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Original article

Role Sharing among Stakeholders in Collaboration Projects for Basin Conservation

Naoko HIRAYAMA* and Shinji IDE*

Abstract：Collaborative activities among governments, NPOs, private companies, and citizens are essential for lake basin conservation. To clarify the differences of forms of collaboration and factors determining the forms, the authors investigated all the prefectural governments in if they have conservation plans for and collaborative activities carried out within the plans, and what is the role of each stakeholder in the activities. As a result, 110 collaborative activities were implemented at 18 lakes in 2016. According to the type of role sharing and visualized roles of respective stakeholders, the activities could be categorized into the following four types: “Council initiative type”, “Government initiative type”, “Well-balanced type”, and “Environmental education type”. It was also revealed that all “Council initiative type” activities have similar forms of collaboration as the measure councils were established by respective local governments and have had fixed relationships with the governments for many years; and “Government initiative type” activities have various forms of role sharing even in similar projects. Key Words： water environment, citizen participation, cooperation, cluster analysis

independently. In addition, initiatives by INTRODUCTION cooperation between governments and diverse actors are increasing due to high expectations for Water environments are valuable as water NPOs to resolve public issues since the Act on resources for daily lives and irrigation. Promotion of Specified Non-profit Activities was Additionally, they nurture the , support enacted in 1998. Role sharing by utilizing the local fisheries, and provide unique culture and characteristics of different actors (i.e., by sceneries. However, river, lake, and swamp collaborating) enables efficient and effective environments are susceptible to activities within activities. These can maximize resources and time, the watershed. For example, the water improve current initiatives, and adeptly respond to environment is directly and indirectly affected by new challenges. In particular, it is essential for domestic wastewater, the usage of pesticides and watershed upstream and downstream fertilizers in farming, and activities for forest conservation activities to collaborate with the management and environmental conservation. fields of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Consequently, various actors, including NPOs, Many studies have investigated collaborative primary industry workers, private companies, activities for water environment conservation governments, and local residents participate in focusing on particular projects. Examples include water environment conservation activities. research on consensus building and possibilities Example activities include cleaning and biological for collaboration of the Nature Restoration Project research in rivers. Similar activities with the same at Azame-no-Se (Tomita, 2010), a study to purpose are often managed by different actors elucidate the collaboration process between a

* Department of Environmental Policy and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, The University of

68 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 research center and the local area for coral reef resources and time. The result of this study can be conservation in Ishigaki Island (Kamimura et al., used as basic information to evaluate the efficiency 2017). Another example is research on the and effectivenss of collaboration. differences in attitude between upstream and Collaboration in this research is defined as an downstream residents and the possibilities for “initiative of two or more actors cooperating to collaboration with regard to the river environment resolve public issues.” By “cooperating,” we mean conservation of the Katsuura River in Tokushima these actors share one or more of the following prefecture (Kozuki et al., 1999). In addition, an types of resources: 1) funds, 2) human resources, 3) evaluation study examined the role of materials, 4) physical space/opportunity, 5) skills, intermediary organizations to facilitate and 6) network. collaborative management (Satoh et al., 2016). For meta-analysis of multiple collaboration cases, Kim 1. METHODS et al. researched cases of watershed management in Eastern Japan. They categorized collaborative The research targets were 195 lakes in Japan efforts based on the rate of governmental financial published in “Zenkoku Koshō Shiryōshū vol. 20” support and the number of local organizations. (National Council for Lake Environmental Then they analyzed the characteristics of Conservation, 2008). We confirmed the existence of collaborative efforts (Kim et al., 2003). Sugahara lake conservation projects by making calls and et al. compared waterside social experiment cases involved distributing survey questionnaires to the in 19 cities across Japan and studied the local municipalities of lakes where the projects contributions of measure councils that act as occurred. Questions in the survey included the intermediaries to promote collaboration between name and the duration of the plan, total number of governments and citizens (Sugahara et al., 2016). implemented projects for the plan in FY 2016 by However, these works do not corroborate the forms each division, total budget, and number of and shared roles of collaboration. collaborative projects. If the municipality plan Particularly lake environment flow slowly. Thus, included collaboration projects, we obtained the complicated phenomena are entwined during a project name, the name of the division acting as long period of stillness, making lakes more the project main contact, roles of the primary and environmentally susceptible to natural and other actors, achievements, and budget for FY artificial stresses in the watershed. This results in 2016. The survey took place between April 27 to more difficult conservation efforts (Nakamura et August 10, 2018. al., 2007). In this study, with an investigation into We received responses for 195 lakes. Of these, 29 collaborative activities between “governments” and lakes had a conservation plan, but 166 did not. the “other actors” for lake basin conservation, the Lake Inba-numa, Lake Tega-numa, and Lake authors tried to visulalize differences of forms of each had two plans, while collaboration for clarifying the differences had three plans. Lake and Lake quantitatively and factors determining the forms. Urabandai, and Lake Yuno and Lake Chūzenji The visualized and quantitative information were found together in separate plans. We concerning forms of collaboration would make it conducted collaboration project status surveys for possible to compare the forms of collaboration at 31 of 32 plans. The Lake Biwa plan did not have different lakes in terms of role burden of each activities in FY 2016. We obtained responses for 28 stakeholder, the number of types of sharing plans. Of the 22 plans with collaborative activities, resources, and the degree of involvement of private there were 110 collaboration projects. sectors as a relatively rare case. We believe that Then we categorized the stakeholders of a collaborarive activities should have advantages collaboration project into one of fifteen types over non-colloaborative ones, such as saving (Table 1), and the roles in a collaboration project

