MEMORY
I mused my would f ain embraced
v r my Mother dead . e e waxed g rief
— x i. 204 5 , 208 .
FO R E W O R D .
IN the present monograph I continue the illustration of the e e the ou — e influ nc of N Aryan East upon H llas , a subj ect which I have discussed in The Great
D ion siak M th the e y y , by inv stigation of a particular
Hom erik I personage and episode . trust that this study will bring into still cle arer prominence the fact that the Homerik Po ems constitute one of the e ie the e e arl st , and at sam tim most important , links
e h h b twee n t e East and the West . T e subj ect is also in strict continuation of my prior mythological re searche s ; and as I have alre ady treated separately
the D the M The Unicorn : a of Sun ( ionysos), oon (in
M tholo ical Investi a tion the S The La w y g g ), and tars (in o Kosmic Order Eridanus River and Constella f , and tion ); so in the myth of Kirke the two he avenly
W e e e e W protagonists ill app ar in clos conn xion , alik ith
e e ach othe r and With the stellar host . As pr viously
te e are e e be c on tris sta d , such inv stigations int nd d to butions to the n ew and highly important study of
archaic psychology . The mighty harp of Homer is he ptach o rd ; the
e e o e e e e e e Po ms r s lv thems lv s into a s v nfold asp ct ,
be e e the e e M tho which may d not d by t rms R ligion , y
e eo logy , Folklor , Archa logy , History , Humanity , and Linguistic ; and we are very far from the last
word upon any of th e s e divisions . Investigators chose this or that branch of Hom erik study in accord
ance withtheir tastes and opportunitie s ; on e works
the e e e e e with spad , anoth r historically at d ciph rm nt ,
the e e e r a third on lin s of linguistic sci nc , a fou th t upon hose of comparative mythology . All the se
labo urs are truly valuable ; the various subj ects
e The intertwin and interpene trate . goal will be
re e the en d et e e w ach d , but is not y ; and m anwhil e shall do well to recognize the importance of care ful
e ff and sci ntific e ort in e very portion of the fie ld .
M n ot r l e uch , of a st ictly inguistic charact r , still
remains to be done in the study o f the text of the l I ias and Odysseia . Especially should all re currin g
e e e e e formulas , and pith ts ith r obscur or appare ntly
r e e e e e not pa ticularly appropriat , r c iv car ful attention
in a comparative point of view . The unintelligible and the seemingly—unsuitable are constantly survivals
r e e e f om a prior stag , and g n rally become luminous th by e aid of comparison . orewor F d. ix
The Poems are of cours e Aryan in character the
Non - e e e e e e e Aryan l m nt , how v r important , is xc ptional
and s u bordinate . While we rej ect any imaginary moral grafted on
e e a e we e a myth in a comparativ ly lat g , shall do w ll at the same time to think of Nature as ‘ the e arlie st Gospel of the wise and of the noblest myths as
e e e adumbrating and s tting forth , in a c rtain mann r ,
e e e . e e the G or ias infinit r aliti s Wh n Sokrat s , in g , has quote d the Hom erik legend of Odysseus in the
e the e M Shad s , and told how h ro saw inos , holding a
’ e e the e he sc ptr of gold and giving laws to d ad , adds the se noble and memorable words Now I am
e e the e e e p rsuad d of truth of th s things , and I consid r how I shall present my soul whole and u n defiled
‘ b efore the Judge in that day . Renouncing the
the e e o honours at which world aims , I d sir nly to
the e e and know Truth , and to liv as w ll as I can , , th e the e e die . e wh n tim com s , to And , to utmost of
’
e e e m en the e . my pow r , I xhort all oth r to do sam
BA RTON - UP ON - HUMBER
October 1883 .
PA GE
FOREWORD
A BBREVIATIONS SECTION I T I EG D . HE HOME R K L EN
K p o II. IRKE A ND KAL r s
’ THE NAME ‘ KIRKE
A IA THE I LA D OF KIRE E , S N
II S ON - IK T E OE K KE V . OME N HOME R NO IC S IR
TE E MY C RELAT VE OF K KE VIII. THI I S IR
IX TH E T A F MA T . R NS OR ION
P T THE STO E X . SOME SPECIA L OIN S IN R
KIRKE A ND THE NEKYI A ABBREVIATIONS .
M h r a t Dion s a/c M th. L n d D . T e G e i o on Brown R . Jr. G. . , , y y (
Lon man s 187 7 g ,
R M A — Th Reli ion an d M tholo the A r a ns o . . . e g y gy of y f
N orthern Eu ro e. Lon on E . Stanfor p ( d d,
— L Lan u a e an d Theories o its Ori in . Lon on . g g , f g ( d
E Stan for . d ,
— M tholo ica l In v t n U The n icorn : a esti a ion . Lo on . U y g g ( d
Lon ma n s g ,
— The Law o Kos mic Order. Lon on Lon m an L If . 0 . s . f ( d g , 1882)
— Eridan u s River a n d ons tella tio E C n . Lon on : Lon . , ( d g
m an s,
G — haldean A ccou n t Gen esis 2n d e it B S i h A . m t Geo . G . C . , , . of , d y
r f Sa ce P o . y .
T — a h i t Bi ica A rcha o o . Tr n sa tion s of t e Soc e of e c y bl l l gy . TH E M Y TH OF K IRKE
A N H M E RIK S T O UD Y.
SECTION I .
MERIK LEGE F THE HO ND O KIRKE.
’ ODYSSEUS with his ship s crew having escaped from the Laistr on es are e e e n yg , who d scrib d as b i g giant
e the A iaian e e e e t cannibals , com s to Isl , wh r dw l
K e - e A iétés e e o irk , own sist r of and daught r of H li s and Pe rse daughter of Okeanos . On the third day
e e r the e e e aft r th ir a rival h ro r connoitr s , and having
e e e o ff the re notic d smok and flam afar in woodland , turns to the ship with a stag upon which the company h e . e n e e e f ast N xt mor ing divid s his band , and s nds
22 m en t Eu rylochos with to explore he country .
he the e K e the e T y find palac of irk in for st , sur
e e e rounded by tam and b witch d wolve s and lions .
e she r Th ey h e ar the godd ss singing. as wo ks at a
web her she e e mighty ; and hail , and bids th m nter
l h s her te . Eur oc o e e ga s y alon r mains without , and after long watching returns to Odysseus with the
e the l news that his fellows had disapp ear d in pa ace . B 2 The My th of
Me e K e n e e her e es anwhil , irk havi g s at d gu sts , mak them a mess mixed with harmful drugs which cause
e e them to forget their home . Wh n th y have drunk the she e e her potion smit s th m with magic wand ,
e e e e e e are wh r upon th y b com swin , and shut up in
e m sties but still retain th ir human ind . Odysseus now arms himself and sets out to the rescue of his men ee w He e , and on his way m ts ith rm s who in stru cts e e e him th him how to b hav , and giv s e magic
e mol e he ll be e h rb y, by m ans of which wi nable d
e e the e e to succ ssfully d fy nchantm nts of Kirke. Having entered the palace the hero is seated by the
e e the godd ss on a goodly chair , and giv n drugged h potion in a golde n cup . S e smites him with the
the wand and bids him j oin his company in sty , but he is not bewitch ed and drawing his sword springs
her. e cr she e upon With a gr at y clasps his kn es ,
he be e e and surmising that must Odyss us , s eks his love . He makes her swe ar that she will not hurt him
e e an d e e her wh n nak d , m anwhil four handmaids , e the e r e daught rs of w lls , woods and iv rs , busy th em
e e in the s an d e e e s lv s hall , pr par a m al and a bath ; on e e e of th m wash s , anoints with oil and dre sse s the
e e e e e e the h ro , who , how v r , r fus s to tast banquet ’ u es are e e e t e ntil his comrad r stor d to man s s at , which
e is done accordingly . Odyss us th en returns to the the ship and conducts Eu rylochos and his fellows to the K e e e e e halls of irk , wh r th y r main in peace and ’ e e e the e pl nty for a y ar , wh n h ro s companions sug gest to him that it is tim e to depart ; Kirke consents The H omerih L e end o [f ir/he g f . 3 and informs him that he must seek the Underworld
e the e e e e in ord r to consult soothsay r T ir sias , giv s
e the e e him full dir ctions for p rilous j ourn y , and at
e e her e e i dawn cloth s him , v ils h ad and pass s l ghtly
’
e ee e the e e s . away , having s nt a br z to fill v ss l s sail
The e e e the the e h ro th n voyag s to Land of D ad , and
e e the e K r e aft rwards r turns to abod of i k , who again
r n e kindly ente tains him , and his m e and h ars his
him e e er story . Having instructed r specting s v al
e e t she e dang rs which y await him , dismiss s him at dawn with a favourable wind . ‘ e iKi x e e This brief outline of the To. n p p ns will s rv ’ to refresh the re ader s memory re spe cting the famous story ; and I would also refer him to the excellent 1 resen ta tion the e M . . r p of tal by iss J E Har ison , who has very ably illustrated its asp ect in poe try and art .
he e er to to the S has not , how v , thought fit pass on ex lica tion the p of myth , a task which I shall now 2 attempt .
1 the d sse 63 et se . Myths of O y y, q 2 W here I do n ot give an origin al translation of a pass age or phrase of the oem 1 uote from Butcher an d Lan The Od sse o H omer p , q g, y y f ,
1879 . ' ‘ [M t ( z rhé 4 The y h f K .
SECTION II .
KIRKE AND KALYPSO.
IT will facilitate the investigation to compare in the first place the two mysterious goddesse s Kirke and
Kal sO ce o the o n e yp , a pro ss which sh ws that though
n ot e l the e et is actually a r dup ication of oth r , y that th ey are merely variant phase s of the same gre at
T r e e e e ee powe r . he p incipal points of r s mblanc b tw n them are as follows
1 e e e o e . Each is a fair and lov ly godd ss in a r m t 1 s e e e . i land , att nd d by handmaid ns d . e e o an e II Each is conn ct d with g ld silv r , and 2 weave s a mighty web as she sings . ’ 3 is e s r — III. e e r r Each sp cially d c ib d as fai hai ed .
e e IV . Each is sp cially styl d an awful go dde ss o f ’ 4 or ee m tal sp ch .
e V . Each has a b autiful dwellin g surrounded by 5 wo ods .
e the he VI . Each lov s ro who unwillingly re turns
her s o she n o t e e 6 pas i n , and whom is p rmitt d to retain . 7 VII. e o e to u e the er Each sw ars s l mnly not inj r h o . h 8 I . ee e e e VII Each s s that is bath d and dr ssed .
1 9 2 I b 99 34 . id . 62 f Otl . 1 . . . 22 . V 2 . C . ; x v ; x s 4 I bid i. 8 . . . 1 6 M , 30 x 3 x ii , v . 44 ; x ; 9 . 5 6 ' Cf I - bz d. . . . . 15 5 ix . 29 33 v x v ; . 7 — 8 45 . I d I bid. . 182 7 . 3 bi . . 264 364 v ; x v ; x . . ‘ ‘ [( irke and K a fiso lyj . 5
E e IX . ach at dawn clad h rself in a great
e l shining rob , ight of woof and gracious , and about her t r e e e waist cas a fai gold n girdl , and put a v il ’ 1 upon her h ead .
X . Each when the h ero departed sent a welcome 2 bree ze to speed him on his way . 3 Kal sO e the e O the e yp dw lls in isl gygia , nav l of 4 the se a but this circumstance implies no nece ssary
ffe e e e ee the e e e the e di r nc b tw n two godd ss s , sinc nam
’ e e e e e i e e m r ly m ans oc an , and so in r al ty qually appli s
- Th n to any se a girt island . e names Oge os and 5 6 Th O e Oke an os O enidai Okean idai. e g n , and g
e Oe ir the D e Of the sea Nors g r ad god stormy , who re appe ars in modern times as the well - known eygre
e — e the e are e or tidal riv r wav , and Ogr , variant phas s , originally exp re ssive of the terror excite d by the
és e e e sea. SO vast and t mp stuous Ogyg , who app ars 7 A ttiké BOiOtia Kin in and as an archaic g , is always conne cte d with a flood ; and his name is e quivalent
’ e e e en e the s e e to prim val , in r f r c to uppos d pristin t l M . Lenorm an e . wat ry chaos , fol owing Windisch
e O e e e e i mann and Pict t , bs rv s , Son nom m m para t dérivé de celui qui désignait primitivement lo déluge ’ 8 les e e en au ha . dans idiom s ary ns , sanscrit g Pau san ias n e e e , amo gst his almost innum rabl valuabl
— 2 — id 268 x i. 7 RD . 149 . 0d 230 2 . 545 7 . I b . . . v . ; x v ; ; 3 4 5 hrén 231 . id i 84 Ibid. 50. ide L ko Ib . . . V y p , 6 hi o . Hesyc os, in v c 7 A o lon ios Rhod. A r o i. IX . 7 . 1 ide P au sanias 1 . ii 7 V , xxxv ; ; p l g u i a ii 1 8 n a t lc i. 17 . , 8 Le i in e i 432 . s Or g s, . 6 The My ih of
e O e e ee re littl scraps of bscur mythic p digr , has p s erved the fact that the hero Eleusis the
o - e the o f C ming Sun god) was , according to som , son ’ D eir the e Oke an o s a a Knowing ) daught r of , but
e the O és according to oth rs son of gyg , thus illus
The - tratin g the identity of the two latter . Sun god constantly springs in mythic p edigree from Ocean
’
- e i. e. and som knowing , , light bringing , nymph ; for ,
ee = e is e primarily , to s to know, and darkn ss ignoranc
(of the unseen). The first point of real differenc e between the two
o e e e K l s th e g dd ss s is in par ntage . a yp O is e daught r of Atlas the Enduring who hims elf upholds the 1 tall pillars which keep e arth and sky asund er Atlas is a personification of that power which sustains
o e e r Th o he aven ab v arth in kosmic o d er . e s lar
r th e e e e e e . e i. e H akl s ssay d task , but aft r a tim , , at
e e e the e night , was f ign to r tir in favour of mor
e e e the nduring Atlas , who thus and also b caus at night
r e e e he e e (luna and st llar)h av n , which upb ars , com s
l e mi e e re into fu l st pro n nc , is mo a nocturnal than a diurnal personage ; and h ence the poet appli es to
' him the e r e e olob hrén e he p culia pith t p , a titl which
re A iétés Min Os Mr. sha s with and , and which , as
“ e e ee e m Gladston not s , s ms to imply in som for a ’ 2 if n t e o . formidabl inj urious craft Me ssrs . Butch er and
’ e e the e e e e e Lang r nd r xpr ssion wis and t rribl , but I ’ prefe r to translate it by the term baleful ; the for
2 - 0d. i. 52 4 cf . I bid. vii. 245 . Ju ventus Mandi 1 ; , 20.
' ‘ ‘ t é 8 The [My h of K z rh .
” l e e of Kemic n highly myst rious Cav rn _ [Egyptia ] ’ 2 solar mythology . The dwelling of Kalypso is re mote in that mysterious sea which towards the We st is forme d — by the undefine d blending of the Overse a the mare ’ e fin e the r m agnum sin , in which solar and luna
r e l the e — e ba qu s sai ; Oc an prop r , which of unknown
s e e the the M and awful va tn ss nrings world , idgard ;
the e e e e and Und rs a , invisibl and fathoml ss to man
- and in which the golden solar boat cup disappe ars .
Y et she i e e e i , l k Kirk , although thus dw ll ng afar , is h e i e the e e i. e. t e p culiarly l abl to sway of H rm s , ,
- o e the e her Wind p w r upon clouds , who is abl to blot from he aven and so to destroy in a moment the
e e be auty of her cave . And thus when Herm s is s nt
her e to with a command , it is in his charact r of s h th r e e i. e. e e A g iphont s , , who can put out thousand starry eye s of Argo s the which orbs Héré ’ 4 (the Gleaming he ave n) puts in her peacock s tail .
e e the e — e e e e l o e H rm s , as Z us m ss ng r , w l kn ws his pow r ; and although the interview between him and KalypsO
e e e et is mark d by a charming court sy on both sid s , y ’ e ‘ the e e r e wh n gr at slay r of A gos d parts , his final
‘ the e ee O e word to godd ss is , Sp d him [ dyss us] now upon his path and have regard unto the wrath of
e e he be e e e r ee Z us , l st haply ang r d and b a hard on th ’ 5 h ereafter .
1 Litan o Ra a e il Recor o . e ds the P ast iii. 103 y f , p N v l , f , v . 2 ide R B. r K 0 J . L . . 64 V . , . . 3 4 0 d. . 49. ide R B Jr R M . . . . . A . sec . iii. U. 6 et se . v V , 7 q 5 — 0d 145 7 . . v . ‘ ’ K irhé ana K a t / 5 yp 5. 9
Both Kirke and KalypsO are well acquainted with
‘ 1 ‘ the awful river Styx t the Hateful which was con 2 n ected the e e e rota onistic with Und rs a , and , b ing a p g e e the e m e e e e f atur in r al of d ath and darkn ss , b cam the ve ry type of the dre ad Unse en and thus supplied
e th a conc pt for e most solemn oaths .
Kal sO the e e ex yp , although upon whol a mor
e e e e et e e s e t nd d id al than Kirk , is y n c s arily to a gr at e e the o xt nt distinctly lunar , inasmuch as mo n always
e th - h b e e n . S e is and must h ad of ight light is also , as
e e e e will furth r app ar , consid rably mor Aryan in cha r t r h h h ac e than er sister godde ss . T e basis of t e myth is too wide to be monopolised by any spe cial
e e e e e the e rac of mankind , and th r for som of stori s conne cted with it are Aryan in origin whilst oth ers are
The e e f l e not . form r class has be n su ficient y r eferr d
e to by Aryan mythologists , and Sir G . W . Cox w ll
‘ the we Kal sO the e says of d lling of yp , that it is hom
the — e o e the of Tara Bai , Star maid n , of Hindu f lklor ,
e e e die the b ing who can n ith r grow old nor , and witchery of whos e lulling songs no mortal may with
It the Horselber the e stand . is g to which V nus of
' e ae e e the - e Tan hau ser m di val tradition ntic s ill fat d , the Ercildou ne [the abode of Ursula Little—bright ’ one e S0 1 an d her - e , as oppos d to ) myriad star maid ns] where the fairy queen keeps Thomas the Rimer a not
1 514 . 185 . 0d. v . ; x 2 ‘ — - 15 with x i. 21 2 . So the Hesiodik St is the Cf. d . 509 0 . x yx ’ dest dau hter of Okean os and the oet a uel descri es how a. el g , p v g y b ’ n h of ocean ows thro u h lac n ht ide Theo on ic 775 bra c fl g b k ig (v g , I O The My th of
’ 1 Th e e . e e e unwilling prison r maj sty , b auty , d grada — tio n and h orror of the Night queen are combined in
h e e ce — e e t e varying phas s of a singl con pt H kat , in 2 her long career from He siod to Shakspere .
1 I oduction to M tholo and Folklore 160 n tr y gy , . 2 A l m n B r . . f ide R . . J . U see vi. ase ess atte t has ee made o V , b p b late to ident ify the A ryan Hekate with the Kemic frog - heade d goddess k a t e f water Such errors ll lw aris fr m hast n H e a o . wi a a s e o co , yp y y clusions ased u on similarit of soun d an d arri ed at ithout due b p y , v W hilolo ical en uir or careful an al sis of the conce ts ro osed to be p g q y, y p p p lied al . E S CTION III .
THE IMA GI A Y MORA L— E F N R L SSON O THE MYTH .
IT will be d e sirable in the next place to disentangle from the story a parasitic overgrowth of imaginary
ff r . web e e e morality This , which is v ry di r nt f om that
e ee e e the e of Kirk , has b n chi fly wov n around luckl ss comrad e s Of Odysseus ; and pre sents a notable instance of the h e edlessne ss with which m en form a j udg
e the e e m nt , and of facility with which an anci nt rror
w e e is hande d down from age to age . Thus l arn that
‘ S o krate s s ee s in the beast- form only a symbol of
The er e - e greedine ss . Stoics find a s mon r ady mad to hand Circe is for them the incarnation of beast—like
Eu stathiu s e the e irrationality . discov rs in dr ad daughter of Helios an impersonation of animal ap ’ 1 H e e e e e e e p etite . orac b com s quit s v r ly virtuous
’ wh en he calls his friend s attention to what he sup
‘ pos es were the admirable obj ects of the Trojan ib elli ’ 2 scri t orem . me ee e e p Ho r , it s ms , wrot his po ms much for the same moral reasons which induced
e Rasselas . e e e e e Johnson to compos Int mp ranc , d v e e loped in various ways , produc s dismal r sults at
1 arrison M ths the Od sse 89 . J. E . H , y of y y, 2 nse I use the n ame in a coverin g se . ‘ t o irhé 1 2 The My h f K .
Troy ; and the bard next procee ds to show quid ’ e e virtus et quid sapientia possit . He exhibits b for
e e — e ro osu it us a patt rn charact r Odyss us , p p nobis ’ l m e e i exemplar U ysse . This vi w is d l ghtfully absurd , and all the more so be cause it is so gravely and honestly advanced by a Wit and worldling like Horace .
e e e Odysseus , having v ry j udiciously avoid d g tting
e e T e e hims lf kill d at roy , most prop rly wish s to com plete his education by travel ; he will make the grand ’ Mul e Ithaké e . tour , and r turn to vastly improv d ’ torum providus urbe s Et more s hominum in spex it . the Kikones After paying a round of visits amongst ,
LotO ha oi K e K r e Kimm erioi e p g , yklop s , i k , , Shad s of the De Seirénes r Kal sO ad , , Skylla , Cha ybdis , and yp , he would naturally re turn home a s replete with virtue
H e . e e as arry Sandford hims lf But , alas , v n this grand ’ exemplar had no eflect upon his infatuated com ’
e . You e e e are rad s , continu s Horac to his fri nd , acquainted with the voices of Sirens and the cups of — Circe this was no doubt strictly true of which if he [Ulysses] had foolishly and greedily drunk with ’ his companions ,
Sub omin a m eretrice fuisset tur is et ex cors d p , ’ Vix isset canis imm u n dus vel amica uto S S , l U .
