DOCSLIB.ORG

Vuill. and Steinernema Feltiae (Filipjev) on the Pronymphs and Eonymphs of Cephalcia Tannourinensis (Chevin) Under Laboratory Conditions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vuill. and Steinernema Feltiae (Filipjev) on the Pronymphs and Eonymphs of Cephalcia Tannourinensis (Chevin) Under Laboratory Conditions Academia Journal of Agricultural Research 7(3): 054-060, March 2019 DOI: 10.15413/ajar.2019.0103 ISSN: 2315-7739 ©2019 Academia Publishing Research Paper Efficacy of local strains of entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) on the pronymphs and eonymphs of Cephalcia tannourinensis (Chevin) under laboratory conditions Accepted 15th January, 2019 ABSTRACT The Lebanese web spinning cedar sawfly, Cephalcia tannourinensis (Chevin), is the main cedars defoliator in Lebanon. The study is to determine the effectiveness, competition and the host finding ability of two indigenous entomopathogens; a fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) and a nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) under laboratory conditions. The study included also the use of a commercial entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar). The study targeted the two diapauses stages of the cedar sawfly, the pronymphs, and the eonymphs. One dose of the entomopathogenic nematodes and two doses of the entomopathogenic fungi were applied as well as, mixtures of the two. Local strain of B. bassiana caused mortalities of 60 and 53% on the pronymphes when applied at 50 and 500 spores/larvae, respectively. A synergistic effect was proven when the treatment consisted of two mixtures of the entomopathogens, B. bassina and S. feltiae / H. bacteriophora, and caused mortalities of 100% on the pronymphs and 86.6 to 100% on the eonymphs. The host finding ability was higher for the C. Al Khoury1, M. Rehayem2, C. Abou Jaoudé1, entomopathogenic nematode than for the entomopathogenic fungus. The use of a E. Noujeim2 and N. Nemer1* combination of entomopathogens proved to be more effective when only one is 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty used. The local strain of B. bassiana when used at the dose of 500 spores/larvae of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Holy Spirit was effective. University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon. Key words: Cephalcia tannourinensis, biological control, Beauveria bassiana, 2National Council for Scientific Research - CNRS, P.O.Box 11-8281, Ryad El Solh 1107 Steinernema feltiae. 2260, 59, Zahia Selman street, Beirut, Lebanon. Abbreviations: LIB132: Steinernema feltiae; Hb.Com: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; USEK: Holy Spirit University of Kaslik; CNRS: National Council for *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 961 9 600893; Scientific Research; PDA: Potato Dextrose Agar; SPSS: Statistical Package for the Fax: 961 9 600871. Social Sciences; ANOVA: Analysis of variance. INTRODUCTION The cedar sawfly, Cephalcia tannourinensis has been pronymphs are the larvae that are ready to become nymph causing severe damages to the cedars of Lebanon since and emerge as adults the following year. The eonymphs are 1992 (Nemer et al., 2005). One of the particularities of this the larvae that are still in diapause and may emerge in the insect species is that it evolved physiologically and timing coming two to seven years; this feature is present in several mechanisms such as diapauses in order to emerge at an Cephalcia species whereby eonymphs can persist in the soil appropriate time to utilize resources even if they have to up to 5 years (Nemer et al., 2014; Gruppe, 1996). face adverse environmental conditions (Danks, 1987). C. Following its outbreak in 1998, this pest was treated with tannourinensis has two diapausing larval stages, the an insect growth regulator, diflubenzuron, which is no Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Khoury et al. 055 longer homologated in forest management (Nemer et al., hemocytometer method. Spores were harvested from Petri 2005). The search for alternatives to chemical pesticides dishes cultures of the fungus grown on potato dextrose agar has been under investigation since 2007 (Nemer et al., by flooding the culture with sterile water and dislodging 2007; Abdo et al., 2008; Noujeim et al., 2010). spores from the hyphen with the aid of a sterile loop. The In Lebanon, the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria spore solution was then filtered through four consecutive bassiana, was found in the forest Tannourine Hadath El sterile layers of cheesecloth to remove any hyphen Jebbeh (North Lebanon) growing on C. tannourinensis fragments present. The number of spores can be counted diapausing larvae in the soil. The results of a study using a hemocytometer. conducted by Abdo et al. (2008) showed that B. bassiana is Two nematode strains were