Hydrobiologia (2014) 721:99–106 DOI 10.1007/s10750-013-1652-0 PRIMARY RESEARCH PAPER Trophic niche partitioning in communities of African annual fish: evidence from stable isotopes Matej Polacˇik • Chris Harrod • Radim Blazˇek • Martin Reichard Received: 6 March 2013 / Revised: 25 July 2013 / Accepted: 3 August 2013 / Published online: 17 August 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract Annual killifish of the genus Nothobranch- separated the trophic niche and trophic position of N. ius often co-occur in temporary savannah pools. Their pienaari but failed to find any difference between N. space- and time-limited environment does not allow furzeri/N. kadleci and N. orthonotus. No segregation for any substantial habitat or temporal segregation. was found at the sites with low prey diversity. In Coexisting species are therefore predicted to have well contrast, SCA identified N. orthonotus as the species separated trophic niches to avoid intense food compe- with the most distinct trophic niche. We discuss the tition. Although in a previous ‘‘snapshot’’ study using effect of prey diversity and different sensitivities of stomach content analysis (SCA), the trophic niches of stomach content and stable isotope analysis in general three sympatric species (N. furzeri, N. orthonotus, and and conclude that the trophic niches of the three N. pienaari) were found to vary among species, the sympatric Nothobranchius species are well separated. difference was relatively weak and inconsistent across different sites. Here, we used the time-integrative Keywords Nothobranchius Á Coexistence Á capacity of stable isotope analysis to test whether the Niche separation Á Sympatric Á Extreme trophic niches of sympatric Mozambican Notho- environment Á Africa branchius are more distinct over a long-term period. Analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes Introduction Handling editor: I.A. Nagelkerken Annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius are a fascinating group of fish inhabiting spatially limited, & M. Polacˇik ( ) Á R. Blazˇek Á M. Reichard temporary savannah pools of east Africa. Although the Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kveˇtna´ 8, 603 65 Brno, genus is species rich, with ca. 70 species currently Czech Republic recognised, species typically show only minor mor- e-mail: [email protected] phological differences and their taxonomy is mostly based on extremely diverse male colouration (Wil- C. Harrod School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University, dekamp, 2004). Nothobranchius have a life cycle that Belfast, UK is unusual in many ways: they survive the dry season as dormant eggs buried in the dry substratum, but the C. Harrod eggs simultaneously hatch following the onset of the Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanolo´gicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, annual rains. The larvae grow rapidly, mature and Chile produce eggs that will populate the pool in the 123 100 Hydrobiologia (2014) 721:99–106 following rainy season (Wildekamp, 2004, Polacˇik between the sympatric N. furzeri and N. pienaari et al., 2011). (Polacˇik & Reichard, 2010), we applied analysis of Several killifish species often coexist in a single pool. stable isotope ratios (SIA) of carbon (d13C) and The coexistence of South American annual killifish is nitrogen (d15N) to test whether the potentially differ- often characterised by mutual predator–prey relation- ent trophic niches of three sympatric Nothobranchius ships (Laufer et al., 2009). In contrast, sympatric species are reflected in their isotopic compositions. African Nothobranchius are characterised by only Consumer stable isotope values are closely associated marginal differences in size and shape (Wildekamp, with that of their long-term, time integrated diet, 2004) and they do not use different microhabitats within providing a longer-term indication of assimilated diet the pool (Reichard et al., 2009). The competitive compared to SCA. We hypothesised that over a long- exclusion principle (Gause, 1934) predicts that such term period there will be clear statistical separation in circumstances should lead to particularly well separated the trophic niches of the sympatric species, here trophic niches of the sympatric species. defined as the centroid of d15N–d13C isotope space. In a previous study (Polacˇik & Reichard, 2010) using stomach content analysis (SCA), extensive qualitative trophic niche overlap among three Mo- Materials and methods zambican Nothobranchius species (Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb, 1971; Nothobranchius orthonotus Peters, Samples for SIA were collected in Gaza and Inhambane 1844; Nothobranchius pienaari Shidlovskiy, Watters provinces, southern Mozambique (Fig. 1). Three sites & Wildekamp, 2010 under the name N. rachovii) was with sympatric occurrence of three Nothobranchius demonstrated. Quantitative analysis using relative species were sampled (Table 1) to obtain samples for proportions of ingested