But suppose some Eu em eristic F ather of the
e e le Arnobius Church , Cl m nt of A xandria , , Tertullian
e or Augustin , had said to him , How dare you hold up as an exemplar of virtue a wandering vagabond who
i — E sl . I 11 . 1 6 p . 2 . The Ima inar M ora l- lesson o the M th 1 g y f y . 3 lived in adultery first with on e female and th en with
e e e all the e he e e anoth r , pr t nding whil that d sir d no thin g so much as to return to his wife ? And this story Of Circ e and Ulysses is most profoundly im m e e e e e oral , not m r ly in its incid nts , but sp cially in this— that the only sinner Of the party was Ulysse s
e e e — ee es hims lf, who scap d scot fr with many advantag whilst all his unoffending friends were severely
the e e e pu nish ed . To avoid t lling forc of argum nts
e e e e the e e the such as th s wh n appli d to gods g n rally ,
e e e e e t e e e lat r Pagan philosoph rs w r f ign to ak r fug , we e e e the e may hop in som cas s unwillingly , in tangl d jungle s of Neo - Platon ism where th ey on e and all p erishe d miserably ; but had they been Comparative
M o e haVe e e ythol gists , th y would had an asy r ply to
this obj ection of their Christian Oppone nts . SO from age to age the luckle ss comrade s Of the h ero have ‘ ’ e the had to b ar many a taunt and point moral , until we re ach the Gomus of Milton and the swinish multitud e of Burke . But when w e turn to the story itself we find no fault state d or implied against the party led by
Eur lochos u e e e be e e e y , nl ss ind d it is a fault to d c iv d
by superhuman power . Th ere is no sugge stion that they drank of the cup greedily ; in the sty they did not enj oy the acorns and mast and fruit of the cornel
’
ee e e e e . tr , wh r on wallowing swin do always batt n
h e r e e e e T e h ro mou ns th ir hapl ss cas ; and a passag , perhaps unexce lle d in be auty by any in the whole
e e e e e e e e poem , d scrib s how th y w r mor than r stor d to I 4 The Myth of
e m e e e e — e e th ir for r stat , not pardon d for th y had don 1 no wrong .
e the on e the libidi It is tru that hog , as of most
o f re to e ao nous animals , is sac d V nus and that cording to the Pythagore an doctrine s [based upon a misconce ption of this story] lustful m en are trans ’ 2 r e the formed into hogs . But the e is no sugg stion in tale that the band of Eu rylochos were swinish in any
e e e e such s ns ; nor , again , is any sp cial str ss laid upon
e e e swin e a the e th ir b ing turn d into , for round palac ’ the e e e ‘ e e e s of godd ss w r b witch d wolv s and lion , and the fe ar of Eurylochos was that Kirke would surely
e all e or e or l chang us to swin , wolv s , ions , to guard ’ 3 her gre at house .
ee e e e e e I n d not , how v r , nlarg furth r upon this point ; for indee d the mom ent we remembe r that the
e e e e e e e be story , what v r its subs qu nt l m nts may , is
se the e n e e ba d upon obs rvation of atural ph nom na , which it fre quently relates with a truly curious ac
w e see e to e l curacy , at onc that s rious y predicate morality or immorality of the personified Sun or his
e the M att ndants , of oon or of Night, is absurd . From their long and melancholy d egradation in this con ’ nex ion the e ee e set free gods hav b n at l ngth , and it is
e e e e te the r no long r n c ssary to r gard Jupi r , b oad bright
e e who e e th h av n lov s countl ss nymphs , as e Solomon
e r ~ of a hare m . I am v ry far f om either saying or im
1 For some ood remar s on this su ect ide R W ev. Lu g k bj , v . cas Collins , — Od se 5 et se H omer the ys y, 7 q. 2 b rn tis oolo ical M tholo ii 6 3 — G u e a . . 0d. . 4 32 4 , Z g y gy, x .
1 6 The My th of
SECTION IV.
- NEO PLATONISM ON THE MYTH .
IF at the pre se nt day there exists any ancie nt Eu em erist who take s the story of Kirke and Odysse us
e e e an ied de la lettre e e to a gr at xt nt p , m r ly stripping off the supernatural element after the fashion in
e e n ow e the e which som sag s tr at Four Gosp ls , I will not attempt to disturb his repose or
W ith shadow ed hin t confuse ’ A life that leads m elodiou s days .
Let him trace in pe ace the voyage of the her o up the
Me e e du e e dit rran an , and in tim bring him back again
he r t o Ithaké . t e o i But having got rid of crud m al st , it is p erhaps de sirable to notice how his bro ther in e r the Neo - e the Ki e- r rro Platonist has d alt with rk sto y . 1 I have noticed that Neo—Platonism w as exte nded and — — in ten sified n ot of course cre ated by Christian
r Euemerism . Like e very oth e phase of the mind it
e e . e aris s v ry simply and naturally An anci nt story ,
e e e e e e r v n rabl and hallow d , d sc nds to a compa ative ly
We e o e e to e a e . e e e i e lat g hav l ng c as d b li v it l t rally ,
et e ffe e e e and y r gard it with a ctionat r v rence . It is
. How ? M not truth , but it contains truth arry ,
1 Su . S . III p ec . N eo- P ta ton iszn on the th My . 1 7
occultly. A re not our apparently simple ancie nt
o e PhilOn the Jew e st ri s , says , in r ality as full of pro found significance as any of your boasted Hellen ik
e e b H e He k es or myths tr at d of y om r or siod , So rat
PlatOn ? A e are y, that th y , as I will show ; nay , more so . New teachings and interpretations were connecte d with the live s of Abraham and Jose ph and
e the Hellenik be e oth rs , but world not to outdon ,
e e e e e o s tr at d th ir ntir mythol gy in a similar fa hion .
‘
Th e n e . e o ie. e syst m has but fault , , it is found d on ’ 1 unsupporte d fancy and arbitrary assertion . That which with e qual facility apparently explains any
i e e e e o n th ng and v rything , r ally xplains n thi g ; just
he e e e e . as who lov s v ry nymph , lov s no nymph
e let e the NeO- P Thus pr mising , us h ar latonist on
’ th ll f r the . e e e O e myth In b autiful a gory Ci c , says the e e famous Thomas Taylor , who was v ry whit as goo d a Neo Platonist as Olympiodoros the Elde r
e ‘ we e ee hims lf, shall find som d p arcana of philosophy . By the A eean isle the regio n of sorrow and lamenta
e e e f the e th tion is signifi d , as is vid nt rom nam of e ’ h ’ Th e e a iai. e island itself, which thus conn cts with
e e e e e e r ad r , who r m mb rs how v ry comfortably
e e i e e e e r Odyss us and his fri nds l v d th r for a y a , will
e naturally pause ere he acc pts this e tymology . By th ’ Circe we must understand e goddess of sense .
e e e n o e e ee Fortunat ly th r is n c ssity to do so , nor ind d do I know exactly what he means . F eeling that a further explanation was re quisite he calls in the aid
1 D 6 B Jr. G . M i 7 R . . , . . . .
l 1 ‘ 1 8 The My th of K irhé.
‘ e the of Porphyry , who informs us that Hom r calls
e e e e e in circle p riod and r volution of r g n ration a ,
Circe e er the d e the [I acc pt this d ivation], aught r of
er e o e e Sun , who p p tually c nn cts and combin s all
orr o e e r e e o c upti n with g n ation , and g n rati n again
o r Mi r o e with corruption ; , as ss Ha rison puts it m r
‘ o e e e plainly , P rphyry says that Hom r has xpound d in the fable o f Circe the mystic cycle of m etem psy
c hosis— e e e re e lif , d ath , and r sur ction ; man liv s in
o he e e the e o f e human f rm ; di s and tak s shap a b ast , wh ereby he is purified and rise s to a high er human ’ 1 Th e of e— o m er e . e lif id a an archaic sag H , occultly setting forth the se m ysterious truths in a highly
o o e er e e of r undab ut and involv d mann , as a sp ci s
o to e er e the e er c nundrum x cis wits of an acut post ity ,
on e n ee n ot be er is which d now s iously treated . More over b oth Porphyry and Taylor are far too e nam oure d o f the phantasy to no tice that the poem
e s e e d its lf di tinctly n gativ s any such octrine . In the
e e e e of the o — the ek ia w e v ry n xt pisod st ry N y , have any amount of evidence of b elie f that man after d e ath
’ ‘ th e d o e s n ot take e shap of a beast . Proklos next
e the e e tak s up parabl , and announc s that Circe is that divine p ower which m o ves all the life containe d
’ ‘ Her in the fou r elements . son g harm onise s the ’ H o e r o . er e e wh l subluna y w rld shuttl is gold n ,
e e her e se e is e e re e b caus s nc int ll ctual , pu , immat rial , ’
m n e e e o . who and un i gl d with g n rati n Taylor , is as
o as of t e e The m go d any h m , continu s co panion s of
1 M ths o the Od sse 9 8 . y f y y , ' N eo- P taton z srn on t he M yth. 1 9
U e e e e e e lyss s , in cons qu nc of b ing v ry imp erfe ct
e P e are e e charact rs [oor f llows], chang d into brut s , ’ i. e. w , into un orthy and irrational habits and manners . Herme s Re ason pre serve s Ulysses who is re turn in - er w g , though slowly v y slo ly , I should say to th ’ e prope r perfection of his nature . The plant
e e e e e e the l e e moly , or t mp ranc , is abl to r p l a lur m nts ’ 1 e of pleasure . This is xactly what in his case it did
e re hi not do . He had pl asu ; s luckless companions
o f pain . Explanations this character are the acorns and mast where on pse udo—philosophical swine do
’ e e w n o t f e batt n , but th y ill su fic for us and must stand aside ‘ When it comes to sober investigation
the e e o o the e of proc ss s of myth l gy , att mpt to penetrate to the foundation o f an Old fancy will scarcely be helped by burying it ye t deeper under ’ 2 ne ath a n ew one .
1 On the Wanderin s Ul sses 24 — g of y , 7 8 . 2 P imitiv ture i 25 1 T or r e Cul . . yl , , ‘ 2 0 The Myth of K ir/ee.
SECTION V.
’
THE NAME KIRKE.
IN the analysis of a mythic concept no point is more important than the m e aning of the name of the
personage or thing . It is d esirable therefore in the next place to determine the signification of the title
‘
Kirke.
— - Sou idas explains it thus K ipm). i) K tpvéio a rd
’ misc n di (fidppt a x a . Sic dicta a e s v en en is . This 1 wi - V e we o e . i n d 1; i w may pass by thout c mm nt ) pd. 7 97 ’ ‘ l r o t x Ve e torio . KepK iSa . ab adi This vie w is far
‘ more plausible ; herhis is (l ) the ro d or comb by
the re the oo ere e e which th ads of w f w driv n hom , so ’ 2 e the w eb e e s as to mak v n and clo e . It is also (2) ‘ er rod 3 the rickle any tap , and ( ) p of the ele ctric
’ e e e e ray , b sid s having oth r m anings and it is furth er
be o e her/cos l the e to n t d that ( ) tail of a b ast , and
2 the ha llus . e s ( ) p An archaic titl i ofte n re ple te with meaning and a single explanation fre quently by
e e o e . Sou idas — no m ans xhausts its f rc adds Ta, g 3 8 n a m a hoio a s vvaik a g Ki k a g a t v ‘ 8 y p ¢ j é , Femin as
’ e m alarum e Ki w e a ellam aut m artium p ritas p pp u s .
1 r I- Ia m an how e er ado ts it The Od s D . , , p ( se o H omer y v y y 11 . f , 2 3 dell and Scott in voc . I Lid n voc . Ki , pm) . The N ame 2 1
L ‘ e th Prof. auth conn cts e name of Kirlce with ’ 1 Colchoi. This view I rej e ct .
Mr. . . Ke e e Outlin es o C F ary , in his int r sting f P rimitive Beli Odd K ef , has an fancy about irke and h H er e e . e e sist r godd ss says Circ and Calypso , ’
e are the e . I suppos , sam This supposition , as will
r the e e e . app a throughout nquiry , is incorr ct Each is ’ 2 v K l e e e e . a sO o e e ry D ath h rs lf So far as yp is c nc rn d , le t any on e read the d escription of her d elightful abode with its charming ch eerfulne ss as related in Th — e for e . e Od. v . and judg hims lf swee t voiced
e e her e e b aut ous nymph with gold n shuttl , blossoming
o o r r o e w d , happy bi ds , f agrant od urs , rich vin
er e o e — e clust s , soft m adows of vi l ts all form d such a o e e e e e e e l v ly whol , that v n a d athl ss god who cam th ere might wonder at the sight and be glad at
’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘
e e s Mr. e . e h art If Circ s nam , say K ary , do not
’ reve al her nature so nakedly as Calypso s name shows
e r e t w e e e o e death on e h s , y asily r c gnis by it in of its
e e a or many guis s a rav nous anim l bird , a h awk or
Ki ico e e K i m e a wolf. p s (wh nc p y) is giv n as both ’ 3 ‘ an d he e hri/c hawk wolf ; and conn cts it with a root ,
’ to make a grating sound . I will not occupy space in showing that almost e ve ry line of the story give s a flat co ntradiction to
s e Kal sO thi fantastic notion , and that Kirk and yp
e e e e e Of e i kill d nobody but w r godd ss s lif , l ght and
h e e the e the love . But wit r sp ct to m aning of name
1 G adstone H omeric S n chron ism 268 . l , y , 3 3 I e id. 0 e o P imitive Beli 31 1 . b 3 2 . Outlin s f r f , ’ 2 2 The Myth of K irhé.
1 80 o f kirkos Kirlcé . A D . , , Oppian cir calls a kind wolf and this is the first time the wolf appears in the con n ex ion e e of the ; , a circumstanc which dispos s notion which again is e qually dispose d of by the fact that 1 bu t e the Wolf is not a type of Death of Darkn ss , or , — aron om M no Aevx é . Ki e by p asia ( s g), of light rk is not 2 o she e e the e i. e . e e a w lf ; b witch s wolv s , , rul s ov r
e the the subdued dark night . Equally unfortunat is
Kirkos h the suggestion ab out the hawk . is a awk as
r e circles r e bi d that fli s in , not a word p imarily m an ing hawk and thus the hawk neatly illustrates the
’ ’ e e o f K e the e the r . r al m aning irk , Circl , or Ci cular
the e l e the Again , Hawk is a bird sp cial y sacr d to 3 diurnal Ap ollon ; and is quite unconne cted with
Th the e o e ithe r Night or De ath . e bird had sam s lar
r K m e e the w as e cha acter in e . Th r hawk sacr d to
’ 1‘
lo e r . Apol , whom th y call Ho us We may th ere fore agre e with Porphyry as to the
e i e ee Kirki huhlos n conn x on b tw n and , whilst dismissi g
his ide a that in [f ir/rethe poet refers to any cycle- of- the
Kirlcos o f tori/cos the soul . , a variant form which is , is
- l ircus circu lus . . ircu ro the . c c Lat , , Ang Sax , f m Aryan
The r har to e r . e oot , mov ci cularly lin of thought connected with the rod (her/sis) is so supremely ap prOpriate to the concept that it pro bably supplie d a
1 B r M 1 i . A ide R . J R . . sec x 1 . E . sec . x . V . , . . ; 2 2 2 3 id Oct. . 1 . b . 26 . x I . xv 5 ’ 4 lia 4 r h n re l i t f M . Kear w e n o P ro . S s riti i m A s n . 2 . a c c c s s , x y, p y g y e o n his w or ide A cadem J1111 6 6 sa s that he sho uld n e er k (v y, , y v ’ f ’ t in f e a hil lo i nder th s r dream of se t g up or b ing p o g st . U e e ci cum st an ces it is rather a pity that he should have vent ure d on so many novel d hi h u sti na e e lanations f f m liar n ames (an g ly q e o bl ) xp o a i .
2 The M th o irhé 4 y f K .
’ 1 Téle on os the r e eu Now g par icid , son of Odyss s 3 r e o e e e e the On e and Ki k , wh s nam d scrib s him as
’ - t un m o i. e. he o S e b rn afar , , y uthful who ak s his 3 appe arance in the e ast from his mysterious birth
e in the e r who e e m a plac Und rwo ld , and lik his sir y
e ai r e ho e s e er e e not r m n with Ki k , to w s i land n v th l ss ’ 4 he a e . n e ie. ag in r tur s bringing his fath r s body , , him 5 e e e h he s lf, slays Odyss us with a sp ar w ich had
h - e the e e e r e i. e . t e e r c iv d from Ki k , , Old sun p rish s by
- combined power o f the Moon and the Young sun . Teiresias had prophesied conce rnin g Odysse us ;
e own e e ee ro the sea Thin d ath shall com upon th f m ,
e e e en d e e e e a g ntl d ath , which shall th for don with ’ 6 l h the smooth o d age . And t is youthful Sun from 7 8 sea - e the , a Fish sun , l ts fall his fatal ray upon bald he ad of the aged and dying Sun in the we stern
er r o e e e e Und wo ld , who is thus p ison d lik H rakl s and 9 h ir n e e o e en o e C e O . Th r f r wh s m said that Odysse us
e the Tele on os e at di d by hand of g , whilst oth rs
1 3 He sio n Horace Carmin a III . i . 8 . d The on ia 101 4 . , , xx x , g , 3 The realm o f Kirke as the Night que en is con necte d with the W est
. E B. Jr . sec as the side of Darkn ess ide R . . but f r (V , o reason s whi h w ill ubse uentl a ear Hom erik tradition laces h c s q y pp , p t e A iaian islan d in the East 0d. x ii. 3 4 cf . Gladstone H omeric S nchron ism ( , ; , y , 226 et seq ). 4 ide H inu s Fabulae cx x vn . V yg , , 3 A s to the un conscious len din of two re resen tations in m ths b g p y ,
ide R B I r. U. 52 . v . . , 3 — — 0 d x i 134 6 iii. 281 3 . . . ; xx
Vid B. r. L K 0 . s s . x x i iii e R . J . . ec . . , xx 3 ’ Haha tbv dé a Kai r t o ves A isch los Ps rha d oi Fra m en pp p x pp ( y , y y y , g t ,
3 E ix . T ide R B. Jr. . sec . he con side r ti i . a on s th . V , n e tex t do n ot
decide the uestio n w hethe r in addition t o a solar hero Odvsse q us , there w ls n h to ric l d s s as a o a y is a O y se u . The N ante 2 5
u te e trib d his d ath to sting of a fish , in truth same incident being represented in two variant phase s ; and thus the historical contradictio n which
e e e e Em iricu s e m p rpl x d S xtus p is r ally i aginary .
Tele on os e e e u a r ed g subs qu ntly , naturally no gh , m r i
— — n h - e e e t e D eve . P lop , awn and light ‘ o z rhe 2 6 The My th f K .
T SEC ION VI .
A IA THE ISLAND OF KIRKE.
’ IN the Hom erik acco unt this mysterious loc ality is ’ 3 e the Aiaian e the e e always call d isl , or nam app ars 3 in the epithet Aiaian Kirke the name Aia is ne ver
e e s e o used . Now th re is a very subtl and curiou r as n
e e be w e e ee e o for this , sinc , if Kirk , as hav s n r as n
1 It is enera l su ose d that A ia G aia ide Ma or The N arra g l y pp (v y , tive o Od sseus a short an d sim le e lan ation which e lain s f y , p xp xp ’ - n othin . For how should an lace be called Lan d islan d an d es eci g y p , p Mr Ma r hi all when it was o ut at se a ? A s . o mself n otes followin y y , g Buttm an n su ch n ames as A iétés an d Medeia oint t o an e astern u r , p so ce of these le en ds an d if for A ia we should read G aia similarl I re g , y, p i t h d r a i s ume for A é és we s oul e d G a etés . Of course e er o n e is aw are , v y ’ that H omer Often us es aia for g aia ; thus in the accou nt of Kirke heI self i ' i X n fin d the e ress ons ar l o a 0 . 4 2 a d ar i8a ai v w e xp n p d s gs ( d . 7 ) 7r p y a i But there is n o authorit for readin a in for aia i (Ib d. y g g n Herodotos w here aia is connecte d with A iétés ; and in the Odys sey itself 1 u h as 0 . 32 an d x . 135 sho tha u h r in s c passages d. w t s c ead gs as A la in and A ia i u are n ot occasion e d b an m etrical necessit or co n en ien ce q y y y v ,
in the a o e - uoted in st ances of air an i v as Dr. P al i b v q ); d ya a . ey n an article (Pro- H om eric Leg en ds of the Voyag e of the A rg on auts) in the D ublin R eview e lains A ia in the usual wa as m ain land an d sa s , xp y y , ‘ ’ ’ It is to be distin uished from . A eaea I think th t i g . a K rké s islan d also is ca ed A ia but of course the islan d is n ot the la e in Kol c chis . Dr ll , p .
- ‘ IIa m an udiciou sl ste ers cle ar of ain and obser es The et m l of y j y g , v , y o . A la l The word is an ad ecti e n ot a su stan ti e so M But h q [ j v , b v ; ess . c er ’ n d Lan Circe of A ia and A i r g accordin a t o D r. P a e g ] fi g g l y , ‘ ’ - in - f- the mainland is dou tful in l t - K g o ] b : I c ine o con n ect it with irft s ’ the dawn as if a chan ed form of rmit The Od sse o H omer ii , g l ) ( y y f , . his su estion is merel the child of des air T gg y p . 3 3 ii 3 - . x i 2 ii Oil. 135 . . Ibid. x 1 3 x . 26 2 . 8 73 . x ; ; , A ia the [sta nd o K irhe , f . 2 7
‘ e the — the l orb to conclud , Round moon , Pandia , fu l ’ 1 e the e the which gl ams in nightly sky , th n island of
she e be e e the M o Aia in which dw lls , must m r ly o n
e e of the M o - o e island its lf, a r duplication o n g dd ss , and
Ai i n = i k i n e e a a K r a a . e the e h nc This th n , is r ason of no sharp distinction being drawn be twe en Kirke an d
th The A i i n e e her o e . a a e e e Aia , plac of ab d isl is th r
e i e e on e the e for , l k D los , a floating , now in ast , now
the e e the Hom erik in w st ; but , as notic d , account spe cially conne cts it with the former quarter and for this re ason z—Kirke is an e aste rn personage n ot
e e e e e m e r e m r ly in g n ral charact r , a circu stanc fu th r
e e e e o the illustrat d by various sp cial f atur s , but als as
3 ‘ ’ e A iétés the e No w sist r of , Bal ful
Aiétés ee o , as all antiquity agr s , was king of K lchis and it was from him that the Argonauts sto le the
e - fleec e e to e Gold n . a story w ll known Hom r , and it is Kirke who tells Odysseus whe n sp e aking Of Skylla and
On e e sea Charybdis , ship only of all that far by hath 4 ’ e e e all e pass d that way , v n Argo , that is in m n s ’ 5 We e e her a e r A iétés . minds , on voy g f om hav th n
e e e o e im an anci nt nam , us d in a lunar c nn xion , and pervious to any A ryan e tymological explanation ; w e
ee e e e e IasOn K must n ds th r for , lik , sail to olchis on its
t s e the quest . Herodo o in his v ry funny account of ’ 6 e e be tween the the e anci nt quarr l East and W st , thus
1 72 . ions 2nd edit . . 3 ir . W Cox M tholo o the A r an N at S G . , y gy f y , p 3 3 ide su . Sec . II . 0d . 137 . x . V p 1‘ For a fu l ac coun t of the conste lation A r oand her o a e ide l l g v y g , v 5 ii 0 R . B. Jr. E . sec . . 0d. x . 7 . , v 3 The Easterns stole 16 then the W esterns sto e Euro e and n o t ; l p , ' 2 8 The My th of K irhe. prosaically refers to the Argonauts and their famous
e e e e vess l Th y mann d a ship of war , and sail d to
Aia K the e , a city of olchis , on riv r Phasis ; from
e e e off Médeia the e of the whenc th y carri d , daught r ’ 1 Médeia th f the . e e e o e king of land Now , ni c Kirk , and the Aryan signification of whose name is the
’ e the e e e e s Wis , b autiful and dang rous sorc r s and
o e e e e m pois n r , who at l ngth b cam im ortal and was
e A chilleu s El sion e e e u marri d to in y , is m r ly a r d plica
h r e of e Ki . . s tion aunt rk but , as Sir H C Rawlin on 3 3 e e she e A n dromedé e e long sinc not d , , lik , is conn ct d
M the o e with edia . Aia in p m of Valerius Flacc us
e e e e - e e e who app ars as a huntr ss , lik Art mis S l n , was changed into the island of that name in order to pro
1‘ tect he r the e e her from riv r Phasis , who follow d as
A lpheios purs ued Are thousa . This phase of the myth pre serves the moving character Of the island
’ M eek Dian s crest ’ F oats throu h the a ure s ies an is an of the t l g z k , l d bles .
f the e Aia K we Having ound nam in olchis , must The i h next explain it . national ty of t e Kolchian s is an Obscure question ; He rodo tos believed th em to be 5 e e an Egyptian colony , but his th ory , d spite several satisfie d et Médeia in re en e t he Eas terns sto e He en e h y , ; v g l l ; t en the W estern s rec overed her and burnt Troy ; then the Eas tem s u nder e r t h s Had Herodot os i d n il X xes burn A t en . l ve u t the time of A lexander he would have been able to have added another link to the chain which indeed has een en thenin e er sin ce his time b l g g v . 1 f i id o Herod. i 2 c . Eur es M édei . ; p , , 2 . 3 i H erodotu ide P rof . Raw nson s i 123 n . ote . V l , , , 7 1 A id R B r A o m . dro e e . J . 5 s t n U. 5 . da v , 4 3 A r onautica i. 742 . 426 . H 11 1 ero . 04 . y , ; v d . ‘ A ia the [s ta n d o K zrhé , f . 2 9 interesting resemblance s which he trace s be tween the
e be e e e . two nations , must c rtainly r j ct d Sir H . C .
