes

31. NA, CJ3/103, D. R. E. Hopkins to D. A. Nichols, 27 November 1970. 32. Jack Lynch Papers, University College Cork, letter from John Peck to the Taoiseach, 11 February 1971. 33. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 300. 34. Daniel Williamson, ‘Moderation under fire: the , the Lower Falls and Anglo-Irish co-operation’, Irish Studies in International Affairs, 21 (2010) 201. 35. Craig, Crisis of Confidence, 131. 36. NA, CJ4 /213 ‘Border security’ Sir Stewart Crawford to J. H. Peck, 19 April 1971. 37. NA, CJ4/213, Peck to Howard Smith, UK Representative, Conway Hotel, Belfast, 22 April 1971. 38. NA, CJ4/213, ‘Interim Report: Control of NI Borders’, 5 May 1971. 39. NA, CJ4/213, Lord Carrington to PM, 5 May 1971. 40. NA, CJ4/213, NIO letter to A. P Hockaday, MOD re GOC’s cross-border study, 7 June 1971. 41. NA, CJ4/213, W. K. K. White to D. A. Nichols, MOD, 14 June 1971. 42. NA, CJ4/183, Dr Hillery’s discussion with the Home Secretary, 11 August 1971. 43. NA, CJ4/213, ‘Perimeter Northern Ireland – border control’, A. P. Hockaday to Assistant Under Secretary, MoD, 25 November 1971. 44. Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (hereafter PRONI), CAB/9/R/238/8, ‘Folder for tripartite’, September 27 and 28, 1971. 45. Irish Independentt, 30 August 1971. 46. NA, CJ4/103, W. K. K. White (Western European Department) to Mr James, 31 August 1971. 47. The National Archives of Ireland (hereafter NAI), DFA 2002/19/246, ‘Request for a Border Patrol for Northern Ireland’, 4 September 1971. 48. Craig, Crisis of Confidence, 103. 49. NAI, DFA 2004/7/2704, ‘The IRA in the North’: brief for Chequers meeting September 1971. 50. PRONI, CAB/9/R/238/7, Letter from Heath to Faulkner, 13 October 1971. 51. ‘Perimeter Northern Ireland – border control’. 52. NA, CJ4//213, telegram to Dublin Embassy from F.C.O, 26 November 1971. 53. Ibid. 54. Edward Longwill, ‘The Irish army and state security policy 1956–74’, PhD thesis, University of Ulster, October 2009, 216–17. 55. Christopher Warman, ‘Irish army reject reports of mutiny’, Times, 27 August 1971. 56. ‘Support for IRA unthinking’, Irish Times, 18 January 1972. 57. Letter from Peck to the Taoiseach, 11 February 1971 and ‘Civil Rights man admits possession of arms but is acquitted’, Irish Times, 8 January 1971. 58. ‘Court frees IRA Men’, Guardian, 17 February 1972. 59. , The IRA (London: Fontana, 1987) 328. 60. ‘Judge orders IRA acquittal’, Irish Independentt, 12 April 1972. 61. Michael McInerney, ‘Decisions of courts worry government’, Irish Times, 18 February 1972. 62. Irish Press, 12 December 1971. 63. ‘Crowd fights Army and Gardaí at Monaghan’, Irish Times, 20 March 1972 and ‘Tougher line by Eire Army’, , 24 March 1972. Notes 205

64. M. Farrell, Northern Ireland: the Orange State (London: Pluto) 294. 65. Ibid., 170. 66. University College Dublin, Archives (hereafter UCDA) Papers of Dr Garret FitzGerald, P215/83, ‘Aspects of Security Policy’, March–April 1974. 67. Commission of Inquiry into the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of 1974 Final Report, March 2007, 70–2. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/dublin/ macentee040407final.pdf accessed 29 March 2011. 68. David Fitzpatrick, The Two (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) 170. 69. Eunan O’Halpin, Defending Ireland: the Irish State and its Enemies since 1922 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) 328. 70. Michael Mulqueen, Re-evaluating Irish National Security Policyy (: Manchester University Press, 2008) 37. 71. Andrew Hamilton, ‘Confrontation on the border’, Irish Times, 27 October 1971. 72. Kennedy, Division and Consensus, 165. 73. O’Halpin, Defending Ireland, 299–300. 74. George Clarke, Border Crossing: True Stories of the RUC Special Branch, the Garda and IRA Moles (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2009) 145. 75. Joe MacAnthony, ‘The Taoiseach’s secret border policy’, Sunday Independentt, 19 December 1971. 76. Clarke, Border Crossingg, 124. 77. Interview with former member of RUC Special Branch, Belfast, 21 January 2010. 78. Former member of RUC Special Branch in e-mail communication, 23 February 2010. 79. Eunan O’Halpin, ‘A Greek authoritarian phase? The Irish army and the Arms Crisis’, Irish Political Studies 23 (4) (2008) 477. 80. Longwill, The Irish Army and State Security Policy, 250. 81. Ibid., 178. 82. Ibid., 250. 83. O’Brien, The Arms Trial, 57. 84. O’Halpin, ‘A Greek authoritarian phase?’, 475. 85. Mulqueen, Re-evaluating Irish National Security Policy, 40. 86. After the IRA’s murder of Lord Mountbatten in 1979, Lynch set out this policy to a clearly frustrated Mrs Thatcher: NAD, TAOIS/2009/135/704, ‘Meeting between the Taoiseach and the British Prime Minister, London, 5 September 1979. 87. Joe MacAnthony, ‘The Taoiseach’s secret border policy’, Sunday Independentt, 19 December 1971. 88. ‘Cabinet discuss IRA Border battle’, Irish Times, 28 January 1972. 89. Craig, Crisis of Confidence, 132. 90. ‘Gardaí told to aid RUC – Blaney’, Belfast Telegraph, 27 April 1972. 91. John Walsh, Patrick Hillery, 287. 92. Brian Girvin, ‘Nationalism and Political Conflict’ in R. Breen, A. F. Heath and C. T. Whelan, Ireland North and South (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) 377. 93. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 335–6. 94. Ibid., 336 206 Notes

95. Craig, Crisis of Confidence, 130. 96. Ibid. 97. Donnacha Ó Beacháin, Destiny of the Soldiers: Fianna Fail, and the IRA 1926–73 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2010) 348. 98. Cillian McGrattan, Northern Ireland 1968–2008 (Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). 99. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 358–61. 100. Ibid., 362. 101. Ibid., 361. 102. Joe Joyce, ‘Border town residents seek extra security’, Irish Times, 30 December 1972. 103. ‘Priest’s warning to rioters’, Irish Times, 23 September 1972. 104. Catherine Nash and Byronie Reid, ‘Border crossings: new approaches to the Irish border’, Irish Studies Revieww 18 (3) (2010) 277. 105. Stephen Collins, The Power Game: Fianna Fail since Lemass (Dublin: O’Brien Press, 2000) 94. 106. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 109. 107. ‘Attempt to free republican chief’, Irish Times, 27 November 1972. 108. Ibid. 109. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 365. 110. NA, FCO 87/47, Whitelaw letter to the Prime Minister, 21 November 1972. 111. Ibid. 112. NA, FCO 87/248, ‘Cross border activities of IRA after ’. 113. Ibid. 114. NA, CJ4/390, note of a meeting between Taoiseach and Prime Minister, 24 November 1972. 115. NA, CJ4/184, note of meeting in London on 22 January 1973. 116. Henry Patterson, ‘ revisited: the Provisional IRA campaign in a border region of Northern Ireland’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 22 (3) (2010) 344–7. 117. Chris Ryder, The : An Instrument of Peace? (London: Methuen, 1991) 31–4. 118. John Potter, A Testament to Courage: the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment (Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2001) 67. 119. Tommy McKearney, The Provisional IRA From Insurrection to Parliament (London: Pluto, 2011) 117–18. 120. My thanks to Patrick Speight for providing a copy of the programme. 121. Impartial Reporterr, 9 September 1971. 122. Impartial Reporterr, 28 September 1972. 123. D. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (Edinburgh and London: Mainstream, 2000) 437. 124. Impartial Reporterr, 16 March 1972 125. ‘IRA adopt new tactic of pillaging and burning homes of Protestants along the Border’, Impartial Reporterr, 27 July 1972. 126. An example is the former editor of the Irish Press: see his treatment of the collusion issue: Tim Pat Coogan, The IRA (London: Fontana, 1987) 563–7. Notes 207

127. ‘UDR in the firing line’, /, 9 February 1980. 128. In September 1972 an ASU crossed Aghalane bridge over the Woodford river which marked the Cavan/Monaghan border. They shot dead a UDR man and his wife. The bridge was on an ‘approved road’ and was kept open despite the complaints of local Unionists. In December it was blown up, probably by loyalists, much to the relief of the and the NIO. When in January 1973 Cavan county council erected a bailey bridge to replace it, this was also blown up. TNA, CJ4/396, Note by official, ‘Aghalane Bridge’, 19 December 1972. The file includes a cutting from the Anglo-Celt, ‘Aghalane bridge blown up again’, 11 January 1973. 129. Whitelaw letter to Prime Minister, 21 November 1972. 130. Craig, Crisis of Confidence, 141. 131. NA, FCO 87/24, telegram from Alec Douglas-Home to Dublin embassy, 11 January 1973. 132. NA, FCO 87/24, copy of DFA note on British army incursions at Cloghore, January 1973. 133. NA, FCO 87/24, W. K. K. White to D. G. Allen, liaison staff Stormont Castle, 19 February 1973. 134. Craig, Crisis of Confidence, 143. 135. NA, FCO 87/247, Prime Minister’s message to Taoiseach, included in Galsworthy to UK Representative, Belfast, 13 April 1973. 136. Ibid. 137. NA, FCO 87/247, ‘Garda-Terrorist Activity Clady/Cloughfin Area’, 24 March 1973. 138. NA, FCO 87/24, David Blatherwick, Dublin embassy to Adrian Hill, Department, 26 March 1973. 139. TNA, FCO 87/24, W. K. K. White to Col. C. R. Huxtable, MOD, London, 20 March 1973. 140. Craig, Crisis of Confidence, 145–6. 141. Hanley and Millar, The Lost Revolution, 185. 142. Ó Beacháin, Destiny of the Soldiers (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan) 365. 143. Ibid. 144. O’Brien, States of Ireland, 186. 145. He set out these views in a letter to Heath quoted in Williamson, 205. 146. Ó Beacháin, Destiny of the Soldiers, 349–50. 147. William B. Smith, The British State and the Northern Ireland Crisis 1969–73 (Washington: Institute of Peace, 2011) 214. 148. UCDA, P215/83, Papers of Garret FitzGerald, ‘Aspects of Security Policy’, March–April 1974. 149. Interview with Mr Patrick Cooney, Dun Laoghaire, 22 June 2011. 150. Interview with Dr Garret FitzGerald, Dublin, 26 October 2010. 151. TNA, FCO87/247, Galsworthy to W. K. K. White, 26 April 1973. 152. Ó Beacháin, Destiny of the Soldiers, 350.

