.,. u.s, Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics

Lifetime Likelihood of Victimization

by Het'bert Koppel people's perception of the meaning of BJS Analyst Mat'ch 1987 annual ra tes with respect to their own The Bureau of Justice Statistics lives. If the Earth revolved around the This report provides estimates of the National Crime Survey provides sun in 180 days, all of our annual crime likelihood that a person will become a annual victimization rates based rates would be halved, but we would not victim of crime during his or her life­ on counts of the number of crimes be safer. time, or that a household will be vic­ reported and not reported to timized during a 20-year pel'iod. This police in the United States. These Calculating lifetime victimization fates contrasts with the conventional use of a rates are based on interviews I-year period in measuring crime and twice a year with about lOl,OOO For this report, lifetime likelihoods criminal victimization. Most promi­ persons in approximately 49,000 of victimization were calculated from nently, the National Crime Survey na tionally representative NCS annual victimi.zation rates and life (NCS) surveys a sample of U.S. house­ households. Those annual ra ces, tables published by the National Center 2 holds and publishes annual victimization while of obvious utility to for Health Statistics. The probability rates, and the FBI's Uniform Crime policymakel's, researchers, and that a person will be victimized at a Reports (UCR) provide annual rates of statisticians, do not convey to particular age basically depends upon crimes reported to the police. American citizens the full impact (a) the probability that the person is of crime on them nor do they still alive at that age and (b) the prob­ Annual victimization rates answer a critical question for each ability that a person of that age will be individual: What is the possibility victimized. The lifetime likelihood of Annual victimization rates alone do that I will be a crime victim? This personal victimization is derived from not convey the fun impact of crime as technical repot't is designed to the probabilities of being victimized at it affects people. No one would express shed light on this question. the various ages that constitute a life­ his or her concern by saying, "I am ter­ Steven R. Schlesinger time. A similar method is used for cal­ ribly afraid of being mugged between Director culating the long-term likelihood of January and December of this year." crimes against households. People are worried about the possibility that at some time in their lives they are rape victims annually, the lifetime Because of the assumptions involved will be robbed or raped or assaulted, or chances of suffering a rape are much in the calculations and because the data , their homes will be burglarized. gl'eater. derive from a sample survey, the num­ bers presented in this report are Annual rates can provide a false Certainly, annual rates are useful. estima tes only; they Should be inter­ sense of security by masking the real A I-year period is probably optimum preted only as indications of approxi­ impact of crime. Upon hearing that the for researchers, stati~ticians, and plan­ mate magnitude, not as exact mea­ homicide rate is about 8 to 10 per ners. It encompasses exactly one cycle sures. Essentially they are calcula ted 100,000 population, one feels safe; of seasonal variation. It is long enough values of lifetime rlsl< rather than des­ after all, 1 chance in 10,000 is not very to smooth out the impact of extraordi­ criptions of what has been observed. frightelling. Actually, however, at nary events (such as a mass murder in a recent homicide rates about 1 of every small city) and to allow time for col­ For the purposes of this report, a 133 Americans will become a murder lecting and analyzing data. On the "lifetime" begins at age 12. This is dic­ victim; for black males the prop~rtion other hand, a I-year period is short tated by the data available from the is estimated to be 1 of every 30. enough to show changes and trends in NCS, which does not cover persons Similarly, While 16 out of 10,000 women crime rates. The problem lies with younger than 12 years old. Also, "series" victimizations, those repre­ no feasible alternative to assuming con­ in table 1. Alternatively, the estimate senting three or more similar incidents stant values. can be restricted to the future, by about which the victim could not pro­ taking into account only those victimi­ vide detail on each event separately, The lifetime likelihood of victimiza­ zations that will be incurred in the have been excluded. If series victimi­ tion can be interpreted as an estimate remainder of the person's lifetime, zations were included in the calcula­ of a person's entire lifetime experience, starting at his or her current age. This tions as representing one crime inci­ starting in years prior to 1975-84 and eliminates errors due to past changes in dent, the total number of annual violent continuing into the future until the per­ annual rates. Estimates using the victimizations would increase by ap­ son's death. Such an estimate is subject latter option are presented in table 2; proximately 8%. The exclusion of to two sources of error that result from the values in table 1 constitute such series victimizations, then, results in an assuming constant annual rates: (1) the estimates for persons whose current underestimat.ion to some degree of the probable overestimation of victimiza­ age is 12. actual probabilities of victimization, tion rates in past years, and (2) the especially with regard to multiple vic­ uncertainty regarding future annual timizations. rates. Estimates of this type are shown