‘ e the er e r Rawlinson , having notic d mod n th o y that
’ the o e e r e C lchians w r immigrants f om India , a vi w
’ he s is n o t e r which ays quit satisfacto y , and which
‘ e r m e be er e The app a s to to highly dubious , obs v s Colchians may have be en transporte d from the Persian Gulf to the mountains of Armenia by some of the
r who e r e Assyrian mona chs , c rtainly t ansport d Chal 1 daean s to this locality . A pe ople calle d Gil/chiappe ar
the e e e e the r s in xtr m north of Arm nia , in insc iption ’ 2 The Kolchian s e u r of Assyria . wer m ch da ke r in
e o n e r e e compl xi n tha th i n ighbours , a circumstanc
d r e r Herodotos he e which Pin a kn w p ior to , as t lls
' how the Argonauts fought Keha w aiireo v t K o hx o w ' w ’ ’ 3 A inra n ap 01137 91 Prof. Sayce translate s a
r of Ti lath- Pile r i . passage from an Insc iption g se I . c r
‘ 1 0 e 4 000 Kaska an s B. C . 1 5 , which sp aks of y or "1 lkhian s s o er the e we see Ko , as ldi s of Hittit s and
the Kolchian s oe e t e e at once that , wh v r h y may hav
e e e e r w the been , w r conn ct d in va ious ways ith Turanian inhabitants of We stern Asia and bro ught within the wide sph ere of Euphrate an and Akkadian influenc e . This view may be further supported by the te sti
e z Ethnika mony of St phanos of By antium who , in his ,
1 ‘ f of which he cites Moses of Choréné ii. 4 and th In proo , , e ha a ans ar i n G eo ra h . 356 where C e e mentioned amon A rm en a g p y, p , ld g ’ the Colchians . 3 3 P t i — Raw in son Herodotus iv . 185 . h. v. 376 80. l , , y 1‘ ii 298 . T. v . ' ‘ 30 Tbe Mylk of K z réé.
’ - e the e X a ASalo t E ta i 86 X a XSaTo n. und r h ading , says , ’ y K of s he e éfivo g ”ma te o xx cfSo g . In support thi quot s a line from the Tymp an istai o f Sophokles
’ Kékx os T€ X akSaiés re Ka iEfipwv
. th Sir . e e H C Rawlinson , wh n noticing myth of
16 re the e 10 e ee , marks that as wand rings of hav b n o ften compared with the erratic c ourse o f the moon
the e ve es the in h a ns , passing in succ sion through all
the we the e signs of zodiac , so do find primitiv Chaldaean title [of the moon] repre s ente d by a Cune i
e e form sign , which is phon tically AI , as in mod rn ’ 1 r e er his - Turkish . So St ahl nb g in Polyglot Table of ’ the e 82 e Dial cts of Tartarian Nations , giv s as moon
— - es - er M o e A Y Jaku ti nam Sib ian ah m tan Tartars , on the e e UICH IRE e riv r L na , ; Ostiaks , ; Ostiaks n ar AED m d — 2 Tom skoi IRR Sa o e i IRI . M . e r , ; j Tawgi , L no m e Al f e ant , wh n noticing Akkadian and taic a finiti s , ’ 3
. A s . Mo . k n d e a . giv s on Accad , Tur , Osmanli , AI
M sse Mr. e e o G rald a y , in his Comparativ V cabulary
’ A kkado— s he of Assyrian and Egyptian Word , which
e ee e e e e e e stat s has b n s v r ly tax d , qu ri d and ah
’
- breviated Mr. e . . e the e by Th o G Pinch s , w ll known
’ ’
o s e A k . d a er Assyri logi t , compar s , moon , fath , with
’ 4 ‘ h . the e o a a M . Len orm an t e a K mi , moon giv s ,
. r du subst . pere Ab égé plus habituel et plus com ’ 5 ple t AI . Now w e had arrived from to tally different
wl n n H erod u i 23 Ra i so , ot s, . 1 . 2 3 ion i eria D escri t o S b 1738 . Clmldean M a ic 3 p f , g , 04 . 4 A Book o the Be inn in ii s . 4 43 . f g g ,
' Y E tude s ui uel uos arties des S llabaires ( uné ormes 2 q q p y if 77 ,
' ” 2 X é e 3 7 756 My /z of K z r . this co nte st of the hostile brethre n is the ancient 1 e e wee the e Su n Mo battl b t n Twins (G mini), and on ,
the e the s re e ve who , in curious v rsion of tory p s r d 2 o f Dam asko s are e P arsondas by Nicolas , call d and
s e e the N m Nan n aros . Thi latt r nam is Assyrian a naru 3 f h - the a n ame o t e Mo o n god . In Sondas
m n t n o f - M . Le n or a o d fi ds a variant Sandan , a sun g
w e s M ‘ The whose cult was id ly spread in A ia inor . “ ” m u is th h . A k. sam . sa s e t e A k dan As , sun , and . , As ” d is the dannu r . e e o f , st ong San an quival nt Raman , ’ 4 — r — the Aquarius sun and Me idian su n . P ar is an 5 P ars n Akkadian name of the sun . o das th ere fore
r - A s probably Sun St ong sun (intensive ). Pars a
’ er o ars o e the o e e s (P sia , fr m p , a h rs man , m d rn P r ian
s ree e o es er er e and Arabic Far )in G k b c m P sis , and P s s son er e e e r n the of P s us and Androm d was , acco di g to
e e e the e e the e rs we se e H ll n s . ponymous sir of P ians , at once how close is the connexion be tween Pe rses
- o t and Pars ondas . N that I wo uld in any way confuse t he rs . r the A k. ar e a s the p with Old P p , but that instan ce sh ows that the form p ars wo uld probably re
es . P arth e s enios t m . appe ar in Gk . as P r ( e Augustus) ’ ’ P eriE roti/con P athema ton A ssaon in his , says that was
the e o f e r . e o e e is fath r Niob , and P of Sayc bs rv s , It po ssible that Sandan or Sandon may lie conce aled in ’ 6 A ssaon .
r L K 0 x ii R . B J . . . . sec . ide . . V , 3 ' Fra men t . ide Lenormant Les Ori z , n es i. 161 not g x V , g , , e 7 . 4 B Jr. E 80. R . . , . 5 ide Sa ce A ss rian Grammar S l. No 4 . 02 . V y , y , y 6 A cadem Ju 28 1883 . y, ly , ’ he s l nd o A ia t I a K irée. , f 33
Amon gst other Akkadian moon - names is Idu l the Me - the the e u iv a asuring lord ), and word is q
’
h kku H . e t e . ar eb eralch the l nt of As , y , month , 2 e e the - moon b ing as of cours month measurer . This name has been fortunately pre served in a Greek
' Hes chios e - eM w form by y , who giv s r) o jq ‘ ’ 3 ot X k n a a o IT . p ba i z g . A variant of Idu is U Now as A ide 'i Gk . h s e . Ai t e Idu ( ) , so Itu A t s But as is
M the M - we the oon , and Aia oon island , obtain form
' ’ Aiaités Aiités Aiétés A IITU the Moon—the
' ' - d T Ai - Aii u me asuring lor ruly is own sister to t .
‘ . e e e e er i Prof Sayc , aft r r c ntly obs v ng that in e arly Accadian mythology the mouth of the Eu
’ hrates e e the e e p was id ntifi d with riv r of d ath , adds ,
The Okean os e e e e r of Hom r had , I b li v , its o igin in
i e e e h th s Accadian riv r , which coil d its lf round t e " 1 H m rik Kim . The o e merioi world , again , whose land and city was at the limits of the world ’ 5 e e an os re shroud d in mist and cloud , hard by ,
e the e the Gimirraai app ar in cun iform Inscriptions as , with whom Esarhaddon fought in the north—e ast of Assyria and of whom Assurbanipal speaks as the
’ ‘ wasters of the people of the country of Ga ggu ’ 7 u ddi (Gyges) King o f L (Lydia). Prof. Sayce also
2 1 r l r From id a. measu e U o d. id R B. Jr 3 e . U. 3 . , , , V . , 3 n. ammar S l. No Sa ce A ss ria Gr . 110 y , y , y . 4 5 — i B Jr. E Intro uction . 0 x i de R . d. 14 15 V . , , d , x . . 5 T. iv. 292 . 7 - ide Geo . Smith A ss rian Discoveries 331 2 . So A is h V , y , c ylos ' ' aces Cimmeria P rometheus D esnzotés 748—50 in c ose ro imit t pl ( , ) l p x y o ’ the P alus Maeotis and the Bos horus Raw inson H erodotus iii 151 p ( l , , .
H erod i . cf. . v ” T/z 34 e My th of K irée .
1 ee e ee seems to agr that Mr. Gladston is right in s ing ’ 3 - 2 th re o o e the i e e . in e v t c. of H m r H ttit s of Carch mish I menti on th ese circumstance s as a few instance s of trace s left in the Hom erik Poems of knowledge of the e e i e e er s r mot r local ti s of W st n A ia , so that it may at once appe ar that there is no thing p rima facie surprising in the fact that Homer shou ld have pre serve d an archaic Euphrate an sacred nam e . Indeed I doubt not but that it will ultimately be pro ved that
e e e er u Euphrat an influ nc was a v y distinct , altho gh
o e o e the e of c urs a sub rdinat , factor in compon nt
‘ eleme nts of the Po ems .
The e e o e the e for going consid rati ns sugg st qu stion , Have we he re any fresh data to apply to the e nquiry re sp ecting the time wh en such a line as that above
o e e e the re e ee qu t d , and which d scrib s lationship b tw n Kirke an d Aiétés and his character was composed ?
er on e the Hom erik e e e Ev y knows that Po ms , what v r may be the date of th eir reduction into a form prao
the e w e e e are tically sam as that in which hav th m , re ple te with ide as highly archaic ; and if w e de tect
e in th m an Akkadian substratum in parts, this fact is th ere by intensifie d . But what could the poet have known of the o bscure and pe culiar points of
he re e e e which t ats with such cl arn ss , pr cision and
e e e r consist ncy , xc pt by t aditions which even then
e ee e e ? N o on e e must hav b n v ry anci nt , I pr sume , would assert that his employment of the sp e cial term
1 2 H omeric S n chronism 170 et se . 0 d x i y , q . . 52 1 . 3 i T. v i. 254 . ’ ‘ A ia Me I a rk sl n d o K i e. , f 35 oloop hron (which in the Ilias is only used of a 1 2 3 e e a the e s rp nt , a lion , and a bo r ) as charact ristic e e the ee e e e pith t of thr myst rious p rsonag s Atlas , 4 A iétés M d e e e t . and in s , is ith r arbitrary or accid n al
e e e e e e It is an pith t of doubl asp ct , d noting at onc
e e i e ex er sup riority of som k nd , and that sup riority cised to the hurt of others ; the name is good or
the the bad according to standpoint of individual ,
m . wh e th er e. g . he re vere s or si ply dre ads A iétés
The View that Kirke was own - sister of the latter
e ee e the e c er must hav b n qually archaic , for po t tain ly had not Lunn s and Luna in his mind . For
e e e ere m en e c nturi s , th n , his day had spok n of Kirke own—sister of baleful Aiétés and as it is
e he n ot e e e e e s cl ar that did inv nt th s stat m nt , so it is very doubtful whe ther he gave th em th eir present o to e e f rm ; that is say , such a v rs (it consists of but thre e words) containing two the n purely traditional
e li e e e was o and unint l gibl stat m nts , probably a qu ta
the e er e e e e e e tion from arli tim , and m r ly r p at d by the poet whoever he was and wh ene ver he may have lived .
1 2 3 4 l l 11 23 . I bid. . 630. Ibid. ii. 21 . 0d. x i. 322 . . . 7 xv xv éé‘ 36 Tee My ”; of K ir .
SECTION VII.
- SOME NON HOMERIK NOTICES OF KIRKE.
ERE furth er considering the Hom erik story let us notice a few non- Hom erik referen ces to the fair goddess for th ese also may be of gre at antiquity
o e we ll be e and imp rtanc , and sha abl to contrast them with Hom erik de tail and to see how far the
He w e e whole agrees . siod (as hav him) says
r e e e o son - of- e i the Ki k , daught r of H li s Hyp r on , by love o f Odysseus of- enduring - he art bare Agrios and
Latinos blameless and strong . Telege ne s too she bar e ’ 1 f e e. O e wi e through gold n Aphrodit Agrios , oth r s
A r ios w i the g , nothing is kno n and in all probabil ty ’ 2 e r . i e ra e we nam is co rupt Lat nos , so mark dly p is d , M h fl . a a e e may dismiss ; as Prof y obs rv s , Some parts of the conclusion [of the Th eogony] have b een
ere e e e e tamp d with , sp cially wh r Latinus and the
r e are e on e Tyr h nians m nti d , for though Strabo holds
e e that H siod kn w Sicily , it is absurd to foist upon him any statement about the descent of Latinus ’ 3 Th from Ithacan parentage . e line respecting Tele gon os is almost certainly spurious . The re siduum is
1 — Theo onia 1011 14 . P a e H esiod 251 g , l y, , . 3 Histor o Classical Greek Literature i 1 11—12 y f , . . S ome N on - H omerih N otices of 37
a K e the Hom rik u th t irk , as in e acco nt , is
Hv dr sh e th y np , and that e be came by Odyss us e
e e e the son eri moth r of som body . H lios is of Hyp on , l er the Me - as in Hom ; that is to say , ridian sun is
th - son of e Climbing sun of early morning .
‘ l Rhodiu s e he e e the e Apo lonius , wh n r viv d pic
e e te e w e her form , r cr a d Circ ith som thing of old god
e re e e the r u rifica h ad , as mist ss , how v r , of ights of p ’ 2 n the e e e is o tio , as st rn r buk r of sin This alt gether
e ‘ r moved from the Hom erik presentation . Circe
’ voulan t purifier Médée et Jason du meurtre d A b
’ ’ s rthe é e d abord su r e n u e e orceau y , t ndit l aut l j un p , ’ et é é e e e de les l ayant gorg , ll t ignit son sang mains d ’ 3 es deux coupables .
the e K selos K e se On ch st of yp , irk and Odys us
e e e e e e ee W the Hom erik w r r pr s nt d asl p , hilst four atte ndants of the godd e ss were depicted fulfilling the 4 office s assigned to th em in the poem . Nonn os m akes Kirke the mother of Phau n os
5 ‘ ’ (Faunus) byZe us ; and calls her rock—loving (<1) t possibly in allusion to the 0 ' KO7TL7)V
He e e the n a ta ahéea a a fl on her island . also r f rs to 8 ( oi a k a n o m iha Ki m the Homerik ( d a k a p pp p yg , p pp g Miypw Strabo m entions that the tomb o f Kirke was
1 0 d. x ii. 176 . 2 J E Harrison M ths o the Od sse 89 ide A r onau tika iv . . , y f y y, ; v y , — 666 715 . 3 Ro le Cu lte de Bacchus i. 42 ide A ollodoros I. ix . 24 . l , , ; v p , 4 5 i 3 0 P ausan ias x ix 7 . Dion siaka ii . 3 . , V . . y , x 5 7 8 ii 4 18 . I bid ii. 56 . 0d. . 194 . D ion siaka . . xxxv x y , xxxv 9 d i 230 . 236 . 0 . v. ; x ' 38 The Myth of K irhé. shown on the larger of the two small islands called ‘ f Pharm akou ssai ( fit name for the last abode o a 1 f Pharm akeu tria Sorceress) in the bay o 2 K . Ele usis The island is now named Megali yra Strabo has also a good d e al to say about the godde ss
o e ob in his introductory remarks on H m r , but his
he o servation s are o f no special value . Thus sh ws by Hom erik quotations that Kirke some what ex 3 aggerated the future perils of Odysseus ; and notes that A ithalia (Elba) had a harbour named after the
Iason e er ee the o e Argo , having sail d hith , s king ab d ’ 4 of e Me e e see e . Kirk , as d ia wish d to that godd ss
’ He e M Circ aeu m off the says , Th y say that ount ,
e s coast of Latium , contains num rous root , but this pe rhaps is only to harmonize with the myth of
’ ’ ‘ e ‘ e e r e ere Kirk A t mpl of Ki k stood th , and a ’ 5 o e e eu cup is sh wn which b long d to Odyss s , a truly
The e e ll e e e i . int r sting r l c Latin po ts , who car fu y applie d the voyage of Odysseus as far as possible to the actual ge ography o f the Weste rn Mediter h ran e an e o e o e t e e t . , hav als d p sit d godd ss on his spot Thus Vergil sings of Ae ne as and his comrades
P ro im a Circaeae radu n tu r litora terrae x , Dives in accessos u bi Solis filia lu cos A ssi u o reson at can tu tectis u e su erbis d , q p U rit o doratam n oct u rn a in l u min a cedru m A r ut o ten u es ercurren s ectin e te a g p p l s . Hin c ex au diri em it u s irae ue l g , q eon u m Viuola recu san tu m e t sera sub n octe ru den tu m
1 Ma or The N arrati e o Od sseu 1 v s 39 . y , f y , 2 Stra o IX i 13 3 . . . I id. I . ii 36 b , b . . 4 5 I id. . ii. 6 . Ibid iii . . 6 . b V V .
T ’ he My th of K irhe.
i h- e a te all - ro u cin ife un fo in from a o e ! H g x l d, p d g, l ld g b v P rim e a seer rewar er so e fi in the oom of a s rem ote v l , d l , x g d d y U n shaken chief whose han en i n is n e er min fu of th , d b g v d l y wron s g , Whose b essin s cease n ot e er owin ea in on his fe ow l g , v fl g 5 l d g ll o s g d , W ho from depth t o height bright - piercin g Open eth the gat e of h a n e ve . Lord whose pow e r ben ign exten deth over all the heaven an d earth !
W ho in heaven is high - ex alted ? Thou Su blim e is thy behest Thou th wi in hea en r v al t Thee ce estia irits raise y ll v e e es . l l Sp p Thou Thy w ill in hea ven as the lu min ou s ether shin es ’ 1 in h a n an Lord e ve d earth n on e equ als thee .
'
e A ietés Oloo hron e . Such , th n , is p in his hom
The name Sennach erib (Sin—akhi - irib) supplie s a fam i liar instance of the introduction of the title of the
Mo on - god (Sin) into the de signation of an historical 2 Euphrate an personage . 3 er e o r e K r e In two oth passag s Strab int oduc s i k , and pro fe sse s to be able to discriminate be twe e n
’ ’ actual facts re cord ed by ‘ Hom e r and the p oet s h plausible inv entions . Bu t wh en w e find that e place s amongst the form er the voyage o f the Argo
the er the e Aiétés and amongst latt r lationship of ,
e an d Me e e e the e Kirk d ia , v n quoting famous lin
we s 0d . x . ee at once that his remarks merit
no sp ecial attention . 5 6 The e the e Sou idas notic s of godd ss in Hyginus , 7 r e e r and Po phyry hav b en al e ady cit e d .
1 Len orm an t ide Jou rnal o the Tr n A p . (V f a sactions of the Victoria x ii I nstitu te, . 2 ’ Kemi A ahm me is M n - Of . the c es A e oo orn ( ), b . 3 1‘ 5 Stra o I . ii. 10 40. Su . Sec . VI. Su S c b , , p p . e . V . 7 Su . Secs. IV. p , V . ‘ Some N on - H omerih N otices o K irh f é. 4 r
Ovid relates how Circe through love of Glaucus 1 the e transforms nymph Scylla into a hid ous monster . The poet informs us that
Sc la oco men sit u um u e est ata co ia rim u m yl l , q q d p p , ’ I n Circes o iu m sociis s lia i lix d po v t U en .
Vergil says
Carmina vel caelo possu n t deducere Lun am 2 Carminibus Circe socios m utavit U lyssei
i E e e e he thus coupl ng Luna and Circe . ls wh r alludes 3 to the fate of Picus whom Circe was said to have
e He e Dae chang d into a woodpe cker . also charg s 4 dala Circe with having stolen horses from her sire .
T e his pith et connects the goddess with oriental regions .
It is Daidalos the Cunning - worker the personi
’ fication the e of statuary s craft , who in Pho nicia ,
K e e e e e e e r t , and th n subs qu ntly w stward , introduc s a
e e o He e er . d v l pm nt of art hith to unknown , accord e w e ing to tradition , first wrought his figur s ith s pa
e fee e e He s rat t , and so was cr dit d with having , phaisto li ’ 5 e e e . k , mad living statu s Horace thinks that a song on the Teian lyre about Laborantes in uno Pen elopen vitream qu e ’ 6 Circen e the e . He , is pl asant in shad on a hot day ’ 7 e Tusculi e m oenia the also allud s to Circa a , city
1 2 — M eta x E clo a iii. 69 70. m. iv. 1 et se . q y , _v 3 4 — id 282- 3 A en eid Ib . . , vii. 189 91 . 5 Th mi ios B f P us nias IX . iii. 2 3 e st R. Jr. G . D . i 355 c . a a . , M . ; , , ; , ‘ mer I l. iii. Orat. . P alai hatos P eri A iston . A ccor in to o xv ; p , p d g H ( xv
- iadn 592) Daidalos m ade a choros or circular dan cing place for A r e. 7 — — I 29 30. Carm in a I. vii. 19 20 E odon . , x . p , ’ 4 2 The Myth of If irhe.
1 being reputed to have been found ed by Telege ne s . A further reference of his to the godde ss I have 2 alre ady notice d . The Hom erik Hymn Kaminos The Furnace contains the invocation
A eii o Kai Gu are r oA d a Ke Ki Kr p y p, q pu p ], ” ’ ' " M e K KOU 8 a ozi e Ka iE a f A ia d a x a. d d irr s r yp (p py fi , py
The a ria . dira e e the word y , Lat , p rhaps xplains mys
ri u s o e e e e te o Agrios wh m , as abov notic d , H siod giv s
to the godd e ss as a son .
the rlando Inn am ora to e the In O , wh n Count “ views the story of Ulysse s and Circella de picted
e e e o the on a fair arcad , judgm nt has fall n up n
enchantre ss who is h erself turne d to a milk - white ’ 4 hart . l The Author or Authors of 1 Henry VI . a lude to
o o f our godde ss . Y rk says La Pucelle
Se e how the u witc h oth en her rows , gly d b d b , A s if w ith Circe she w oul chan e m sha e , , d g y p .