tested, the indigenous strain a natural entomopathogenic fungus parasitizing the larvae Steinernema feltiae (LIB132) and a commercial strain of C. tannourinensis and has been demonstrated to cause Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb.Com). high mortalities of eggs and larvae of the sawfly under laboratory conditions. However, this fungus has not been applied to the soil diapausing stages of the cedar sawfly. Experimental method The entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis was also found in Tannourine Hadath El Jebbeh cedar forest Experimental tests were carried out in November, 2017 in (Noujeim et al., 2010) and was used against the diapausing the Laboratory of Entomology at the Faculty of Agricultural stages of C. tannourinensis in vitro (Noujeim, 2010; and Food Sciences – USEK. The soil was sampled from the Rehayem et al., 2018). Species of entomopathogenic Tannourine Cedar Nature Reserve and then transferred nematodes Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema kraussei into jars and sterilized in an autoclave at 120°C for 20 min (Steiner) were also proposed as biological agents to fight to kill all possible micro-organisms that may interfere with against Cephalcia arvensis (Panzer) (Battisti and Masutti, the effect of the tested entomopathogens. The soil was 1994; Führer and Fischer, 1991). poured in sterilized 100 ml plastic contained and closed Two hypotheses were made: the first was to check with a lid. The eonymphs and pronymphs were then whether the annual diapauses stage (pronymphs) of C. transferred to the sterilized soil. tannourinensis behaves differently from the multi-year The treatments consisted of two concentrations of the diapausing stages (eonymphs). The second assumption is local strain of the entomopathogen B. bassiana (50 that entomopathogenic fungus and nematodes have spores/larvae and 500 spores/larvae); one concentration different search behavior from each other implying a of the commercial entomopathogenic nematode H. synergy between the two agents that will increase their bacteriophora (HB.com) supplied by Koppert; one efficiency. concentration of the local strain of the entomopathogenic Therefore, the first objective of this study was to nematode S. feltiae (LIB132) and three mixtures of both determine the effectiveness of these two entomopathogenic entomopathogens; in addition to a positive control fungi and nematode on the two stages of diapauses of the consisting of Tween 80 and one control without any cedar sawfly under laboratory conditions. The second addition. Table 1 represents all the dosages and treatments objective was to determine the search behavior for both administered to the two diapausing stages of the C. entomopathogenic fungus and nematode. tannourinensis. The larvae were separated into pronymphs and eonymphs put separately in a sterile beaker prior to the MATERIALS AND METHODS application of different treatments (Table 1). Five larvae of each stage (pronymphs and eonymphs) were placed Animal material separately within one container and each treatment replicated thrice. The eonymphs and pronymphs of the cedar sawfly C. A surfactant Tween 80 was added to the spores’ solution tannourinensis were sampled from the cedar forest of of B. bassiana to increase its adhesion effect. Using an Tannourine in October, 2017. The sampled larvae were Eppendorf micropipette, the different treatments at the transferred to the laboratory of Entomology at the Holy indicated doses were applied topically on the pronymphs Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK). Thereafter, they were and eonymphs larvae of C. tannourinensis. The total number separated into eonymphs and pronymphs based on the of pronymphs and eonymphs larvae for each treatment was compound eyes feature (Nemer et al., 2014). 15, while the total number of pronymphs and eonymphs The entomophagous fungus, B. bassiana was isolated larvae used in this study was 300. from dead larvae of C. tannourinensis which was cultured Three days after the application of the different on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Conidia suspension treatments, the larvae of the following treatments (B. of B. bassiana was prepared in sterile water and filtered to bassiana 50 and 500 spores/larvae, Tween, and control) remove any mycelia fragments. The concentration of spores were removed from containers and transferred to PDA in the suspension was determined by Neubauer culture media on petri dishes. Larvae that are already dead Academia Journal of Agricultural Research; Khoury et al. 056 Table 1: Treatments and doses of entomopathogens. Treatments Doses Beauveria bassiana (local strain) 50 spores/larvae + 1% Tween Beauveria bassiana (local strain) 500 spores/larvae + 1% Tween Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HB.Com) 250 juvenile nematodes/larvae Steinernema feltiae (LIB132) 250 juvenile nematodes/larvae HB.Com + Beauveria bassiana 50 spores/larvae + 1% Tween + 250 juvenile nematodes/larvae HB.Com + Beauveria bassiana 500 spores/larvae + 1% Tween + 250 juvenile nematodes/larvae LIB132 + Beauveria bassiana 50 spores/larvae + 1% Tween + 250 juvenile nematodes/larvae LIB132 + Beauveria