8IUlUal Assumption of constant rates Table 1. Lifetime likelihood of victimization

The estimates of lifetime likelihood Percent of persons who will be victimized by of victimization are derived under the crime starting at 12 :lears of age Total assumption that, throughout their life­ One or more Number of victimizations times, people in the U.S. have incurred, victimizations c>ne fwo 'l'nree or more and will continue to incur, criminal victimization at the same annual rates Violent crimes, total* Total popula tion 83% 30% 27% 25% as were observed in the years 1975 Male 89 24 27 38 through 1984. Calculations are based Female 73 35 23 14 upon the average annual victimization White 82 31 26 24 rates for 1975-84 (except that data for Male 88 25 27 37 rape are for 1973-82). Annual victimi­ Female 71 36 22 13 zation rates for the population, and for , Black 87 26 27 34 any group within the population, are i Male 92 21 26 45 assumed to remain constant at the Female 81 31 26 24 average levels recorded for those Violent crimes, completed* years. For example, it is assumed that Total population 42% 32% 9% 2% Male 48 34 11 3 the rate at which white females of age Female 36 28 6 1 34 become victims of assault was the same in the past and will be the same in White 41 31 8 2 the future as it was in 1975-84. To the Black 53 35 13 4 extent that annual rates were different Rape in the past 01' may change in the future, Total female 8% 8% - - White 8 7 - - the estimates of lifetime victimization Black 11 10 1 - are inaccurate. Robbery Total population 30% 25% 5% 1% Of course victimization rates actu­ Male 37 29 7 1 ally vary from year to year. Victimiza­ Female 22 19 2 - tion data are not available for years White 27 23 4 - before the mid-1970s (when the NCS Black 51 35 12 4 was started), but crime rates as t'epor­ Assault ted by UCR indicate that annual vic­ Total popUlation 74% 35% 24% 15% timization rates probably were lower Male 82 31 26 25 then than in the period 1975-84. The Female 62 37 18 7 UCR data, however, are not suitable White 74 35 24 16 for estimating lifetime victimization Black 73 35 25 12 because they include only crimes repor­ Robbery or assault ted to the police, and because there is resulting in injury no information about the age, sex, or Total population 40% 30% 7% 2% race of the victims. Personal theft To tal popula tion 99% 4% 8% 87% Since 1981, annual victimization Male 99 3 8 88 rates reported by NCS have declined. Female 99 4 10 84 If this trend were to continue, the White 99 4 9 87 Male 99 3 8 88 lifetime victimization probabilities Female 99 4 10 86 would decrease. Black 99 5 12 81 Male 99 5 10 84 Becau~e there is very li ttle usable Female 98 7 15 76 information about past variation in . annual victimization rates, and because Note: Data are based on average victimization rates measured by the National Crime Survey for 1975-84, except for rape data, which are based on victimization rates for future changes are unpredictable in 1973-82. All crimes include attempts except where noted. See box on page 4 for crime definitions. both direction and magnitude, there is - Less than 0.5%. • Includes rape, robbery, /lnd assault. Personal victimization rates Table 2. Lifetime likelihood or victimization, by ege Based on 1975-:84 annual victimiza­ Percent of persons who will be victimized by tion rates, an estimated 5 out of 6 crime starting: at various ag::es Total people will be victims of violent crimes One or more Number of victimizations (rape, robbery, and assault), either victimizations One Two Three or more completed or attempted, at least once Violent crimes. during their lives (table 1). (For the Current age precise definitions of the crimes dis­ 12 years old 83% 30% 27% 25% cussed in this report see the "Crime 20 72 36 23 14 - definitions" box on page 4.) About half 30 53 35 13 4 40 36 29 6 1 the population will be victimized by 50 22 19 2 - violent crime more than once. Males 60 14 13 1 - are somewhat more likely to become 70 8 7 - - victims than females. Robbery or' assault resulting in injury The greatest contrast is in multiple Current age 12 years old 40% 30% 7% 2% victimizations. It is estimated that 20 30 25 4 1 more than 2 in 5 black males will be 30 19 17 2 -- victimized by a violent crime three or 40 