2 Security Co-operation and Sunningdale

1. NA, FCO 87/247, message from PM to Taoiseach on border security, 13 April 1973. 208 Notes

2. Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life: An Autobiographyy (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1991) 311, and FCO 87/247, W. K. K. White to Galsworthy, 2 May 1973. 3. NA, FCO 87/247, Galsworthy to UK Representative, Belfast, 14 April 1973. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Craig, Crisis of Confidence: Anglo-Irish Relations in the Early Troubles (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2010) 162–3. 7. NA, FCO 87/247, Galsworthy to UK Representative Belfast, 14 April 1973. 8. NA, FCO 87/247, telegram to UK Representative Belfast, 16 April 1973. 9. FitzGerald, All in a Life, 232. 10. Interview with Mr Patrick Cooney, Bray, 22 June 2011. 11. Ibid. 12. NA, FCO 87/248, Galsworthy to W. K. K. White, 26 April 1973. 13. Ibid. 14. FitzGerald, All in a Life, 106. 15. Interview with Dr Garret FitzGerald, Dublin, 26 October 2010. 16. Ibid. 17. Interview with Mr Patrick Cooney, Bray, 22 June 2011. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. NA, FCO 87/248, Galsworthy to FCO, 6 May 1973. 21. NA, FCO 87/248, Mr Alexander, FCO to C. W. Roberts, Private Secretary to Prime Minister, 9 May 1973. 22. NA, FCO 87/248, telegram from Galsworthy to White, 10 May 1973. 23. NA, FCO87/248, P. H. Grattan, FCO to C. W. Roberts, 22 May 1973. 24. NA, FCO 87/245, Sir Arthur Galsworthy to W. K. K. White, 25 May 1973. 25. Ibid. 26. FitzGerald, All in a Life, 202. 27. Ibid., 201. 28. NA, FCO 87/245, Galsworthy to White, 25 May 1973. 29. Na, FCO 87/244, telegram from Galsworthy to UK Representative, Belfast, 15 June 1973. 30. Telegram from Galsworthy to UK Representative, Belfast, 16 June 1973, FCO 87/244. 31. ‘No arrest yet after fatal Dublin blast’, Irish Times, 22 January 1973; ‘Cooney denies SAS link with bombs’, Irish Times, 23 August 1973. 32. Dáil Éireann, Debates, Volume 266, 13 June 1973. 33. Dáil Éireann, Debates, Volume 266, 14 June 1973. 34. Ó Beacháin, The Destiny of the Soldiers: Fianna Fail, Irish Republicanism and the IRA 1926–1973 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2010) 364–5. 35. ‘Cooney denies SAS link with bombs’, Irish Times, 22 August 1973. 36. NA, FCO 87/248, minute on border security, 31 May 1973. 37. NA, FCO 87/248, P. R. G. Williams to Alan Rowley, ‘Report on state of links between security forces in Northern Ireland and Eire’, 4 June 1973. 38. NA, FCO 87/ 248, White to R. C. Cox, NIO, 25 June 1973. 39. NA, FCO 87/248, Galsworthy to FCO, 6 May 1973. 40. NA, FCO 87/248, White to Rowley, 3 May 1973. 41. NA, FCO 87/248, P. R.G. Williams for Alan Rowley, ‘Report on state of links between security forces in Northern Ireland and Eire’, 4 June 1973. Notes 209

42. NA, FCO 87/248, Galsworthy to White, 10 May 1973. 43. Ibid. 44. NA, FCO 87/248, P. H. Grattan (FCO) to C.W. Roberts (Private Secretary to PM) 22 May. 45. NAD, DFA 2004/7/2700, meeting between Minister of Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, London, 9 June 1973. 46. NA, FCO 87/248, ‘Terrorist Operations in Border Areas ‘, HQNI, 11 September 1973. 47. Anthony Craig, Crisis of Confidence: Anglo-Irish Relations in the Early Troubles (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2010) 165. 48. NA, FCO 87/248, Galsworthy to FCO, 19 October 1973. 49. Ibid. 50. NA, FCO 87/248, White to J. T. Williams, NIO, 14 November 1973. 51. NA, CJ 4/396, letter from Major-General Peter Leng, HQNI to Frank Cooper, NIO, Stormont Castle, 30 November 1973. 52. NA, FCO 87/248, Galsworthy to FCO, 21 December 1973. 53. Ibid. 54. Conor Cruise O’Brien, States of Ireland (London: Panther, 1974) 282. 55. Collins, The Cosgrave Legacyy (Dublin: Blackwater Press, 1996) 174. 56. Ibid., 175. 57. NA, CJ4/ 810, ‘Cross Border Cooperation’, HQNI to Ministry of Defence (Army) Whitehall, March 1974. 58. Ibid. 59. O’Halpin, Defending Ireland: the Irish State and its Enemies Since 1922 (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 334. 60. ‘Dublin condemns ambush’, Financial Times, 4 August 1973. 61. ‘Men shoot a Garda patrol near border’, Irish Times, 23 April 1974. 62. ‘Red-faced cabinet to discuss raid’, Irish Independentt, 25 January 1974. 63. ‘British post attacked from Lifford’, Irish Times, 3 February 1974. 64. Chris Glennon, ‘Quiet Man of Politics’, Irish Independentt, 13 March 1974. 65. Interview with Dr Garret FitzGerald, Dublin, 26 October 2010. 66. NA, FCO 87/371, ‘Chief Constable’s Visit to Dublin’, 18 February 1974. 67. Ibid. 68. Ibid. 69. NA, CJ 4/810, Jamie Flanagan to Garda Commissioner, 4 March 1974. 70. NA, CJ 4/805, Galsworthy to FCO, 19 February 1974. 71. NA, CJ 4/810, Letter from Secretary of State to Dr FitzGerald, 20 March 1974. 72. NA, CJ4/810, note of a meeting to discuss security co-operation with the Republic of Ireland held at NIO, Great George Street, 12 March 1974. 73. NA, FCO 87/371, Galsworthy telegram re meeting with Garret FitzGerald, 22 March 1974. 74. NA, FCO 87/371, report of meeting between SoSNI and Irish Ambassador, London, 26 March 1974. 75. NA, FCO 87/371, Galsworthy telegram re meeting with Irish Minister of Defence, 2 April 1974. 76. NA, CJ 4/810, Lieutenant Colonel M. F. Reynolds, for GOC to MoD (Army), 9 March 1974. 77. McGrattan, Northern Ireland 1968–2008 (Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) 84. 210 Notes

78. Ibid. 79. , Memoirs of a Statesman (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978) 254. 80. NAD, TAOIS/2005/7/607, ‘Meeting between the Taoiseach and the British Prime Minister, London, 5 April 1974’. 81. Michael Farrell, Sheltering the Fugitive?: the Extradition of Irish Political Offenders (Cork and Dublin: Mercier Press, 1985) 42. 82. University College Dublin Archive, P215/79, Papers of Dr Garret FitzGerald, Letter from Dr Conor Cruise O’Brien to Taoiseach, 21 January 1974. 83. Conor Cruise O’Brien, Memoir: My Life and Themes (Dublin: Poolbeg Press, 1998) 353. 84. Interview with Mr Patrick Cooney, Bray, 22 June 2011. 85. NAD, TAOIS/2005/7/607, ‘Meeting between the Taoiseach and the British Prime Minister, London, 5 April 1974’. 86. Interview with Mr Patrick Cooney, Bray, 22 June 2011. 87. NAD, TAOIS/2005/7/607, ‘Meeting between Taoiseach and the British Prime Minister, London, 5 April 1974’. 88. Ibid. 89. Ibid. 90. Ibid. 91. Ibid. 92. NA, FCO 87/371, ‘Background to the border security problem: given to Dublin May 1974’. 93. Ibid. 94. Ibid. 95. Ibid. 96. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000) 447.

3 The ‘Anti-National Coalition’ and Security Co-operation

1. NA, FCO/311, Galsworthy to FCO and NIO, 29 May 1974. 2. ‘Cosgrave announces vigilantes in debate on the North’, Irish News, 27 June 1974. 3. NA, CJ 4/1027 ‘NIO political evaluation of the coalition government’, 27 June 1974 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Paul Bew and Henry Patterson, The British State and the Ulster Crisis From Wilson to Thatcherr (London: Verso, 1984) 76. 7. NA, CJ 4/1027, K. C. Thom, Dublin to G. W. Harding, Republic of Ireland Department, FCO, 29 July 1974. 8. NA, CJ4/805, ‘Visit to the Republic by Messrs Rees and Orme’, 17/18 July 1974. 9. NA, CJ4/638, Irish aide-Memoire, 8 August 1974. Notes 211

10. NA, CJ4/ 1027, Thom to Harding, Republic of Ireland Department, FCO on brief for Taoiseach’s visit, 3 September 1974. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. NA, CJ4 /638, British response to Irish aide-memoire, 10 Downing Street, 28 August 1974. 15. Ibid. 16. Ibid. 17. Paul Bew, Ireland: the Politics of Enmity 1789–2006 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 517. 18. NAD, TAOIS/2005/7/607, briefing paper for meeting between Taoiseach and Prime Minister, September 1974. 19. NAD, TAOIS/2005/7/607, meeting of Taoiseach and Prime Minister, 11 September 1974. 20. NAD, CJ4/1022, minute on Baldonnel Security Panels by J. B. Bourn, 30 May 1975. 21. Ibid. 22. NAD, TAOIS/2005/7/607, meeting of Taoiseach and Prime Minister, 11 September 1974. 23. ‘British Army hopes for radio link to Army, RUC and Garda’, Irish Times, 20 September 1974. 24. NA, CJ4/810, Galsworthy to NIO, 20 September 1974. 25. Sean Cryan, ‘The Irish army: a paper army?’, Irish Press, 14 September 1974. 26. NA, FCO 87/312, ‘Confidence debate in the Dail’, Galsworthy to FCO, 25 October 1974. 27. NA, CJ4/638 ‘Border incidents: 1974- 1 September’. 28. NA, FCO 87/371, ‘ GAA football ground’, Galsworthy to NIO Belfast, 13 July 1974. 29. NA, CJ 4/805, Galsworthy to NIO, Belfast, ‘Mr Orme’s visit’, 10 February 1974. 30. NA, CJ 4/638, British response to Irish aide-memoire, 28 August 1974. 31. UCD Archives, Papers of Dr Garret FitzGerald, P215/655, ‘File on Kiltyclogher Road Closures 31 July 1974–7 March 1977’. 32. DFA note for FitzGerald, 20 August 1974 in P215/655. 33. Note by Gearoid O’Broin, 20 August 1974, in P215/655. 34. Coded telex from Donlon to FitzGerald, 24 September 1974, in P215/655. 35. NA/CJ4/810, Galsworthy to NIO, Belfast, 9 August 1974. 36. NAD, TAOIS/2005/7/607, briefing paper on security for meeting between Taoiseach and British Prime Minister, September, 1974. 37. NA, CJ4/63, report from HQ 8th Infantry Brigade Londonderry to HQNI 7 September 1974, ‘Border crossings in South RUC division’. 38. NA, CJ4/ 63, ‘Irish Army GSO 3 Ops, to CLF’, 19 September 1974. 39. NA, CJ4/638 ‘Irish Army contact report: Flagstaff Road VCP’, no date. 40. NA, CJ4/638, ‘Irish Army contact report,’ no date. 41. NA, CJ4/638, ‘Follow-up action to the North/South security conference’, J. B. Bourn, Under Secretary NIO to Mr Janes, Deputy Permanent Secretary NIO, 4 December 1974. 212 Notes