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cephalcia Lariciphila
    Prepared by CABI and EPPO for the EU under Contract 90/399003 Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Cephalcia lariciphila IDENTITY Name: Cephalcia lariciphila Wachtl Synonyms: Cephalcia alpina Klug Cephalcia annulata Hartig Lyda alpina Klug Taxonomic position: Insecta: Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae Common names: European web-spinning larch sawfly (English) Lärchen-Gespinstblattwespe (German) Bayer computer code: CEPCAL EU Annex designation: II/B HOSTS This insect attacks Larix spp., e.g. L. decidua and L. leptolepis. Interspecific hybrids are also attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION EPPO region: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Russia (European, Siberia), Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK. EU: Present. BIOLOGY Adults fly in May-June, males often being more common. Eggs are deposited singly on short-shoot needles. Larvae spin a web-tube at the bases of the short shoots and remain in the web while consuming the needles. Most feeding takes place in July. The old larvae drop to the ground where they remain free as eonymphs without a cocoon 5-20 cm below the surface. In September they develop into pronymphs which overwinter. Pupation occurs in spring. Larvae may however remain in the soil as eonymphs for as many as four winters before they pupate (Röhrig, 1953; Pschorn-Walcher, 1982). A development cycle of 1-2 years is normal but, in some places, e.g. the Netherlands, up to 44% of the population was reported to have at least a 3-year generation cycle (Luitjes & Minderman, 1959). During outbreaks, population densities of 57-372 nymphs/m2 of soil were found. DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION Symptoms C. lariciphila cuts the needle at the bases and pulls it into the web where it is eaten.
    [Show full text]
  • 25Th U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum On
    US Department of Agriculture Forest FHTET- 2014-01 Service December 2014 On the cover Vincent D’Amico for providing the cover artwork, “…and uphill both ways” CAUTION: PESTICIDES Pesticide Precautionary Statement This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife--if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Product Disclaimer Reference herein to any specific commercial products, processes, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the United States government. The views and opinions of wuthors expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the United States government, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings: Ecology, Survey and Management of Forest Insects GTR-NE-311 145 Variations of C
    Location, Evolution and Importance of Cephalcia spp. (Hym: Pamphiliidae) Populations in Polish Carpathian Mountains Marcin Jachym Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Management in Mountain Regions Ul. Fredry 39, 30-605 Cracow, Poland The web-spinning sawflies (Cephalcia Panz.) are members of the Symphyta that are of economic significance, and which constitutes an integral part of the spruce forest environment. Spruce, which is the dominant component of Western Carpathian forest stands, is the only known host plant for all the species of Cephalcia. Species in this genus occasionally appear in high densities at which time they become a major threat to coniferous forest stands especially in the mountains. Gradations develop very slowly but may persist for several years. Defoliation by these insects causes a reduction in radial increment and weakens trees so that they are susceptible to attack by secondary organisms and by drought. This may result in extensive tree mortality over large areas. Monolithic spruce forest stands of artificial origin are attacked, as are stands of natural origin in middle and older age classes that are located at altitudes of 800-1200m. C. alpina (Klug) (= fallenii Dalm) was found for the first time in the Gorce Mountains of Poland; this also represented the first mass appearance of this species in Europe. C. alpina occurred in Gorce spruce forest stands at altitudes of from ca. 900 to 1200 m. The insect finds optimum conditions for its development and survival in monolithic spruce forest stands in the upper mountain regions associated with the plant community characterized by Piceetum excelsae carpaticum. During the only gradation recorded so far, traces of feeding damage were noticed before the 1979 growing season on the mountain sides of Kudloń, Mostownica and Jaworzyna Kamienicka.