11 U 1 - more times. This is almost double the 50 7 6 - - 60 4 4 - - likelihood for blacl< females and more 70 2 2 - than triple the likelihood for white - Personal theft females. CUrrent age 12 years old 99% 4% 8% 87% When attempted crimes are exclu­ 20 98 9 16 73 ded, the differences in lifetime victimi­ 30 93 19 25 48 40 8~ 31 19 33 zation rates between blacks and whites 50 64 37 19 8 are greater. About 5 in 10 blacks, com­ 60 43 32 9 2 pared with 4 in 10 whites, will suffer a 70 24 21 3 - completed violent crime. Note: Data are based on average victimization rates measUl'ed by the National Crime Survey for 1975-84. All crimes include attempts. Sce box on page 4 for crime definitions. Based on 1973-82 rates, nearly 1 out - Less than 0.5 percent. of 12 females will be the victim of a " Includes rape, rObbery, and assault. completed or attempted rape. The estimated rate for black females is 1 out of 9. Table 3. Long-term likelihood of household victimization Percent of households that will be victimized by It is estimated that 3 in 10 persons crime over a 20-:iear !1eriod will be victims of a completed or at­ Total One or more Number of victimizations tempted robbery during their life­ victimizations One times. The victim's sex and race ap­ TWo Tbree or more pear to have a greater effect upon the Burglary lifetime likelihood of victimization for All households 72% 36% 23% 14% Urban 80 32 26 22 robbery than for other crimes. Blacks Suburban 70 36 22 12 are almost twice as likely to be robbed Rural 64 37 19 8 as whites; males are about 70% more Household larceny likely to be robbed than females. All households 89% 24% 27% 38% Urban 93 19 25 49 About 3 out of 4 people will become SUburban 90 23 26 41 victims of a completed or attempted Rural 82 31 27 25 assault; 2 in 5 will be victims of this Motor vehicle theft All househOlds 19% 17% 2% - crime at least twice. Males are more Urban 27 23 4 - likely to be assaulted than females, but SUburban '20 18 2 - the likelihood is nearly the same fot· Rural 11 10 1 - blacks and whites. Note: Data are based on average victimization rates measured by the National Crime Survey for 1975-84. Only completed crimes are included. Sec box on page 4 for crime definitions. At 1975-84 victimization rates, an - Less than 0.5%. estimated 2 in 5 persons will be injured as the result of a robbery or assault; theft do not vary by the sex or race of person of age 60 is only about one­ about 1 in 10 will be injured more than the victim. quarter as likely as a 30-year-old to once. (Injul'ies reported by the NCS become a victim of violent crime range from minor to life threatening.) 'The likelihood of becoming the vic­ during the remainder of his or her tim of a violent crime in the remainder lifetime. Similarly, those who are 30 According to these estimates, of one's lifetime declines more rapidly are five times likelier than those who nearly everyone will be the victim of a than life expectancy, reflecting declin­ are 60 to be injured during a robbery or personal theft at least once, with about ing victimization rates with increasing assault over the remaining cO\lrse of 7 in 8 persons being victimized three or age (table 2), For example, the average their lives. more times. In general, findings for remaining life expectancy at age 60 is nearly half as long as at age 30 1 but a

3 Estimates of the likelihood of a of, for examl?le, height, weight, left­ equall~ I?robable for all members of the personal theft drop off much less handedness vs. right-handedness, or sign group. This appears to be true of rapidly with age than do the estimates of the zodiac). household victimization as well as per­ for violent crime victimization. Per­ sonal victimization. sonal theft victimization probabilities The assumption of equal victimiza­ are approximately proportional to re­ tion probabili ties introduces an error The procedure for processing NCS maining life expectancies. into the estimates of long-term and victimization data does not track an lifetime likelihood of victimization. individual or a household from year to Victimization of households This is because, even in population year; consequently, the available infor­ groups that have been selected to have mation on mUltiple victimizations is At 1975-84 victimization rates, over homogeneous characteristics, certain restl'icted to those that take place a period of 20 years almost 3 out of 4 individuals have been found to be vic­ during a period of 1 year or less. These households will suffer a burglary; 3 out timized much iTIOl'e frequently than single-year data consistently show the of 8 will suffer more than one (table chance .alone would predict. The num­ pattern of multiple victimization de­ 3). Nearly 9 out of 10 households will ber of people in any group who are vic­ scribed above, but they are not suitable be victimized by larceny; mOl'e than 1 timized two, three, or more times in a for use in calculating long-term or life­ in 3 will be victimized by this crime year is