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 69 Table 1 List of stakeholders into one of twelve types (Table 2). Excluding the 6 Classification Subclassification projects overlapping in two plans for Lake Biwa, 1 Government Department in charge 2 Other department we categorized by role sharing and visualized the 3 Local government roles of each actor. Specifically, we confirmed 4 National government “actors in a collaboration project,” “roles of each 5 Measure council Network association by gov. 6 Educational/ School actor,” and “concrete tasks of the role” to identify 7 Research sector University the actor and its role. Then we carried out cluster 8 Research institute 9 Civil sector Network organization analysis using the number of playing each role of 10 NPO 12 types by each stakeholder of 5 types 11 Resident's association (classification), by SPSS statistics 25. Then we 12 Event executive committee 13 Citizen constructed a table to show the number of projects 14 Private sector Fishermen’s /Farmers’ union by combining the “fifteen types of actors” and 15 Private company “twelve types of roles.” To compare lakes with

Table 2 List of collaboration roles different numbers of collaboration projects, we A Planning divided the value of each cell by the total values of B Preparation and Cleanup the cells. Using these values, we visualized the C Management combination of actors and their roles using Pajek D Activity E Funding (Yasuda et al., 2012, Satoh 2006), which is a social F Announcement network analysis software. Finally, we considered G Provision of Information the factors influencing the characteristics of each H Provision of Human resources I Provision of Skills type and role. J Provision of Materials K Provision of Physical space/Opportunity 2. STATUS OF COLLABORATION PROJECTS L Secretariat

Table 3 shows 28 lake conservation plans with a collaboration project. The right-side cells in the Table 3 Lake basin conservation plans Name of Plan Prefecture & City Abbreviation of plan 1 The second Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Hachiroh Akita Pref. L.Hachiroh 2 The 6th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Kamafusa-dam Miyagi Pref. L.Kamafusa-dam 3 The 7th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Kasumigaura Ibaraki Pref. L.Kasumigaura 4 The 7th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Inba-numa Chiba Pref. L.Inba-numa#1 5 Second action Plan for restoring of in L.Inba-numa Basin Chiba Pref. L.Inba-numa#2 6 The 7th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Tega-numa Chiba Pref. L.Tega-numa#1 7 Action Plan for Restoring of Water Cycle in L.Tega-numa Chiba Pref. L.Tega-numa#2 8 The 5th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Nojiri Nagano Pref. L.Nojiri 9 The 6th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Suwa Nagano Pref. L.Suwa 10 The 7th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L. Biwa Shiga Pref. L.Biwa#1 11 The second Comprehensive Conservation Plan of L.Biwa Shiga Pref. L.Biwa#2 12 The 7th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Kojima Okayama Pref. L.Kojima 13 The 6th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Shinji Shimane Pref. L.Shinji