’ M el e th In ilton s d icious po m , Comus is e son of
. Mr . e . . e e e Bacchus and Circ R C Brown obs rv s ,
’ Warton quote s [apropos of Camus ] Plutarch s dia
e e e s e the e logu of Gryllus , wh r in om of victims of Circ ,
e the e e disgust d with vic s and vaniti s of human life , ’ 6 e be re— o refus d to transf rme d .
0 651 K e M e e N says of irk , agici nn habile , au point
1 2 ide a min a III 3 — C r . i . 8 . Su . Sec. III . s V , xx x p V . 1 5 16 . 1‘ J. E . Harrison M ths o the Od sse 8 , y f y y, 7 . 5 6 Act . Scene iii. Camus Clarendon P ress Series 3 v ( ), 8 . ‘ Some N on - IIomerih N otices o rhé f If i . 4 3
’ de e e e e les é e du e e e ne l était fair d sc ndr toil s ci l, ll pas ’ des e e e Le e moins dans l art mpoisonn m nts . pr mier ’ e e e de ses e en cc e e le ssai qu ll fit tal nts g nr , fut sur roi des Sarmates e , son mari crim qui la rendit si odie use ’ a se s e u ils forcérent a e ui e . Le suj ts , q la pr ndre la f t 1 e e de Sol il la transporta dans son char , sur la cot ’ ’ l Etru rie ée e le Ca de e et ie , nomm d puis p Circ , l l ’ ’ 2 d Ea e le e de sa é e d vint li u r sid nce . This is mainly
e the o bas d on account in Di doros who says , as quaintly ’ 1 1 8 e e l b G . 7 He mad Eng ish y Booth , , that kat was 3 ’ th he M rr e first that found out A conitum . S a y d
ZEetes D e Ci e K e , and had by him Two aught rs rc s [ irk ]
e e e and Medea . Circes lik wis being much addict d to the Me e Compounding of all sorts of dicin s , found out the wond erful Natur es and efficacy of divers sorts of
R He she e her e oots and rbs , many l arnt of moth r
He e e she e e b her cat , but many mor discov r d y own ’ e Marr d the K industry . This Circ s was y to ing of the Sarmatians (Zapua q whom some call ’ she i e e o son d her Scythians ; but l k wis p y Husband ,
so the K e e e and usurping ingdom , x cut d many Butch eries and Cru eltie s upon the Subj ects for which (as some Writers relate ) she was driven out of ' ’ ' her fled the O e tv eiv eiri. TOV Kingdom , and to c an (q y
’ a mea véi e er e f e ai De e ), and poss ssing h s l of a c rt n s rt ’ settl d e e e e the e her Island , th r , tog th r with Wom n
H e ni . But e Compa ons as oth r istorians say, l aving
1 A o lonios Rhod iii. 310. p l . 2 D ictionn aire de la Fable 1810 in oc. Circe This wor is a a u , , v . k v l e com iation abl p l . 3 h h m this S e would seem to have been an archaic o oeopa t . e’ 4 4 The My th of K irh .
’ ’ h Pontus (ex htn ofla av 7 611 she settl d in t e ’ 1 P n e m her Circeum . romo tory of Italy, now call d fro
D the e e e iodoros , notwithstanding int ns crassn ss of his 2 E e e m e e e u m ris , is oft n v ry valuabl ; inasmuch as lest having before him many important works now , he has preserved numerous highly interesting and
t the e he significant fac s , of m aning of which was
e e e im wholly ignorant . Here w notic several v ry 1 She portant points respecting the goddess . ( ) is
e e K n conn ct d with olchis , and Sarmatia Asiatica orth
K 2 is e of olchis ; ( ) at onc , as this account in full
e 3 e shows , highly amorous and cru l ; ( ) prov s fatal to her e astern husband ; and (4 )flies westward to the 3 ocean .
— e e - In Art vas s , g ms , mirrors , lamps , wall paint
sarco ha oi etc . we e e e e ings , p g , , find num rous r pr s nta
— the K r e e . . K e the tions of i k myth ; g , irk mixing
e e e w magic cup , nchanting a Comrad of Odyss us , ith O e ee r e O e dyss us , f ding a Hog , implo ing m rcy of dyss us ,
e Me n her m with Odyss us and ntor , givi g com ands to Te e e th e e e . l g n s , and at burial of Odyss us by Telege ne s
1 Dio oros iv. 45 . d , 2 h is nt nt B y. e co e to dispose of Hellé in the myth thus Helios b eanin too much forward o er the sides of the Shi to omit fe o er y l g v p v , ll v ’ oard into the Sea Booth s Trans ation b ( l ). 3 Of a. charmin m odern o t . g p e : Cry to the moon to sink her lin gering horn ’ In the dim seas and let the da b orn , y e b . SECTION VII I.
THE MYTHIC RELATIVES or KIRKE.
THE Homerik pedigre e of the godde ss and her brother Aiétés is as follows Both were begotten b Eelios e m en e r y , who giv s light to all , and th i mother ’ 1 e e e Okean os . h was P rs , daught r of According to t e — - e e e A ollodoros formal , parish r gist r lik account of p ,
Aiétés K e h e the e M d e , irk , and Pasip a wif of in s , w re 2 the l e He an d P erseis P H chi dr n of lios erse). e adds that the four son s of Phrix os by Chalkiope daughter of Aietes were Argos Melas
Phron tis K tisoros and y , a
e e nam not admitting of any Aryan xplanation , and re calling the Akkadian Kisar (Lower expanse) and
Sar U e - e e e e the Kissare ( pp r xpans ), which r app ar as 3 h A ssoros Dam askios . C alkio e e and of By p , wif of ’ 4 the Phrix os e the C e - frigid , I und rstand opp r moon , ‘ a variant phase of her sire . As to Pasiphae ( the — All- the e en e e gle aming starlit h av s , wh n H lios sinks e e P e to the Underworld , th n his daught r asipha becomes apparent in the silvery skies of night illu
1 — 2 ‘ 3 Bibliotheke I . ix . 1 . P eriA rchdn 0d 138 9 . c . . x . , , xxv 4 X M tholo o the A r an N ations 448. Phrix os is Sir (1 W , CO , y gy f y , ’ the co d unsunlit air the n ame is connecte d with our reez e Ibid. l , ; f ( 384 n te , o ). ‘ 4 6 The My th of K irhé.
’ 1 - e mined by the countless Argos eye s . Pasipha is of —— e the e the M K e i e cours sist r of oon , and irk Pasipha l Ka ypsé . ’ ‘ e e Cotta , in Cic ro s famous dialogu , asks , Shall
the ee e e w e M Ino , whom Gr ks call L ucoth a , and atuta , be e e e e e she the e r put d a godd ss , b caus was daught r
e be e e t o e of Cadmus , and shall that titl r fus d Circ
h e the for e e and Pasip a , who had Sun th ir fath r , and
P erseis e o f the e e e ? , daught r Oc an , for th ir moth r It is true Circe has divine honours paid her by our colony of Circ aeu m there fore you call her a godde ss
l Me e the e but what wil you say of d a , granddaught r
the the e e A e t s of Sun and Oc an , and daught r of e and ’ 2 Idyia ?
e To ei the e h H siod says , H l os unw aried t e re n own ed e —of- Okean o s er e re daught r , P s ls ba both Kirke i and A étés the king . And Aletes son of mortal lighting Helio s by the will of the gods we dd ed a
' e o f Okean os Teh evro r daught r , final ( n g) st eam ’ 3 e er — ee e Id sinc all oth s flow into it], fair ch k d yia . e e he e en o e Lik Hom r do s not m ti n Pasipha , but the view which made her on e of the family is both ancient
— e e e e o e t and wid spr ad , as w ll as b ing c rr ct in i self.
e Thus Pausanias , too , not to m ntion oth ers , calls ’ e the e 4 H lios fath r of Pasiphae.
A rn obiu s e e i Euem i , num rat ng er stically the v a n in e e rio s Suns h ath n mythology , says ; The fifth
the is regard ed as son of a Scythian king and subtle
1 ° 2 R . B. Jr . D G . M . ii . , . 14 D e N aturd D eorum iii , . 19 . 3 — 1 Theo onia 956 60. P erie e is s . 5 g , g , V xxv . .
‘ 4 8 The [My th of K irhe.
’ ’ 1 Ef dk ahappeira o fla flvppdov QKeavoio.
As in Kemie (Egyptian) mythology the Scorpion of ‘ e the Darkness is the Daughter [i. e. Succ ssor] of 2 the e the e He Sun , so is lunar Kirk daught r of lios ;
she e ll the e of whom again is qua y moth r , as shown by the intere sting mythic legend preserved by Arno
The e ei e e e the bius . daught r of H l os asily b com s e Téle on os her the t moth r of g and husband , Scy hian ’ the K the e king, is ing of Sarmatians , whom som ’ 3 l e e e ca l Scythians , who , as notic d , is m ntion d by
The M Diodoros . associations of Sun and oon are
e e e e e K r e alike east rn and w st rn , but thos of H lios , i k and Aiétes have a stron g addition al eastern character 4 s r u . the e arising from an actual hi to ical c lt In po ms ,
e e e e i e as Mr. Gladston obs rv s , H l os is mark d as an
ii s G a ston e it would seem that the w ole hea en hi rar de t e ( l d ), h v ly e chy ‘ ’ as remote as the o e oddess of an ocean - uried H were l v ly g y b isle. ow such a simile shows that the G reeks had forgott en the cradle of their ’ race I now not. The real e lanation as i en in the te t is sim , k xp , g v x , ’ th Ha m an But in tru Dr. s stan plicity itself . y dpoint on such matters is t a l insufficient inasmu ch as it do es not reco niz e essen i l y , g the j ust claims of the atura P henomen a Theor . Thus t o t a e another inst ance h N l y , k , e n out A tlas and his il r i has a on ote a a s de su . Sec . II and l g b p l (v p .) says ‘ in conc usion I e ie e w ith Herm ann that he ersonifie h l , b l v , , p s t e spirit of ad ent urous e oration and the e erien ce which it conf r “ v xpl xp e s. He knows ” the e ths of all the sea and at the same time consi d p , stently holds the ” ilars which mar the limits of that know ed p l k l ge (The Odyssey of
H omer ii. The ad enturou s e lorer of Homerik tim , v xp es certainly ‘ ’ did n ot now the de th of all the se a n or could h ’ k p , e possibly hold ’ ta il ars which ee earth an d sk asun d S the ll p l k p y er. uch explanations sisti l remind us of Lord Bacon and the S hin irre b y p x . 1 vii. 422 0 d. x ix . 4 34 . The cou let of Il. ; p which the above forms nd ine a ears in both oems an d wa the seco l pp p s evidently an ancient and ’ - r ssion well accustomed exp e . 2 Ritu a i i Funereal l . de R. B. Jr. L. K , . 0 . sec . x lxxxv v vu . 3 1‘ II Cf Su Su . Sec . V . . . Sec . I p p V . ' ‘ ’ ‘ Tfie M th ? Rela z z ves o K z ré y f é. 4 9
E 1 astern god and the poe t naturally conne cts his e the e childr n with sam bright quarter . All the his torical d e e tra itions , too , r sp cting Aiétés would place him somewhere in the far East ; thus Mimn ermos cir . 630 sings of
I " ' A i r- ao wokw ‘ fi , 7 60L 7 (Imeos a .9 I I a I cam- wee va ec Ketara c cv fic ka t xp p p p, A A Q V A ‘ - ” Q x eavov 1ra a. ethos w ( ero Tr o o w p x , px i .
Th ere fore the poet who certainly did not regard
K e e a e e e irk as b ing simply Lun , had v ry r ason to spe ak of Aia as the dwelling place of early Dawn 3 her the and dancing grounds , and land of sun ’ 4 risin g .
As the combined Aiétés- Kirke represents an an
the dro n ou s i. e. e gy moon , , ascription of both mal and female potentialities to the lunar power ; so w e find that the Egyptians p mrépa 7 97V Ze wyv 7 0 17 K éo ' p ov
' 5 5 1v E ew oi a ev éfi hvv oifom a t . Ka i. ¢1 0 x p n a fact confirme d by the late writer called Spartian u s who
lla c L e o Caraca a . . says in his if f , p vii , that although h the e e e t e Egyptians call moon a godd ss , th y r ally
e e e e consid r it in a mystical s ns a god , both mal and ’ 6 the e e e in th female . In archaic K mio b li f as e 7 e the M le K the Euphrat an , oon , Aah , cal d hons
1 2 Juvent andi 23 Fra men t x i. us M , 3 . g 3 ' h E Cf . R z Veda I. cii. 4 : Us as ris i e a dancer uts on her g , x [ ], l k , p ’ M anskrit Tex ts a attire a uir S . g y ( p. , , v 4 5 ' i ii P lu tarch P eriI st dos ii . 0d. x 3 4 . , . , , xl 6 i E tians iii A . Wi inson A n c ent . 166 . p lk , gyp , 7 Cf I A h Co O oh or Ioh i su . a t . . . A . Sec ( p . V ) p ' ‘ 50 Tfie My tfi of K z réé.
’ 1 2 Chaser ) and Teh a ti the Me asurer was pre- emi uently male .
e A iétes o e e As notic d , , acc rding to g n ral tradi
‘ e e Id ia the e tion , w dd d y ( a daught r of Me e ‘ A etae et Id ae Okean os . So Hyginus calls d ia y ’ 3 Id ia the e e e filia. This wise y is sam p rsonag as Daeira the Knowin g dau ghter of Okean os and
"t ’ 6 - The mother of Eleusis the Coming Sun god). Wisdom from Ocean is primarily the light of the
e ve l e e e e h a n y bodi s who issu th nc by day or night , as
th the e e e e . e case may be . This light is arli st r v lation
e the M e e we e As r gards oon g n rally , may quot what
e e the Ke m ic - M . Pi rr t says of Lunns Luna Cham pollion signale clans son P an theon u m Lunn s bifrons .
e e de e He e La lun , instrum nt la naissanc , dit rm s ' '
mé e trans orme la m atiére in emeure. Tris gist , f f This point is to be rememb ered in connexion with the
- K e . Oe t e e n r de ses e est irk myth astr , aison phas s , e n p erpétuelle relation ave c les idée s de naissance et
’ e s u e f de renouvellement . C st ain i q Lucine se con on
' dait souvent ave c Diane . Aah pre side au renouvelle ’ 6 i e a e e au e e e . m nt , raj un ss m nt , la r naissanc
The M the - e Id ia oon as Night light , link d with y Daeira e w e , is its lf kno ing and so app ars as Medeia the Wise The children of the dark cold Air (Phrix os) and
1 i nt de R B Jr On this inc e i . . . U. secs. iv. x xi. and th d , v , ; of . e angry n unsuccessfu chase of the A r onautaib A iété a d l g y s. 3 Thoth Faba lae . , xxv . 4 5 P ausanias I. x iii. 7 ide su Se II , xx v V p . c . . 6 7 Le Panthéon E tien 15 . ide su Se I gyp , V p . c. V . ' Tlee My t/zz c Rela tives of 5 I the Copper—moon (Chalkiopé) are White (Argo s) and
Me e abstu lit Black ( las), inasmuch as r bus nox atra
re Phron tis = Id ia e e e colo m Thought ( y d v lop d), and some p ersonage (Kytisoros) who seems to be of
Akkadian origin .
1 ‘ Cicero happe ns to name In c?) ( the oth erwis e calle d Leu kotheé (‘ the White in co nnexion with Kirke and 1116 is the third Mo o n
e queen of the Odyssey who assists the h ero . Daught r
‘ ’ of the solar Kadm os ( the Easterner ) she is the m e of Melikertes the Mel arth oth r City q ,
- the Tyrian Herakles . As the White goddess she is
’ Lebhan a the Pale - shine r ) to distinguish her from
— — the burning golden Athamas Tammuz Dumuzi . As the - o o she e o the ee Rising m n cam up fr m d p , with ’ 2 e - e o e e the e e se b autiful ankl , f r t lls scap of Odys us , and gives him— Milton says she has ‘ lovely hands
‘ ’ her kredemnon the o r - e the immortal , fl wing sca f v il, line of waving light across the waters coming from
her e e he around fac , and by m ans of which may find ’ 3 his way to land .
The e ee K e e t mythic p digr of irk , th n , s ands thus
1 M M r Lectures In o Iuno Juno a name a in to Zeu s ide . ule , , k (v l ,
h en c o Lan ua e ii. Thus Janus w as c lle J n iu s. on t e Sci e f g g , a d un o ’ 2 M n 26 The oon w a kin i ri htn ss . Of . Job x x i. e , x l g b g 3 R G i 25 i d - Th l f In?) R . r . D . M . 8 : de 0 . . 333 53 . e chid o J . . , v v ‘ - - the Bri ht m oon is a so called P alaimén t e. Baa hamon the g , l , . , l
Burnin - l rd th fi rce diurn a un - od g o e e l S g . ' ‘ 2 ik o z réé 5 T/te My f K .
Oke no ‘ Source of di inities a s ( v ,
1 1 x iv. 201 . )
Helios (the Male- sun) P erse (the Fem ale- sun )
‘ ‘ Idyia ( the Ki ( the Odysseus Kn owmg Round - moon)
Téleg onos (the Y oung- sun)
l Chalkiope (the Phrix os (the Copper- m oon) Unsunlit- air)
(Whiteb light) (Darkness) SECTION IX .
THE TRANSFORMATION .
THE party led by Eu rylochos having drunk of the cup
Kir e are e her w e su bse of k , chang d by into s in and
e r the e e e e qu ntly , pu suant to pray r of Odyss us , b cam ’ 1 m en e e e ie . The again , young r than b for and goodl r far ide a is e ntirely unconne cted with the the ory o f tran s
oi e e migration souls , or with any id a of divin punish m ent inflicte d on man for sin . The story of Queen
e the A ra bian N i hts who e e Ki e Lab in g , , s nsual lik rk , “ e e e e e e e boast d an nchant d m nag ry of hors s , cam ls , ” e e e e r e mul s , ox n , all r taining th i human sympathi s in ’ 2 e e e n o e e th ir d gradation , m rits sp cial att ntion inas much as it is probably d erive d from the Hom erik
The e e e tale . pr s nt story is also distinct from thos which relate how the gods and, other personage s assume d animal forms in order to e scape from th eir 3 e e e e e e . n mi s , or for purpos s of d c ption Thus a curious passage in on e of the Iz dubar series of
e e e e the l g nds , which r cords an archaic conqu st of 4 e e city of Er ch , stat s
The gods of Ere ch the Blesse d e th m e v s Tu rn e d to flies an d con c aled e s l e .
1 2 ide 11 r The N arrative o d e 3 8 9 . See I Ma o O ss us 1 8 V 4 . . y , f y , . 3 4 ide en 1 O id M e m ide G esis . 0 ta . . . V v , v V , x 5 A . G eo . Smith A ss rian Discoveries 169 . p , y , ‘ 54 The My th of K irhé.
Kirke acts in this particular m anner simply be cause it is her nature so to do ; and the basis of the myth is merely the effe ct of night up on the di urnal powers .
De u be rn atis e s The an r . G Thus P of w ll ays , hog is o the r disguise of the solar hero in the night— another
the r e o e e the of fo ms v ry ft n assum d by sun , as a
er the d e . e mythical h o , in arkn ss or clouds Wh n the e e e the e e n the solar h ro nt rs domain of v ni g ,
h H es o e e e . e form had disapp ars pass into an th r , an
e or The er e ugli r , and a monstrous f m h o lam d ,
e e or e blind d , bound , drown d , buri d in a wood , can be understood whe n refe rre d re sp e ctively to the su n w the - e hich is thrown down mountain sid , which is
o s the e w e the e e l t in darkn ss , hich is h ld fast by f tt rs of the e e the e darkn ss , which plung s into oc an of ’ 1 th r n e e e o e . ight , or which hid s its lf in noctu nal f r st h th Such is t e fate of e solar comrad es of Odysseus .
The s — s e o i e the le harp tu k d b ar is , l k Sun , cal d Vishnu the and the boar—shape is often take n 2 - by the Ve dic Sun god . So the Norse Freyr the
the ben efi cen t - has re Sun god , his sac d boar G u llin bu rste Golden—bristle But this form is sometime s a dark and dem oniacal guise assum e d by ’ 3 the hero ; an d so the boar be com e s a monste r of the night with lunar tusk an d thus is hunte d by
e es o e ero e or the s r H rakl and th r h s , slays ola Adonis .
e m the s o as o e In G r any it is cu t m , it f rm rly was
d se e e on s in Englan , to rv up at dinn r Chri tmas Day
’ o r e e e an nam nt d boar s h ad , as a symbol of the
1 2 cal M t o i 2 I b 3 oolo i hol i . . id. 7 et se . 1 bid 2 Z g y gy, q . .
6 h 5 The Myt of K irhé.
1 e e e e F nrir , or lions lik that of N m a , form a long and formidable array ; and in the Chaldae an account of the cre ati on it is significantly stated that the prime val monster—animals were unable to endure the i ’ o oc oc i) light and so perishe d . T SE (ch 0 13K eveymivr T p 2 - ro i} rb 861 m !» fla va t . the e e q g m (fi pfi In w r wolf myth ,
ni the e e e too , it is at ghtfall that poss ss d p rsons
e e the wolfish be chang to wolv s , or that instincts come overpowering ; and the werewolf transforma
‘ r e the K r e— e e tion app oach s i k l g nd , inasmuch as it is substantially that of a temporary me tempsychosis or ’ 3 m etamorph o sis . But an Akkadian myth which is
a e the Vi e the z e cont in d in th Tabl t of I dubar Cycl , if
’ e on the e not xactly all fours , as lawy rs say , in its
es the e- e e e t circumstanc with Kirk l g nd , y is so tho
o e e e i r ughly analogous to it and so p rf ctly xpla ns it ,
we see e e e l e the e that at onc , sp cial y wh n Euphrat an
er Ki e e e e e the charact of rk is r m mb r d , basis and
th H m rik rati onale of e o e tale . The solar h ero Iz
e o f e e dubar , an analogu Odyss us , having com to
e re m re e e ll h gr at honour and nown , o sp cia y by t e 4 ’ slaughter of Khu m baba the Make r - of- darkness )
the - the r Storm cloud , luna and planetary godde ss Tiskhu —Istar fell in lo ve with him
For the fa vou r of Iz d u bar the P rin cess Istar lifte d the eyes I wi m a e thee I u ar m o er ll k zd b y l v , Thou sha t be hu s an an d I wil be th wife l b d l y . ’ In to ou r house en ter m id the scen t of the ines , p .