42. Ibid. 43. NA, CJ4/638, Bourn, NIO, Belfast to Ambassador, Dublin, 17 December 1974. 44. NA, CJ4/638, ‘North–South Cooperation’, Galsworthy to NIO, Belfast, 20 December 1974. 45. NA, CJ4/1022, ‘Minute on Baldonell Security Panels’, 30 May 1975. 46. Ibid. 47. NA, CJ 4/1022, ‘RUC/Garda Cooperation’, no date but probably September 1975. 48. Conor O’Clery, ‘Garda control to RUC ... over’, Irish Times, 6 December 1975. 49. ‘All this to catch IRA ’, Republican News, 10 January 1976. 50. Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: a Chronology of the Troubles 1968–1993 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1993) 98–9. 51. NAD, JUS 2005/155/6, ‘Provisional IRA activities’, Garda Commissioner to the Secretary, Department of Justice, 20 June 1975. 52. NAD, JUS 2005/155/6, ‘Assessment of security problems consequent on an influx of refugees from Northern Ireland’, Garda Commissioner to Secretary, Department of Justice, 1 August 1975. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid., 103–4. 55. Bew and Gillespie, Northern Ireland, 107. 56. NA, CJ4/ 1022, ‘Baldonnel Security Panels’, NIO telegram to Dublin embassy includes letter from Rees to be passed to Minister of Justice, 1 December 1975. 57. Bew and Gillespie, 109. 58. Merlyn Rees, Northern Ireland: a Personal Perspective (London: Methuen, 1985) 264 59. UCDA, Papers of Dr Garret FitzGerald, P215/190, Letter to Taoiseach from , 6 January 1976. 60. Ibid. 61. Ibid., Taoiseach to Prime Minister, 6 January 1976. 62. NA, FCO/87/582, Galsworthy to NIO Belfast, 8 January 1976. 63. Ibid. 64. UCDA, FitzGerald Papers, P215/187, ‘Press summary of Northern Ireland coverage in Britain and Republic’. 65. Mark Urban, Big Boys’ Rules: the Secret Struggle against the IRA (London: Faber, 1992) 4. 66. Ibid. 67. Ibid. 68. UCDA, FitzGerald Papers, P215/187, ‘Southern involvement in Monday night’s killings’, note by John Swift, 7 January 1976. 69. NA, FCO 87/582, Galsworthy to NIO Belfast, 15 January 1976. 70. Rees, Northern Ireland, 264. 71. NA, FCO 87/582, Brief for Rees/Cooney talks. 72. NAD, JUS/2006/145/44, Meeting of Minister of Justice and Secretary of State, London, 8 January 1976. 73. UCDA, Papers of Dr Garret FitzGerald, P 215/191, Meeting at House, 9 January 1976. Notes 213

74. Ibid. 75. NA, FCO 87/582, Galsworthy to NIO, ‘Press comment on Special Air Service’, 10 January 1976. 76. NA, FCO 87/582, Galsworthy to NIO, Belfast, 15 January 1976. 77. Ibid. 78. NAD, JUS/2006/145/44, Meeting with Rees, Garda Depot, 20 February 1976. 79. Ibid. 80. Urban, Big Boys’ Rules, 9. 81. NA, FCO 87/498 G. W. Harding, Republic of Ireland Department to Private Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, ‘SAS incident on Irish border’, 7 May 1976 and CJ4/ 1641, Memorandum from Secretary of State, Northern Ireland on SAS Incursion for Cabinet General Committee, 17 January 1977. See also Bew et al., Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Country (London: Hurst, 2009) 67–8. 82. FitzGerald, All in a Life: An Autobiographyy (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973) 281. 83. Rees, Northern Ireland, 295–6. 84. NA, FCO 87/498, Draft memorandum of Secretary of State, FCO, to Prime Minister on SAS incursion. 85. NA, FCO 87/490, ‘The assassination of HM Ambassador in Dublin’, report by J. R. Hickman, Chargé d’Affaires, Dublin for Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. 86. NA, FCO 87/493, ‘Murder at Murphystown Road, Sandyford, Co. Dublin on 21st July 1976’. 87. NA, FCO 87/540, ‘Official papers in Mr Ewart-Bigg’s briefcase’, 22 July 1976. 88. NA, FCO 87/492, Hickman telegram on Garda Investigations, 10 August 1976. 89. NA, FCO 87/489, Dublin embassy to NIO and HQNI, 22 July 1976. 90. Dick Walsh, ‘Cabinet holds emergency meeting’, Irish Times, 22 July 1976. 91. Dick Walsh, ‘Security failure refuted by Cooney’, Irish Times, 23 July 1976. 92. A cutting of the story is contained in the file mentioned in note 89. 93. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000) 663. 94. NA, FCO 87/489, Dublin embassy to NIO and HQNI, 22 July 1976. 95. ‘Murder at Murphystown Road’ and ‘Security failure refuted by Cooney’. 96. NA, FCO 87/493, ‘Garda investigation’, J. K. Hickman, Chargé d’Affaires, Dublin to G.W. Harding, FCO 19 August 1976. 97. NA, FCO 87/489, ‘PUS’s non-attributable briefing’, J. Hartland-Swann, Republic of Ireland Department, 22 July 1976. 98. NA, FCO 87/540, R. A. Sykes to Mr Harding FCO, 23 July 1976. 99. NA, FCO 87/490, ‘The assassination of HM Ambassador in Dublin’. 100. Ibid. 101. NA, FCO 87/ 490, ‘My dispatch of 25 July’ telegram from Hickman to FCO and NIO, Belfast, 27 July 1976. 214 Notes

102. NA, FCO 87/ 540, NIO to FCO and Dublin re Dublin telegram on assassina- tion, 27 July 1976. 103. NA, FCO 87/ 540, G. W. Harding to Private Secretary, Roy Hattersley, 27 July 1976. 104. NA, FCO 87/ 498, ‘Record of conversation at lunch given by Minister of State, Mr Hattersley, for Dr Conor Cruise O’Brien on Friday 30 July’. 105. NA, FCO 87/490, Hickman telegram to FCO and NIO, 1 August 1976. 106. FitzGerald, All in a Life, 312. 107. ‘Dublin on the offensive against the IRA’, Financial Times, 27 August 1976. 108. See editorial ‘Case to prove’, Irish Times, 1 September 1976. 109. ‘The pitfalls of states of emergency’, Irish Times, 4 September 1976. 110. Interview with Mr Patrick Cooney, Bray, 22 June 2011. 111. NA, FCO 87/498, ‘Secretary of State’s visit to Dublin’ memorandum by J. M. Stewart, NIO, 7 September 1976. 112. Stephen Collins, ‘Lynch allowed British military overflights’, Irish Times, 28 December 2007. 113. Deaglan de Breadun, ‘Lynch agreed to British plan for cross-border over- flights’, Irish Times, 30 December 2009. 114. Bew et al., Talking to Terrorists, 79. 115. Ibid., 80–1. 116. NA, CJ4/1755/1, ‘Exchanges of information on explosive finds’, P. G. Wallis, FCO to P. J. Goulden, British embassy, Dublin 8 February 1977. 117. NA, CJ4/1641, ‘Article in 11 December, PN Bell to Mr Burns’, 11 December 1976. 118. Ibid. 119. NA, CJ4/1641, ‘SAS Case’, Haydon (British ambassador) Dublin to FCO, 17 January 1977 and memorandum of SoS NI on SAS incursion for Cabinet General Committee, 17 January 1977. 120. NA, CJ4/1641, ‘SAS case 7 & 8 March 1977’, analysis prepared by R. Haydon, for David Owen MP, Foreign Secretary, 16 March 1977. 121. Ibid. 122. NA, CJ4/ 1641, note of a meeting held in the Department of Justice, 24 January 1977. 123. NA, FCO 87/668, draft of oral message from PM given by Sir , 24 February 1977. 124. ‘SAS Case 7& 8 March’. 125. Ibid. 126. Ibid. 127. Quoted in leader on ‘The trial’, Irish Times, 9 March 1977. 128. NA, FCO 87/668, ‘Border Incursions South to North’, D. B. Oman, Defence Secretariat to M. Hodge, Republic of Ireland Desk, FCO, 25 January 1977. 129. ‘SAS case 7 & 8 March’. 130. NA, CJ4/ 1641, note of meeting held in Department of Justice, 24 January 1977. 131. NA,CJ 4/1755/1, brief for Secretary of State’s meeting with Dr FitzGerald on 25 May 1977. 132. NA, CJ4/ 1755/1, note of a meeting between the Secretary of State and Dr Garret FitzGerald, NIO London, 25 May 1977. Notes 215

4 Regression: Jack Lynch and the Border

1. D. Keogh, Jack Lynch: a Biographyy (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2007) 396. 2. UCDA, Papers of Dr Garret FitzGerald, P215/191, meeting between FitzGerald and Roy Mason, London, 24 September 1976. 3. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 398. 4. Ibid. 5. NA, CJ4/803, brief for Secretary of State’s meeting with Ruairí Brugha, 7 August 1975. 6. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 400. 7. Ibid., 401. 8. ‘Shades of Republicanism’, Irish Times, 27 March 1975. 9. NA, CJ 4/ 1027, ‘Conor-Cruise O’Brien and Republicanism’, M. F. Daly to J. D. N. Hartland-Swann, RID, FCO, 7 April 1975. 10. ‘Lynch suggests changes in British attitudes’, Irish Times, 25 February 1977. 11. Irish Times, 15 March 1977. 12. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 409–10. 13. NA, CJ 4/1755/1, ‘Implications of the election in the Irish Republic’. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. NA, CJ4/1755/1, ‘General election in the Republic: implications for Northern Ireland’, NIO, London, 20 July 1977. 17. John Bowman, ‘Politically a barren year as Callaghan and Lynch sparred’, Irish Times, 30 December 2008. 18. P. Bew, Ireland: the Politics of Enmity 1789–2006 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 524. 19. ‘No drift towards integration, Callaghan assures government’, Irish Times, 29 September 1977. 20. Keogh, Jack Lynch, 412. 21. NA, CJ4 /1755/2, ‘Scorpion light tank’, Military Attaché, 25 August 1977. 22. NA, CJ4/1755/2, ‘Visits by British Army personnel to the Republic’, P. J. Goulden, British embassy, Dublin to P. G. Wallis, Republic of Ireland Department, FCO, 31 August 1977. 23. NA, CJ 4/1755/1, ‘Preparations for forthcoming meeting with Mr Lynch’, P. W. J. Buxton, FCO to Mr Marshall, 30 June 1977. 24. D. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000) 1526. 25. P. Bew and H. Patterson, The British State and the Ulster Crisis from Wilson to Thatcher (London: Verso, 1984) 93. 26. P. Bew and G. Gillespie, A Chronology of the Troubles 1968–1993 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1993) 124. 27. Bew, Ireland: the Politics of Enmity, 523. 28. Peter Taylor, Provos: the IRA and Sinn Fein (London: Bloomsbury, 1997) 202–3. 29. Ibid., 210–11. 30. NA, CJ4/1755/2, ‘Visit by the Taoiseach: 28 September 1977’, Security co-operation brief by the NIO. 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid. 216 Notes