Disignated Lakes in Lake Law Lake in Lakes Disignated 14 Th 6th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Nakaumi Shimane Pref. L.Nakaumi#1 15 First Implementation Plan for Nature Restoration Project of L.Nakaumi Shimane Pref. L.Nakaumi#2 The 7th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L. Biwa Pref. None 16 Maintenance Implementation Plan of L.Toyano-gata Niigata Pref. L.Toyano-gata Ⅱ 17 Action Plan for Water Environment Improvement of L. Sanaru Hamamatsu City L.Sanaru 18 Water Environment Improvement Urgent Action Plan Aich Pref. L.Aburagabuchi of Takahama river system-L. Aburaga-buchi (Clear Stream Renaissance 19 Water Environment Improvement Urgent Action Plan Pref. None

Clear stream of Abashiri River (Clear Stream Renaissance II) renaissance 20 L. Toyano-gata Clear Stream Renaissance II Niigata Pref. None 21 The Promotion Plan for Water Environment Conservation Pref. L.Inawashiro 22 The third Conservation Plan of L.Okunikko Seiryū Seiko Tochigi Pref. L.Okunikko S. S. 23 The 4th Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Hi-numa Ibaraki Pref. L.Hi-numa 24 The third Water Quality Conservation Plan of L.Ushiku-numa Ibaraki Pref. L.Ushiku-numa 25 The 4th Environmental Conservation Plan of L. Harutori Kushiro City Unknown Others 26 The Environmrntal Restoration Plan of L. Ogawara Aomori Pref. None 27 Nature Retoration Consept of L.Izu-numa and Uchi-numa Miyagi Pref. None 28 The 4th Water Environmental Management Plan of L. Ikeda Kagoshima Pref. None

3 70 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 table show “no collaboration (including included collaboration projects. unidentified collaboration project status)” if we Next, the project activities were categorized into could not confirm the existence of a collaboration 10 types: “cleaning, reed cutting, and controlling project or abbreviations of plan if the plan exists. aquatic weed and (CCC),” As for “Dai 7-ki Biwako ni Kakaru Koshō “environmental education (EE)” “enlightenment Suishitsu Hozen Keikaku” (The 7th Water Quality activity (EA),” “joint research (JR),” “framework Conservation Plan of Lake Biwa), we received development for collaboration (FD),” “improving responses from both Kyoto and Shiga prefectures. water quality (IWQ)”, “communication events Among the 28 plans, 15 plans were related to the (CE),” “citizen participatory survey and conservation of 11 lakes designated in the Law observation (PS),” “product development and sales Concerning Special Measures for the Preservation (PD),” and “conservation activities outside the of Lake Water Quality. Lake Inba-numa, Lake watershed area (OWA).” Table 4 shows the Tega-numa, Lake Biwa, and Lake Nakaumi had activities of the 22 plans implementing additional implemented plans besides the collaboration projects and the number of projects statutory plan. All 15 plans had collaboration per plan. Projects belonging to multiple categories projects. For the four lakes that are part of the were counted in multiple categories. “Second Water Environment Improvement Urgent We confirmed 110 collaboration projects in 22 Action Plan (Clear Stream Renaissance II)” by the plans of 18 lakes. The number of collaboration Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and projects does not include six projects overlapping Tourism, five plans were formulated and three of in two plans of Lake Biwa and the number of plans these included collaboration projects. In addition, includes eight plans of four lakes. The total eight lakes had their own conservation plan number of collaboration projects in Lake Biwa #2, initiated by a prefecture or city, and half of these Lake Tega-numa #2, and Lake Biwa #1 were 31, 20,