substantially greater than would time probabilities. Because of this, three or more times. About 1 in 5 of be the case if victimization were equal victimization probability was as­ all households will be victims of motor sumed in the calculations. vehicle theft. Crime definitions from the National Crime Survey For all of these crimes urban house­ Assault--An unlawful physical involved. holds are more likely to be victimized attack, whether aggravated or than those in the suburbs, and victimi­ simple, upon a person, including Motor vehicle theft (completed)-­ zation is even less likely in rural attempted or threatened attacks Stealing or unauthorized taking of areas. The difference is greatest for with or without a weapon. Ex­ a motor vehicle. motor vehicle theft; urban households cludes rape and attempted rape, as Personal theft--Includes both per­ are about 2% times as likely as rural well as a ttacks involving theft or sonallarceny with contact and households to be victims of this crime. attempted theft, which are classi­ personal larceny without contact. fied as robbery. Severity of Personal larceny with contact is Assumptions and their effects crimes in this category range from theft of purse, wallet, or cash by threats to attacks that result in stealth directly from the person of Although the numbers in this report life-threatening injuries. the victim, but without force or are estimates rather than exact mea­ Burglary (completed)--Unlawful or the threat of force, including at­ sures, they are based upon reliable data forcible entry of a residence, tempted purse snatching. Personal and established mathematical tech­ usually, but not necessarily, larceny without contact is theft or niques. They provide a realistic picture attended by theft. The entry may attempted theft, without direct of the order of magnitude of the like­ be by force, such as breaking a contact between victim and offen­ lihood of being victimized, if past and window or slashing a screen, or it der, of property or cash from any future victimization rates are near the may be through an unlocked door place other than the victim's home levels of 1975-84. Unavoidably, how­ or an open window. As long as the or its immediate vicinity. The ever, such estimates are subject to person entering had no legal right property need not be strictly per­ error. Aside from the normal sampling to be present in the structure, a sonal in nature; the act is distin­ error associated with the use of annual burglary has occurred. Further­ guished from household larceny NCS victimization rates, part of the more, the structure need not be solely by place of occurrence. Ex­ error results from assumptions that had the house itself fo'r a household amples of personal larceny without to be made in carrying out the compu­ burglary to take place. Illegal contact include the theft of a tations. The assumption of constant entry of a garage, shed, or any briefcase or umbrella from a res­ rates of victimization over time was other structure on the premises taurant, a portable radio from the discussed earlier. Another key assump­ also constitutes household bur­ beach, clothing from an automo­ tion is that victimization is equally glary. In fact, burglary does not bile parked in a shopping center, a bicycle from a school yard, food likely for all members of a population necessarily have to occur on the premises. If the breaking and from a shopping cart in front of a group, defined by age, race, and sex. In supermarket, etc. In rare cases, other words, any victimization can, entering occurred in a hotel or in a vacation residence, it still would the victim sees the offender with equal probability, be inflicted upon during the commission of the act. any member of the group, be classified as a burglary for the household whose member or mem­ Rape--Carnal knowledge through Equal victimization probabilities bers were staying there at the the use of force or the threat of time. force, Including attempts. Statu­ In a sense, the assumption of equal Household larceny (completed)-­ tory rape (without force) is exclu­ probability of victimization is what Theft of property or cash from a ded. gives meaning to victimization rates. residence or its immediate vicin­ Robbery--Completed or attempted Subgroups of the population are selec­ ity. For a household larceny to theft, directly from a person, of t.ed to make the assumption as valid as occur within the home Itself, the property or cash by force or threat possible, by dividing the population in thief must be someone with a right of force, with or without a accordance with characteristics that to be there, such as a maid, a weapon. are believed to correlate with suscepti­ delivery person, or a guest. Forci­ bility to victimization. That is why ble entry, attempted forcible Source: Based on Criminal NCS uses breakdowns in terms of age, entry, or unlawful entry are not Victimization in the United States, ra.ce, sex, income, and the like (instead 1984. NCJ-100435, pp. 123-26.

