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16191712.Pdf PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/107264 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2017-12-06 and may be subject to change. ä* F. J. M. DE WAELE THE MAGIC STAFF OR ROD IN GRAECO-ITALIAN ANTIQUITY THE MAGIC STAFF OR ROD IN GRAECO - ITALIAN ANTIQUITY Wünschelruten sind hier, sie zeigen am Stamm nicht die Schätze, Nur in der fühlenden Hand regt sich das magische Reis* (GOETHE). THE MAGIC STAFF OR ROD IN GRAECO-ITALIAN ANTIQUITY PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DEN GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LETTEREN EN WIJSBEGEERTE AAN DE NIJMEEGSCHE KEIZER KAREL UNI­ VERSITEIT OP GEZAG VAN DEN RECTOR MAGNIFICUS DR. W. MULDER, HOOGLEERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER GODGELEERDHEID, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN DEN SENAAT DER UNIVERSITEIT IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP MAANDAG 7 FEBRUARI I937 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4 UUR DOOR FERDINAND JOZEF MARIA DE WAELE, GEBOREN TE SlNAAI (VLAANDEREN). ERASMUS GENT MCMXXVII CARISSIMIS PARENTIBUS ET FRATRI, STUDIORUM CLASSICORUM SOCIO. ij het afsluiten van mijne akademische studie denk ik dankbaar B terug aan allen die mij in deze vele jaren hun voorlichting, hun steun, hun vriendschap hebben geschonken als <ptta άωρα, τά μοι fool Ονρανίωνες όλβια ποιήσειαν. Diep erkentelijk vermeld ik allereerst de gastvrijheid, die mij, stamgenoot uit een vreemden staat, hier te lande werd verleend en vooral beschouw ik het als een onschatbaar voorrecht dat ik in Noord- Nederland mijne akademische studie mocht voltooien. Voor die wetenschappelijke gastvrijheid dank ik U in eerste plaats, hoogleeraren der Utrechtsche Universiteit. Hooggeleerde C. W. VOLL- GRATF, met minzame dienstvaardigheid hebt U mij ter zijde gestaan en met Uw rijke kennis een vaste lijn aan mijn klassieke studies ge­ geven. Veel ben ik bij het bewerken van dit proefschrift aan Uw col­ leges verschuldigd, zelfs stamt de gedachte die ertoe aanleiding heeft gegeven, evenals aanwijzingen die de aanleiding waren tot vroegere kleine publicaties, van U. Gaarne betuig ik U nogmaals voor dat alles mijn innigen dank. Uw warm woord, hooggeleerde BOLKESTEIN, heeft mijn belang­ stelling steeds levendiger gemaakt voor de geschiedkundige proble­ men der oudheid. Uw colleges, de praktische oefeningen onder Uw leiding en de hulpvaardigheid die ik vaak van U ondervond, blijven in aangename herinnering in mij voortleven. Het onvermoeibare zoeken en den kunstzin, die Uw onderwijs in de klassieke oudheidkunde kenmerken, zeergeleerde VAN HOORN, Uw minzaamheid in den omgang met Uw studenten, leer ik steeds meer in hun volle waarde schatten. Dankbaar herdenk ik ook Uw colleges of wat mij met U deed ver­ band houden, hooggeleerde DAMSTÉ, LIGTENBERG, OVINK. Onder Uw leiding, hooggeleerde DE DECKER, BAEHRENS, JOLLES, MENZERATH, met het onderwijs van vele andere docenten, is mijn akademische opleiding in Gent begonnen. Om hun heel bizonder karakter hebben die oorlogs-studiejaren in mij den meest onuitwisch- baren indruk achtergelaten. Dan ook slechts om redenen buiten mij om, wijzigde ik mijn oorspronkelijk plan dit werk in eigen taal te schrijven en gaf ik om persoonlijke motieven