Table 4 Number of collaboration project Number of All Number of Abbreation of Plan Consevation Collaboration Project CCC EE EA JR FD IWQ CE PS PD OWA Project (Overlapping) L.Hachiroh 8 2 (4) 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 L.Kamafusa-dam 24 3 (3) 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L.Kasumigaura 40 4 (6) 0 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 L.Inba-numa#1 119 6 (6) 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 L.Inba-numa#2 N/A 2 (2) 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 L.Tega-numa#1 79 7 (6) 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 L.Tega-numa#2 171 20 (24) 1 2 6 2 1 3 1 8 0 0 L.Nojiri 25 1 (2) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 L.Suwa 30 1 (1) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ※ L.Biwa#1 118 11 (11) 3 2 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 ※ L.Biwa#2 155 31 (41) 5 8 8 2 4 0 3 1 5 5 L.Kojima 11 4 (8) 3 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 L.Shinji 60 2 (2) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L.Nakaumi#1 35 1 (1) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L.Nakaumi#2 2 1 (1) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L.Toyano-gata 1 1 (1) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L.Sanaru N/A 6 (6) 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 L.Aburagabuchi 13 3 (3) 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 L.Inawashiro 3 3 (3) 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 L.Okunikko S. S. 14 5 (5) 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L.Hi-numa 24 1 (4) 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 L.Ushiku-numa 18 1 (3) 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Total Number of Project 116 31 18 23 8 9 9 16 17 5 7 Total Number of Plan 22 19 9 9 6 4 5 11 9 1 3 ※ 6 collaboration projects overlap in two plans for Lake Biwa conservation

4 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 71 and 11, respectively. These plans had a relatively Table 5 Quantification of role sharing (L. Biwa) Role large number of collaboration projects and a large number of projects related to the lake conservation in general, including non-collaboration projects. Categorizing projects by activity, 31 projects were

related to cleaning, 23 to enlightenment activity, anup 18 to environmental education, 17 to participatory Actor water quality surveys, and 16 to communication events. Many of these projects were collaboration projects. In particular, 19 of 22 plans had

collaboration projects related to cleaning and reed Planning Preparation and Cle Management Activity Funding Announcement of Information Provision resources of Human Provision Provision of Skills of Materials Provision Provision of Physical space/Opportunity Secretariat cutting. We speculate that the large amount of Department in charge 5 5 5 1 1 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 Other department 8 7 12 4 4 6 3 0 4 1 2 3 collaborations in this area is due to the large Local government 3 4 4 3 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 National government 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 number of people required to cut weeds and collect Measure council 5 5 6 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 garbage. As for personal development and School 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 University 1 1 3 1 0 4 2 1 1 0 2 0 communication events, although many Research institute 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 organizations were working on different regular Network organization 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NPO 2 3 3 7 1 1 2 5 2 0 0 0 activities, collaboration can be realized in these Resident's association 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Event executive operations. Furthermore, to learn about the 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 committee environment and participatory water quality Citizen 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 Fishermen’s/Farmers’ surveys, collaboration with educational 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 0 2 union institutions, survey experts, and specialized Private company 1 1 1 6 1 2 0 3 0 2 2 0 institutions was sought. For example, children Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 river monitoring was counted both in Measure council 9 5 10 11 "environmental learning" and "participatory water 4 12 3 quality surveys", and these two categories are 13 2 closely related. On the other hand, product 14 1 Private 15 sector development or other conservation activities were Secretariat Planning Opportunity limited to certain lakes such as Lake Biwa #2. Preparation Materials and Cleanup Skills Management Human resources Activity 3. ANALYSIS ON SHARED ROLES IN Information Funding Announcement COLLABORATION PROJECTS Figure 1 Visualisation of role sharing (L. Biwa)

3.1 Summary of the analysis results shown as or ▲. In addition, a thicker width of Table 5 shows the number of projects in which an edge indicates that the actor plays a large △ each actor has a specific role for the conservation number of roles. of Lake Biwa, which had the maximum number of In the case of Lake Biwa, all actors, except collaboration projects. Next, we converted each cell national government [4], played some roles. As an value into the ratio to the total number of the example of collaboration among various actors, a projects. Figure 1 visualizes the resulting children’s event to remove invasive fish relationships between actors and roles using Pajek. was organized jointly by NPOs and voluntary The vertices in the figure have specific meanings: group. Financial institution donated part of the roles are shown as ●, government and operational costs, the private company provided quasi-government organizations are shown as□ or the materials, and a fishermen’s union prepared ■, educational and research institutes are shown the prize. Furthermore, there was a project that as or , and NPO/citizen/private companies are indirectly contributed to collaboration such as