    [Show full text]
  • ADAPTATION of FORESTS and PEOPLE to CLIMATE Change – a Global Assessment Report
    International Union of Forest Research Organizations Union Internationale des Instituts de Recherches Forestières Internationaler Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten Unión Internacional de Organizaciones de Investigación Forestal IUFRO World Series Vol. 22 ADAPTATION OF FORESTS AND PEOPLE TO CLIMATE CHANGE – A Global Assessment Report Prepared by the Global Forest Expert Panel on Adaptation of Forests to Climate Change Editors: Risto Seppälä, Panel Chair Alexander Buck, GFEP Coordinator Pia Katila, Content Editor This publication has received funding from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, the United Kingdom´s Department for International Development, the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, and the United States Forest Service. The views expressed within this publication do not necessarily reflect official policy of the governments represented by these institutions. Publisher: International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Recommended catalogue entry: Risto Seppälä, Alexander Buck and Pia Katila. (eds.). 2009. Adaptation of Forests and People to Climate Change. A Global Assessment Report. IUFRO World Series Volume 22. Helsinki. 224 p. ISBN 978-3-901347-80-1 ISSN 1016-3263 Published by: International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Available from: IUFRO Headquarters Secretariat c/o Mariabrunn (BFW) Hauptstrasse 7 1140 Vienna Austria Tel: + 43-1-8770151 Fax: + 43-1-8770151-50 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.iufro.org/ Cover photographs: Matti Nummelin, John Parrotta and Erkki Oksanen Printed in Finland by Esa-Print Oy, Tampere, 2009 Preface his book is the first product of the Collabora- written so that they can be read independently from Ttive Partnership on Forests’ Global Forest Expert each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Beiträge Zur Bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13: 67–207
    Beiträge zur bayerischen Entomofaunistik 13:67–207, Bamberg (2014), ISSN 1430-015X Grundlegende Untersuchungen zur vielfältigen Insektenfauna im Tiergarten Nürnberg unter besonderer Betonung der Hymenoptera Auswertung von Malaisefallenfängen in den Jahren 1989 und 1990 von Klaus von der Dunk & Manfred Kraus Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 68 2. Untersuchungsgebiet 68 3. Methodik 69 3.1. Planung 69 3.2. Malaisefallen (MF) im Tiergarten 1989, mit Gelbschalen (GS) und Handfänge 69 3.3. Beschreibung der Fallenstandorte 70 3.4. Malaisefallen, Gelbschalen und Handfänge 1990 71 4. Darstellung der Untersuchungsergebnisse 71 4.1. Die Tabellen 71 4.2. Umfang der Untersuchungen 73 4.3. Grenzen der Interpretation von Fallenfängen 73 5. Untersuchungsergebnisse 74 5.1. Hymenoptera 74 5.1.1. Hymenoptera – Symphyta (Blattwespen) 74 5.1.1.1. Tabelle Symphyta 74 5.1.1.2. Tabellen Leerungstermine der Malaisefallen und Gelbschalen und Blattwespenanzahl 78 5.1.1.3. Symphyta 79 5.1.2. Hymenoptera – Terebrantia 87 5.1.2.1. Tabelle Terebrantia 87 5.1.2.2. Tabelle Ichneumonidae (det. R. Bauer) mit Ergänzungen 91 5.1.2.3. Terebrantia: Evanoidea bis Chalcididae – Ichneumonidae – Braconidae 100 5.1.2.4. Bauer, R.: Ichneumoniden aus den Fängen in Malaisefallen von Dr. M. Kraus im Tiergarten Nürnberg in den Jahren 1989 und 1990 111 5.1.3. Hymenoptera – Apocrita – Aculeata 117 5.1.3.1. Tabellen: Apidae, Formicidae, Chrysididae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Tiphiidae 117 5.1.3.2. Apidae, Formicidae, Chrysididae, Pompilidae, Vespidae, Sphecidae, Mutillidae, Sapygidae, Tiphiidae 122 5.1.4. Coleoptera 131 5.1.4.1. Tabelle Coleoptera 131 5.1.4.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Cephalcia Kunyushanica Xiao) in Japanese Red Pine (Pinus Densiflora) Pure Forests in the Kunyushan Mountains, China