den voorkeur aan het Engelsch. Van hem die heenging, professor HOFFMANN (t), blijft de gedachte aan het leven van harden plicht in dierbare en ontroe­ rende herinnering voortleven. De belangstelling en hulp die ik van U heb ondervonden, hooggeleerde J. A. VOLLGRAFF en R. SPELEERS, zeergeleerde MINNAERT, stemt mij tot een meer dan gewone dank­ baarheid daar U naast de beoefening der exacte wetenschappen, ook de klassieke studiën steeds een warm hart toedraagt. Van hooge waarde zijn Uw colleges en de seminarieoefeningen onder Uw leiding, voor mij geweest, professoren der universiteit in Würz- burg, hooggeleerde HAVERS, HOSIUS, KAERST, KNAPP, STANGL (t). Dankbaar vermeld ik vooral, hooggeleerde BULLE, dat ik door Uw warme woorden, de studie en schoonheid der oude kunst nog meer heb leeren liefhebben. Onder de eersten tot het verdedigen van een proefschrift aan de Keizer-Karel-Universiteit van Nijmegen te worden toegelaten, stemt mij tegenover U vooral, hoogleeraren in de fakulteit der letteren en wijsbegeerte, tot hooge erkentelijkheid. In het bizonder ben ik aan U verplicht, hooggeleerde SCHRIJNEN, dien ik niet alleen als hooglee­ raar in Utrecht heb leeren hoogschatten, maar die mij van de eerste dagen af van mijn verblijf hier te lande, steeds een vereerde en ge­ negen raadsman geweest zijt. Wat mij aan U verbindt, hooggeachte promotor, hooggeleerde DRERUP, wekt in mij de aangenaamste herinneringen op. Dat de stu- dietijd die ik aan de universiteit van Würzburg, op Uw aanraden, doorgebracht heb, voor mij ongewoon vruchtbaar is geweest, is zeker voor een groot deel én aan Uw onderwijs én aan Uwe bereidwillig­ heid in alle opzichten te danken. Nooit hebt U opgehouden mij in mijn verdere studie bij te staan, waar de gelegenheid zich voordeed; vooral vermeld ik in diepe erkentelijkheid de hulp die U mij hebt be­ wezen bij het voltooien en het afwerken van dit proefschrift. Tot het verzamelen en bewerken van het studiemateriaal voor deze monographie heeft ook de hulp van bibliotheken en musea, hier te lande als in het buitenland, mij groóte diensten bewezen. Aan de bibliotheken van Den Haag, Utrecht en Leiden ondervond ik alle voorkomendheid van directie en personeel. Op hoogen prijs stel ik de dienstvaardigheid van DR. LEOPOLD, directeur van het Neder- landsch Historisch Instituut te Rome en van Prof. RODENWALDT van het Duitsch Archaeologisch Instituut te Berlijn. Door het vergemak­ kelijken van de studie in musea, door mondelinge en schriftelijke inlichtingen, door het toezenden van photo's hebben mij ten zeerste aan zich verplicht de beeren С. W. LUNSINGH SCHEURLEER (Den Haag) BABELON (Parijs), CALZA (Ostia), CASKEY (Boston), F. J. DOELGER (Munster), DUCATI (Bologna), GALLI (Reggio), HERRMANN (Dresden), HILLER VON GAERTRINGEN (Berlijn), MINTO (Florentiê), NORDEN (Berlijn), PARIBENI (Rome), POTTIER (Parijs), ROBINSON (Baltimore), WALTERS (London), WILPERT (Rome), ZAHN (Berlijn). Ten slotte is het afsluiten van dit werk mij een geschikte gelegen­ heid om hen allen te danken die op eene of andere wijze Ie taak van vele jaren lichter gemaakt hebben. Weze de opdracht van dit werk in ruil voor vroegere hulp een iifyo» и φΟον те. TABLE OF CONTENTS. List of illustrations, bibliography and abbreviations p. 13. INTRODUCTION p. 20. THE MAGIC WAND AND MAGIC GENERALLY . p. 22. GRAECO-ITALIAN ANTIQUITY p. 24. STAFF AND WAND OR ROD p. 25. THE NATURAL USE OF STAFF AND WAND IN ANTIQUITY p. 26. CHAPTER I. THE MAGIC STAFF OR ROD IN THE HANDS OF THE GODS. A. Hermes-Mercurius. INTRODUCTION p. 29. 