◇ ◆

72 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 Educational/Research sector L. Hi-numa 6 7 8 Measure council 9 L. Ushiku-numa 5 10 11 L. Tega-numa 4 L. Kasumigaura 12 3 L. Inba-numa 13 L. Sanaru 2 14 L. Kamafusa-dam 1 Private L. Kojima 15 sector Secretariat L. Suwa Planning L. Okunikko S. S. Preparation L. Nojiri and Cleanup L. Toyano-gata Management L. Nakaumi Activity Funding L. Biwa L. Inawashiro L. Shinji Figure 3 Lake Ushiku-numa and Lake Hi-numa L. Aburagabuchi L. Hachiroh major roles. This type is named as “Council Figure 2 Result of cluster analysis initiative type”. The numbers in [ ] in the text Table 6 Type of role sharing indicate the numbers of the stakeholders in the Type Lakes L.Hi-numa，L.Ushiku-numa, figure. Council initiative L.Tega-numa，L.Kasumigaura， For Lake Ushiku-numa and Lake Hi-numa type L.Inba-numa， L.Sanaru (Fig.3), a measure council [5] and the conservation L. Kamafusa-dam，L. Kojima, planning department [1] are the only ones sharing Government L. Suwa， L. Okunikko S. S.， L. Nojiri，L. initiative type roles. Both showed exactly the same results. Toyano-gata，L. Nakaumi Ibaraki prefecture implemented water quality L. Biwa，L. Inawashiro, L. Shinji， Well-balanced type L. Aburagabuchi conservation strategies for both. The lake total Environmental ㎢ L.Hachiroh area of lakes was relatively small (less than 10 ). education type In recent years, the increased load of pollution due to humans, livestock, and agriculture is becoming NPOs and citizens using and providing an issue. Because increased awareness of the local information through a collaboration platform residents should reduce pollution, the government managed by the prefecture. As for a private planned and implemented strategies for wasted company developing products related to cooking oil in Lake Ushiku-numa and personal agricultural products which has grown in Shiga development activities related to water prefecture, there was a case where the local city purification for Lake Hi-numa. The government government introduced raw materials, JA supplemented the cost and handled administrative introduced the production farms, farms provided tasks for these projects. Both responded as having products, and the prefecture took on the one collaboration project. However, there were responsibility of public relations. In the case of several types of subprojects implemented by a Lake Biwa, this example was included in not measure council. The main characteristic of only the lake but also the lake basin conservation collaboration of these lakes is that only a measure policy. Nevertheless other lakes may not treat such council and the department in charge are involved. activities as part of their conservation policy. Another case was where a measure council [5] Next Figure 2 shows the result of cluster and other actors played the major role, such as for analysis. We decided to divide into four types at Lake Sanaru, Lake Inba-numa, Lake the position of the dotted line before the number of Kasumigaura, and Lake Tega-numa. Similar to branches increased. Then Table 6 shows Lakes Lake Ushiku-numa and Lake Hi-ruma, two belonging to each type. projects in , four projects in 3.2 Type A: Council initiative type Lake Inba-numa, and fourteen projects in Lake In the figure of this type, the lines from the measure council are relatively many or thick Tega-numa involved role sharing between a (Fig.3-7). It means that the measure council plays measure council [5] and the department in charge

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 73 Educational/Research sector Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 9 Measure council Measure council 10 5 10 5 11 11 4 4 12 12 3 3 13 13 2 2 14 14 Private 1 Private 1 sector 15 sector 15 Secretariat Secretariat Planning Planning Preparation Preparation and Cleanup Materials and Cleanup Skills Management Skills Management Activity Human resources Activity Information Funding Funding