4 •

As a result, the estimates of long~ Notes New releases from BJS term and lifetime likelihoods of victim­ ization probably tend to show a slightly 1Langan, Patrick A. and Christopher • Automated fingerprint identification larger number of people and households A. Innes, The Risk of Violent Crime, ~stems: Technology and policy issues, being victimized at least once than is Bureau of Justice Statistics Special NCJ-104342, 4/87 actually the case. That is, the estima­ Report, NCJ-97119, May 1985, p. 2; • Imprisonment in four countries, BJS ted victimizations are distributed too Report to the Nation on Crime and Special Report, NCJ-l03967, 2/87 thinly over too large a portion of the Justic~ 2nd edition, Bureau of • Violent crime by strangers and nOI1- population. (Note, however, that the Justice Statistics, forthcoming, ch. strangers, BJS Special RepoI·t, NCJ- exclusion of series victimizations re­ 2. The numbers for the general pop­ 103702, 1/87 sults in some degree of underestimation ulation were derived from coroner • 1986 directory of automated criminal of the proportion of people and house­ and medical examiner reports for the justice information systems, NCJ- holds that are victimized at least once.) years 1978-82. A mOl'e refined tech­ 102260, 1,000 pp., 1/87 nique, including data for 1983, was • Probation and parole, BJS Bulletin, In a I-year period, more people used to determine the rate for black NCJ-103683, 1/87 actually incur multiple victimizations males. Very similar results were • Criminal justice tlhottl files: Criminal than would be estimated by the equal obtained by the FBI in a study based justice information policy series, 75 probability assumption. Over a life­ on homicides reported to the police pp., NCJ-I01850, 1/87 time, however, the reverse apppears to in 1978-80; see Crime in the United • Population density in State prisons, be the case. This is because the equal States, 1981 (Washington: USGPO BJS Special Report, NCJ-I03204, 12/86 I?robability assumption considers the 1982), Al?pendix V, pp. 339-40. • State and Federal"prisoners, 1925-85, probability of a person being victimized Simpler methodology can be used in BJS Bulletin, NCJ-102494, 12/86 in any year to be independent of what dealing with homicide than with • BJS telephone contacts '87, BJS happens in other years. But in reality, other crimes because there are no Bulletin, NCJ-102909;-I2/86 if a person is inordinately susceptible to multiple victimizations; a J.:>erson can It Data quality policies and proce­ being victimized, that susceptibility is be killed only once. dures: Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH likely to continue from year to year. conference, 82 pp., NCJ-101849, 12/86 2Victimization rates were taken During a lifetime, the person will incur • Teenage victims, 16 pp., NCJ-103138, many more than his or her "fair share" from the annual Bureau of Justice 11/86 of victimizations; the "excess" multiple Statistics publication Criminal • Tracking offenders: White-collar victims will tend to be the same people Victimization in the United States crime, BJS Special Report, NCJ- year after year. -- for the years 1975-84, with addi­ 102867, 11/86 tional data from the NCS. Life • Capital punishment, 1985J BJS Single-year data on multiple victim­ tables are from the National Center Bulletin, NCJ-l02742, 11/86 izations were used to estimate the for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics magnitude of the error caused by using of the United States, 1980, Vol. II, the equal probability assumption. Sec. 6, Life Tables. Several methods of calculation were 3Sparks, Richard F., Hazel G. Green, employed. It was determined that this and David J. Dodd, Surveying error is of the same order of magnitude Victims (New YOl'k: John Wiley and as the errors and uncertainties from Sons, 1977), pp. 88-97; Gottfredson, other causes such as unpredictable Michael R., liOn the Etiology of changes in annual victimization rates. Criminal Victimization" and Sparks, Richard F., "Multil?le Victimization: Further details on methodology Evidence, Theory, and Future ResearCh," The Journal of Criminal A methodological appendix with fur­ Law and Criminology, vol. 72, no. 2 ther details on the calculation of the (I981). findings presented in this report is available on request from BJS by calling Herbert Koppel at (202) 124- 7770. Bureau of Justice Sta tistics technical reports are written principally by BJS staff. This report was written by Herbert Koppel and was edited by Frank D. Balog. Rel?ort production was administered by Marilyn Marbrook, publications unit chief, assisted by Jeanne Hanis and Arlene F. James.