1. ORIGINAL CHARACTER AND FUNCTIONS OF HERMES . p. 30. 2. THE STAFF OF HERMES FROM HOMERIC TIMES TILL THE 5ΤΗ CENTURY. 1) Its use by Hermes and its various names ... p. 33. 2) Various forms {especially the Y-form) of the kerukeion and its different bearers . p. 36. 3. THE ORIGIN OF THE KERUKEION. 1) Theories concerning its origin ....... p. 39. 2) The rod of Hermes and the dowsing-rod .... p. 44. 3) The forked staff in Homeric poetry and its original significance p. 47. 4) Firsi bearer of the forked staff and its connection with a primary function of Hermes p. 50. 4. EVOLUTION OF FORM AND DECLINE IN THE MAGIC POWER OF THE ROD p. 52. 1) The kerukeion as a mere symbol p. 55. 2) The kerukeion and the chthonic functions of Hermes p. 56. 3) Hermes with a kerukeion and an ordinary rod simul­ taneously . p. 57. 4) Magic importance of the movements with the rhabdos p. 62. 5) Some special references in literature .... p. 64. 6) The kerukeion-caduceus as a symbol, carried by other gods and men p. 69. a) Heralds p. 70. b) Kerukeion-caduceus as a symbol in other cases p. 75. — 10 — B. Kore-Persephone p. 79· C. Dionysos-Bacchus . p. 84. D. Asklepios-Aesculapius p. 91. E. Various references : Athene, Artemis, Nemesis Rhea, Poseidon, Apollon . p. 97. CHAPTER II. THE MAGIC STAFF OR ROD IN THE HANDS OF « DIVINE » MEN AND WOMEN. A. Magic significance, in the origin, of the sceptre of the ruler and the wand of the magician . p. 101. B. The sceptre of « divine » men and women in general. 1.. THE STAFF OF RULERS IN GRAECO-ITALIAN ANTIQUITY. 1) Rulers in Greece p. 109· 2) Rulers in Italy . p. 114. 3) Original significance of the sceptre in Graeco- Italian sphere p. 117. 2) THE STAFF OF THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RULER IN GRAECO-ITALIAN ANTIQUITY. 1) The staff of the judges. p. 120. 2) The rod of the heralds . p. 126. 3) The staff of the lictores in Rome ...... p. 127. C. The wand of the magician and the priest. 1. WIZARDS AND WITCHES. 1) In mythology and the legendary history of antiquity a) Kirke . p. 132. b) Medeia p. 138. 2) Historical records of magicians in classic antiquity p. 140. 2. SOOTHSAYERS AND ASTROLOGERS ...... p. 144. 1) In mythology and legendary history a) Teiresias p. 145. b) Polyeidos p. 150. c) Kassandra ............ p. 152. d) Kalchas p. 153. e) Melampous .p. 153. 2) Mythic and historical records a) Rhabdomanteia, kleromanteia, belomanteia p. 154. — 11 — b) Empyromanteia p. 158. c) Hydromanteia .......... p. 158. d) Nekromanteia p. 163. e) Astrology . p. 165. f) The lituus of the Roman augurs. .... p. 168. 3. PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSES a) Fetiales and the hasta sanguinea; the hasta pura and the hasta caelibaris ...... p. 17a. b) Flamines : apex, commoetaculutn, perca ars- matia p. 177. c) Indefinite staffs of priests and priestesses . p. 179. 4. THE STAFF OF POETS AND MINSTRELS p. 181. CHAPTER III. SYMBOLIC-MAGIC STAFFS WITHOUT ANY PARTICULAR BEARER. A. The staff or rod with life-awakening or cleansing power on people, being struck by these ... p. 184. B.
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