1 For an an al sis of this m th ide R B. Jr. . E . A en di I y y , v , pp x II . 2 3 Berosos Chaldailca i. 6 . T lor P rimitive Cu lture i 2 , , y , , . 79 . 4 The Ko o s of the tractate P eri tés S riés T d B y heou , which was ri d to Lu ian usually asc be c . The Trans ormati f on . 57
Similarly the palace of Khu mbaba is surrounded ’ 1 e e e the by a for st of pin and c dar , and dwelling of ’ 2 Kal sé e e e e yp is a woodland isl , wh r , wh n Hermes
e arriv s , There came on him as he stoo , d, A sme of ce ar an d of citron woo ll d d, That threw a perfum e all abou t the isle A s an n oo it was rown roun with trees ylv k , g d , 3 ’ P o ars an d e m a d orou s c 4 s n o resses . pl , l , d yp
And the palace of Kirke is bowered in ‘ the thick
’ ‘ e the the e coppic and woodland , and built amid for st ’ 5 glade s . Iz dubar makes a long reply to Istar and rej e cts her offe r ; the first part of his speech is much muti
e e lat d , but som thing is said about a grand tower ’ e ree e e w th l of ston , which ag s v ry w ll ith e hal s of
’ e o H r Circ build ed of p lishe d stone . e then p oceeds to re proach the goddess with the illtre atment and e vil fate which she had m e ted out to her pre vious
e e the e e lov rs , who corr spond with m tamorphos d companions of Odysseus
A s for D u muz i the o er of th ou th l v ( y) y , ’ Y ear after ear thou hast weari h m h y ed i wit thy love .
The first lover of the frail Night—quee n is the ardent
2 3 ‘ ’ Sa ce A 221 . i 5 l i ri in al G . 0d. . 1 . A der n o . y , C. . g 4 A . Lei h Hunt p g . 5 Mr. K ear in su ort of his theor that Kirke is a ersonification y, pp y p
D h ec . and h in n e hat the n am e of her of eat (vide sup . S av g well ot d t — ‘ is lan d (which like Taylor he con nects wit h a Zal a land of such ’ ‘ w ailin g as m en utter by a grave ) is also another n ame for Circe ’ ’ herself o ser es Circe s alace is uried dee in forest loom , b v p b p g ’ Ou tlin es o P rimitive Belie There is n ot a trace of oom in ( f f , gl ’ the ori in al the a ace thou h surroun ded n ot uried with w ood g ; p l , g ( b ) ‘ ’ and st ood in a ace with a c ear ros ect 0d. . l , pl l p p ( x ” 58 The [Myth of K irhe .
‘ ’ D z the — - of e e z Sun , umu i ( Only son h av n), Tammu
e e e e . Athamas , who is w ari d and wound d and di s
A a a the Ea e a so thou ove st an d l l , gl , l l , u di st st ri e him an d his win s thou i st rea Tho d k , g d d b k 5 ’ H e stoo in the forest he e e for win s. d , b gg d g
“ h The e agle w e are told was the symbol of t e
south ern or meridian the Moon - go ddess 2 ’ e e e— e e the e how v r , Kirk lik , strik s him , and brav wings with which he flew so gallantly aloft are
’ e the re i broken . H stands in fo st , now famil ar to
e for he e m e us , and b gs wings that might onc or fly
on his ath = Od sseu s e the away solar p , y intr ating
- mo on goddesse s to let him go .
Thou o est a so a Lion ust in mi ht l v l l y g , ’ Thou didst tear ou t by se ven s his claw s .
’ This bewitched and subdued solar lion actually
r h appe ars with his fellows a ound t e palace of Kirke. The Noctu rn al—sun is som e times repre sented as
‘ impotent or unmanned ; thus the Ve dic Indra dis ’ 3 guise s hims elf as a e unuch . To repre sent the
e e ee r o ffere v ning sun asl p , a cu i us particular is o d us
in the myth of Ad onis . It is well known that doctors attribute to the lettuce a s0 p orific virtue not dis
the . e e similar to that of poppy Now , it is int r sting
e ikan dros Kolo honios o e A l r to r ad in N p , qu t d by d o
the r vandi , that Adonis was struck by wild boa after
e e e e . Ib ko s e e having at n a l ttuc y , a Pythagor an po t ,
1 ' - C. A . G . 246 n ote . P6 8 n en h via , 8 9 qy . 3 G ubern atis oolo ical M tholo ii 2 , Z g y gy, . . The Trans ormation f . 59
the e u e the e e calls l tt c by nam of unuch , as it is that
ee i e e im which puts to sl p , wh ch r nd rs stupid and potent Adonis who has e aten the lettuce is th erefore
e e the d e tak n from V nus by lunar wil boar , b ing e unuch and incapable . The solar h ero falls asleep in the e e e e the night , and b com s a unuch , lik Hindoo
’ A r ru n as e he e er e the g , wh n is hidd n and oth wis , sun ’ 1 b e co me s the m o on . The h eraldic Lio n whe n in
er e sans villenie the e e this plight is t m d , and lin of id a suppli es a perfe ct explanation of the singular cavea t
e e e e e e she of H rm s to Odyss us r sp cting Kirk , that must be sworn ‘ that she will plan nought else of m e e e she ee ischi f to thin own hurt , l st rob th of thy ’ 2
o e she ee e . spirit and thy manho d , wh n hath th nak d The hero subse quently repro ach e s the goddess with e ntertaining this d e sign ; she makes no attempt to deny the charge an d takes the oath as re quire d .
Thou o est a so a orse oriou s in war l v l H gl , w r hi overm u ch H e yielde d him self an d thou didst ea y s love .
For fou rteen hou rs thou didst weary his love withou t ceasin g . ’ To his m other thou didst sen d him wearie d .
In Aryan mythology the Horse fre quently app e ars as
e e w e e a solar animal , and again in Pal stin r ad of the h o rse s that the kings of Judah had given to the
’ ’ 3 The e sun and of the chari ots o f the sun . Hors
’
e susu the Heb . sds e call d in Assyrian , , is styl d in Akkadian Imiru ha rm the Anim al from the and this circumstance alone is c alcu lated to g iv e it
‘ the the . a solar connexion . Asva ( Gk
1 2 — 3 - 0 0 1 2 Kin s iii. 1 1 . o lo ical M tholo ii. 15 16 . d. . 3 0 . Z o g y gy, x g , xx ‘ 60 The My th of K irhé.
eknas e e ilclcos the Lat . has v r — b een naturally connected with the swiftly moving
- the e e . Sun , strong and jubilant rac runn r This further appe ars in the co ntinuatio n of the legend
‘ Tho u ovest a so the she her Ta u u l l p d b l , ’ th u i t ask for th sti iu m Of whom con tin ually o d ds y b .
‘ ’ h kk b e ul . a aba The A k . ta m ans swift, and , As is
the A k . mu l r star it is a variant of , star , b ight ’ 1 ne ss U is the ordinary termination of the nomina ’ tive in Assyrian ; hence u lu or ma in g éihvf the mysterio us Hom erik countercharm to the charms of
’ ‘ ’ Kirké Tabul the — r the er— f and is Swift sta , Rac sun , 4 s original king and sheph erd of the starry flock. I tar thus next love s the Sun in his phase as the solar sh epherd .
‘ ’ E er da he ro itiate thee with ofierin s v y y p p d g .
as e That is to say , just an Ori ntal beauty h eightens her r s tim mi stibium cha ms with or , a dark pigment with which the eyelids were staine d and the eye s
e o e o s the n mad to lo k mor lustr u , so at e d of e ach day the sinking Sun brought with him that darkness
e e se t off e the e n c ssary to in full spl ndour , b auty of the e e the e the M lunar y , brightn ss of oon .
5 ’ Thou i st stri e him an d to a h en a thou i st chan e him d d k y d d g .
’ He e the e e r , again , luckl ss lov r is struck , and this
1 ide Sa ce A ss rian G rammar l S . No 1 69 . V y , y , y . 2 3 0d. . 305 . id n e i . Se x V f c. X . 4 A s to the Ram- sun the ori inal Aries and the s , g , tarr flock vide y ,
R . B. Jr. L . K . 0 . sec . . So A rcturu is x s called in E uphratean region s ’ the She herd of the hea n 5 ’ e oc . Or eo ard p v ly fl k l p . The Tra nsformation . 6 1
e e e e e the tim m tamorphos d , xactly aft r manner of
Ki e e e rk , into a hy na or l opard ; that is to say , into some animal whose spotted skin symboliz ed the starry Th vault of n ight . e Sun thus transforme d be come s
’ Herakles A strochitcm Starry—tunic Dionysos Ne
— — — — bridopeplos Clad in a fawn - skin rob e but I have elsewhere so fully illustrate d the nocturnal character of the spotte d—animal that I will not now furth er 1 e e h dw ll upon this asp ct of t e myth .
H is own village drove him away 5 ’ His o s tore his wou n d g ds .
e e e Fox Talbot , comm nting on this passag , obs rves We see here beyond a doubt the ancie nt original of the Gre ek fable of Actae on and his dogs . That h ero
ffe e D t A rtemis—Selén é e e e had o nd d iana [ ], who r v ng d = he rself by changing him into a stag [ the spotted
e e e e l opard or hy na wh n his dogs , no long r know
l e e e e e e . ing th ir mast r , f l upon him and tor him to pi c s The great c elebrity of this fable may be judged of from the circumstance that Ovid has pre served the
e the e e e e e e nam s of all dogs , though th r w r no f w r ” than thirty - five of th em It cannot truly be said
’ e e that this vi w is b yond a doubt , inasmuch as an independ ent Aryan myth to the same effe ct might
1 1 se M . 1 . D . 1 9 et . U. se . x i B. Jr. G . c . ide R . V , q 2 lo ical M tholo ii. 83 ide G ubern atis oo et s e . V , Z g y gy , q 3 t ix . 120 f O . M e as c . id tam iii 2 R ecords o the P . . 06 e e t s . f , ; v q ’ H in us Fabulae cl i. St atius Thebaid. ii. 203 . Tal ot s m tho yg , , xxx ; , b y l s eculation s must be recei ed with caution ust as in m an cases logica p v , j y his t ranslations of the Inscriptions are not up to the present standard of
A ss riolo but ne ertheless be has done e cellent service . y gy , v x ‘ 6 2 M h The y th of K ir e. e i e e r e e as ly hav aris n ; but it is p obably corr ct , mor ’ l e e ia e the Ba ed the sp c lly sinc Aktaion y ), son of 2 the solar A ristaios and of Autonoe the Instinct ’ a —sen se =Daeira Id ia the with and y ), is grandson of ’ = Kadm os the Easterner the Sun) and dwells in 4
Boi6tia so e o o . , famous for its S mitic ass ciati ns His
A ll n D u rn e s e o é . e G be atis pat rnal grand ir is p , and Prof thus comments upon the stag—myth The evening
e e the e of the sun r fl cts its rays in oc an night , sun stag see s its horns refle cted in the fountain or lake of
e e . night , and admir s th m At this fountain sits a
e e re the b autiful and b witching si n , moon ; this fountain is the dwelling of the mo o n ; she allure s the h ero
re e the o stag that admi s its lf in f untain , and ruins it . The stag is torn to pie ce s by the dogs who over take it in the fore st because its horns be com e eu tangled in the branche s the solar rays are e nvelo pe d
h r r the e t e o e s . Ste sichoros in branch s of noctu nal f t In ,
’ e e s r quot d by Pausanias , Art mis puts a stag s kin ound ’ 5 Aktaion and incite s the d ogs to devo ur him that
to the o e o e of o o th is say , sp tt d r b night is thr wn ver e
he is o e e s Sun and t rn into small pi c s (tars). This is on e of the man y aspects of solar suffering ; being torn or cut to pieces is a fate commonly ascribed to
1 Similarl the hero A ktis Sun- e am son of Helios was said b y b , y i n ts f Rh dos the s the in hab ta o o Ro y to have been the first astronomer
Diodoros . ( , v 2 M . i 4 2 R B. I r. G . D . ide . . 0 . V , 3 ide su . Sec. III. A ccordin to t - V p V g he Neo Platonists A utonoe h i represen ts t e A r. 4 R B Jr G . D . M . ca i ide . . . . . sec . i . Kadmos and Th V , p x ebai. i 6 o ic l M tholo i. 8 Zool g a y gy, .
' ‘ 64 Tfie My té of K z réé.
e e e e he e it w r , a pl dg that should ultimat ly triumph 1 e the over the nocturnal powers . This vi w of nocturnal nature of the stag is also in exact accord with the curious and rep e ate d simile of Men elaos Even as whe n a hind hath couched her newborn
’ e rie e e fawns unw a d in a strong lion s lair , and s arch th ou t the o e ee e kn lls and grassy glad s , s king pastur , and
te the e bed af rward lion com th back to his , and
e e e e e s nd th forth unsightly d ath upon that pair , v n so shall Odysse us send forth unsightly d eath upon the ’ 2 Th r e . e e e e e e e woo rs incid nt h r r f r d to is not , so
I e e far as am awar , in any way found d on any actual
e e e fact in natural history , and has v ry asp ct of a
he e e - e . e t prov rbial saying Lik h raldic b ast myths , such as the conte st between Lio n and Unicorn and 3 e ee e e o b tw n Lion and L opard , it is a phas of Zo logical
’ The ee e Mythology . nocturnal D r couch s her little spotte d fawns in the lair o ccupied by day by the
who e du e e e solar Lion , r turns in cours and slays th m ;
e e o e the she th n , according to a V dic p t , aba d stars
‘ " l e e e r the e e slink away , lik thi v s f om pr s nce of
— — Surya Helios Sol . Anoth er famous personage who was m etam or
hosed on e e e r p , and , mor ov r , b ought into relation
e e e with Kirk who s nds Odyss us to consult him , is the b lind see r Teiresias of the ancient family of
1 The in ident ma of ur c y co se be a mere arbitrary in ven tion of the t It is ser ilel re rodu r il oe ced b e A en eid i. 180 et se bu p ( v y p y V g , , q . ) t I thin that the m ore n arrowl the oems are e am ined the sma l k y p x , l er w ill the residuum attri uted to this ou e be b s rc . 2 i — ii 12 3 0d. v . 335 40 6 i R . e . B. Jr. U ; xv V d , . 4 Ri eda I l. 2 V . . y , T/ze Tran s ormation f . 65
O udaios the Chthonian son of Chariklo Charis) the e o f e e kean os daught r Apollon , P rs s or O , a pedigree which has been alre ady sufficiently illus
trated. e e ee T ir sias , who had b n both male and
e e et th f mal , who was blind and y by e aid of his staff
l se e who e e could practical y , and has gr at plac and
e the er r e me pow r in dark Und wo ld , app ars to to have be en originally the Constellation - sky
e e e the e blind d by Ath n Dawn , but suppli d with that ’ e ff e e e the gold n sta , wand or sc ptr so oft n found in hands of nocturnal personage s and which compensate s H the e e . e e the for y of day is a Th ban , for know le dge o f most of the c onstellations came to Hellas from S emitic source s ; and Boiotia was a p rincipal point of intercommunication on the western main h e . e e e land And is of a sp cially chthonian rac , sinc the star - groups are clo sely connected with the
Underworld .
The Istar- legend continu e s
’ Thou o est a so Isu llan u the husban m an of th f h r l v l d y at e .
e ‘ h The fath er of the godd ss is Ana ( t e High As . ’ I the e of e e the e Anu , rul r and god h av n , analogu of the V — e n a Aryan aruna Ouranos , and whos co sort Anat do is the m oth er of Istar . I not venture at present
e e the e Isullan u to att mpt an xplanation of nam , but that like the oth er lo ve rs of the godde ss he was a
e o the solar personage is e vid nt fr m account . As to ’ e n G oldz iher e his b i g a husbandman , , who has trac d
1 ’ A G 4 8 C. . . 6 6 Tbe Myt/z of with much le arnin g and ability the inte nsely solar o connexion of the myth of the o rigin of civilizati n , o bserves The founder of all the order and morality
ltu ra l e which re sult from the m ore civilized agricu lif ’ 1 the e o f the e the . is , in languag old stori s , Sun
’ Each day had he m ade bright thy dish .
The sun by his daily re tir ement made bright the
r e e Kir e the lunar disk , Ista b ing particularly , lik k ,
’ full moon .
’ in s The eyes thou didst tak e from him an d didst pu t him in cha .
Isullan u The blinde d Orion the captive Odysse us .
n the re complai s , with sult that
’ — 2 Thou didst strike him 5 to a thin g hu n g - u p thou didst chan ge i ’ h m .
Here is the usual blow from the godde ss which in this
e the o e r d es r n instanc , as in last , at nc p o uc a t a s
formation .
Thou didst place him al so in the m idst of the lan d
That he rise n ot u that he o n ot in es m u tiate . p , g [l l d]
We are reminde d o f Odysse us fixe d for l ong ye ars in
the s of ee e to the i land Kalypso , but it is n dl ss discuss doubtful part of this remarkable acc ount its gen eral purport is indisputable and its conn exion with the — Kirke story very striking .
1 M tholo A mon the H ebrews 20 Th l 1 . e who e ass i l y gy g , p age s w e l w orth of the most c areful atten tion an d c ontrasts er favoura l th y , v y b y wi
the nu merous crudities of the work. 2 ‘ ’ A pillar (Sayce). The Tr n orm t a sf a ion . 6 7
reminds us of the human - h eade d bulls place d at the
e e e gat s of Assyrian palac s , and which as living g nn wer e supposed to guard the gates of the Underworld 2 e m er So on ei e e the d o o the in lik ann . , th r sid r in
b a i , e e wh ch H pha stus wrought y his cunning , to gu rd the palace of gre at - hearte d A lain ou s
1 f 4 34 O . 0d. x . . . r/ac 6 8 The My th of [f i .
SECTION X .
SOME SPECIAL P OINTS IN THE STORY .
HAVING o de e the e o e e ee c nsi r d nam , ab d , mythic p digr ,
the o e w and spe cial characteristic of g dd ss , I ill pass on to notice certain minor yet highly intere sting and
e the r the e e important d tails of sto y , which , if g n ral
r e be e all explanation p eviously giv n corr ct , will fall
harmonio usly into subordinate relative p o sitions .
he abitu a l occu ation o Kirke. e e r I . T h p f Th y h a d
e l e e e she 2 e Circ ( ) singing in a sw t voic , as ( ) far d to
fr e the re w eb er e fin e and o befor g at imp ishabl , ’ 1 l r e e . o of wo of and full of g ac and spl ndour Sch iasts ,
o e de who are r e e e b th anci nt and mo rn , p on to nt r on labori o us inve stigations re spe cting the exact number of the crew of Odysseus and a thousand oth er e qually
e e e are t o u e e w ighty nquiri s , wont pass s ch a stat m nt as this either without remark or with a fe e ble para phrase which re pe ats the original und er pre tence of
’ e re o xplaining it , minding us of Y ung s complaint
How comm en tators each ar assa e shun d k p g , ’ A n d ho their farthin ru sh i ht s t o the u n ld g l g s .
It is on e o f the chief difficultie s of a mod ern investi gator of the archaic to re aliz e that there was a time
1 — 0 d 221 3 . . x . Some S ecia l P oin ts in the Stor p y . 69 when many of the most ordinary incid ents of o u r
e e . . ee e e e human lif , g , sp ch , w r r gard ed as wondrous
emi— e Th and s sup rnatural . e queen of witchcraft mu st be also a que en of speech he r we apons are berbee
’ e t n on in n ox i ee e a y ba, n er ; _ _ and this sp ch , lik all ar ob o e e e te ai formal utt ranc conn c d with divinity , is
i. e. t e song, is dis inguish d by rhythm and assonance .
‘ the e e so her o b As godd ss is b autiful , must s ng e ’ sweet ; th e re is no thought in the story of ‘ the
’ ’ the r f e e or e e e . music of sph s , v r singing as th y shine
ee e e e Sp ch , th n , is wond rful , and is most clos ly asso 1 ciated e e e e . with R ligion , and h nc again with diviniti s
W e e re r lo hav only to call such te ms as gos Lat .
’ ra tio oratio) and fa tu m the spoken—word ) to e e awe— r the Ri ed r aliz its inspi ing dignity . So in g V a
Vac Vox e the e ee e o , Voic ], sacr d sp ch , is r pr e e e e e the s nt d as an infinit pow r , as sup rior to gods ’ 2 and as gene rative of all that exists I will further illustrate the point by a highly suggestive quotation from an able wo rk by Signor Tito Vignoli
‘ e the e e e B ginning with traditions of our rac , v n
to e e e are prior its disp rsion , th r plain proofs that words and songs were originally employe d for exor cism s e e and magic in various dis as s , and for incanta
K r tions directed against m en or thin gs . a means to
e e w e e ein em etwas a n tha n b witch , as in G rman hav ,
a cturare atta cchiere in low Latin f , in Italian f , and
i i e R. B r. L . see . . d . J V , 2 Barth The R eli ion s o I n dia of . Ri Veda . 125 . On this sub , g f ; g , x
325 et se . M ii. ide R . B. Jr. . D ect G . . j , v , q 70 The My th of
Kar we ve carmen . from ha , a song or magic formula
The e Carm enta who e to godd ss , was suppos d watch
e b r er e her n e carm en the ov r child i th , d iv d am from , magic formula which was use d to aid the d elivery .
The e s e for e e Car nam was al o us d a proph t ss , as
m en ta the e e . er e , moth r of Evand r S vio t lls us that
The the augurs were termed carm en tes . Sanscrit ma a e the e fi , m aning magic or illusion and , in V da ,
e e m an to wisdom , is d riv d from , think or know ;
r m an w e e man tra m r u f om hav , agic fo m la or incan t ation e m an thra ; in Z nd , is an incantation against
e e e e we e the e m anadh dis as , and h nc hav Ers , incan T t ation or mbn iti . he juggling , and in Lithuanian
re e e e Ben fe linguistic s arch s of Pict t , Pott , y , Kuhn ,
o e s o e e and th r sh w that in primitiv tim s singing ,
e the e e e s the re po try , hymns , c l bration of rit , and la
e e e e e e e e e tion of tal s , w r id ntical id as , xpr ss d in id n
o e e the e for tical f rms , and v n nam a nightingale had
he e t e . the e of e sam d rivation So also nam s a sing r ,
e e e o th po t , a wis man , and a magician , cam fr m e ’
e o . The re e e e the sam ro t if g at nchantr ss is thus , lik 2 re e ch e e g at n ant r Hom r , a mighty singer .
‘ ’ e the e t e e N xt , as to gr a and imp rishabl we b .
too is e e the e e e o This , , a f atur in r pr s ntati n of Kalypso . Th e nymph within w as singing in a swee t voice as h s e fared to and from be fore the lo om and wo ve with ’ 3 e Phere k des o f a shuttl of gold y Syros , a writer
1 M th an d Science 306— y , 7 . 2 A s n i ot ced su . Sec . this is also a fe a ( p t ure in the portraiture f Kal sé 3 — o . 0 d. . 6 1 2 yp v .
2 t e 7 The My th of fo r .
’ blable d r r de e a celle e l. arb e Yggd asil la mythologi ’ 1 f e . s e o scandinav So , at Gabala in Syria was a hrin
’ the e D6t6 r e e i. e. godd ss (A am an Doth , Law , Kosmic
/zérah the r e s e r i. e . t O d r) who is al o call d Thu o ( ,
the e eo Khu sarti e and in Pho nician Panth n , wif
the o e s of s lar Khus r and , says Pausania ,
’ ' ’ - éuda n en hog én This godde ss D6t6- Khusar 3 e o the e — this is id ntical with Harm nia , p plos clad ’ 4 godde ss of orderly arrangement . Before the vast imperishable w eb of the e ternal
’ ‘ e e the - i e e r e re h av ns , star l ght d spl ndou of spac , fa s to an d fro the Mo on - goddess ; and with this id e a is
e e e e the in e n c ssarily conn ct d spinn g of d stiny , for 5 e e the e Tim in its lf is but transit of light in spac , and
i - n on the this l ght transit bri gs fate of e ach . So that
’ when the Theban se er announces the hero s de stiny Odysse us replies
Teiresias all these threa s methin s the o s themse es ha e , d , k , g d lv v ’ 6 u n sp .