March 1987, NCJ-104274

5 Announcing the new

d grapbS Statistical tables an t Fact-Finding with explanatory tex__ _ _.... ------.ationsSpecialized directories or Crime trend information Service ----oyer a period of time

Need a specialized Examples of reports: Call NCJRS with your request. An e statistical tables and graphs with information specialist will estimate report-one tailor­ explanatory text; the cost. We can begin work as soon as we have your approval. made just for you? o State-by-State program or legis­ lative information presented in Call toll free for more information: an easy-to-read format; National Criminal Justice Refer­ The National Criminal Justice Ref­ .. specialized directories or listings ence Service sponsored by the Na­ erence Service's new Fact-Finding of justice agencies, organiza­ tional Institute of Justice Service is your solution. Get tions, or instructions; answers to your hard-to-find crimi­ 800-851-3420 nal justice questions ina report 6) crime trend information over a tailored just for you. specified period of time. Justice Statistics Clearinghouse sponsored by the Bureau of Justice Statistics We'll gather the facts and figures Prices: using BJS resources, NCJRS re­ Your cost for the Fact-Finding 800-732-3277 sources, professional associations, Service covers actual expenses news articJes,juvenilejustice agen­ only. Prices are determined by the Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse cies, or whatever it takes to find the time needed to respond to your re­ sponsored by the Office of Juvenile answers. We then send you a full quest. A request that requires up to Justice and Delinquency Prevention report that matches your specific 5 hours could cost between $75 and needs. $250. 800-638-8736 --~-- -'~~~-

Bureau of Justice Statistics reports Corrections Privacy and security (revised February 1987) BJS bulletins and special reports: Computer crime: Call toll-free 800-732-3277 (local Probation and parole 1985, NCJ-l03683, 1/87 BJS speCial reports: 251-5500) to order BJS reports, to be added Population density In State prisons, NCJ-l 03204, Electronic fund transfer frraud, NCJ-96666.3/85 to one of the BJS mailing lists, or to speak 12/86 Electronic fund transfer and crime, to a reference specialist in statfstlcs at the Capital punishment, 1985, NCJ-l02742, 11/86 NCJ-92650, 2/84 Justice Statistics Clearinghouse, National Stale and Federal prisoners, 1925-85, Electronic fund transfer fraud, NCJ-l00461, Criminal Justice Reference Service, NCJ-l02494. 11/86 4/86 Prisoners in 1985, NCJ·i01384. 6/86 Computer security teChniques, - Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850. Single Prison admission and releases, 1983, ~JCJ-84049, 9/82 copies of reports are free; use NCJ number NCJ-l00582. 3/66 to order. Postage and handling are charged Electronic fund transfer systems and crime, Capital pUnishment 1984, NCJ-98399. 8/85 NCJ·83736. 9/82 for bulk orders of single reports_ For single Examining recidivism, NCJ-96501, 2/85 Expert witness manual, NCJ-77927,9/81 Returning to prison. NCJ-95700. 11/84 copies of multiple tilies, up to 10 titles are Criminal justice resource manual, NCJ-61550, Time served In prison, NCJ-93924, 6/84 free; 11-40 titles $10; more than 40, $20; 12/79 libraries call for special rales. Historical corrections statistics in the U.S., 1850- Privacy and security of criminal history 1984, NCJ·l02529. 3/87 Public-use tapes of BJS data sets and information: other criminal jllstice data are available Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions on , Compendium of State legislation, 1984 Dec. 31, 1984, NCJ-103768, 3/87 from the Criminal Justice Archive and overview, NCJ-98077, 9/85 Information Network, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Capital punishment 1984 (final), NCJ-99562. 5/86 Capital punishment 1983 (finall. NCJ-99561. 4/86 Criminal justice in/ormation policy: Arbor, MI48106 (313·763-5010)_ Criminal justice "hot" files, NCJ-l01850. 12/86 1979 sur'eyollnmaleso! Sialecorrectionallacilities Data quality policies and procedures: and 1979 census 01 State correctional facilities: National Crime Survey Proceedings of a BJS/SEARCH conference, Criminal victimization in the U.S.: BJS special reports; NCJ'101849,12/86 1984 (final report). NCJ·I00435. 