Figure 4 Lake Kasumigaura Figure 7 Lake Tega-numa Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 the measure council [5] and an NPO [10]. The Measure council 9 5 10 11 4 measure council [5] took responsibility for a water 12 3 13 quality survey, a fish type survey, and planning 2 14 and operation of communication events, while the 1 Private 15 sector Secretariat NPO [10] provided human resources and research Planning Preparation skills. However, the NPO [10] and a measure and Cleanup Skills Management council [5] play nearly identical roles. Furthermore, Human resources Activity in Lake Inba-numa (Fig.6), an environmental experience fair, an observation event, and Figure 5 Lake Sanaru activities to remove invasive species were jointly Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 held by the measure council [5] and event Measure council 9 5 10 11 executive committee [12].Nevertheless, roles were 4 12 3 not clearly divided. In Lake Tega-numa (Fig.7), the 13 2 14 measure council [5] and fishermen’s union [14] 1 Private 15 sector collected blue-green algae (Aoko), while the Secretariat Planning Opportunity measure council [5] and the event committee held Preparation Materials and Cleanup enlightenment events. Many of the collaboration Management Human resources Activity Funding projects involved the measure council and one Announcement other organization. The local government within Figure 6 Lake Inba-numa the watershed area, an event executive committee, [1] only. Note that Lake Kasumigaura (Fig.4) a university, and a fishermen’s union conducted belongs to Ibaraki prefecture, the same prefecture research and seed release. However, the local as Lake Ushiku-numa and Lake Hi-numa. Chiba government within the watershed area controlled prefecture has jurisdiction of the conservation the event, while other organizations provided policy of lakes over Lake Inba-numa and Lake human resources. Hence, the government played Tega-numa. As another example, Lake more roles. Kasumigaura had a collaboration project for 3.3 Type B: Government initiative type composting livestock waste in collaboration In the figure of this type, the lines from the between the measure council [5], which had the government are relatively many or thick (Fig.8-14). appropriate knowledge, and the prefectural It means that the government sector plays a major livestock division. The load survey was conducted role. This type is named as “Government initiative in collaboration between a prefectural research type”. institute [8] and a university [7]. In Lake Sanaru For the cases in Toyano-gata, Lake Nojiri, and (Fig.5), role sharing was observed in a reed cutting Lake Nakaumi, the government played a major event, which was jointly planned and operated by role without any involvement of NPOs and

74 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 Educational/Research sector Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 6 7 8 Measure council 9 Measure council 9 5 10 5 10 11 11 4 4 12 12 3 3 13 13 2 2 14 14 1 Private 1 Private 15 sector 15 sector Planning Planning Preparation Preparation Materials and Cleanup and Cleanup Management Management Human resources Activity Human resources Activity

Figure 8 Lake Toyano-gata Figure 11

Educational/Research sector Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 Measure council Measure council 10 5 10 5 11 11 4 4 12 12 3 3 13 13 2 2 14 14 1 Private 1 Private sector 15 sector 15 Planning Planning Opportunity Preparation Preparation Materials and Cleanup Materials and Cleanup Management Management Human resources Activity

Figure 12 Lake Kamanusa-dam Figure 9 Lake Nojiri

Educational/Research sector prefecture provided a subsidy. The collection of 6 7 8 Measure council 9 5 10 seaweed and composting were done by fishermen 11 4 12 [14], farmers [14], private companies [15], and 3 13 2 citizens [13]. 14 1 Private Next, we examined cases where the government 15 sector played a major role but other actors also played a Planning Preparation significant role. Examples include Lake Suwa, and Cleanup Management Lake Kamafusa-dam, Lake Okunikko Seiryū Seiko, Human resources Activity Funding and Lake Kojima. In Lake Suwa (Fig.11),removal Figure10 Lake Nakaumi of regional office of prefectural government [2] was planned and operated by the prefectural educational/research sector. Each had one regional office. NPOs [10] and others provided collaboration project. Toyano-gata (Fig.8) and Lake human resources (participation) only. Similarly, in Nojiri (Fig.9) had cleaning activities, while Lake the case of the Lake Kamafusa-dam (Fig.12), Nakaumi promoted collection and utilization of NPOs [10] in collaboration with prefectural and seaweed. In Toyano-gata, the local government [3] local governments [1, 3] planned and operated managed everything related to activities, while cleaning activities and leaning events, whereas citizens [13] cleaned and the fishermen’s union citizens [13] and private companies [15] just [14] provided a fishing boat. In Lake Nojiri, the participated in these activities and events. On project was planned and operated by a variety of the other hand, for Lake Okunikko Seiryu Seiko government agencies such as the Ministry of the (Fig.13), projects encompassing cleaning activities, Environment [4], local government [3], private removal of water plants, and a company [15], fishermen’s union [14], and citizens learning-on-the-lake event had detailed role [13]. However, role division was not clearly assignments for the local broadcasting agency [15], assigned. In Lake Nakaumi (Fig.10), the tourism association [15], NPOs [10], and private