’ A s The P a la ce o Kirke . th II . f e abod e of Ka l sé o re her o r e so yp sh ws natu in m st cha ming asp ct ,
e ow the e r that of Kirk sh s b auty and g lo y of art , and
1 H istoire ales Reli ions de la G rece A n ti ue iii. 2 g q , 53 . 2 ias II 7 . ausan . P , . i
' 3 ' On this su ect xide Bunsen E t s P lace v l o . i L n bj , gyp , v . ; e orman t , 19 t e Le Ori in es i. 5 e s . s g , q 4 i 2 5 B. i i R . Jr. G . D . M . . 38 . de R B. . Jr. L K . . 0 s ii . ec . , V , . 6 0d. x i. 1 39 . Cf . in t his con ne ion the robes of Ilelené whi h x , c ’ h r lf h ht Helen st oo she e se ad wrou . d b the coffers g y , wherein w ere her rob s é hm of c urious n eedlework Then h e (n n ) . t e fair lady lifted on e and brou ht it out t he widest an d m ost beautifull g , y embroidered of all , ’ an d it shone like a star Ibid 104 ( . xv . Some S ecia l P oin ts in the Stor p y . 73 is an artistic gem set in delightful natural surround
‘ ’ ‘ ’ . The are e e e ings fair halls build d of polish d ston , ’ the e we e e palac has shining doors , and r ad of silv r e l tabl s , bowls and basins , cups of gold and good y
e e e e i the e the e gold n w rs , as charact r zing styl of quip
’ e th ‘ f e m nts of e great house . O course ther is no
' thing unique in all this the palaces of A lkin oos and
Men elaos the e the e e display lik , and d scription is giv n
e e in st r otyped and conventional language . Thus in
ree e e e all th palac s , as w ll as in that of Odyss us , ’ e the e e e W e e re app ars grav dam , who bar h at n b ad
se t e the r e and it by th m , and laid on boa d dainti s ,
’ ee she her al giving fr ly of such things as had by ,
e o old though c rtainly this go d lady, who found no ’ the e e e favour in h ro s sight , was rath r out of plac in
‘ the e K e e e fe e her hous of irk , b ing v ry dif r nt from
’ e e handmaids , four maid ns whom I shall notic sub
e e e n e e e e s qu ntly , and b i g only r f rr d to onc and in th of e above customary formula . Such descriptions
e e are e the dw llings and furnitur bas d , not upon
e o imaginary foundation of po tic fancy, but up n two u e e e tt rly distinct s ts of actual facts , ach group of which has been elaborately illustrated by a class of writers ; and each of these two classes of inve sti gators has been naturally prone eith er to ignore or ’ e lse t o actually deny e ach oth er s standpoints and
Th e e o f discoveries . e t rr strial and historical basis the story is supplied by actual e arthly wealth and Oriental art in its westward progress ; whilst the myth ological basis is supplie d by the sple ndour and ’ jl/ h i hé 74 The [y t of K r . tre asures of gold and silver and bronz e posse sse d by
- m o the o e e e . dawn , sun , o n , and light p w rs g n rally I do not think it nee dful to add a single word to the works of those writers who have so ably illustrated th ese two so widely different source s of Hom erik de scription ; bu t what I do venture to strongly insist
e e e e u e e e upon is , that ith r sourc alon is q it inad quat
e the e e f e to xplain fascinating myst ry , utt rly insu fici nt to support the wondrous superstructure .
’ ’ The ‘ e Kirké s the high s ats in hall , particularly
‘ ’ d e r the e o goo ly carv n chai on which h r sat , and
e e the e er e s e which r app ars on Vas s , p haps d mand a p cial word of notice in connexion with the lun ar and
Euphrate an character of the goddess . The Akkadian
‘ M o — e the e e o n god is styl d Aku ( S at d who , e o e on the e e s e nthr n d high , is sp cial and chi f upport r 1 - o f nocturnal kosmic order . The Moon godd e ss fare s ’ ’ 2 n e the M — to and fro , walki g in brightn ss ; oon god is se ated in maj esty . Anoth er noticeable fe ature in connexion with the
e r e l e r abod of Ki k , is that it i s in a ma ke d manne r be
the o f n yond sway Arya divinitie s . The only on e of
e e who e the e e e e th s app ars on sc n is H rm s , and his action h ere is in marked contrast with his proceed 3 the e the Kal ings in cas of Aryan ypse. He is in dire ct antagonism with Kirke and aids the Aryan
e he r e e h ro against , but s cr tly and as if half afraid to
1 K uu is th n am f th Fin ni m - e e o e c oon od - g , and Ku a is a moon name in entral A fri a i C c e R B. Jr. d . (v U . 2 3 Job x i. 26 id s a . e . Se c. II. , x x V p Some S ecia l P oin ts in the S t p ory . 75 e o e her her e h nc unt r on own ground . Still l ss has e
for her she e e any commands , and s nds away Odyss us
e h and his comrad s of er own free will . Kirke is well
e the e her acquaint d with Olympian diviniti s , but p o sitio n with re spe ct to th em is e ntirely different
o of e r Kal sd fr m that th i vassal yp ; or , again , from ’ 1 of Aiolos is e to th . that , who d ar e d e athless gods
The e K e o e e palac of irk , in acc rdanc with Ori ntal
r e e the El en dr fashion , had a flat oof, wh nc young p ,
’ e e o e whom Pop calls a vulgar soul , f ll and br k his neck . The party remained enj oying the hospitality of the
“ ’ 2 e for the e e the godd ss full circl of a y ar , grand lunar cycle . The cup of Kirke and its e vil effe cts combine d with her Euphrate an character re mind us of the striking words of the Hebre w pr oph et Babylon hath bee n a golde n cup that made all the e arth drunk en : the n ations have drunke n of her wine ; th e re fore the ’ 3 natio ns are mad . ’ h lf irhé s our han dmaids . t e e IH . f As Euphrat an
‘ ’ — o d e o e Sun g has att nding on him f ur divin dogs , who repre sent the flo w of solar radiance to the four quar e s the M - e e on t rs ; so , imilarly , oon godd ss is wait d by four maid e ns that are her serving wom en in the ’ 4 5 th M th e - ee e . as e e hous And oon is wat r qu n , and mistre ss of the dark nocturnal forest in which she
1 0d 2 . So A iolos e claims Far be it from me t o hel or to . x . x , p ’ r h m n h m h l s o a h r I bid fu rthe t at a w o t e b es ed g ds b o ( . 73 2 3 4 d 4 I bid. 4 67 . Jeremiah li. 7 . 0 . . 3 9 . , x 5 5 i l i h h nc D M . i. 2 3 et t of . V de my ana ys s of e myt I (G . e‘ 76 The My th of K irh .
‘ e are e e her mostly dw lls , so th s handmaids born of ’ 1 the wells and o f the woods and of the holy rivers .
ee e Th or P otion . e IV . e M ess This consist d of ch s ,
r e — e e r e the u n ba l y m al , hon y and P amnian win ,
’ e r r the o e the nam d ha mful d ugs , wh l forming ’ 2 K t x x vx eé wa The s the r p ng compound , minu d ugs ,
‘ e - e e so the - e e was a w ll known r c ipt , and fair tr ss d
’ Hekaméde prepared a like m e ss for old Nester and 3 ’ the wound ed Machadn ; she grated ch eese of goats
’ e e o the s o milk , with a grat r of bronz int famou f ur ’ 4 e e er the the e handl d cup of N st Old , in which win
’ ‘ r e had pre viously been poured . White ba ley was th n
’ e e e i e e e scatt r d ov r this m xtur , and appar ntly hon y
The o e the adde d according to taste . mess c nstitut d
’ — Kyke dn That—which—is - stirred u p ) or famous potion which Met an eira or Bau b6 gave to Demeter wh en 5 we arie d and exhausted with se arching for Persephone. Th e se p otent d rugs are more e spe cially c on nected
— with non Aryan re gions . Thus Hele ne obtains a store
’ e e r P ol dam n a of m dicin s f om y , a woman of Egypt ,
wh ere Earth the grain - give r yields h erbs in gre atest
e are e the pl nty , many that h aling in cup , and many ’ 6 bane ful .
’ ‘ l s o m rt l A n a w u oddes o a s eech. V . f g f p This state ment is a spe cial item in the d escriptions o f Kalypsd
1 — 2 3 Nonnos x x n . 77 . I i 0 1 . 0d. . 35 l. x . 624 e e x , t s q. 4 H t N ut . x i h v . 54 t e fam A ccording to Plin y ( is . ) ous P ramn ian win e m rn w as st ill made in his time n ear S y a. 5 H mn E is D emetran 210 Clem ens A l ide the e . R ob 1 r 1 . 20 V y , ; x e t . ; 1 Dion sos at El D . M . ca . vi. sec. 1 . e usi R . B. Jr. G . s . , p y 3 — i . 228 30. 0d. v Som e S ecia l P oin ts in the St p ory . 77
e on e e e e e i e and Kirk , and which sor ly x rcis d Ar stotl , as it has do ne numerous Hom erik students since his time . I do not thin k with the gr eat philosoph er that the text re quire s any eme ndation ; nor is it ne cessary to repe at the various attempts at explanation which the qu e stion of the speech of m en and of go ds has provoke d . An instance shall suffice The se inferi or
’ ‘
e e sa Mr. M e P godd ss s , ys ayor , living alon [] in distant
e e m en n ot e n or the isl s , sp ak to by signs and om ns , in
e the o languag of g ds , but with common human ’ 1 ee e e e e e of the e sp ch This is m r ly a r stat m nt cas , n o t e te an xplanation ; but , again , it is not an accura
e e e for 1 e e Kal sd n or r e e r stat m nt , ( ) n ith r yp Ki k liv d alone ; (2) the inferiority of Kirke (to what or to whom ?) is much more easily asserted than demon
‘ strated ; and (3) there is no Hom erik language of
’ the gods as oppo se d to that of m en . This last fact
supplies the clew to the pre sent difficulty . Be cause th o e few e - o e e e e p t , in a w ll kn wn passag s , giv s instanc s 2 e e e or e —A i ai6n in which som p rsonag thing (Briar us g ,
3 4 — M rin é—Batieia i - K min dis X Skam an y , Chalk s y , anthos 5 s the M to the dro , and plant oly) is known gods by
m e n e the on e nam e and to by anoth r , or is known to
e e ee u e gods by a sp cial nam , it has b n ass m d that e e e e the gods are suppos d to hav a sp cial languag , where as throughout the poems th ey invariably con verse with and are unde rstood by mortals without any
1 2 3 — N rrative o Od sseus 139 . Il. i. 403 . Ibid. ii. 814 5 . The a f y , 4 kind of swift R. W . Ra er . I bid. x iv . 291 . A ( p ) 5 I . 74 bid. xx . 78 The My th of
ffi oe th e e e di culty , nor d s e poet v r sp ak of any lan
’ the The o m e be s o e guage of gods . g ds ight w ll upp s d t e e e re en o have sp cial name s (som etim s r p s ting archaic ,
for or sometimes foreign forms) this that , without habitually employing a tongue not und erstanded of
’ the people ; e ve n if the action of the story did not
To e er sh ow i rre sistibly that such was the case . r v t
’
e ed . again to Mr. Mayor s remark abov quot It fur th er errs in that it assume s that the gods only spe ak
’ m en e o e to by signs and om ns , or in s m unknown
’ h e e e tongue . W en Telemachos whisp er d to Ath n who
‘ ’ the e e of Me e the e was in s mblanc nt s , and godd ss
’ e e e ee she answ r d him I will plainly t ll th all , did
e e e re e ? Y e s sp ak in som strang and sac d dial ct , it
be re e he e e e may pli d , and was by a miracl nabl d to
t dd r e s t th comprehend it . But w e must n o a mi acl o e
e e om n o t to the of r o t xt ; con y , say law pa sim ny , in
e be e . be e o e such matt rs must studi d But it may r j in d , — This was a case of interco urse betwee n a godde ss and a mortal ; the gods amongst th emselve s spe ak in
M r ? Mr. o r their own dialect . Proof ay furthe implie s that those divinitie s who lived alo n e had most occa
to u se s ee se e s e e sion human p ch , which m v ry strang ; and also that the p o sse ssion of the facu lty of human speech was a mark of in fe riority . This last inference the o e e e r for the p t hims lf car fully gua ds against , at very m ome nt when Kalypsf) and Kirke are stated to
‘ ’ ‘ ’ e o ee e are e poss ss m rtal sp ch , th y styl d awful as
’
e e Mr. M if to n gativ ayor s ide a . What I und e rstand the e s — e po t to imply is simply thi , that ven the se
” 8 t rh 0 The [l/y h of K i e .
1 e e e as er e e o f be n r gard d a v y sp cial aphrodisiac , a lin
e idea entirely unsuitable to the cas e . W e th n turn to Aryan philology ; Curtius give s m ollis m olvis
- h x be re B a a b . . ( M s Gr ” s, akin to u It would thus 2 e to the a hof m alva l o Hes . O . lat d u x n, , ma l w , of pp But this explanati on labours under the difficulty of being inappropriate when the circumstances of the
e are o e e the r - e o f m alalcos cas c nsid r d ; for oot id a ,
mélos m dlus etc . e e e e e , is softn ss , w akn ss , w arin ss and
the e e e the e lik , wh r as moly was a most pot nt talis t th man . Ye might not e soft plant have b een such
? e the e e a talisman C rtainly it might , and abov vi w
be e e o e so l u n satis may p rf ctly c rr ct ; but if , it is sti l
e factory sinc nothing is explained . Hermes give s
e the — e s he Odyss us soft plant , by m an of which
a baffle s the ench ntress . What is me ant ? It may be
e e the e ere o e sugg st d that incid nt is m ly a p tic fiction ,
he who the ffi e but would avoid di culty thus , r ads his
o er e e . the H m with but dim y s Again , moly was a
e an d the o is e o rar wondrous plant mall w v ry comm n , so much so that it was a usual article of fo od with
the poor . On this last point the mallow seems iu suf
ficien t for o was e e , th ugh it constantly at n , singularly
e nough there is n o t the slighte st suggesti o n that
O e ate the o / dyss us m ly , and this is the more re
e e the e e e markabl sinc ban ful drugs w r swallowed .
Now of course th e re are no bane ful drugs at the basis the e of myth , sinc this is simply the eff e ct o f nigh t
1 Cf . G en es is . 14 et se , xxx q. 2 Ha man The Od sse o IIomer ii y , y y f , . 158 . Some S eeia l P oints in the t r 8 1 p S o y . upon the world of day ; but the moly or preservative of the e the the solar h ro is a point in basis of myth , and h ence we see at once that what the moly represents l is not a p ant but is m erely symboliz e d by a plant . I am well aware that my View of this incident m a be e e e e e y quit incorr ct , and if Kirk w r an Aryan
e e e the e e godd ss or v n within Aryan sph r , I should not venture to propound it ; but if there be any truth
i K e is - in my standpo nt , irk not only a non Aryan but actually a Euphrate an divinity (and on this que stion I must ask the re ader to care fully judge the e vidence as a whole e e e e e e ee and not pi c m al), and th r for conj tures are allowable and eve n probable which other
e in the e e the e . wis would b out of qu stion Sokrat s ,
’ Kra t los e n e e the y , wh n notici g Hom r s r mark about bird which
The G o s ca Cha cis an d m en C min dis . d ll l , y is made to say There are many other observations
o er e e . of the same kind in H m and oth r po ts Now , I think that this is be yond the understanding of you ’ 1 t the e be e e me . Ye and probl m must att mpt d , as indeed it often has been ; and it may well be agreed
e o e that these double nam s sh w instanc s of archaic , or ,
- e e e . the at all v nts , of old fashion d , forms But in par ticular case before us th ere is n o double name
' ' ' p dhv 36 pew Ka heova t 96 0 5. W e may th erefore fairly examine the hypoth e sis of a foreign origin of the term .
e e be e e e e And h r it r m mb r d that , owing to contact
1 e t The D ia lo ues o P lato u . 2l3 . Jow t , g f , G ‘ 8 2 The My th of K irhé.
- e e e e and importation , in all Indo Europ an languag s th r is necessarily a re sid uum of foreign words and name s .
e e e are o e e . dha a o v Som of th s bviously for ign , g B u ’ besom é evo hahni n il/va or iitnamdn G oin ( ), B g ( ), p (q ),
( ei o sa ir Kci ho ama l nd. m un ch mmi a fi p s ( p ), un g (g ), a ( ), p
hinn dr er e we e e. . Heb . ko h ( ); just as , conv s ly , hav g p
ha b m . h bi Sk ib a e e . er ( , l phant) But oth s ,
e u e are e t though by no m ans obvio sly for ign , y really
. The e the e o so following instanc s of latt r class ccur , am ongst oth ers in the Home rik poems
A ia (Vide sup . Sec .
A ietes . (Ibid . )
— - - — - - A igyptos . Ha Ka Ptah House of the worship of ’ — Ptah , Brugsch).
A hrot t A h Ap hrodite. p e p toret A shtoret Ishtar
the Tiskhu r z o . or Istar , Akkadian (F it H mmel)
l. . 2 2 A ssaralcos . I 3 V e . . Jr. Eridanus ( xx id R B , ,
’ ‘ ‘ m . h Chal/cos . Se c alalc o o . De r , sm th la acine
hha la l e L n m e or an t . q, iss r , polir ( )
m . hth hitdn . C Se c dn eth.
Chrusos . Sem . hharouts hhur , Assyrian atsu .
r ’ danos . Th A k D ar e . d r a A s . isr , g u strong and
’
dan . da the A k . nnu , As , also strong . The Dardan th e . 1 ( Assyrian Tartan , Isaiah , xx ) is the Strong ’ 1 — - - on e of the strong .
n h - — Dio sos . T e y Assyrian Dian nisi Ju dge of
1 R B ide f urther . . Jr. E 4 7 . V , , . 2 i . de R . B Jr G . D . .M. ii. 209 I am V . , . of course aware that differ Some S ecia l oin ts in the r 8 p P S to y . 3
Erebos . A very interesting word and on e familiar 1 2 e n ow e e e e e to Kirk , and as is g n rally admitt d , d riv d th ‘ ’ e eribu e e the . from Assyrian , to d sc nd (as sun) Its primary signification is the western gloom afte r
‘ ’ E u ro e E sunset . p is reb the We ste rn sid e o f the
the A rab the we er e o f the world , as is d ll w st Eu f l phrates Valley . Thus the Cave o Skyl e is said to
o r the we to e e fr nt towa ds st , Er bos Odyss us turns
e e e e the towards Er bos to sacrific , and th nc ghosts 4 ’
e e Heb . erebh e e . ass mbl , v ning ’ 5
d . Il . D r os a an os e . Jr. Eri Son of (vid R B , danus ,
Kadmos (0d . v . Sire of the Kadm eioiand
Kadm eion es of the Ilias . The hero from Kedem (‘ the East 7 Keteioi 0d . . T he e e ( xi Hittit s , call d by the Assyrians Khatti and by the Kemit es Kheta .
in ion obtain s res ectin m an of these n ames but m ust ref r e n ce of op p g y , e re ious writin s on the su ect ide Re l P r f the reader t o my p v g bj (v p y to o . ’ m lo of Dion sos A cadem A 9 n the Et o u . 1 M ax Miiller o y gy y , y, g , 1 d . 528 . 0 . x 2 x M tholo o the A r an o n 2n W . Co N ati s d edit 15 1 Sir G . . Cf . , y gy f y , ,
n ote 2 . 3 81 . 0d. x 11 .
4 The cun eiform ideo ra h f r ri i i 7 . o e bu s hi h I bid. x . 3 w c the g p (Lt , W m Hou hton Picture Ori in o the Character o the A ss rian Rev . . g ( g f f y ‘ S llabar 22 un derstan ds as a ic ture of the ault of hea en darkl y y, ) p v v y ’ ‘ ’ A s the character inter. al. elow and also for other shaded. ( ) b , r a ns I am of o inion that the ideo ra h is in ten ded to show ra s of e so , p g p y
i ht ein sw a low ed u in the w est ide R . B. Jr. A n E x amin ation l g b g l p (v , of the Ideograp h (t ; in P roceedings of the Society of Biblical A rchae l M a 4 o ogy, y , 5 3 ide su ec . III. x i 166 . . S I l. . V p V 7 i ladstone H om eric S nchronism 166 e de G t se . Sa ce in T V , y , q ; y .
Vll . 254 . t e 84 The [Myth of Ka .
1 mirraai. Kimmerioi. The Gi 2 the e - Ki6n The name of S mitic Pillar god , Dio n sos— e Meilichios =Mel arth Melekh y Stylos , Z us ( q , ), — Ki un . K Kon Heb . ronos , yy (Chiun , Amos , v
. Ar Ke a Kaivanu e Ken . abic yv n , Assyrian , Hittit
h h m . Krokos . Se m . ar b
3 1‘ Kronos K Karn eios K a the arnos , , arn im ,
‘
K u He . K ReN . A l . aRN b e ol cm As , So p we ds the Libyan nymph KuRéNe
h r. h n . Kyp arissos . Sem . hop e So yp os
la . m . Ledu . Se yish
ridn . er i e r an d . A O Oth w s Ca ion Urion From h.
‘ ‘ ar ( light an d As . uru ( light and day
— r o - r n — Heb . ao . A rion Oa io Urion Orien ; also known
Boietia Kan dadn = he — the e—the in as ( Ko n dian , Princ ’ 5 D . j udge . Cf. ionysos)
P ersé (sup . Sec . 6
P m . h hos . e ooulc. y S I Tangle (Il. ix .
Poseicldn P oseidadn . n to , Accordi g Prof. Lauth B Poseiden is a Libyan god adide . Certainly the name
e n z — is not Aryan , but I think Pho nicia , T ur dayan
— — — - re f Ju dge of Ty Lord o Syria . = - — Rhadaman thos Rhotam enti n of- h ( , Ki g t e hid
1 2 VI . id Sec . e R . B . ide su . . r E J . 78. V p V , 3 A s to Kronos ide R. B. Jr. G . D . M . ii. 125 et se There i , v , q. s n o ’ h bein as K dvo r in Sans rit Miiller Selected Essa suc s i. g p k ( , y , ’ 1‘ ‘ ii . 3 i I. i : Cf . P ausan as o vo i o vm vet v f , x wf d o , mep ray ‘ déw e To 6) Kai- d 87 n d aiov x pava é wp sra s 5 } px . ’ 3 fu treatm ent of t he Oribu - m th i e R For . B. r J . G . D . n ll y , v d , M . l ir W Cox M ide a so S G . . tholo h 270 et seq ; v , y gy of t e A r an N ations y ,
380.