33. NA, CJ4 /1755/2, ‘Background notes: cross border terrorism’. 34. Ibid. 35. NA, FCO 87/626, John Goulden, British embassy to Peter Wallis, FCO 28 September 1977. 36. Ibid. and McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 734–5. 37. NA, FCO 87/626, ‘PIRA robberies in the South’, P. J. Goulden, British embassy to S. L. Cowper-Coles, Republic of Ireland Department, 28 November 1977. 38. Niall Kiely, ‘Twomey capture: Provo “no change”’ Hibernia, 9 December 1977. 39. ‘SDLP to meet Lynch and Callaghan’, Irish Times, 2 September 1977. 40. NA, FCO 87/607 ‘Irish government views on Northern Ireland’, P. J. Goulden, British Embassy, Dublin to P. L. V. Mallet, RID, 3 November 1977. 41. NA, FCO 87/607, ‘ attitudes to Northern Ireland’, P. J. Goulden to P. G. Wallis, RID, 14 October 1977. 42. Bew and Gillespie, Northern Ireland: a Chronology of the Troubles, 124. 43. NA, FCO 87/607, ‘Continuing direct rule: the Irish dimension’, P. L. V Mallet, RID to J. D. W. Janes, NIO, London, 22 December 1977. 44. NA, FCO 87/699, ‘Taoiseach’s RTE interview’, telegram by Robin Haydon, British ambassador to FCO and NIO Belfast, 9 January 1978. 45. NA, FCO 87/699, ‘Further reactions to Mr Lynch’s radio interview’, Robin Haydon to FCO and NIO Belfast, 10 January 1978. 46. NA, FCO 87/700, ‘Frank Dunlop’, letter from P. J. Goulden to Ambassador, 24 January 1978. 47. NA, FCO 87/700, ‘Conversation with Sean Donlon 2 February 1978’, D. R. Ford, 3 February 1978. 48. Ibid. 49. NAD, TAOIS/2008/148/709, ‘Anti-Irish government references by Mr Mason’. 50. NA, FCO 87/700, ‘The Irish dimension’, Roy Mason to Prime Minister, 3 February 1978. 51. Hibernia, 25 February 1978. 52. McKittrick et.al. Lost Lives, 745–7. 53. ‘Anti-Irish government references by Mr. Mason’. 54. ‘Mason facing Unionist attack’, Irish Times, 6 March 1978. 55. ‘Anti-Irish government references by Mr Mason.’ 56. Dick Walsh, ‘Mason’s remarks chill relations’, Irish Times, 8 March 1978. 57. NA, FCO 87/700, ‘The Irish Republic in relation to Northern Ireland’, draft of paper by Haydon for seminar at Hillsborough Castle, 6 February 1978. 58. NA, FCO 87/704, ‘Mr Mason’s visit to Dublin’, telegram from Haydon to NIO Belfast and MOD, London, 21 March 1978. 59. Dick Walsh, ‘Lynch to confer with Callaghan on Northern Ireland’, Irish Times, 22 March 1978. 60. NAD, DFA/2008/79/3163, document given by British Ambassador to the Department of Foreign Affairs, 6 March 1978. 61. Ibid., and McKittrick et. al., Lost Lives, 744–5. 62. NAD, DFA/2008/79/3163, document given by British Ambassador to the Department of Foreign Affairs, 6 March 1978. 63. NAD, DFA/2008/79/3163, ‘Violence in Northern Ireland’, document given by DFA to British Ambassador on 14 March 1978. 64. NAD, DFA/2008/79/3163, letter from Paul J. G. Keating, Ambassador, London to Sean Donlon, Assistant Secretary, DFA, 8 March 1978. Notes 217

65. The Cubbon letter is quoted in NA, FCO 87/704, letter from Haydon to Sir A. Duff, FCO, 7 April 1978. 66. Ibid. 67. NAD, TAOIS/2008/148/709, meeting between Taoiseach and British Prime Minister, 7 April 1978. 68. Ibid. 69. NA, FCO 87/795, ‘Anglo-Irish relations: Northern Ireland’, letter from R. G. Haydon to David Owen, 26 April 1978. 70. Ibid. 71. NAD, DFA/2009/120/2076, ‘Tete-a-tete discussions, 5 May 1978.’ 72. ‘Note of discussions between Mr Mason and Mr Judd and Irish Ministers on Friday 5 May 1977 in Department of Foreign Affairs, Dublin’, PRONI Public Records CENT/1/7/6, available on CAIN website: http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ proni/list-yearhtml/1978/ accessed 31 January 2012. 73. NAD, DFA/2009/120/2076, ‘Tete-a-tete discussions’, 5 May 1978. 74. Impartial Reporter, ‘Summary of 1977’, 5 January 1978. 75. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 698. 76. Ibid., 708 and 713. 77. Ibid., 722 and interview with Mrs M., wife of Protestant farmer who used Deering’s shop. 78. Ibid., 705. 79. ‘End this ghastly carnage’, Impartial Reporterr, 23 February 1980. 80. Impartial Reporterr, 11 May 1978. 81. Ibid., 29 June 1978. 82. Ibid., 5 April 1979. 83. Interview with former UDR section commander, Omagh, 5 July 2011. 84. Jim Cusack, ‘Tyrone village pays high price in continuing violence’, Irish Times, 11 January 1990. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid. 87. Interview with former member of the Ulster Special Constabulary, Omagh, 5 July 2011. 88. ‘Murder on Sunday’, Impartial Reporterr, 29 June 1978. 89. Impartial Reporterr, 24 August 1978. 90. At a Sinn Féin conference the Belfast Republican Tom Hartley told delegates ‘they should go all out to destroy . It divided our people and stands for emigration, bad housing, no education and gerrymandering’, Impartial Reporterr, 26 October 1980. 91. ‘UDR in the firing line’, An Phoblacht/Republican News, 9 February 1980. 92. ‘IRA murders in the Clogher Valley’, Impartial Reporterr, 19 April 1979. 93. ‘Appeal to Roman Catholics’, Impartial Reporterr, 24 May 1979. 94. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 785. 95. Ibid. 96. Impartial Reporterr, 10 January 1980. 97. Ibid., 26 April 1980. 98. Ibid., 28 June 1980. 99. Ibid., 12 June 1980 100. George Brock, ‘Front line in Fermanagh’, Observerr, 30 November 1980. 218 Notes

101. Ibid. 102. FCO 87/1074, ‘Cross border security cooperation with the Republic of Ireland’. ‘Meeting with Fermanagh Widows’, letter from Michael Alexander, 10 Downing Street to Roy Harrington, NIO, 7 July 1980. 103. Paisley toured the Fermanagh border and claimed that the IRA had drawn up a list of prominent Protestants to be murdered. He exclaimed that Protestant farmers along the border were living in a state of terror: ‘It’s plain genocide’, Impartial Reporterr, 1 May 1980. 104. An Phoblacht/Republican News, 28 June 1980. 105. Irish Times, 19 June 1980. 106. ‘Down what road?’, Irish Times, 25 June 1980. 107. An Phoblacht/Republican News, 28 June 1980. 108. ‘A place without Christmas trees’, Observerr, 10 January 1981. 109. Mark Urban, Big Boys’ Rule: the SAS and the Secret Struggle against the IRA (London: Faber, 1992) 140. 110. ‘IRA border gang jailed’, Impartial Reporterr, 20 May 1982. 111. Colm Tóibín, Walking along the Borderr (London: Queen Anne Press, 1987) 120.

5 Disarray on the Border and the Arrival of Thatcher

1. Niall Kelly, ‘Inquiry into how IRA got security report’, Irish Times, 7 May 1979 and Dick Walsh, ‘Secret report throws doubt on new British initiative on North’, Irish Times, 14 May 1979. 2. John Bew, ‘British army review passed secretly to Irish official’, Irish Times, 31 December 2009. 3. NA, FCO 87/976, ‘External support for terrorism other than finance’, section of Future Terrorist Trends, attached to ‘Leak of MOD Intelligence Assessment to the Provisional IRA’, memorandum from E. A. J. Ferguson, FCO to Private Secretary, Foreign Secretary, 11 May 1979. 4. Niall Kelly, ‘Inquiry into how IRA got security report’. 5. NA, FCO 87/976, telegram from Staples, Dublin embassy to FCO, 14 May 1979. 6. Bew, ‘British army review passed secretly to Irish official.’ 7. NA, FCO87/976, letter from Sir Brian Cubbon to Sir Frank Cooper, 15 May 1979. 8. NA, FCO 87/976, letter from Sir Frank Cooper to Sir Brian Cubbon, 24 May 1979. 9. NA, CJ4/2710, paper by Sir Brian Cubbon, PUS, NIO, 7 February 1979. 10. NA, CJ4/2710, ‘Relations with the Irish Republic’, Lane to Janes, NIO, 20 March 1979. 11. Ibid. 12. NA, CJ4/2710, ‘Constitutional options: the Anglo Irish approach’, Clift to PUS, NIO, 19 February 1979. 13. NA, CJ4/2744, ‘Border road closures’, 23 March 1979. 14. Henry Patterson, Ireland since 1939: the Persistence of Conflictt (London: Penguin, 2007) 259. 15. Michael Foley, ‘Big win pleases FitzGerald’, Irish Times, 5 May 1979. Notes 219