    Article Stand Characteristics and Soil Properties Affecting the Occurrence of Kunyushan Web-Spinning Sawfly (Cephalcia kunyushanica Xiao) in Japanese Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) Pure Forests in the Kunyushan Mountains, China Ruirui Hu 1, Jun Liang 1,2,*, Xian Xie 1, Yingjun Zhang 2 and Xingyao Zhang 1,2 1 Institute of Forest Ecological Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100091, China; [email protected] (R.H.); [email protected] (X.X.); [email protected] (X.Z.) 2 Kunyushan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Yantai, Shandong 264100, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 October 2018; Accepted: 3 December 2018; Published: 5 December 2018 Abstract: The Kunyushan web-spinning sawfly (Cephalcia kunyushanica) is a major pest in the Japanese red pine (JRP, Pinus densiflora) pure forests in the Kunyushan Mountains of China. In this study, four stand types (ST1–4) were identified in plots of JRP pure forests, based on the pest severity index (PSI; ranging from 0–100). The order of infestation ratio in the four type stands was as follows: ST4 > ST3 > ST2 > ST1. We investigated the correlation of C. kunyushanica occurrence with stand characteristics and soil physicochemical properties in the four stand types. The results showed that all stand characteristics were different among the four stand types. Compared with infested plots, healthy (ST1) plots had a higher soil bulk density, and the differences among the groups were significant. Differences in soil water content, non-capillary porosity, and total porosity were significant among the four ST groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Highlights from Natura 2000 Forests NGO Recommendations on Management Four Highlights from Natura 2000 Forests: NGO Recommendations on Management
    Four Highlights from Natura 2000 Forests NGO recommendations on management Four Highlights from Natura 2000 Forests: NGO recommendations on management Authors and contributors: Wilderness and non-intervention management | Stefan Avramov, Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundation, and Pawel Pawlaczyk, Naturalists Club Poland Management for deadwood retention | Pawel Pawlaczyk and Monika Kotulak, Naturalists Club Poland Light forests | Matthias Dolek, Butterfly Conservation Europe, and Zoltán Ilonczai, Bükki National Park Directorate Ecological coherence | Tamás Papp and Csaba Domokos, Milvus Group, and Andriy-Taras Bashta, Animal Research and Protection Association “Fauna” Four Highlights from Natura 2000 Forests Editor | Ildikó Arany NGO recommendations on management Proofreading | Judit Herman Layout | Kristina Vilimaite Editor responsible | Ágnes Zólyomi Photo on the cover page | Piotr Lewandowski Copyright © CEEweb for Biodiversity, 2013. CEEweb for Biodiversity is an international network ofnon-governmental organizations in Central and Eastern Europe. The mission of the network is the conservation of biodiversity through the promotion of sustainable development. CEEweb for Biodiversity This publication is supported Széher út 40. by the European Commission. H-1021 Budapest, Hungary The donor is not responsible Tel.: (+36 1) 398-0135 for the expressed views Fax: (+36 1) 398-0136 and the use ofthe information www.ceeweb.org made available. 2013 Table of contents Introduction ......................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Allochthonous Blue Spruce in Central Europe Serves As a Host for Many
    JHR 51: 159–169Allochthonous (2016) blue spruce in Central Europe serves as a host for many native species... 159 doi: 10.3897/jhr.51.9219 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://jhr.pensoft.net Allochthonous blue spruce in Central Europe serves as a host for many native species of sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Emanuel Kula1, Jaroslav Holuša2, Ladislav Roller3, Miroslav Úradník4 1 Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic 2 Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic 3 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia 4 Andreja Hlinku 2586/20, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia Corresponding author: Jaroslav Holuša ([email protected]) Academic editor: M. Prous | Received 14 May 2016 | Accepted 27 June 2016 | Published 29 August 2016 http://zoobank.org/9CCF2F81-753E-4A20-A79D-D698E8526356 Citation: Kula E, Holuša J, Roller L, Úradník M (2016) Allochthonous blue spruce in Central Europe serves as a host for many native species of sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51: 159–169. doi: 10.3897/jhr.51.9219 Abstract In air-polluted mountain areas of the Czech Republic, including the Ore Mountains, pure forest stands of introduced blue spruce (Picea pungens) were established in the 1980’s. We studied the Symphyta (Hyme- noptera) fauna in the canopies of these trees at four sites and in the canopies of adjacent Picea abies trees at one of these sites by beating tree branches. For the first time, Nearctic blue spruce is reported as a host for 17 European species of Symphyta (sawflies).