3 n m nt Les P remieres Civilisations ii 4 29 Le or a , , . . Some S ecia l P oints in the Stor 8 p y . 5 den One of the few undoubted instances of w borro ing from Kemio source s .
ar S p edén . Darius I . in the Me dian Text of the Behistun Inscription enumerate s among the countrie s
’ e e e e e the Sa ardes the which call d th ms lv s min , p and ’ 1 . The e are the L kian s Sar e Ionians form r y , and p ’ n th de is e Sap ardian .
Thebe Thébai. the Ke e the , As to mi city , Nia of
the the e u the Assurbanipal and No of proph t Nah m ,
e e e A A e the e Egyptian nam of Th b s was p or p , h ad ”
. T the e e e e e or capital his , with f minin articl , b cam ’ 2 e the Me e Tha e The Tap , and in mphitic dial ct p name s o f the citie s called Thebe in Boi6tia and the 3 - i Troad are also non Aryan n origin . The same re mark applie s as of course to numerous Asiatic place names found in the poems .
E t ma rae a Mr. . R. e e e G c E Wharton in his xc ll nt y , 1 882 e the e b Hellenik , comput s words us d y authors 00 . 3 e down to B C. at som of which th are compounds or de rivative s . Of e remaining ’ e 64 1 are - 520 no l ss than loan words , and
e ‘ are mor of doubtful or unknown origin , many of ’ the m indeed possibly foreign . In his list of loan
’ e 36 - r words Mr. Wharton giv s root words f om ’ M 92 Se 4 6 H Asia inor , mitic , amitic (Egyptian ,
e L 1 85 Cyr naic and ibyan), and of unknown nation
’ h e . T e e e ality r sult , stat d broadly, is that som
1 in R ecords o he P ast W1 88 A . O ert t . . p pp , f , 2 Wi inson The A n cien t E tians 1878 i. 6 1 . lk , gyp , , 3 M B Jr. . D . ii 2 8 e se ide R. . G . . 3 t . V , q 8 6 The My th of
500 out of the words above me ntioned are non A . s e e the o e ryan Thu , s tting asid comp unds and d ri
v ativ e s th the Hellen ik B. C. 300 , f 3 of dictionary (and I think that this e stimate is rathe r under than over the e e o to be e mark) prov s on xaminati n S mitic ,
Hamitic or Tu ran ian .
To t h r r re turn o t e pa ticular wo d in que stion .
‘ . e e e Barbaru s Prof Sayc has not d that Apul ius , a bo tanical writer of whose life no particulars are
’
e e r e e cir. known , and whos dat is ath r unc rtain , but the o e e e e e f urth c ntury aft r Christ , stat s in his tr atis
l x ix . D e hf edicamin ibus Herbaru m . , cap x x , that wild 1 ru k s e was called m oly by the Kappado ian and Mr.
e e s e in Wharton who , lik so many oth r , ow s many
’
e e t n o . e e valuabl sugg s io s to Pr f Sayc , has includ d it
- r amongst his Semitic loan wo ds . But to what
the e Ka adokia e family did languag of pp b long , or were more languages than on e sp oken th ere ? It is
’
r u e s . e we e unfo t nat , ays Prof Sayc , that know n xt to nothing of the language of the Kappadokian s or o f the M e the s e l ee oschi , who liv d in am loca ity, and s m to have spoken a language allied to that of the Kap
adokian s the e he e p and Hittit s and , again , sp aks of 2 the Hittite s of Kappadokia But the language o f the Hittite s was pr obably alhed t o proto - Armenian ’ 3 ha L kian e all er e . and p ps y , and abov it was not S mitic The cuneiform mode of writing was used in Kappa
1 2 i 84 I b d. 285 . T. vn . 2 .
’ 3 A m on st other Hittite kin s the kin ‘ Ibid. 287 . g g g of the A rimai h A ss rian In scri tions ide I i tion e d in t e b d. i men f . I ii. s y p (v o I. ' ’ ‘ l A l o rr ddt () a Tv x oeo s g e vai f iz z/dc. 783 f u p p , 1 d yp
8 h " 8 The My th of K ir e . by the aid of a liberal construction it can fairly be called Aryan (3) that it is written in the Akkadian
r e ffe ro the e cha act r , but di rs f m Akkadian languag and (4 ) that it is very likely a variant Turanian
The r e the diale ct . Pa is Tabl t contains Akkadian
r su n - od m an eh shekel od m an wo ds for g , , , g , and
th e e wom an . e e e e On whol , th r for , it is fair to assum a close connexion b etween (s ome ) Akkad and Kap
adokia e o be l p ; and this conn cti n may inguistic , as
well as political and commercial .
the i be ee Having thus , I trust , shown l nk tw n
m ol Ka adokia e e e the e y and pp , and b tw n latt r and
the e e e e e the Akkad , r ad r will p rc iv historical and 1 o the e e e e e linguistic justificati n of vi w alr ady xpr ss d , m l l i. e. o mu u l w e e r , that in y ( , ) hav an Akkadian wo d
for e e which no quival nt was known to the poet . It remains to View the incident in its mythological
aspe ct . We have alre ady notice d that the moly in
the o e e story symb liz s som thing which , according to
’ the e ‘ be . u n tymology , must a star Now it is
’ ne ce ssary to search the mythology of plants for num ero us instances in which the h e aven ly bo dies are conne cte d in idea with various plants and fl owers it may suffice to me ntion the most comm on of simple
’ e the a e e su n flow rs , d isy day s y ). The moly
e e r e e s e u s w h pr s v s and guid s Ody s , and what a tc es over the solar h e ro at night wh en expose d to the hostile
lunar power but the stars ? and e spe cially their
1 Su Se 1 p . c . X . Some S ecial P oin ts in the Stor 8 p y . 9
1 e e — the Set - Kem l ad r and protagonist Sothis of , 2 Seirios the 6 roi) v h do 'n Scorching Sirius , s jp
v I ’ l ’ ' ' 3 c v i s x vv wvo em x h‘ t K h t s q cr v a eova w .
4 As I hav e elsewhere treated at length of the Orien
the — e the myth and of star guid of nocturnal sun , I will he re m erely briefly re capitulate the instances
The e r e r e r Euphrat an Izduba , w a y and l p ous , is g uided over the water by Lig - He a the Dog of
5 The blinded Ori6n is guide d by the dwarf li Keda 6n .
The Great Dion a/c si M th . . . . In y y , vol ii pl iv , I have give n from a scarce and interesting work by 6 oe e e e Canon Spano , a Ph nician r pr s ntation of this
e latt r incid ent . A blinded male figure of com
arativel re e p y gigantic statu , with larg wings out spre ad from the sho ulders and h olding a s erpent in
e e the m both hands , in mann r v ry similar to custo ary
1 " ’ ' ’ ’ E va 8 da repa n pd mil/ra w ofo u ¢bha x a Kai n po dn rq v e yx are o mo e
7 6V Eel tov P eriI sidos p ( , 2 3 i e i I Hes ch s in o . S ir os . l. ii. 29 o v c . y , xx ‘1 M i 2 e . E c G . D . . i. 77 t se . se s iv . . q ; . , v 3 The rotection of a house the door has reser ed its rimiti e p , , p v p v
m t f h A r n i k d k thur- a L t n a e in m os o t e a d a ec ts S . var G . a . ores y l , , , f ,
- - Old G erm . tor Slav. de er i an d hen ce Sk. dvariha door ee er , , k p
- i h ac u ir i es n t s n A n . Sax . dwer En . dwar a word wh c ed ts r e e se g g , g f , q p when that offi ce w as assign ed to those whose bodily defects disqu alifi ed ’ Re D H H ai h Y or shi e ia in h t hem from hun tin or war v . . . k r D ls T e g ( g ,
Y orkshi e A rcha eolo ical an d To o a hical Jou rn al V. The st ar r g p gr p , s are closely con n ected with the doors of the U n derw orld which they pass ’ ’
d uard cf the K mi s eb t r atew a id R B. Jr. L . . an . e c s a e . K . 0 g ( , , g y , v ,
sec . 6 M n emosin e Sarda ossia Ricordi e M em orie di e ar n M on umen ti , ’ c con rc rar a rde n a Ca liari A nti hi alt it dell isola diSa g ( g , é’ 9 0 The My th of K irh . representations of Ophiou chos—Serp entarius which are o f course based upon the de scriptio n of the co nstella
the Phain om na of e r tion in e Aratos , b a s upon his
e - fi u re wi ee e e h ad a dwarf or child g who , th k n y s and
e e e . outstr tch d hands , is guiding his mighty fri nd
is he the Such Sirius to Sol , whom conducts through
o f Li - He a z Kedalidn gloom night , and g and I dubar ,
Oribn the M e are and , and oly and Odyss us variant
e h e the e phas s of t e myth . In this last instanc nam
the ke the . e e star is , as usual , y to position H rm s,
re—e e the — the p min ntly wind power upon clouds , d e e the m the M — isp rs s gloo and displays olu star , a
e e - er e e the fri nd of light , and , as a tim mark , a pl dg of
e ni e e e e r tur ng day , and h nc of ultimat saf ty and 1 e e r e e e . i e pr s nt p s rvation With S rius as with T ir sias , the night- power who conversely has b een blinded by the ni the e day , but who at ght and in Und rworld
e er e e e e the r cov s his pot ncy, and who r pr s nts awful
the a e Kem wisdom and might of st rry Signs , call d in ’ the e e e l the e ind structibl const l ations , Sun can tak friendly counsel and be safely guide d the distant suns
e e h e e n prot ct th ir mig ty broth r in his hours of w ak ess . The remarkable vitality of certain archaic names and words is doubtless owing in part to a regard for the principle laid down in a quotation preserved by Psellos
’ i O V6 rar' a af a a v n o-t d ; Bpfl p “i fyg, S l Q l I a n a - - E un y p o va/t aro. p ex a m ow dec o Sara ’ A live a v ev rehera is d rrov 3 0 Vr‘ a / pbr X .
1 i s S e u . o . I V d p c X .
9 2 The My th of
’ 1 e any man by any me ans to change . Eus bius quotes
‘ an oracle of A pollen which d eclare d that Many
the e e - e the Phoinikian s r ways of Bl ss d on s , Assy ians , ’ Lydians and Chaldae an race knew . ‘ ’ h Ph i . e t e a akian VII The cu rious hn ot. Wh n qu een Arete had pre se nte d the hero with goodly
she e m e tie the o gifts , r com nds him to quickly kn t
the e the e e e e e e of ch st in which pr s nts w r plac d , l st
o the e any man spoil thy g ods by way , wh n thou fallest on sweet slee p Odysseus forthwith fixed on the e the o lid , and quickly ti d curious kn t , which ’ 2 h r t e lady Ci ce o n a time had taught him . The
e t e e e the t incid n is altog th r S mitic , and fact hat this spe cial knot was taught the h ero by the goddess is o n e o f the many indications o f her non - Aryan Th er . e Phoin ikian s the e charact , as common carri rs
’ e e the l e of antiquity , w r famous for ski ful mann r in
e e e e e e a e which th ir packag s w r s cur d , fact sp cially note d by the Hebrew prophet wh e n he speaks of th eir che sts of rich apparel [such as the robe and ’ goodly do uble t given by Arete to Odysseus and
' e the cofier e plac d in bound with cords , and mad ’ 3 of cedar . Both Jewish and Babylonian exorcists " 1 e . The o ordios us d magic knots fam us knot of G ,
e er e e cut by Al xand , was pr s rved at G ordion on the
o e rde e s uth rn bo r of Bithynia , a r gion where Aryan
an d n on - r e e er A yan influ nc s int mingle . Th ‘ . e P assin o VIII g f Kirke . Wh e n Odysseus is
1 P eri sterwn ii 4 5 2 — v . . Od. iii 44 . 3 8 . My , , v 3 E e iel ii 24 4 , . . ide Fo x Tal ot in T 11 54 z k xxv V b , . . . S ome S ecial P oints in the t p S ory . 9 3
— ‘ with Kalyps6 we read So soon as early Dawn s e - O e e hon forth , anon dyss us put on him a mantl and
u e an d the her e t n do bl t , nymph clad in a gr a shini g
e her rob , light of woof and gracious , and about waist she f e e e cast a air gold n girdl , and a v il withal upon ’ 1 her he ad . This statement is repe ated in the case
e e the of Kirk Anon cam gold en throned Dawn . Th en she put on m e a mantle and a double t for ’ 2 r e the e e etc . aim nt , and nymph clad h rs lf, Having
e she e e e e le so don , disapp ar d Circ m anwhi had gone her ways lightly passing us by who may
e e e to or b hold a god against his will , wh th r going ’ 3 ? H e i e the The Son o fro Now om r , l k author of g f
Rolan d i e the n e the Ka levala e c on , l k si g rs of , us s stan tl e e e e e r y r curring pith ts , and r p ats , wo d for
e e e . o word , c rtain mphatic passag s That cust m is e e the e the e e e ss ntial in ballad , it is an accid nt not ss nc
’ the e e e — of pic , which still b ars som birth marks , some signs of the e arly popular chan t out of which it ’ 4 e H e e sprung . Akkadian and V dic ymns nabl us to
or e the e e f m an id a of arly popular chant of H llas , and to see that it must have treated chiefly of the ordinary phenomena of nature . In the case b efore
the D e the M the us , as awn app ars , oon arrays Sun in
e a e ee e er he r garm nts suit bl to m t his lov , and cov ing self with the shining robe o f day and veiling her face
T e e disappe ars . h r is nothing fanciful in such an e e e the e e xplanation , simply b caus whol circumstanc s
1 2 — 3 — - 54 1 5 I bid 5 3 4 . . 71 5 0d 228 32 . Ibid . . . 7 . v. x ,
Butcher and Lan The Od sse o H omer iii. g, y y f , v 94 The My th of
we Ve of the case necessitate it . If turn to a dic ’ the e e D singer who is hymning gold n thron d awn ,
e e du e we find him using languag which , aft r making
e - ffe e e e allowance for rac di r nc , is wond rfully similar
U shas [Eda A urora] puts on her gay attire her e es towar s all creat ures Directing y d , h r n d wi The goddess shin es before t em fa a de .
ha s far awa her Sis ter i. a. i ht but in omer K irké . She c se y [ N g , H ] 1 h i t f h r ver th un The Lady shin es wit the l gh o e Lo [ e S ]. The Sister [Night] has m ade w ay for her elder sister [Ushas] A n d e art s after she has as it were oo e u on her as did d p , , , l k d p [ Kirke] h h w h ’ 2 The bright goddess as c as ed a ay t e dark v eil of night .
If the ” poet had b een hymning a beautiful Moon
e e e D - e th godd ss inst ad of a b autiful awn godd ss , e
e e e e parallel would of cours hav b n still closer . It is
the dawn - moment wh e n
A sien ce fe with the w akin ir l ll g b d, ’ 3 a u sh with the t in A n d b se t g moon .
’ ’ l The kal tré e of . Ka se e the yp cov r , yp ) or v il of god
dess is another phase of the hrédemnon he ad - band which the lunar In 6 gives Odysse us to save him from
h e l he ee i. e. t e t t d p , , lin of ight thrown from he orb
across the water . Dawn cloth e s the Moon in a
e e her e h r shining rob and mak s invisibl , and e bright ’ hrédemnon folded over her fair face become s a
halyp tré. Miss Harrison remarks We have seen how
e the H e e C e strang ly, in om ric conc ption of irc , good
1 Mu 2 Ri Veda i. 92 a . ir. I g , , p bid. 113 . 3 Tenn son M aud x y , , x u . 3 .
96 Tfie My t/z of
SECTION XI
KIRKE A ND THE NEKYIA .
he Vo t r . Su bsection 1 . T yage o E ebos
A NY account of Kirke which did not notice her con n ex ion with the Nekyia would be incomple te ; she
e s e e e e e s nd Odyss us th r , giv s him full dir ctions , and receive s him on his return ; and although so m uch
ee the e et the Homerik has b n said upon subj ct , y
e e the of e e in e po ms , lik plays Shaksp r , form an x hau stible quarry of material and invite the efforts of T e very succeeding age . he standpoint alre ady taken
I e e m the e e will, think , gr atly cl ar up any of v ry s rious
Le t difficultie s of the story . us first view the matter in the cle ar light afforde d by the Natural Ph e nomena f l Theory . At the coming o Dawn (lilos) the Moon ’ K e e e Ke mh 8 6 7 6 97 1“ Ka hvm ' v ( irk ) r tir s ( d fi 7 pn ), and sends the Sun (Odysseus) 1n his (solar) barque with 2 ’ ’ his crew for his day s j ourney (7 179 Se wa vnuep tns ’ ' f é'ra fl id n' a wovr' owopoua ns) to Night and Darkness
r ‘ (Ere bos). The ship ar ive s at the limits of deep ’ 8 4 Okean os e flowing , which it cross s , and disappears
1 541 Od. x . . 2 ‘ ’ ’ lle d in K rn Ra s saiors H m - Ca e l ( y n to E u H armaclnls in Records
the P ast iii. of , v 3 4 i 13. Cf. Ibid. 11 . 508 . 0 d. x . ' a nd the N eh za y . 9 7
h in t e gloom . This is the extre mely simple basis of the I e e e e e myth , and will n xt notic s v ral sp cial points th in e narrative .
I . The direction of the Voyag e and the p oin ts of the
Comp ass . If we seek to wholly re construct u pon the terraque ous surface of the globe the wanderings o f
e we be e e e e the e Odyss us , must pr par d to ndur gib of
e e ‘ the e e w be e Eratosth n s that sc n s ill found , wh n
the e e the of the you find tailor who s w d bag winds ,
’ e t I and not before . And y think that it is perfectly possible to explain the Hom erik id ea of the wande r
to e e f e e to ings , and unrav l c rtain di ficulti s w ll known e very student of the text . Thus in the account the
er - e e e be the Und world ntranc app ars to in East , a
’ day s sail south of Aia yet according to the the ory above me ntione d it must be in the West and is n ot 1 e the e e i the e ? Er bos , as nam its lf mports , in W st
he e the Most certainly . So t Shad s of Suitors were ” 2 e B oc 360 86 imb 6 ov z o hos doom d to go l / § ¢ , and p is ’ the e the er e e W st , as dark quart ; th y w nt accord ingly past the fiowin gs of Okean os and the rock
’ “ Leu kas f and past the Gates of the Sun . The flowin gs of Oce an and the gat es of the Sun are of cou rse both e astern and western ; but the rock
e e e L ukas shows , I think , unmistakably that a w st rn
re e . e di ction is indicat d So , again , Odyss us says
' — k K w b o o a . (incorrectly) that l tha é eira t p ; { ch u i36 [i. e
3 ’ 1 2 56 Th White R Vi 11 9 83 0d. . 3 . e oc . de 8 4 . p . . xx k 4 — The assa e w hether enuine or n ot is in erfect i 1 1 12 . Oct. . xx v p g , g , p harmony w ith the rest of the poem when rightly un derstood. H 8 9 The My th of K at e.
’ Doulichion e 7 dvev fle ” a 7 6) , Sam and Zakynthos] p s 3 ’ ’ l 7 emeu re Ithaké e e the o e fi fac s w stwards , and th r
s w do n o t i lands e astward s . N o I doubt that the apparent c onfusion arose thu s — In re ality in mythological and natural belie f) Erebos lie s in the
e e r o the e hi W st , as is cl a ly laid d wn in po ms ; but s
’ torica lly a great part of the material o f the poet s
- story came from the (non Aryan) East . Aia had a re al actual eastern connexion in legend — the far region o f
r w as Kolchis , although t uly it a floating island like 2 A iolos . e e e o e that of In this point of vi w , th r f r , it become s the place
V A 3 I O0L 1 Hovs ”payer/ems ’ K Ka ci h oima aix opoieim. i vro a i
’ 4 Similarly the Kmaepiwv o wSpdlv Sfiy ég 7 6 7 6 is historically and actually connecte d with the same
- north eastern region . Kirke was well acquainted with ’ ’ ’ ‘ A (h fl aw. ehovcra wa A i py p , p fim o
‘ and the voyage o f Odysseus from Aia is m erely a re h duplicatio n of t e voyage of the Argo from A ietés in another work I have shown the Euphrate an con 6 n ex ion the A r é th of g , and also e connexion b e tween
the e Eridan - os A k . famous riv r ( Aria dan , Strong
e the e - e m Okean o riv r and Oc an str a ( s). Now in the ’ poet s mind there is a vague id e a o f a vo yage from — the r - e the e o o no th ast r gi n of Aia , K lchis , and
1 — 2 3 ix 25 6 . I b oil. . id. . 3 . I bi — d. x ii 3 x . 4 . 4 x i 1 4 ide su 5 I bid. . . . 33 . I bi d. x ii v p p . 70. 6 ide S E . ec. A r o V g .
' “ 1 0 0 The My th of K z rhe.
h e M . Le n orman t and all which t at id a implie s . So
The o f the e s e e the se t says , mountain w t wh r sun , 1 — m t r e w as a pre e ine n ly fune e al place . A hymn sp aks o f it in th e se terms : The gre at mountain of Mu l 2 e the e s of re e the e e g lal , cr t which ach s unto h av ns , the sublime re servoir o f water [Oke an o s] wash e s its
s th s base . Thi is e mighty mountain Atla in the
3 ‘ The e e e e far we st . ntranc to Had s was n ar this ’ the e or e the s — e mountain of w st , rath r of outh w st,
‘ and was also situated beyond the waters of the gre at reservoir of the oce an The porte r of the “ glo omy dwellings is spoke n of as porter of the 4 ’ waters ; and whe n he repeats to Allat Istar s 5 e he e re e e re que st for admittanc , xp ss s hims lf thus
” 5 wa r th sister Istar has cro s th These te s y s ed em .
‘ This m o untain is invoked as a personal and active ” 7 A d ore 6ho é wv the i n god ( ¢p ), as liv ng mountai , in
the e r e o f the e fact , which commands nt anc [ Und r world]
O thou who shadest the ain or who i est sha e b pl , l d g v d y spreadin g in thy shadow on the pla . ” 3 G reat m o un tain who ru est estinies who shadest the ain , l d , pl .
1 I x x u 2 . V. A I . v . W. . ’ 2 - - - Mul e Lord of the elow i. e . of the U nde rw orld i g b , , ) s the an alog ue mitic Bel an d the Hom erik A ides L o ‘ of the Se . t is m erely a casual ’ 3 id uflix . e s a . Se . s V p c II . 4 ’ Nin ki al Lad - of - the - r at—r The A h . e e i on i. e g y g g , . , the U nder
- — ’ w orld called also N in isz ida Lad o f the - m a ic- w and ), g y g . Of. the wand of K ir e t he wife of Mul e an d an alo ue of P erse hone k ), g g p . 6 5 h M — 7 1 1 2 . C aldean a ic ide in . . 168 9 . C f , 0d V f p g , _ 1. 52 . 8 Chaldean M a ic 17 1 cf. Macaula : W her A l g , ; y e t as fi ings his ’ ’ shado w Far o er the western foam The P ro hec o Ca s ( p y f py , ‘ ' K irhé an d the N eh a 1 y z . 0 1
Atlas rule s destinies from his connexion both with the Underworld and with the starry vault which he
e . e the Hom erik upb ars Sp aking of Winds Mr. Gladstone observes that Bore as may be d efined as a ’ 1 — —e e north north ast wind , which thus appropriat ly blows the ship of Odysseus to the so u th - south—west — e r e e . The Hom erik e and Und rwo ld ntranc suns t , says
Mr . e e e e Gladston , v rg s though not p rhaps with uni
’
o m e the o e . re f r pr cision , to n rth of W st To
te w e e capitula , hav
Th r 1 . e gre at solar voyage across h e aven f om
E e e e ast to W st , an id a qually common to Aryan ,
e e Kem ite e. . Akkadian , S mit and , y A ryan ex amp les
- Helios in his solar boat cup .