16. ‘Quit North now Colley tells London’, Irish Times, 3 May 1979. 17. Fionualla O’Connor, ‘Provos kill RUC detective and soldier’, Irish Times, 7 May 1979. 18. NA, FCO 87/94, Pym to Atkins, 7 June 1979. 19. Harnden, Bandit Country: the IRA and South Armagh (London: Coronet, 1999) 174. 20. Graham Ellison and Jim Smyth, The Crowned Harp: Policing Northern Ireland (London: Pluto, 2000) 90. 21. Desmond Hamill, Pig in the Middle: the Army in Northern Ireland 1969–1985 (London: Methuen, 1985) 226. 22. , The Ulster Tales (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 1997) 88. 23. Peter Taylor, Provos: the IRA and Sinn Fein (London: Bloomsbury, 1997) 255. 24. Ibid. 25. NA, FCO 87/94, Pym to Atkins, 7 June 1979. 26. NA, PREM 19/80 Ireland (Northern Ireland Situation) Part 1, note of a meet- ing held in NIO, London, 1 June 1979. 27. Ibid. 28. NA, FCO 87/974, ‘Security Policy and the Republic’, paper by MoD, 4 July 1979. 29. NA, FCO 87/974, ‘Security cooperation with the Irish’, briefing paper by M. J. Newington, Republic of Ireland Department, 19 June 1979. 30. NA, FCO 87/974, ‘Security Policy and the Republic’. 31. Ibid.; an NIO official speculated that ‘it may be in Sir Frank Cooper’s mind to suggest that the Irish would be readier to cooperate if HMG were to make a declaration of interest in Irish in the long term’, see paper in note 21; for CGS see FCO 87/2900, note for record of meeting between General Sir Edward Bramall and Mr Alison at Stormont, 7 August 1979. 32. NA, PREM 19/80, ‘Northern Ireland’, memorandum from John Hunt for the Prime Minister, 9 July 1979. 33. NA, CJ4/ 2899, ‘OD meeting: defensive note’, J. A. Marshall to Secretary of State, 9 July 1979. 34. NA, FCO 87/974, ‘Security cooperation with the Irish’. 35. NA, CJ4/2899, note of a meeting between CGS and SOSNI, Stormont Castle, 26 June 1979. 36. NA, CJ4/2899, letter from Glover, HQNI to J. M. Burns, NIO, Stormont House, 28 June 1979. 37. Ibid. 38. NA, FCO 87/2900, FCO 87/2900, record of a meeting between CGS and Mr Alison, Stormont Castle, 7 August 1979. 39. NA, CJ4 /2844, note of a meeting with Chief Constable, GOC and Atkins, 8 June 1979. 40. Harnden, Bandit Country, 213. 41. NA, CJ4/2900, ‘Visit to RUC Southern Region’, report by J. E. Hannigan, Deputy Under Secretary NIO, 14 August 1979. 42. Harnden, Bandit Country, 212. 43. NA, PREM 19/80, ‘Personal and confidential note’ from John Hunt to Prime Minister, 2 May 1979. 44. NA, PREM 19/79, Taoiseach’s visit to UK, ‘The Taoiseach’s call on the PM’, 10 May 1979. 220 Notes

45. NAD, DFA/2009/120/1913, meeting of Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Justice with Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, 28 June 1979. 46. Ibid. 47. Martin Cowley, ‘Atkins to have talks in Dublin’, Irish Times, 26 June 1979. 48. David McKittrick, ‘Atkins, sharp shooter in North’, Irish Times, 30 June 1979. 49. NA, PREM 19/80 Ireland (NI Situation) Part 1, note of a meeting held in NIO 13 July 1979. 50. Bew et al. Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Countryy (London: Hurst, 2009) 83. 51. NA, PREM 19/80 Ireland (Northern Ireland Situation) Part 1, letter from Brian Cartledge, 10 Downing Street to Joe Pilling, NIO, 23 August 1979. 52. Ibid. 53. , A Secret History of the IRA (London: Penguin, 2002) 174–5. 54. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000) 793–8. 55. NA, PREM 19/80 ‘What is happening to Mr Lynch’s government?’, W. R. Haydon to Lord Carrington, 10 August 1979. 56. ‘Murder of Mountbatten could have been stopped’, Belfast Telegraph, 30 December 1979. 57. Sean Cronin, ‘Mountbatten security lapse’, Irish Times, 15 July 1981. 58. NA, PREM 19/79 Part 1, ‘Northern Ireland’, memorandum from Brian Cartledge, which records main points which arose at the meeting, 28 August 1979. 59. NA, PREM 19/79, Part 1, ‘Northern Ireland ‘, letter from Brian Cartledge. 60. Wilsey, The Ulster Tales, 78. 61. NA, CJ4/2900, ‘Visit to 3 Brigade Discussion with Brigadier Thorne’, J. E. Hannigan, NIO, 16 August 1979. 62. Harnden, Bandit Country, 212. 63. NA, PREM 19/385, ‘Summary for the Prime Minister of briefing you were given in Northern Ireland by the Army and the PUS’, Sir Brian Cubbon, 29 August 1979. 64. NA, PREM 19/82, ‘Appointment of security coordinator: press reaction’, tel- egram from Sir Robin Haydon to NIO, Belfast, 3 October 1979. 65. NA, FCO 87/1073, ‘Security coordinator: Northern Ireland’, M. J. Newington, RID, 6 March 1980. 66. NA, FCO 87/1073, ‘South Armagh area review’, Atkins to Prime Minister, 2 April 1980. 67. NA, FCO 87/1073, letter from Ray Harrington, NIO, London to Clive Whitmore, Private Secretary, 10 Downing Street, 17 January 1980. 68. NA, FCO 87/1073, letter from Sir Frank Cooper, MOD, to Sir Kenneth Stowe, NIO, 8 May 1980. 69. NA, CJ4/2899, ‘Future security Policy’, note by Ian Burns, NIO, 12 June 1980. 70. Dick Walsh, ‘British putting blame on Taoiseach for security failure’, Irish Times, 1 September 1974. 71. NA, PREM 19/79 Ireland (the visit of the Taoiseach) Part 1, telegram from Haydon to FCO, 3 September 1979. 72. Ibid. Notes 221

73. ‘RUC experts in Dublin last night’, Irish Times, 1 September 1979. 74. ‘LLynch to press Thatcher for a political initiative’, Irish Times, 3 September 1979. 75. NAD, DFA/2009/120/1913, security briefing for Lynch/Thatcher meeting, DFA, August 1979. 76. NAD, TAOIS/2009/135/704, meeting between the Taoiseach and the British Prime Minister, London, 5 September 1979. 77. NA, PREM 19/79 Ireland (Visit of Taoiseach), note of a meeting between the Prime Minister and Mr Jack Lynch, 5 September 1979. 78. Ibid., letter from Clive Whitmore to Sir Howard Smith, 6 September 1979. 79. Ibid. 80. Ibid. 81. NA PREM 19/79, note of a plenary meeting between the Prime Minister and the Taoiseach, 5 September 1979. 82. Ibid. 83. Ibid., ‘Northern Ireland: Cross-border security’ (O)(79) (27), John Hunt to Prime Minister, 2 October 1979. 84. NA, PREM 19/82, meeting between the Secretary of State for NI, Irish Minister of Foreign Affairs and Irish Minister of Justice, 5 October 1979. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid., ‘Northern Ireland: Cross border cooperation’, Atkins to the Prime Minister, 5 October 1979. 87. ‘Ms. De Valera urges militant line on Lynch at ceremony’, Irish Times, 10 September 1979. 88. NA, PREM 19/82 ‘ESRI Survey’, telegram from Haydon to NIO, Belfast. 89. Keogh, Jack Lynch: a Biography (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2007) 429. 90. Paul Bew, Ireland: the Politics of Enmity 1789–2006 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 526.

6 Haughey and Border Security

1. John Bew, ‘Thatcher urged to adopt softly-softly approach with Haughey’, Irish Times, 30 December 2010. 2. NA, FCO 87/999, ‘Irish government’s attitude to Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations’, 3 January 1980. 3. John Bowman, ‘We might say to the UK it should withdraw’, Irish Times, 31 December 2010. 4. NA, FCO 87/999, ‘Fianna Fail Ard Fheis’ letter from David Barrie, British embassy, Dublin to Nick Rutter, RID, London, 20 February 1980 and Catherine O’Donnell, Fianna Fáil, Irish Republicanism and the Northern Ireland Troubles 1968–2005 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2007) 63. 5. This account of the meetings held by Haughey and Lenihan on January 22–3 January 1980 is given by the former Irish ambassador to Washington, Sean Donlon: ‘Haughey bid to tighten grip on Northern Policy derailed’, Irish Times, 28 July 2009. 6. NA, FCO 87/999, record of informal meeting between PUS and Irish officials at DFA, Dublin, 21 February 1980. 7. Ibid. 8. NA, FCO 87/999, K. R. Stowe to C. Whitmore, 25 February 1980. 222 Notes

9. Ibid. 10. J. Bew and G. Gillespie, Northern Ireland: a Chronology of the Troubles 1968–1993 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan) 138. 11. NA, FCO 87/999, Stowe to Whitmore, 25 February 1980. 12. NA, FCO 87/1009, ‘Background note on cross-border security’. 13. Ibid. 14. NA, FCO 87/1009, ‘Secretary of State’s visit to Dublin: 27/28 March 1980 Steering Brief’. 15. NA, FCO 87/1009, ‘Talk with Hugh Swift’, J. A. Marshall, NIO London, 10 April 1980. 16. NA, FCO 87/1009, ‘North/South interconnector: background note’, one of a set of briefing notes prepared for Secretary of State’s visit to Dublin on 14/15 April, 1980, 9 April 1980. 17. NA, FCO 87/1009, ‘Briefing for Secretary of State’s visit to Dublin on 14/15 April’, J. A. Marshall, 9 April 1980. 18. NA, FCO 87/1009, ‘Mr Atkins visit to Dublin 14/15 April 1980’, confiden- tial telegram from Sir Robin Haydon to Newington, Republic of Ireland Department, 16 April 1980. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Deaglan de Breadun, ‘Release shows scope of Haughey efforts to gain progress on North’, Irish Times, 30 December 2010. 22. NA, FCO 87/ 1009, ‘Mr Atkins’ visit to Dublin’, note from M. J. Newington, RID to Mr Ferguson, Private Secretary to Foreign Secretary, 16 April 1980. 23. NA, FCO 87/999, Stowe to Whitmore, 10 Downing Street, on visit to Dublin on 21 February, 25 February 1980. 24. NA, FCO 87/1010, ‘The unique relationship and North-South cooperation’, a speaking note, 5 August 1980. 25. Ibid. 26. NA, FCO 87/1009, ‘Secretary of State’s meeting with Mr Lenihan’, J. A. Marshall, 5 August 1980. 27. Arthur Quinlan, ‘Politicians interfere constantly in Garda affairs’, Irish Times, 24 April 1980. 28. NA, FCO 87/1272, ‘Security in the Republic’, letter from D. E. Thatham, British embassy to David Batherwick, NIO, 5 August 1981. 29. ‘The real problem’, Irish Times, 25 April 1980. 30. Dick Walsh, ‘New package to combat crime will cost £100 million’, Irish Times, 5 September 1980. 31. Ibid. 32. ‘Document outlines IRA attitudes’, Irish Times, 30 July 1980. 33. ‘Man accused of murder gives evidence’, Irish Times, 7 March 1981. 34. David McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000) 837. 35. Ibid. 36. Irish Times, 6 September 1980. 37. Irish Times, 8 September 1980. 38. NA, FCO 87/100 ‘Background note on security for Secretary of State’s meet- ing with Irish Foreign Minister on 13 October 1980’. Notes 223