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control September 12-16, 2005 Mark S. Hoddle, Compiler University of California, Riverside U.S.A. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2005-08 Department of Service September 2005 Agriculture Volume I Papers were submitted in an electronic format, and were edited to achieve a uniform format and typeface. Each contributor is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of the contributors from outside of the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Any references to pesticides appearing in these papers does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife if they are not handled and applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status.
    [Show full text]
  • Preimaginal Development of Cephalcia Lariciphila During an Outbreak in the Czech Republic
    Bulletin of Insectology 64 (1): 55-61, 2011 ISSN 1721-8861 Preimaginal development of Cephalcia lariciphila during an outbreak in the Czech Republic Jaroslav HOLUŠA Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Frýdek-Místek, Czech Republic Abstract An outbreak of Cephalcia lariciphila (Wachtl) (Hymenoptera Pamphiliidae) occurred in a mature spruce-larch forests near the village of Větrný Jeníkov (15°30'E, 49°28'N) between 2001 and 2004, when there were from 122.2 ± 118.8 (mean ± SD) to 276.6 ± 141.8 prepupae per m2 of soil. The prepupae density declined to 23.0 ± 21.2/m2 by the spring of 2006 and continued to decline to undetectable levels in 2007-2009. From 2002-2006, the percentage of larvae that were still eonymphs in the autumn and spring ranged from 18 to 50%, and the percentage of prepupae parasitized by the wasps Notopygus bicarinatus Teunissen and Ctenopelma lucifer (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae) ranged from 4.5 to 10.5%. The number of eggs detected was similar in upper, middle, and lower parts of the tree crown. The average number of eggs per twig (length ca. 30 cm) was always < 1. In the forest, the first larvae were observed on 15 May and the last on 10 June. In the laboratory at 20 °C, females laid 32.3 ± 7.6 eggs, most eggs hatched 8 days after oviposition, and no egg parasitoid was detected. Examination of larvae that developed in the laboratory and those found in the forest indicated the existence of four instars for males and five instars for females. Larvae live individually and spin and live in their own webs.
    [Show full text]
  • Cephalcia Masuttii Sp. N. (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae), a New Web-Spinning Sawfly Living on Spruce
    Eur. J. Entomol. 95: 251-262, 1998 ISSN 1210-5759 Cephalcia masuttii sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae), a new web-spinning sawfly living on spruce Andrea BATTISTI and Alberta BOATO Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Universita di Padova, Agripolis, 1-35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] Pamphiliidae,Cephalcia, new species, karyotype, allozyme analysis,Picea, Europe, China Abstract. Cephalcia masuttii sp. n. is described from the SE Alps of Europe, based on morphological, biological, and genetic studies. The larvae feed gregariously on Picea abies. The species has been re­ corded also from Central Siberia and NE China, where the larvae feed on Picea obovata and Picea ko- raiensis, respectively. Indications exist that it may be more widely distributed in Europe and northern Asia. The strict gregariousness of larvae of this species is peculiar among spruce feeders of Cephalcia. Morphologically the adults are most similar to Cephalcia alashanica, with which they are compared. An allozyme analysis showed that the populations from Europe and China are quite similar and clearly differ­ ent from the other species living on spruce. The karyotype of C. masuttii (n = 25) is also described. INTRODUCTION During a field survey in 1988 of the web-spinning sawflies of the genus Cephalcia Pan­ zer living on Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) in the SE Alps of Europe, some unusu­ ally large silk nests filled with frass were found. They did not seem referable to any of the European species (Benes, 1976; Benes & Kristek, 1979; Viitasaari, 1982; van Achterberg & van Aartsen, 1986), including C. alashanica (Gussakovskij), whose nest had been ob­ tained by Zanocco & Battisti (1995) after rearing adult females.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Imidacloprid and the Arthropod Fauna Associated with Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carr
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2016 Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Imidacloprid and the Arthropod Fauna Associated with Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr Richard M. Turcotte Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Turcotte, Richard M., "Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Imidacloprid and the Arthropod Fauna Associated with Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr" (2016). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 6836. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6836 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Imidacloprid and the Arthropod Fauna Associated with Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. by Richard M. Turcotte Dissertation submitted to the Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant and Soil Science - Entomology Approved by Yong-Lak Park, Ph.D., Co-Chair Linda Butler, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]