5/86 The prevalence of imprisonment, NCJ-93657. Crime control and criminal records (BJS speCial 1983 (final report). NCJ·96459. 10185 7/85 report), NCJ-99176. 10/85 1982 (final report). NCJ-92820, 11/84 Career patterns in crime, NCJ-88672. 6/83 State criminal records repositories (BJS 1973-82 trends, NCJ-90541. 9/83 BJS bulletins: technical report), NC,j·990.17, 10/85 1980 (final report), NCJ-84015, 4/83 Prisoners and drugs, NCJ-87575, 3/83 Data quality of criminal history records, NCJ- 1979 (final report\. NCJ.76710. 12181 Prisoners and alcohol, NCJ-86223. 1/83 98079, 10/85 BJS special reports: Prisons and prisoners, NCJ-80697. 2/82 Intelligence and Investlgatlve records, Violent crime by strangers and nonstrangers, Veterans in prison, NCJ-79232, 11/81 NCJ·95787. 4/85 NCJ-I03702.1/87 Victimlwitness legislation: An overview, Census of Jails arid survey 01 jail inmates: NCJ-94365. 12/84 Preventing domestic violence against women, Jail inmates, 1984, NCJ-l01094. 5/86 NCJ-1 02037. 8/86 Information polley and crime controls\rategies Jail inmates, 1983 (BJS bulletin), NCJ-99175. (SEARCH/BJS conference), NCJ-93926, Crime prevention measures, NCJ-l00438.3/86 11/85 The use of weapons in committing crimes, 10/84 The 1983 jail census (BJS bulJellflj, NCJ-95536, Research access to crrmlnal Justice data, NCJ-99643, 1/86 11/84 Reporting crimeS 10 the police, NCJ-99432, NCJ·84154. 2/83 Census of jails, '1978: Data for Ifldlvidual jails, Privacy and JUVenile Justice records, 12/85 vols.I-IV, Northeast. North Central. South, West. NCJ-84152. 1/83 Locating city, suburban, and rural crime, NCJ- NCJ-72279·72282.12/81 99535, 12/85 Survey of Slate laws (BJS bulletin), Profile of jail inmates, 1978, NCJ-65412. 2/81 The risk of violent crime, NCJ-97119. 5/85 NCJ-80836. 6/82 The economic cost of crime to victims, NCJ- Children in custody: Privacy and the private employer, 93450.4/84 NCH9651.11/81 Fllmlly violence, NCJ-93449, 4/84 Public juvenile lacilitles, 1965 \bullelin). NCJ-l02457.10/86 General BJS bulletins: 1982-83 census of juvenile detention and BJS bulletins and special reports: Households louched by crime, 1985, correctional facilities, NCJ·l01686. 9/86 NCJ-l01685,6/86 BJS telephone contacts '87, NCJ-l 02909, 12/86 Criminal Victimization, 1984, NCJ-98904. 10/85 Expenditure and employment Tracking offenders: Whlte-c."lIar crime, The crime of rape, NCJ·96777.3/85 NCJ-l02867. 11/86 Household burglary, NCJ-96021. 1/85 BJS Bulletins; Police employment and expenditure, CrimInal victimization, 1983, NCJ-93869. 6/84 Justice expenditure and employment: NCJ-l00117,2/86 Violent crime by strangers, NCJ-80829. 4/82 1983, NCJ·l 01776. 7/86 Tracking offenders: The child victim, NCJ- Crime and the elderly, NCH9614, 1/82 1982, NCJ-98327_ 8/85 95785. 12/84 Measuring crime, NCJ-75710, 2181 Justice expenditure and employment in the U.S,: The severity of crime, NCJ·92326. 1/84 Teenage victims, NCJ·103138. 12/86 1980 and 1981 extracts, NCJ-96007. 6/85 The American response 10 crime: An overview Response to screening questions In the Natkmal 1971-79, NCJ-9259E'. 11/84 of criminal justice systems, NCJ-91936, 12/83 Crime Survey (BJS technical report). NCJ- Tracking offenders, NCJ-91572, t 1/83 97624,7/85 Courts Victim and witness assistance: New State Victimization and fear of crime: World BJS bulletins: laws and the system's response, NCJ-87934. perspectives, NCJ-93872. 1/85 The growth of appeals: 1973-83 trends, 5/83 The National Crime Survey: Working papers, NOJ-9636 1. 2/85 1986 directory of automated crlm[naljustlce vol. I: Current and historical perspectives, Case filings in State courts 1983, NCJ-95111, Information systems, NCJ-l02260. 1/87,520 NCJ-75374.8/82 10/84 domestic vol II: Methological studies. NCJ-90307, 12/84 BJS special reports: Crime and justice facts,1985, NCJ-1 00757.5/86 Issues in the measurement of victimization, Felony case-processing time, NOJ-l01985.8/86 National survey of crime severity, NCJ-96017, NCJ-74682, 10/81 Felony seniencing in 18 local 10/85 The cost of negligence: Losses from preventable jUrisdictions, NCJ-97681, 6/85 Criminal victimization of District of Columbia household burglaries, NCJ-53527. 