39. ‘First use of cross-border law as murder trial begins’, Irish Times, 8 October 1980. 40. Moloney, A Secret History of the IRA (London: Penguin, 2002) 306, McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 823. 41. ‘Trial verdict disgusts NI MP’, Irish Times, 10 October 1980. 42. ‘UDR man killed in explosion’, Irish Times, 11 October 1980. 43. NA, FCO 87/1036, ‘Northern Ireland: developing a wider framework’, 13 November 1980. 44. NA, FCO 87/1036, ‘Political developments in Northern Ireland – the next steps’, note of a meeting held in Sir Robert Armstrong’s room, Cabinet Office, 14 October 1980. 45. NA, FCO 87/1036, ‘Political developments’, internal NIO memorandum. 46. NA, FCO 87/1036, ‘Note of Secretary of State’s meeting with Mr John Hume on 29 September 1980, Hillsborough Castle’. 47. NA, FCO 87/1036, ‘Political developments in Northern Ireland – the next steps’. 48. NA, FCO 87/1010, ‘Record of the Secretary of State’s meeting with the Irish Foreign Minister’, 13 October 1980. 49. John Bew, ‘Thatcher urged to adopt softly-softly approach with Haughey’, Irish Times, 30 December 2010. 50. NA, FCO 87/1036, ‘Northern Ireland: developing a wider framework’, 13 November 1980. 51. Ibid. 52. Deaglan de Breadun, ‘Haughey vowed “crusade to end violence”’, Irish Times, 31 December 2010. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid. 55. John Bew et al., Talking to Terrorists: Making Peace in Northern Ireland and the Basque Countryy (London: Hurst, 2009) 86. 56. John Bowman, ‘Irish ambassador aware of Britain’s shifting views on Northern Ireland’, Irish Times, 31 December 2011. 57. Bruce Arnold, What Kind of Country: Modern Irish Politics 1968–1983 (London: Cape, 1984) 154–5. 58. For a good survey of the hunger strike’s significance see P. Bew, Ireland: the Politics of Enmityy 1789–2006 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 528–31. 59. John Bew, ‘IRA leaders “deeply disliked” 1980 hunger strike’, Irish Times, 31 December 2010. 60. , Killing Rage (London: Granta, 1998) 11–28. 61. ‘In what cause?’, Irish Times, 17 January 1981. 62. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 849 and Belfast Telegraph, 22 January 1981. 63. ‘Big Garda search south of the border’, Irish Times, 23 January 1981. 64. Belfast Telegraph, 22 January 1981. 65. Belfast Telegraph, 23 January 1981. 66. Belfast Telegraph, 24 July 1981. 67. Irish Times, 17 January 1981. 68. ‘Tyrie remarks may lead to ban on UDA’, Irish Times, 2 February 1981. 69. ‘Campaign of genocide against Protestants’, Impartial Reporterr, 5 February 1981. 224 Notes

70. Irish Times, 7 February 1981. 71. ‘Defending our people’, Impartial Reporterr, 5 February 1981. 72. Impartial Reporterr, 5 February 1981. 73. Eric Kaufmann, The Orange Order: a Contemporary Northern Irish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 132. 74. Impartial Reporterr, 12 March 1981. 75. Impartial Reporterr, 26 February 1981. 76. ‘S. D. Kells: from Lisnaskea to the bright lights of Belfast’, News Letter, 18 October 2011. 77. Impartial Reporterr, 16 April 1981. 78. ‘Kiss of Judas’, Impartial Reporterr, 16 April 1981. 79. ‘Heroes and heroes’, Irish Times, 18 April 1981. 80. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 855. 81. ‘Text of the application to Hans Christian Kruger, Secretary of the European Commission for Human Rights on 25 April 1981 by Mrs Edith Elliott on behalf of all victims of terrorism, and subsequently supported by two hun- dred other applicants’. My thanks to the Reverend Edwy Kille for providing a copy of this text. 82. Irish Times, 23 January 1981. 83. Irish Times, 17 January 1981. 84. Impartial Reporterr, 11 June 1981. 85. Impartial Reporterr, 12 November 1981. 86. The Graham tragedy is related by Fintan O’Toole, London Review of Books, 6 September 2007. 87. NA, FCO 87/1157, ‘Irish expenditure on security’, letter from D. E. Tatham, Dublin embassy to Patrick Eyers, Republic of Ireland Desk FCO, 27 November 1981. 88. NA, FCO 87/1157, ‘Police in the Republic of Ireland’, letter from Philip Johnstone, Dublin embassy to Frank Holroyd, Republic of Ireland Desk, FCO, 10 March 1981. 89. Ibid. 90. Padraig O’Malley, The Uncivil Wars: Ireland Todayy (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1983) 12. 91. Ibid. 306–7. 92. Irish Times, 24 March 1981. 93. Michael Lillis, ‘Mr Haughey’s dud Exocet’, Dublin Review of Books, Issue Number 21: http://www.drb.ie/contents.aspx accessed 19 March 2012. 94. P. Bew and G. Gillespie, Northern Ireland: a Chronology of the Troubles 1968– 1993 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1993) 149. 95. John Bew, ‘British officials told to keep talks “long, worthy, meaty and dull”’, Irish Times, 31 December 2011. 96. B. Arnold, What Kind of Country: Modern Irish Politics 1968–1983 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1984) 158. 97. Peter Murtagh, ‘H Block men to take two seats’, Irish Times, 13 June 1981. 98. Arnold, What Kind of Country, 169. 99. Ibid., 188–9. 100. Joe Joyce and Peter Murtagh, The Boss: Charles J Haughey in Government (Dublin: Poolbeg Press, 1983) 167. 101. Ibid., 133. Notes 225

102. Ibid., 135. 103. Ibid., 201–7. 104. Ibid., 208. 105. Geraldine Kennedy and Joe Joyce, ‘Inside the grotesque, bizarre and unprecedented events of 1982’, Irish Times, 29 September 2012. 106. Ibid.

Conclusion: ‘Buying Themselves Into Having a Political Say’

1. Michael Lillis, ‘Emerging from despair in Anglo-Irish relations’, Dublin Review of Books: http//www.drb.ie/more_details/10-02017/Edging_Towards_ Peace.aspx accessed 24/03/2012. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Quoted in Eamon O’Kane, Britain, Ireland and Northern Ireland since 1980 (London: Routledge, 2007) 56. 5. Ibid. 6. David Goodall, ‘An agreement worth remembering’, Dublin Review of Books: http//www.drb.ie/more_details/10-02017/Edging_Towards_Peace.aspx accessed 24/03/2012. 7. Deaglan de Breadun, ‘Coalition urged not to get “too close” to IRA on hun- ger strikes’, Irish Times, 31 December 2011. 8. Brian Hutton, ‘Taoiseach in veiled threat to Thatcher over hunger strikes’, Irish News, 30 December 2011. 9. FitzGerald, All in a Life: an Autobiographyy (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973) 437–38. 10. Ibid., 414. 11. Sir John Hermon, Holding the Line: An Autobiographyy (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1997) 137–9. 12. FitzGerald, All in a Life, 414. 13. Hermon, Holding the Line, 148. 14. Ibid., 152. 15. Maurice Punch, State Violence, Collusion and the Troubles (London: Pluto, 2012) 105. 16. Hermon, Holding the Line, 148. 17. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives: the Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubless (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2000) 963–4. 18. Ibid. 19. David McKittrick, ‘Noonan defends border security’, Irish Times, 25 November 1983. 20. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 1017–18. 21. ‘RUC backs Hermon’, Newsletterr, 24 May 1985. 22. Hermon, Holding the Line, 178. 23. Alan Murray, ‘How many died because of Dublin’s border policy?’, Belfast Telegraph, 17 March 202. 24. Ibid. 25. E. O’Kane, Britain, Ireland and Northern Ireland since 1980 (London: Routledge, 2007) 84–5. 226 Notes

26. Ibid., 85. 27. , The Downing Street Years (London: Harper Collins, 1993) 410–15. 28. Interview with Lord King, House of Lords, 16 March 2011. 29. Interview with former RUC Special Branch officer, Belfast, 21 January 2010. 30. Ibid. 31 E. Moloney, A Secret History of the IRA (London: Penguin, 2002) 19–20. 32. For the capture of the Eksundd see Moloney, A Secret History, Prologue. 33. ‘King urges faster cooperation on security’, Irish Times, 22 September 1986. 34. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 1044. 35. ‘Who rules?’ Irish Times, 29 July 1986. 36. Report on eighth meeting of Intergovernmental Conference, Irish Times, 29 July 1986. 37. Martin Cowley, ‘ killings show need for security links – King’, Irish Times, 29 July 1986. 38. Sean Flynn, ‘Inquiry into security leak’, Irish Times, 14 August 1987. 39. Toby Harnden, Bandit Country: the IRA and South Armagh (London: Coronet, 1999) 216–20. 40. Interview with former RUC Special Branch officer, Belfast, 21 January 2010. 41. Tim O’Brien, ‘Garda cooperation “non-existent”’, Irish Times, 28 February 2012. 42. Interview with former RUC Special Branch officer, Belfast, 21 January 2010. 43. Ibid. 44. Michael Farrell, Sheltering the Fugitive? The Extradition of Irish Political Offenders (Cork: Mercier Press, 1985) 96–102. 45. O’Kane, Britain, Ireland and Northern Ireland, 82–3. 46. Ibid. 83. 47. Ed Moloney, ‘In the name of the Father?’, Irish Times, 28 August 2010. 48. Sean Flynn, ‘Concern over RUC briefing on Gardaí’, Irish Times, 23 September 1987. 49. Sean Flynn, ‘RUC in Dublin for talks on border security’, Irish Times, 10 June 1987. 50. Sean Flynn, ‘Political masters a key problem’, Irish Times, 26 November 1987. 51. Sean Flynn, ‘The Garda Síochána: a force in crisis’, Irish Times 25 November 1987. 52. ‘The dilemma of twenty years of Garda discontent’, Irish Times, 27 November 1987. 53. ‘The Garda Síochána: a force in crisis’, Irish Times, 25 November 1987. 54. ‘Political masters a key problem’, Irish Times, 26 November 1987. 55. Denis Coghlan, ‘Security talks off over “shoot-to-kill” stance by British’, Irish Times, 27 January 1988. 56. Interview with Lord King, House of Lords, 16 March 2011. 57. ‘Police chiefs to resume contact’, Irish Times, 18 February 1988. 58. This section of his lecture was extracted and sent with a covering letter to the Reverend Edwy Kille, letter from Patrick Darting, Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 9 December 1992. Courtesy of Reverend Kille. Notes 227