prey through SCA allowed SIA in February and March 2011. Site 1 (22°33.280S for consistent statistical support of interspecific tro- 32°43.640E) and site 3 (21°52.410S32°48.040E) were phic niche separation across sites in one species situated in the Chefu River basin and site 2 (21°14.710S (Nothobranchius orthonotus Peters, 1844). The tro- 34°42.650E) was located in the Save River basin. Two phic niches of the two remaining species showed clear species, N. orthonotus and N. pienaari occurred at all separation, only when the diversity of available prey three sites (Table 2). The third species N. furzeri was was high. replaced by its geographical vicariant Nothobranchius An important drawback of such ‘‘snapshot’’ studies kadleci Reichard, 2010 at site 2. Nothobranchius kadleci is that they only reveal short-term patterns in prey was recently described as a new species (based on consumption (Bearhop et al., 2004). The temporary colouration and allopatric occurrence), but has a similar pools inhabited by Nothobranchius are by definition size, morphology and ecology to N. furzeri (Reichard, naturally highly dynamic ecosystems, going through a 2010; Polacˇik et al., 2011). Due to their general series of ecological stages from their initial filling with similarity, these two sister species (Reichard, 2010; water, through to their eventual desiccation. Each Dorn et al., 2011) were regarded here as a single stage is normally characterised by stage-specific ecological unit and pooled in analyses (see below). invertebrate fauna (Allan et al., 1995; Meintjes, Fish were collected using a triangular dip-net and 1996), giving rise to seasonal variation in prey seine net. As all sampled sites were shallow and small abundance/occurrence. The level of trophic niche (Table 1), kick sampling by a rectangular hand net segregation between sympatric species may fluctuate (Frost, 1971) likely provided a representative sample considerably over time, reflecting seasonal abundance of prey diversity in the pools. Within each pool, all of particular prey. For example, Wilson et al. (2010) available habitat types (e.g., open water, aquatic showed that although two sympatric snake species vegetation, shallows and relatively deeper parts) were appeared on average to have very similar isotopic sampled for 3 min each. Details on sampling sites for compositions, their trophic niches were actually habitats and fish are shown in Tables 1 and 2, distinct, due to seasonal differences in prey availabil- respectively. After sampling, both the collected fish ity, as revealed by sampling in the respective seasons. and the entire contents of the invertebrate hand net To follow up on our earlier snapshot study, which were fixed in 70% ethanol (freezing was not possible found only minor trophic niche segregation especially due to logistic reasons). 123 Hydrobiologia (2014) 721:99–106 101 Fig. 1 Map of southern Mozambique showing the river network and important settlements. Sample sites (1–3) are indicated by triangles. Note that many rivers are temporary and may not form flowing ZIMBABWE 2 sections every rainy season. 3 International borders are indicated (dotted lines). Named rivers are shown in italics Machaila MOZAMBIQUE Mapai 1 SOUTH AFRICA Chokwe Xai-Xai Maputo Table 1 Characteristics of the study sites and Nothobranchius community Site Habitat area (m2) Max. depth (cm) Aquatic vegetation Nothobranchius density Species ratio N (dip. fish-1) 1 600 30 None 0.2 70:23:8 88 2 480 40 Dense 0.5 17:53:30 129 3 400 60 Dense 0.9 68:16:16 68 Nothobranchius density was estimated as number of fish per dip of the survey net. Species ratio is expressed as the percentage of fish of each species encountered (N. furzeri–N. kadleci: N. orthonotus: N. pienaari), with sample size (all fish collected at site during quantitative sampling) shown (N) In the laboratory, a piece of dorsal muscle tissue Sub-samples (0.4–1 mg) were weighed into tin cap- was dissected from each fish. Muscle samples were sules for SIA. Sampled invertebrates were separated dried at 60°C for 48 h and ground into a fine powder. from the substratum and organic debris, sorted into 123 102 Hydrobiologia (2014) 721:99–106 Table 2 Summary of samples dissected for SIA analysis 2001; Anderson et al., 2004) to test for differences in 13 15 Site N Sex ratio Mean TL (SD) d C–d N centroids (i.e., lack of trophic overlap). PERMANOVA is non-parametric, permutation-based N. furzeri 1 10 5:5 36.4 (4.4) analogue of Analysis of Variance between multiple 3 10 5:5 34.9 (4.4) groups based on a distance measure, in this case N. kadleci 2 10 5:5 34.8 (3.3) Euclidean distances. We used gastropod d15N (assumed N. orthonotus 1 10 3:7 49.2 (5.1) trophic position = 2) values to provide isotopic base- 2 10 5:5 38.7 (3.5) lines for estimates of fish trophic position following 3 10 5:5 38.9 (3.3) Cabana & Rasmussen (1996), but with a trophic N. pienaari 1 7 2:5 29.0 (2.0) enrichment factor (D15N) of 2.9%, reflecting the mean 2 10 5:5 30.9 (2.8) value for fishes estimated by McCutchan et al.