12/79 The prevalence of guilty pleas, NCJ-96018, residents and Capitol Hili employees, 1962·83, Rape victimization in 26 American cities, 12/84 NCJ-97982;Summary, NCJ-98567: 9/85 NCJ-55878. 8179 Sentencing practices In 13 States, NCJ-95399, The DCcrlme victimization study Implementation, Criminal victimization In urban schools, 10/84 NCJ-98595, 9/85, $7.60 domestlc/$9,20 Canadi­ NCJ-56396, 8/79 Criminal :iefense systems: A national anlS 12.80 foreign An introduction to the National Crime Survey, survey, NCJ-94630, 8/84 The DC household victimization survey data base: ~CJ-43732. 4178 Habeas corpus, NCJ-92948, 3/84 Documentation, NCJ-98596, 56,40/$8.40/511 Local victim surveys: A review of the issues, State court cllseload statistics, 1977 and User manual, NCJ-98597, $8,20/59,80/$12.80 NCJ-39973. 8/77 1981, NCJ·87587, 2/83 How to gain access to BJS data (brochure), BC-000022, 9/84 Parole and probation National Criminal Defense Systems Study, NCJ- 94702, 10/86 Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on law and BJS bulletins: Tile prosecution of felony arrests: Justice statistics, 1984, NCJ-93310. 8/64 Probation and parole 1984, NCJ-l00181. 1981, NCJ-l 01380,9/86 Report to the nation on crime and Justice; 2/86 1980, NCJ-97684, 10/85 The data, NCJ-87068, 10/83 Setting prison terms, NCJ-76218. 8/83 1979, NCJ-86482. 5/84 Dlcl/onary of criminal Jusllce data terminology: 2nd ed., NCJ-76939, 2{82 Parole in the U.S., 1980 and 1981, NCJ-87387. State court model statlsllcal dictionary, 3/86 SUpplement, NCJ-98326, 9/85 Technical standardS for machine-readable data Characteristics of persons Gnterlnll parole 1 st edition, NCJ·62320, 9/80 supplied to BJS, NCJ-75318, 6/81 during 1978 and 1979, NCJ-87243, 5/83 State court organlzallon 1980, NCJ-76711, 7/82 Characteristics of the parole population, J 978, A cross-city comparison of felony case NCJ-66479.4/81 processing, NCJ-515171, 7/79 Parole In the U,S., 1979, NCJ-69562. 3/81 Federal offenses and offenders BJS specIal reporls: Pretrial release and mlso::onduct, NCJ-96132, 1/85 BJS bulletins: Bank robbery, NCJ-94463, 8/84 See order fonn Federal drug law Violators, NCJ-92692, 2/84 Federal JUStice statistics, NCJ-80814, 3/82 on last page To be added to-any BJS mailing list, copy or cut out this page, fill it in and mail it to: National Criminal Justice Reference Service User Services Dept. 2 Box 6000 ;,< Rockville, MD 20850 o If the name Md address on the mailing label attached are correct, check here and don't fill them in again. If your address does not show your organizational affiliation (or interest in criminal justice) please put it here: If your name and address are different from the label, please fill them in: Name: Title: Organization: Street or box: City, State, Zip: Telephone: ( Interest in criminal justice: Please add me to the following list(s): o Justice expenditure and employment reports-annual spending and staffing by Federal, State, and local governments and by function (police, courts, etc.) o Comput~r crime reports-electronic fund transfer system crimes o Privacy and security of criminal history information and information poliey-new legislation; maintaining and releasing intelligence and investigative records o RIS Bulletins and Special Reports -timely reports of the most current justice data Courts reports-State court caseload surveys, model annual State reports, State o court organization surveys o Corrections reports-results of sample surveys and censuses of jails, prisons~ pa~ole, probation, and other corrections data o National Crime Survey reports-the only regular national survey of crime victims o Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics (annual)-broad-based data from 153 sources in an easy-ta-use, comprehensive format (433 tables, 103 figures, index) U.S. Department of Justice Official Business Postage and Fees Paid Penalty for Private Use $300 Bureau of Justice Statistics U.S. Department of Justice Jus 436 THIRD CLASS BULK RATE

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