59. Colm Tóibín, Walking Along the Borderr (London: Queen Anne Press, 1987), 109. 60. ‘Report on a visit by Peter McConnell and Bill Sweeny to Rosslea on September 6th 1986’. My thanks to the Reverend Kille for providing me with a copy of this report. 61. Ibid. 62. Graham Dawson, Making Peace with the Past? Memory, Trauma and the Irish Troubles (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007) 288. 63. Daily Telegraph, 9 November 1987. 64. Moloney, A Secret History of the IRA, 341. 65. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 1157. 66. Rory Godson, ‘Keys killing was “grudge”’, Sunday Tribune, 29 January 1989. 67. Sean Flynn, ‘IRA sources say Donegal unit will not re-emerge’, Irish Times 25 January 1989. 68. Ed Moloney, ‘ “Killing rate” test for Provo stand-down’, Sunday Tribune, 29 January 1989. 69. Adams interview by Mary Holland, Observerr, 19 June 1988. 70. Impartial Reporterr, 29 November 1990. 71. South Fermanagh Citizens, Appeal for Security, copy provided by Reverend Edwy Kille. 72. Letter from the Bishop of Clogher to MPs , February 1991, copy provided by the Reverend Kille. 73. Letter from the Prime Minister to the Bishop of Clogher, 1 July 1991, copy supplied by the Reverend Kille. 74. Dawson, Making Peace with the Past?, 218. 75. Sean O’Neill, ‘IRA strategy of ethnic cleansing on Ulster border’, Daily Telegraph, 4 May 1993. 76. McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, 1318. 77. David Gardner, Whatever you Say, Say Nothingg (Enniskillen: Hot Gospel Project, 2008), 26. 78. David Sharrock, ‘Family pray for peace but fear for the future’, Guardian, 15 September 1994. 79. The term was used at an internal Sinn Féin conference in 1988 to refer to the utility of the IRA’s violence, see Martyn Frampton, The Long March: the Political Strategy of Sinn Fein, 1981–20077 (London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009) 64. 80. Moloney, A Secret History of the IRA, 338. 81. Ministry of Defence, Operation Bannerr, 4–4. 82. Harnden, Bandit Country, 317. 83. For a good analysis of the issues see John Bew and Martyn Frampton, ‘Debating the “Stalemate”: a Response to Dr Dixon’, Political Quarterly, 83 (2) 2012, 277–82. 84. Report of the Consultative Group on the Past, pdf version: http://www. parliament.the-stationary-office.co.uk/cm200910/cmselect/cmniaf/171/171. pdf consulted 24 July 2012. Bibliography

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Walsh, J. (2008) Patrick Hillery: the Official Biography (Dublin: New Island). White, R. W. (2011) ‘Provisional IRA attacks on the UDR in Fermanagh and South Tyrone’, Terrorism and Political Violence 23 (3). Williamson, D. (2010) ‘Moderation Under Fire: the Arms Crisis, the Lower and Anglo-Irish Co-Operation’, Irish Studies in International Affairs 21 (2010). Wilsey, J. (1997) The Ulster Tales (Barnsley: Pen and Sword). Wood, I. S. (1999) ‘The IRA’s Border Campaign 1956–1962’, in Anderson, M. and Bort, E., (eds) The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press). Index

Abercrombie, Owen 135 36 Acheson, Alan 131–2 31–6, 45 active service units (ASUs) 44, 49, Boland, Kevin 18, 22 62, 66, 91, 116, 123–5, 137, 198 bombing campaigns 24–5, 37, 39, Adams, Gerry 91, 172, 195, 198 71–4, 128–35 Agnew, Paddy 180 border between the Irish Republic and Ainsworth, Joe 166, 181, 184–5 Northern Ireland: incidents near Aitken, Ian 95 to 61–2, 75–6, 81, 86–7, 166–7, Alison, Michael 144 196; security of 25–30, 35, 38–9; Allen, Wallace 167 significance of 1–2, 74, 116–17, Altnaveigh massacre (1921) 6, 129 121–3, 158, 198–9; see also An Phoblachtt (Republican News) 91, cross-border security co-operation 132, 134 ‘border campaign’ 1, 128–35, 172, Andrew, Sir John 187 197 Anglo-Irish Agreement 1, 183, Bourn, John 90, 113, 115 187–99 Bramall, Sir Edwin 143–5 Anglo-Irish Bank robbery (1972) 45 British army 51–2, 56–7, 65, 76, Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental 81–5, 87, 97, 113, 115, 126, 142–5, Conference 188–9, 192 150, 157, 159; possible withdrawal Anglophobia 47, 180 from Northern Ireland 82–3, 92, Apprentice Boys march 16 161 Armagh, County see south Armagh Brock, George 133 Arms Crisis 21–4, 112 Brooke, Basil (later Lord Armstrong, John 134 Brookeborough) 4, 7–9, 12–14 Armstrong, Sir Robert 179 Brooke, Peter 197 Armstrong, Thomas 131 Brookeborough barracks attack Asquith, H. H. 3 (1957) 6, 8–9 Association of Garda Sergeants and Brown, James 131 Inspectors 180–1 Brugha, Ruairí 111, 113 Atkins, Humphrey 140, 144–51, Bullock, Thomas 42 157–9, 161–4, 168–70, 179 Buncrana 39 Bundoran 39 B Specials 5–7, 10, 13–16, 19, 25, 41, Bunworth, Colonel 115 131, 176 Burns, Ian 151–2 Baldonnel panels 83–4, 88–90, 96 Barnhill, Jack 30 Cahill, Joe 50 ‘’ (1969) 16, 19 Callaghan, James 98, 108, 114, 116, Belfast Boycott (1920) 4 119, 123, 126–7 Bell, Peter 107 Callanan, Philip 166 Berry, Peter 23 Carey, Hugh 147 Support Unit 141 Carrington, Lord 28–9, 147, 156 Blair, David 149 Carron, Owen 194 Blaney, Neil 18–25, 35, 46, 161–2 Cassidy, Michael 131

232 Index 233 ceasefires 92–3, 197 Crosland, Anthony 99, 101 Chalfont, Lord 97 cross-border security co-operation 1, Chichester-Clark, James 24, 26–7 11–14, 33–4, 44–77, 83–4, 91, 106, civil rights movement 14, 16, 19 109–18, 122, 127, 129, 133, 138–9, claims to Northern Ireland, territorial 145, 148, 150, 153, 156–7, 161–5, and jurisdictional 18, 84, 139 168, 171, 178–81, 183–9, 193, 199 Clann na Poblachta 8 Crossan, James 13 Clarke, George 33–4 Crossmaglen 68, 71–4, 85, 89, 124, Claudia incident 50, 124 145, 150 Cleary, Peter 98, 107 Cubbon, Sir Brian 99–100, 119, Clerkin, Michael 104 125–6, 137–8, 141, 150 Clones 56–9 Curragh internment camp 13–14 Cluskey, Frank 119 Currie, Austin 131, 173 Colley, George 81, 140, 160 Collins, Eamon 172 Daly, Cahal 172–3 Collins, Gerry 127, 146–7, 156–9, Daly, M. E. 112 166–8, 180 Darkley Pentecostal Church Collins, Michael 5 attack 186 Committee for the Defence of Deering, Douglas 129–30 Democracy 174 Delaney, Frank 95 communal violence 16, 31 Democratic Unionist Party Conroy Report (1970) 166 (DUP) 179 consent, principle of 22, 119 Department of Foreign Affairs Consultative Group on the (DFA) 64, 72, 79–80, 91, 96, Past 198–9 124–6, 139, 152–5 Cooke, Judith 99–100, 107 Department of Public Prosecutions Cooney, Patrick 47, 51–5, 58–60, (DPP) 98, 108 63–7, 73, 83–4, 93–7, 100, 102, detention without trial see internment 108–9 de Valera, Eamon 10, 12–14, 17–18, Cooper, Sir Frank 79, 84, 96, 137–8, 164 143 de Valera, Síle 159–60 Corish, Brendan 73 Devlin, Paddy 20 Cosgrave, Liam 23, 44, 49–55, 60–1, Devonshire, Duke of 40 64, 66, 71–5, 78–84, 93–5, 100–1, direct rule in Northern Ireland 35–6, 104, 108, 113 114, 119, 136 Cosgrave, W. T. 17 Doherty, Anthony (‘Dutch’) 31, 35 Costello, John A. 8–9, 11, 72 Doherty, Kieran 180, 184 Coulson family 67 Doherty, Sean 180, 184–5 Council of Ireland 36–7, 48, 63–4, Donaldson, Samuel 26 71, 75, 80 Donegan, Patrick (Paddy) 47, 50–5, Craig, Anthony 36, 50, 61 60, 77, 104 cratering of border roads 10–11, Donlon, Sean 57, 79–80, 84–6, 89, 26–7, 30–3, 43 96, 118–20 Crawford, Sir Stewart 27 Donnelly, Jack 177 Creasey, Sir Timothy 141, 144, Douglas, Joseph 5 150 Dowra affair 185 Crilly, Robert 132 Dukes, Alan 189 Criminal Law Jurisdiction Act 168, Dundalk 40, 109, 172, 189–90 181, 182 Dunlop, Frank 119–20 234 Index