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 75 Educational/Research sector Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 Measure council Measure council 5 10 5 10 11 11 4 4 12 12 3 3 13 13 2 2 14 14 Private Private 1 1 15 sector 15 sector Secretariat Planning Planning Preparation Preparation Materials and Cleanup Materials and Cleanup Management Skills Management Human resources Activity Human resources Activity Funding Information Funding Announcement Figure 16 Lake Aburagabuchi Figure 13 Lake Okunikko Seiryu Seiko Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 Educational/Research sector Measure council 9 5 10 6 7 8 9 11 Measure council 4 5 10 12 11 4 3 12 13 3 2 13 14 2 1 Private 14 15 sector 1 Private Secretariat 15 sector Planning Secretariat Preparation Planning Opportunity Materials and Cleanup Preparation Skills Management and Cleanup Human resources Skills Management Information Human resources Activity Figure 17 Figure 14 Lake Kojima type”. Educational/Research sector 6 7 8 Measure council 9 The case of Lake Biwa mentioned above (Fig.1) 5 10 11 4 is also included in this type. Cleaning was 12 3 13 performed in (Fig.15), and 2 14 experience-based events were held and 1 Private 15 sector Secretariat participatory monitoring was performed in Lake Planning Preparation Aburagafuchi (Fig.16). I In both cases, the and Cleanup Management measure council [5] and the department in charge Human resources [1] and local governments [3] were responsible for

Figure 15 Lake Shinji planning, preparation and operation of that event, while the other sectors were mainly providing companies [15]. The last one was for Lake Kojima human resources, that is, participating in the day. (Fig.14). The department in charge [1] managed On the other hand, Lake Inawashiro (Fig.17) had reed recycling, high school students worked on detailed role assignments for the cleaning and reed cutting, and elementary school students cutting activities. The local governments [3] experienced reed crafts. Furthermore, the planned events, waste traders processed the department in charge [1] operated a “lake adoption collected garbage, the measure council [5] provided system,” which included cleaning and materials, and an NPOs [10] managed the beautification activities by the designated cleaning locations. organization. 3.5 Type D: Environmental education type 3.4 Type C: Well-balanced type One of the characteristics of this type is that In the figure of this type, every sector plays educational and research sector and the civil some role and the line thickness is almost the sector play a major role. This type is named as same (Fig.15-17). It means that the role sharing is “Environmental education type”. In Lake Hachiroh balanced. This type is named as “Well balanced (Fig.18), Environmental education planned,

9 76 Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 Educational/Research sector activity groups together (Japan Society on Water 6 7 8 Measure council 9 5 10 Environment, 2009). Most of those measure 11 4 12 councils have continued their activities since then. 3 13 2 It seems that their activity style and their 14 1 Private relationship with the government have been fixed 15 sector Planning for many years. This type would need to change Opportunity Preparation and Cleanup the method of collaboration to a new one as water Skills Management Activity environmental problems are diversifying recently. Funding About “Government initiative type”, cleaning Figure 18 Lake Hachiroh activities and cutting of reeds were implemented as collaboration projects for most lakes because the operated, and prepared by NPOs [10] were participation of many people was required. conducted at elementary schools [6] in the lake However, the even same activities had different basin, and the government [2] provided funding. In role sharing forms such as a project where citizens addition, activities such as university students [7] participated in an event facilitated by the acting as lecturers on environmental learning and government, a project where multiple actors conducting interviews with citizens [13] were planned and hold an event without clear role carried out as part of a university collaboration assignments and a project with clearly assigned project. roles to various actors. It is important that collaborative activities 4. DISCUSSION should have advantages over non-collaborative ones, such as saving resources and time (Yamazaki, We considered the characteristics of each type 2003). It has a kind of effect to get involved in based on detailed information obtained from the various sectors in activities that require a large questionnaire survey. For the “Council initiative number of people. However, the cases of only type”, in most lakes, the cost for the collaboration participation are a relatively elementary step as a projects was paid from the measure council budget. collaboration project. Stakeholders have to give The government served as the secretariat of the each organization’s strengths. measure council and bore the operating cost. The The feature of “Well balanced type” is that measure council was set up by the government to various sectors participate in collaborative promote the conservation plan, and they played a activities and local governments and measure part in measures related to citizen participation. councils play just the minor role. This type can be The required resources differ depending on the regarded as an advanced form of collaboration activities, however the role sharing forms in those because a wide variety of activities are being projects were almost the same. In connection with conducted, and those activities aim at not only this, we confirmed the establishment year of the water environment conservation but also the measure council in each lake. It was 1971 for the whole basin conservation such as conservation of oldest case and 2003 for the relatively new case. In forests and paddy field in the case of Lake Biwa. Japan, water pollution became a serious problem However, it may be difficult to manage or maintain during the high economic growth period. Solving the collaboration since many stakeholders are the problem, the Water Pollution Control Law was involved and sharing of roles becomes complicated. enacted in 1970. In addition to regulating Ibaraki prefecture, which has jurisdiction over industrial effluents, this law also encouraged local Lake Hi-numa, Lake Ushiku-numa, and Lake governments to take necessary measures for Kasumigaura, and Chiba prefecture, which has domestic wastewater, so that many prefectures jurisdiction over Lake Inba-numa and Lake established measure councils by putting civic Teta-numa have plural conservation plans and had