E4A police unit 141 Flynn, Sean 191–2 Eames, Robin 197 Foreign Office, British 144–5, 148 Eden, Sir Anthony 8 Forkhill 10, 12, 35, 89, 93, 123–4, Eksundd shipments 188 145 Elliott, George 169, 177 Fox, Billy 25, 30, 47, 66–7 employment, discrimination in 15 Enniskillen bombing (1987) 195 Galsworthy, Sir Arthur 47, 49–53, ‘ethnic cleansing’ 2, 23, 43, 193–4, 56–7, 60–4, 70, 77–8, 84–90, 94–8 197–9 Garda Síochána 21, 32–3, 47, 59–60, European Commission of Human 65–9, 72, 88–91, 116–18, 125, 144, Rights 177 148, 151–8, 165–7, 178, 185–94; C3 European Convention on the Branch 32 Suppression of Terrorism Garvey, Edward 67–8 (ECST) 191 Gilchrist, Sir Andrew 19 European Court of Human Rights Glover, James 136, 144 14, 29 Goulding, Cathal 21 European Economic Community/ Graham, Cecil 177 European Union 18, 69, 180 Graham, Jimmy 177–8 Ewart-Biggs, Christopher 99–100, Graham, Ronnie 177 106–7, 118 Guardian 95 extradition from the Republic 72–3, 180–1, 190–1 Hain, Peter 198–9 extra-territoriality 73 Halligan, Brendan 80 Hannon, Brian 196 Falklands War 180, 182 Harding, G. W. 102 farmers, Protestant, attacks on 41–3 Harnden, Toby 2, 145, 189–90 Faulkner, Brian 28–30, 63, 71–4, 79 Hattersley, Roy 102–3 Fee, Patrick 131 Haughey, Charles 18–24, 48, 111–12, Fenn, Sir Nicholas 189 133, 160–5, 168–74, 178–82, 184, Ferguson, Alan 129–31 191–3 Fermanagh 42–3, 132–5, 173–5, Haydon, Sir Robin 108–9, 122–7, 193–7 148, 153, 161–2, 164 Fermanagh Committee for Hayes, Maurice 79, 85 the Defence of British headquarters mobile support units Democracy 173–4 (HMSUs) 185 Fianna Fáil 9, 17–19, 24–5, 47, 53–4, Healy, Cahir 6 57–8, 61–4, 73, 80, 84–5, 103–5, Hearst family 167, 197–8 108, 110–14, 118–20, 136, 178, 180 Heath, Edward 24, 27–30, 35–7, 40, Fine Gael 7–8, 17, 38, 51–4, 120, 44–5, 49, 119 136, 180 Heffernon, Michael 22 Finlay J. 67 Hermon, Sir John 150–1, 185–6 Fisk, Robert 94 Hewitt, James 169 Fitt, Gerry 95 Hibernia (magazine) 20, 121 FitzGerald, Garret 48, 51–8, 61–4, Hickman, J. K. 101–3 69–70, 73–7, 80, 83–6, 89, 94–5, 98, Hillery, Patrick 20, 24, 28–9, 36 101–5, 110–11, 114, 118–19, 140, Hitchens, Christopher 2–3 180, 183–5 Home Rule 3 Flanagan, Jamie 67–9, 96 ‘hot pursuit’ doctrine 26, 81, 106, Fletcher, Tommy 41–2 109, 113, 154, 156, 159 Index 235 housing allocations 15 Joint Law Enforcement Commission Howe, Geoffrey 183 72–3 Howell, David 58–9 judicial interpretation of Irish law ‘human bomb’ tactic 196 31–2, 159 Hume, John 30, 64, 73, 118–19, 140, 169–70, 195, 198 Keating, Paul 87, 125 hunger strikes 166, 170, 172, 175–6, Kells, Roy 175–6 179–80, 184 Kelly, James 21–2 Hunt, Sir John 143, 145, 157 Kelly, John 31 Hurd, Douglas 183 Keogh, Dermot 111 Keys, Harry 195 ‘Iceman’ 172 Kille, Edwy 173–4, 194 Impartial Reporterr 129, 131, 174 King, Tom 187, 189, 193 integrationism 114, 118, 140 Kingsmill massacre 93, 95 intelligence operations 11, 20, 32–3, Kirby, Jim 182 37, 44–5, 50, 55, 60–1, 96, 106, 125, 142–5, 192 , British 69 internment: in the Irish Republic Labour Party, Irish 180 12–14, 29, 31, 38, 41, 58, 103, 145; Laird, Graham 25 in Northern Ireland 7, 28–9, 32, La Mon House bombing (1978) 35, 46, 145, 149–50 121–2, 126–7 Inver Temperance Orange Lodge Latimer, Bonnie 133 175 Latimer, Richard 133 Irish army 34–5, 51–2, 59, 65, 77, Lawless, Gerry 14 87–9, 157, 163 Lawson, Sir Richard 150–1 (1922–3) 17, 33 Lawther, John 117–18 Irish Constitution (1937) 18 Lemass, Sean 14, 18–19 ‘Irish dimension’ to the Northern Lenihan, Brian 161, 164, 168, 170, Ireland problem 36, 49, 80, 119, 179 165 Liddle, Colonel 175 Irish Independentt 100 Lillis, Michael 179, 183 Irish National Liberation Army Littlejohn brothers 45, 58 (INLA) 167, 185–6 Livingstone, Henry 168 Irish Press 19, 94–7, 150 ‘long war’ strategy 116, 198–9 (IRA) 1–6, Loughnane, Bill 58, 160 9–16, 20–48, 54–5, 65, 132–6, 142, Lynagh, James 168, 173, 181 147, 158, 167, 172, 195; see also Lynch, Jack 16, 18–24, 27–30, Provisional IRA 35–40, 44–9, 58, 78, 104, 111–23, Irish Times, The 134, 163, 172, 176, 126–8, 136, 140, 145–8, 153–60, 189 161, 163 Irish unity 19, 21–2, 46, 64, 119–20, 126–8, 148, 159, 162, 165, 179 McAliskey, Bernadette 172 irredentism 47, 148 McAnespie, Aidan 193 McAnthony, Joe 33, 35 Jay, Peter 114 McBride, Sean 8 Johnston, Ernest 135 McCabe, Eugene 2 Johnston, Gillian 195 McCabe, Patrick 2 Joint Consultative Committee of the McCann, Hugh 47, 51 Garda and RUC 116 McClenaghan, Jack 132 236 Index

McCrea, William 197 Northern Ireland, constitutional McCusker, Harold 167–9, 177 status of 8, 47–8, 119 McElwaine, John 43 Northern Ireland Act (1973) 119 McGirl, John 25, 31–2 Northern Ireland Assembly McGlinchey, Dominic 185, 191 elections 184 McGuinness, Martin 39, 68 Northern Ireland Committee of the McIlwaine, Seamus 135, 194 British Cabinet 27 McKearney, Tommy 6–7 (NIO) 28, McKenna, Sean 98 84, 91, 98–9, 109–10, 113, 116–19, McKittrick, David 84, 104, 132 138–9, 142–5, 163, 187 McLaughlin, Patrick 166, 181 MacMahon, Thomas 148 Ó Brádaigh, Ruairí 8, 29, 67 MacMullen, Frank 115 O’Brien, Conor Cruise 16, 18, 46, McNally, Lawrence 168–9 63–4, 72–3, 79–80, 84–5, 103, 112, MacStíofáin, Seán 21, 26, 38–40 135 Major, John 197 Ó Connaill, Dáithí 180 Mallon, Kevin 39 O’Clery, Conor 91 Mallon, Seamus 95–6 Ó Dálaigh, Cearbhall 104, 113, 123 Malone, Patrick 67–8 O’Driscoll, Brian 100 Mason, Roy 104–5, 108–9, 111, O’Duffy, Eoin 5 114–15, 118–23, 126–9, 136, 146 Offences Against the State Act Maudling, Reginald 28–9 (Ireland, 1940) 38, 54 Meehan, Martin 31, 35 O’Hagan, J. B. 39 Middletown 197–8 O’Halpin, Eunan 12, 34, 65 Millar, Robert 26 O’Hanlon, Fergal 6, 9 Ministry of Defence, British O’Hare, Dessie 192 (MoD) 138, 142–3, 151, 157 O’Kane, Eamon 187 Mitchell, Robert 129 O’Kennedy, Michael 81, 112, 122–3, Moloney, Ed 195 127–9, 146–7, 156–7 Molyneaux, James 134, 145–6, 175, Oldfield, Sir Maurice 150–1 189, 197 O’Leary, Michael 167 Moro, Aldo 154 O’Malley, Desmond 38, 46 Morrow, Victor 132–3 O’Malley, Padraig 178–9 Mountbatten, Lord 147–8, 153–4 O’Morain, Michael 21 Mountjoy prison escape (1973) O’Neill, Terence 14–15, 24 66–7 Operation Harvest 6 Murphy, Thomas (‘Slab’) 189–90 Operation Motorman 36 Murtagh, Peter 181–2 Orange Order 4, 12, 24, 173–5 Orme, Stan 80, 85 Nally, Derek 181 O’Sullivan, Donal 70 Nally, Dermot 96, 160, 184 over-flying the border 59, 62, 105–6, Narrow Water attack (1979) 145, 143, 156–60, 163 147, 190 Owen, David 127 Neave, Airey 126, 145, 154 Newman, Sir Kenneth 115–16, Paisley, Ian 129, 133–4, 164, 174–5 141–2, 145, 153–4, 158 Paisleyism 179 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Parachute Regiment 51–2, 147 (NATO) 19, 164–5 2–4, 8–9, 14, North family 196 17, 19 Index 237 peace process 198 Shannon, Seamus 191 Peck, Sir John 26–31, 37, 45 Sharrock, David 197 3–4 Sinn Féin 4, 9, 20–1, 184, 195 Power, Paddy 180 Smith, Sir Howard 155 power-sharing in Northern Social Democratic and Labour Party Ireland 49–50, 62–3, 67, 71–4, 77, (SDLP) 64, 79–81, 84, 94–5, 105, 80, 118 111, 118–21, 162, 165, 176, 198 Prior, James 180–1 South, Sean 6, 9 Provisional IRA (PIRA) 6, 16, 21–4, south Armagh 71, 74, 83, 85, 93–9, 29, 34–9, 44–5, 64–8, 92, 112, 144–6, 150–1 154–8, 169, 189–90, 118–21, 124, 128, 131, 136–46, 189, 198 198–9 Special Air Service (SAS) 1, 58, 93–8, Pym, Francis 140–2 106–9, 149, 169, 193–4 for prisoners Quaid, Seamus 167 105, 115, 166 Quinlan, Colonel 55, 60 14, 38 Stalker, John 185, 192–3 Radió Telifís Éireann (RTÉ) 38 Stowe, Sir Kenneth 149, 162, 169–71 Rees, Merlyn 69–74, 80, 83–4, 89, 66, 123 93–9, 104, 115 Stronge, James 173, 181, 191 reform process in Northern Stronge, Sir Norman 168, 173, 181, Ireland 24, 26–7, 36 191 refugees 31, 37, 92–3 Sunday Press 97 Republican News see An Phoblacht Sunningdale Agreement (1973) 48, rioting 32 63–6, 71–7, 127 road closures at the border 26, 62, 69, Supreme Court, Irish 104 85–6, 89, 134, 139, 142, 149, 152, Sykes, Sir Richard 101, 108, 154 167; see also cratering of border roads Robinson, Peter 174 Taylor, John 153, 177 Roscommon bank robbery 167 Templar, Sir Gerald 141 Rowley, Alan 52–3, 59 Thatcher, Margaret 1, 48, 133–6, Royal Ulster Constabulary 140, 145–59, 165, 169–75, 179, (RUC) 115–16, 141, 145, 181, 183–4, 187, 190–1 185–8; Reserve Force 12–13, 41 Thatcherism 174 Ryan, Patrick 191 Thom, K. C. 79–80 Thorburn, John 185 ‘safe haven’ argument 2, 7, 32, 37, Thorne, David 149 74–7, 95, 116, 121–5, 133, 136–7, Tóibín, Colm 194 141–2, 145–6, 153 Toombs, Ivan 172 Sands, Bobby 175–6 Tuite, Gerald 181 Saor Éire 7 Tyrie, Andy 174 Saunderson, George Walter 42 Scally, John 8 Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) sectarian violence 4, 6, 82, 92–3, 40–3, 80–1, 130–5, 144, 149, 198 133, 135, 173, 191, 195, 197 Ulster Unionist Council 3 security co-operation see cross-border (UVF) 4, 77 security co-operation Ulster Workers Council strike 77, 80 Security Co-ordinator for Northern United Nations 19–20, 113–14, 180; Ireland 150 Security Council 29 238 Index

United Unionist Action Council Westport 65–6 strike 109 White, Kelvin 36, 44–5, 62 Whitelaw, William 35–8, 40, 43, 49, Veitch, Francis 42 61–2 Voice of the North 23 Wilson, Harold 24, 40, 71–5, 81–3, 93–4, 119 Wallace, Agnes Jean 131 Winchester, Simon 106–7 Walsh, Dick 153 Wren, Lawrence 60, 67, 100, 185–6, West, Harry 176 192