Journal of Environmental Information Science Vol.2020, No.1 77 many collaboration projects by a measure council. other lakes. Additionally, gained knowledge in this On the other hand, in Nagano prefecture, which study is expected to be used as basic information has Lake Suwa and Lake Nojiri, the government to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of implemented almost all collaboration projects. It is collaboration However, we could not analyze the considered that each prefectural government has details of each role, such as how many human its customary style for citizens participation and resources, how much financial support, and what collaborative activities. actors have provided as materials, could not be Finally, among lakes that are designated by considered in the analysis. We also could not grasp Lake Water Quality Conservation, there was no the start reason, the coordination process, and common characteristic in project content and role issues in collaboration activities. In the next step, sharing forms. The compositions of the plans are a detailed investigation and analysis of these will similar but the collaboration method does not be necessary. influence the plan content. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the departments in management of CONCLUSIONS the Lake Conservation Project for their cooperation in the survey. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant This study aimed at clarifying the differences of Number JSPS16K00677. forms of collaboration and factors determining the forms. We investigated all the prefectural REFERENCES governments in Japan if they have conservation Japan Society on Water Environment (2009) Water plans for lakes and collaborative activities carried environment administration, Tokyo, Japan. out within the plans, and what is the role of each Kamimura, M. and Yamazaki, J. (2017) The Study of the stakeholder in the activities. As a result, 110 Process of Community Improvement based on Coral Reef collaborative activities were implemented at 18 Conservation in Shiraho, Ishigaki Island Case Study about lakes in 2016. According to the type of role sharing, Partnership between WWF Coral Reef Research and and visualized roles of respective stakeholders, the Conservation Cen, Japan. Journal of Rural Plann ing activities could be categorized into the following Association, No.36, 383～389. four types: “Council initiative type”, “Government Kim, J., Mitsuhashi, N. and Fujimoto, N. (2003) A study on the initiative type”, “Well-balanced type”, and preservation and practical use of river environment by “Environmental education type”. It was also NPOs-NPO’s activity, and cooperative activity:NPO’s activity, revealed that all “Council initiative type” activities and cooperative activity. Information Tech nology, Japan. have similar forms of collaboration as the measure Learning and Performance Journal, No.21(1), 1～9. councils were established by respective local Kozuki, Y., Murakami, H., Yamanaka, H., Tada, K. and Wada, T. governments and have had fixed relationships (1999) Environment Preservation with Cooperation of Basin with the governments for many years; and Residents, Japan. Environmental Systems Research, No.27, “Government initiative type” activities have 69～80. various forms of role sharing even in similar Nakamura, M. (2007) How can we stop degradation of the projects. world’s lake environments?, p.1 ～ p.22,International Lake In recent years, public policy needs citizens Environment Committee, Shiga, Japan． participation. In the case of domestic lakes, it was National Council for Lake Environmental Conservation (2008) concluded that there were some forms of Report on Japanese lakes environment, vol. 20, 1～195. collaboration by various actors such as fishermen’s Satoh, M. and Shimaoka, M. (2016) Coordination Functions of union and citizens for lake conservation. For Intermediary Organizations in Collaborative Governance for future consideration of conservation projects of the Promotion of Environmental Conservation Activities in lakes in collaboration with diverse actors, our Kawasaki City, Based on the Functional Analysis of Key study can serve as a reference showing cases of Intermediary Organizations in Kawasaki City, Japan.

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