Herakles in the same .
Apollon Delphin ios .
Arthur in the barge . (2 A kka dian ex amp le 2 The voyage of Iz dubar . Semitic ex amp le l h 3 The voyage of Me qart in the We st . Kemitic ex amp le The voyage of Ba and the crew of his
solar barqu e .
2 the the . A confusion in points of compass , arising from the blending of Aryan and Non —Aryan
1 Ju en v tus M andi, 477 . 9 For a consideration of this famous m th ide R. B. Jr. E . sec . . y , v , v 3 6 e ide R. B. . M ii. 28 et s . Jr G . D . V , q ' ‘ 2 The M th o K z rhe 1 0 y f . variant phases of the same gre at ide a and from the incorporation into the story of certain circumstance s more or less historical and actually derived from the
- Non Aryan East .
The are The Homerik kean os . H . O following the principal points in the Hom erik presentation of
Okean os
e e he e e As a p rsonag is call d , in a r curring formula, ' 1 2 06 6 V yeveo w source of deitie s ; and Sleep tells Here another of the eternal gods might I lightly lull
e ea e e the e Okean os to slumb r , y , w r it str ams of him ’ 3 He e e the e of e . s lf, that is fath r th m all alon of river—gods is absent from the gre at council called by
4 5 ‘ Zeus ; his consort is Tethys ( the Nurturer an
h e e . r im abstract p rsonification F om flow all riv rs , ’ e e sea r e e e l he v ry , and all sp ings and d p w l s , but is 6 Th Z e not a match for Ze us . e sup eriority of eus ov r him is thus twice distinctly and indeed with much emphasis asserted and the circumstance tends to show that he is a p ersonage who might have been considered as a possible rival or in some way an 0 p
n e s m e e e po nt , in fact it is to o xt nt an indication of
‘ Mr. s foreign connexion . Glad tone says that he alone
e . the re e be is not call d to G at Olympian Ass mbly ,
e he e ere e e caus could not app ar th in his prop r plac , ’ 7 as h e ad and Sire of all He had also quarrelled
n ou e e e e en d with his Arya sp s ; and H r says , Th ir
e e e for e e e l ss strif will I loos , alr ady this long tim th y
1 2 i l n 3 — Il. x . 302 . adsto e . v G Il. x iv . 244 6 . 4 5 i 2 3 . id x 1 Ibid 7 . I b . v . 0 I . . bid x x i 195 . xx . . 7 Ju ven tu s M an di 4 , 3 5 .
1 t o at e 0 4 The My h f K .
e the er d clare s that cranes flee from coming of wint , 1 fl t the e e and y with clamour owards str ams of oc an , ’ 2 The b earing slaughter and fate to the Pigmy men . ghosts of the Suitors go by the we stern portion of 3 - Th e e n e the Ocean stream to Ere bos . e W st b ing cessaril e the e of li e y qually hom ght and darkn ss , there was a beautiful me adow by the we stern course of Okean os where the Sun—god reigned amid happi 4 ke n os fl w th e e ness and sple ndour . O a o e back v r ’ 5 e the Jorm un urdr Weltum upon hims lf, as g and 6 spannr ; and his daughter Eurynome the Broad 7 e = e r e e e e e e the spr ading light , P s ) r c iv s and ch rish s
n He Y avishtha e the i fant phaistos , Juv nis), young 8 e e— ‘ the oll e e and w akly Fir god , in h ow cav whil around the stream of Oce an wi th murmurin g foam ’ 9 e e e her ee flowed infinite . P n lop in d p sorrow prays ,
1 ‘ ’ 2 — 8 i . 11 . Fl win s f kean os. 12. iii. 4 6 0d. o g o O . xx v — 5 I iii. 399 . I x i. 1 5 i 63 8 . l. v 1 Od. v . 5 l. ; xv 6 A ccordin to H esiod the m other of the Charites Graces Theo g , ( ,
- onia 90 9 cf. Eur hassa Eur dike etc y , 7 ) yp , y , .
ide su . Sec III . V p . V 8 The mist eastern ca e Shelle To Ni ht i y v ( y, g , n)
9 ‘ ’ — - ii. 4 02 3 . The road s read in th a stract Ii. xvi b p ing might e b refer e uall we to the s read of darkness and so we encounter in the q y ll p , Lesche at Delphoi a painting by P olygnétos of the chthonian fiend = Eur n omos Tuchulcha ide in . . 165 who w as de icted ar u e y ( , v f p ) p d k bl i i h ’ with r nn n teet and sittin on a ulture s s in P ausanias . x iii g g g v k ( , X xv . Euryn omos w as st ated by the in terpreters of sacred things at Del hoito be a emon of Hades l oca it w ho was wont to eat the esh p d ( l y), fl of dead odies so as t o le a e the ones bare He th f r l b v b . ere o e a so repre sents the consumin ow er of the ra e an d remin ds us of t he threat of g p g v , ‘ Istar when a out to descen d t o the Un derwor I wil stri e t he b ld , l k threshold and will pass through the doors ; I will raise up the dead to ’ d ur th i in P au i A . G . san a evo e l v g (0 . s notes that Eurynomos is ’ unn amed in the Od sseia the M in as and the N ostoi a thou h m u y , y , l g p y ; 8)7 l f U A I c u ravm t ‘ Ka t dov Ka t ra w s k a det ar' co v a rt- w s g p . ' ‘ ’ K z rhé and the h za N e y . 1 0 5
the h me Would that stormwind mig t snatch up , 1 an d e m e e e the east b ar h nc down dusky ways , and m e forth wh ere the back - flowin g Oke an u s mingle s 2 with the se a . It should be e ven as when the storm winds bare away the daughters of Pandareus .
The the e e e e spirits of storm snatch d away th s maid ns , and gave the m to be handmaids to the hateful ’ h Erinyes . T e western course of Oke an os seems to be e e e e e e e re h r r f rr d to , sinc , amongst oth r asons , Erinys th at walketh in darkness dwelt habitually in 3 Erebos and h ence th e se maid ens were snatched away to the Underworld by way of the we stern gloom . It is probably impossible to recover the exact Hom erik idea of the connexion between Oke an os and the Sea e the e the e , and most lik ly for r ason that po t
e had no exact ide a on the subj ect . He is very pre cis wh e n guide d eith e r by actual knowledge or by settled
e e e e tradition and l g nd , but I appr h nd that on this particular point he could have no support from eith er
H e re e e h ence studied vagu ene ss . e kn w of a g at w st rn
— - sea ; he believe d in a world girding oce an stre am .
e e the sea Hence if you sail far nough w stwards on ,
e e e the e - e you n c ssarily com to Oc an str am , but in what particular manner is unknown ; we naturally think
e e ee the o e of a connecting chann l b tw n two , but n n
The the sea such is mentioned . ship sails all day on
’ ' ’ ’ 1 ' He devra Kehevfla the e ii cbew a Kehevda of Od. i . 10. p , p xx v 2 ’ ' ‘ / a voio A ll that is said is E u n p ox ojrs 88 Bdhoz diIoppdo v Q x e . ‘ ’ hether the fluen tis injiciat reflu i Ocean i; and it m ay be doubt ed w fldha a passage n ecessitates any reference t o the sea ( a o ). 3 - ix . 5 1 2 . Vide I l. 7 ' ‘ 1 0 6 The My th of k z rhe. and the n simply came to the deep - flowing Ocean ;
e the e - re e the e again , it l ft Oc an st am and cam to wav
’ e e ee o f the wide sea. Th r s ms nothing to add to this .
The m ou th o E rebos . e the III . f Dismiss d by friendly Moon—go dde ss with the morning breeze (Aura
’ ’ r the e e e s o er the e se a Auro a), h ro s v ss l sail wid and 1 into the Oce an—stre am which it crosses ; and the
e e e ee e cr w having b ach d it , proc d on th ir way with the V the e e e Okean os ictims down w st rn or far sid of , till w e came to the place which Circe had de clare d to
’ s e us . Thi plac is thus d escribe d by the godde ss But
e e r Oke an os wh n thou hast now sail d in thy ship ac oss ,
e e e o e the e e e e wh r is a wast sh r of grov s of P rs phon , 2 even tall poplar tree s and willows that sh ed their
r e o e the e e e e th ee f uit b f r s ason , th r b ach y ship by d p e ddying Okean os but go thyself to the dark house of 3 e e e P ri hle ethdn e Had s , (th r by y p g flows into Ach ron ,
e e Cdc tu s the w e the and lik wis y , a branch of at r of
e e o ee th Styx), and th r by is a r ck , and a m ting of e
’ r n two o ari g stre ams . The sacred gro ve s of the queen
the e wo e e of Und r rld , who is h rs lf both bright and 4 are e r w o dark , compos d of popla s and ill ws nor are
e e ee e r r or th s tr s chos n a bit arily accide ntally . The
the o h willow , from Babyl nish Captivity to t e sad song
1 O . ith d 508 w x i. 20 x . . 3 ’ More co r tl t ll l k l r ec a ac o ars f . th y, b p p c e black sheep t o be offered to Te iresias an d the lack ewe resented , b p by Kirke for ’ the sacrifice . D on aban t n i ro ellera ni ra deo g v g . 3 A ides a ers n , p o . 4 For a con sideration and an al sis of the P erse hone- m i y p yth, v de
B Jr. R . G . D i . . M 278 e e , . t s q.
' ‘ 1 0 8 The Myth of K z rhe.
By the dark groves the re is a Rock which I ' l n er v e would conne ct with the 116 d 801. pn pass d by the the or for o e s ghosts of Suit s , th ugh I by no m an
e on the r e the e the d ny , but contra y ass rt , conn xion of
e the e et e e e latt r with actual island L ukas , y th r is quit suflicien t of the mythical in such a phrase as ‘ the White Rock to extend its application beyond the
Th t r r the limits of actual ge ography . e hi d ma k of
’ e e e e ff e plac which Circ had d clar d , is a ord d by its
’ being a meeting of the two roarin g stre ams . Now the well- known Hom erik river of the Underworld is Styx the Hate ful the fitting stream for the re alm 3 o- rv e oi} an d t o e the y p , according H siod , elde st daughter of Okean os and Tethys he calls her
O ' Tv e f 96 0 tidal/airm a n e the o r the y p ) 9 , r counts st y of oath 4 the e er the e e r e by sacr d wat of riv r , and d sc ib s how ’ one - e Okean os r the fl K€a t nth of fo ms Styx , which is ' ' ’ ' 5 d ' teha w a v ex 7re ‘ volo Kepa s and fleet St V15Kra. p 7 p779 —the Rock alre ady noticed an d the whole descrip
e er e r a e tion , with what v actual g ographical ci cumst nc s
e ee n e e e har it may hav b n partly co n ct d , is in xact
h m rik o t e Ho e . Okean os m ny with account Styx and ,
e are the e e Kir e th n , two str ams in qu stion ; and k calls ’ e r re e r th m roa ing st ams , a d sc iption for which I
a e the e the e e V e c nnot find a parall l in po ms , g n ral i w
’ — ' 5 13 4 that t he names Kokytos and P yriphlegethon were t aken from ’ ‘ ’ t he last offices erformed u on the dead i. e . the amen tation n d the p p , , l a ‘ ’ crem ation . Neither of these n am es n or A cheron un ess th b , ( l is e a
ariant of A cheloiis a ear elsewhere in the oems . v ), pp p 1 3 3 — Od. i . 1 1 . 1 l. viii. 368 . Theo onic 361 xx v g , , 776 7 . 4 f O — 5 — C . d. . 185 6 . Theo onia 788 9 792 . v y , , ' an d the N eh za y . 1 0 9
Oke an os e e e of b ing som what contrary to this id a . But in the Euphrate an account of The D escent of
Is tar r e in to Hades w e fin d e e e (Ki k ) , this xact xpr ssion applied to a river of the Underworld
To the roarin g stream set thy ear M a the a Istar o verm aster the roarin stream y l dy [ ] g , ’ The waters i i 1 n the m dst of it m ay she drin k .
Now it is evident that there was some spe cial peril ’ 2 o e e the e e the c nn ct d with Styx , dr ad riv r of oath , for Athene when angry with her sire exclaims ;
e r e Had I but known all this , what tim Eu ysth us se nt him [Héraklés] forth to the ho use of Hade s the
e the e e o the bou nd Ward r of Gat , to bring from Er b s
e e e he n ot e e the ee of loath d Had s , th n had scap d sh r ’ 3 The A rk di n stre am of the water of Styx . actual a a Styx is de scribe d by Toz er as a magnificent water
e e 500 ee e e ff fall , which d sc nds f t ov r a stup ndous cli ; ye t I do not think that the supposed downward course of the Styx of the Underworld was derived from this
the e e e e o o e natural fact , but that r v rs proc ss t k plac ; for the course of any Underworld - riv er which j oine d the Ocean—stre am must of nece ssity be dow nwards
e e from that point . In xact accordanc with this obvious ide a we read in the e pic re cital of the d escent
the the e e of Istar , that at bottom of country wh nc
o f the er e n one re turn there was a spring wat s of lif , guarded by the infernal powers with j e alous care ; which could only be re ach ed by a special p ermission
2 3 — 1 ii 366 9 . A G . 244 . I l. ii. 755 . I bid. i . C. . v 1 1 0 The My th of
the e e e he from c l stial gods , and th n who has drunk ’ 1 the water of the fountain re turns alive to the light . Now amongst oth er Akkadian pe rsonage s we meet
— with Khitimku rku The - spring- which - surro unds the ’ 2 e e o f the e e sublim daught r oc an , lik
er e her The s l e - t Styx , and v y lik . ub im Atlas moun ain 3 she ee e e which surrounds has b n alr ady notic d , and Hesiod says of the abode of the godde ss ;
' ’ 4 Kioo w d v eow t 7r 59 ofi avdv ea' rr uc ra a py p p p fp , just as it is said of Atlas
zx et 86 re Kiova g ‘ ‘ ' 5 M a x d a i aiafv Te Ka i. ofi aww i ovo p g , y p x m
the e n e e e e and as Chalda a H av n r st d upon columns ,
e ee e th which must hav b n bas d in e Underworld . ’ 7 e the vvk rh i / Her at g o m a Sea d. the dre ad
’ ’ ‘ ’ e e e - e e ewi vzz hm abod s of v ning night , wh r f o ) rera ra t SethoZo- t we will pause a moment o n the
es re e e e es e shadowy confin , and f r to an arli r d c nt .
h Su bsection 2 . T e D escent o [star to the Underworld f .
She who sent Odysseus to Erebos had been th ere h e rself ; the Mo on is familiar with the depths of the
e e are two Underworld . Th r Euph rate an accounts of the descent of Istar which have been translated by
e e M . Le n orm Fox Talbot , G org Smith , and an t . I
e ro the e e 9 quot f m r vis d translation by Geo . Smith
1 a M a ic 166 3 Len ormant Chald e n . I bid , g , . 184 . 4 3 100 Theo onia 5 Su . . . 779 . Od i 5 — p p y , . . 3 4 . 3 dston e IIomeric S nchron ism 231 7 Gla , y , . Theo onia 744 y , . s 9 ‘ ’ i 19 . K 16 d_ x , 2 o 0 . A G . ( . 239 et seq)
1 1 2 The Myth of to e e e the be e e ach up aloft , v n so souls gib r d as th y ’ 1 fared togeth er .
’ r h st Ove t e door an d bolts is scattere d du .
’ The keeper of the gate to whom Istar applie s for
2 ‘ e e ee e the er admittanc , is , as notic d , k p r of wat s ’ ere are e e e e and th s v n gat s of Had s , a thoroughly 3 ere the e Homerik expression . Th is also in Euphrat an Underworld the palace of Had e s and e qually ‘ within the dre ary region [of the Hom erik Nekyia]
be e e e e e s eems to a palac , which is in a mor sp cial s ns ’ 4 the residence of its rulers . Istar on passing through e ach successive gateway is despoile d of some orna
e o r r her re re e m nt pa t of appa l , and gains th m in a corresponding manner on her departure ; for the Queen of the Underworld must nee ds rele ase the
M e e e her oon , who had gon b low in qu st of husband
‘ lover Dumuzi - Tammuz ( the Only - son the wounde d f th son o e . and dying Sun , only Sky This whole account of the waning and wax ing moon is replete with curious and interesting de tail which will well
r e repay the most ca eful xamination . — - e e the e e wer her Istar Kirk b ing gr at lov po , dis appe arance paralysed the life—course of the world
th the cow the u wou n ot un ite an d the ass th f Wi b ll ld , e emale ’
ass wou n ot a roach etc. ld pp ,
1 — i . 5 9 . So Sha s ere : The sheeted dead i Od. xx v k p d d squeak an d ’ So of the host of P atroklos : Like a a ou gibber. g v p r the spirit w as h h ’ on e ben eath the eart wit a fain t shriek I l. iii 100 T g ( xx . he nt om form m ust ha e a corres ondin l fee le oi pha v p g y b v ce . 3 3 f I i 00 C . l. x u . . 1 . . 312 S p p . 4 G adstone J uvenlns M andi 373 . l , , ' ‘ K z rhe an d the N ehy 1 1 3
In a very similar account of the D escen t of [star
e the e the which is contain d in Izdubar Cycl , godd ess says I s rea i e a i han p d l k b rd my ds. ’ I es cen to the of ar n d d house d k ess .
But e e e e ee the r e th r app ar to hav b n in Euph at an ,
the Hom erik e w r ou e o as in , Und r orld va i s r gi ns of 1 e — ffe r e e wid ly di ring cha act r , for Istar continu s
In the hou se 0 m frien which I wi en ter , y d, ll , For me is treasu red u p a crow n With those wearin g crow n s w ho from days of old ru e the earth l d , T whom he o ha i o t g ds ve g ven n ames of rule . T in k im i w hey dr l p d ate rs . In the hou se 0 m frien w hich I wi en ter , y d, ll , D we the or an d the u n con uere on e ll l d q d , D we the riest an d the reat m an ll p g , There we s Etan a there we s the od N er d ll , d ll g There w r ( d ells) the queen of the lowe region s .
In this connexion w e are at onc e remind ed o f the magnificent dirge s of the He brew prophe ts over gre at monarchs and oth ers on their d e scent to
e e the o f Sche ol . Thus Y saya apostrophis s King Babe l
— — — - K dimirra a of iii A h . a e (Babylon Bab , , G t god
Hell [Schedl] ben eath trembl e th on accou n t of the e— at mectin g th comin y g , — A rou seth on accou n t of thee the Sha des all the leaders of the
earth, Stirreth up from their thron es all kin gs of n ation s ; 2 Th bed en eath is rotten n ess an d th co ver et is w orms . y b , y l
1 ‘ ’ h i l x i 539 i . t e s ec a Thus the mead of asphodel (Od. . ; xx v p of th h i n heroes w as a arentl the choicest ortion o f the haunt e A c a a , pp y p shadowy domain . So in the legend of the descent of Istar w e read (There) dwell ’ the w orm s of the deep of the great gods . ' ’ 1 1 4 The Myth os rhe.
To Sheo wit thou be hur e in to - the u termost e th l l l d, t d p — is A ll the kin gs of nation s every on e rest in hon our each in h ’ 1 house .
At the he ad of these throned phantom monarchs of ’ 3 he e the the t dim archaic tim sits god Etana king ,
r e e He ee t o be of who m P of. Sayce obs rv s s ms th the ee e li e e the e Titan of Gr k writ rs , who v d aft r 3 Deluge and made war again st Kronos or Hea shortly after the confusion of tongues . Etana ruled at
Suri ak the e the e pp , hom and kingdom of Chald an ’ 4 ’ 5 h e e . t e e e Noah If nam Titan m ans King , th n thos " 1 e r are e Ti the b low Ta taros that call d tans , gods of ’ 7 the e er are w K who e e n th world that ith ronos , w r 8 e the e e e e e onc in upp r r gions , but w r imprison d by 9 e e e h the e an d Ia et s Z us b n at arth , amongst whom p o 10 e e are of e is sp cially nam d , cast down kings ( som thing and som ewh ere) who reigned in upp er re alms
’ the e e ere their fall . But xpr ssion 0 ? Twfiveg Ka heovra i
n ot e —Hellenik e may improbably indicat a non nam , and the various Ar yan conj ectures from that
e are e of H siod downwards not v ry satisfactory .
Ia etos e e e p , again , is almost c rtainly conn ct d with
1 A . Ewald Commentar on the P ro hets o the Old Testamen t i p , y p f , v .
- 241 2 . 3 onian F le he E a le Babyl ab qf t g .
' ’ 3 - ‘ Kai aa {ha ms K éuo s Ka t Ttr' civ Ia1re‘rd re B p , , r , ' ‘ Kaip ax ea a vr' o Kpdvo s Tm iv re 117169 0 157 0 69
Sib llin e Oracles a . Cor Fra ( y , p y, gment s, 52 4 ’ A . G 147 C. . .
5 ’ P ro . its root is the same as r im amheb and r - b s B c, m m; fla g this ’ in Hes ch . Lidde l and Scott in y ( l , 3 7 3 id. 225 Il. x iv . 279 . Ib . . Ibid xv . v . 898 . 9 1° Ibid x iv. 204 . I bid. iii. 4 9 . v 7 .
’ ‘ 1 1 6 The My th of K z rhé.
e e e u n ratified the e is v r l ft g by gods , and surround d by myriads of the de ad who kept surging up from the e r e - e d pths with ina ticulat , wind moaning , gibb r
- e the er e e ing , bat lik clamour , h o , no long r support d by duty although he had dauntlessly braved actual
e f e e on e . t rrors , l d from a possibl
As Yesaya has given us the grave - dirge of
Hez ekiel e Kem Babylon , suppli s that of with a corresponding glo om and sombreness which exactly harmoniz e with the Hom erik and Euphrate an Nekyia
Stri e u o er the thron of E t the rave- ir e k p v g gyp g d g , A n d let her o own g d , Thou an d the au hters of n o e n ation s d g bl , In to the U n erwor to those ai in t he ra e d ld, l d g v In t o the lowest U n derw orld com e thou 1 Let the first t ran ts s ea of him ou t of the e of he y p k b lly ll .
The went own the lie s ain of the swor . y d , y l d There is A ssar an d all her host su rroun e b her ra es , d d y g v , A ll of them s ain who fe b the swor l , ll y d, Whose ra es are set in the u tterm ost Scheo g v l , ’ n d wh host cam e rou n abou t her A ose d tom b .
’ e e A elam her And th r too is and all throng , and
Me e the r e sh k , Tubal , Edom , c own d ones of the ’ e e er ‘ north all of th m , and v y Sidonian , in fact the 2 myriad tribes of the de ad and around e ach king . e e e own e al dom , ach l ad r , is his sp ci phantom host , e ven as we read There after cam e the soul of ’ A am em n cm o g , sorrowing ; and r und him were g a e e e the m en th r d oth r spirits , all who had died with
’ 1 out of the bel of ‘ ’ ’ So Jonah ra s Scheél i.e. the fish s l p y ly , , be ly. 2 i. 632 . Od. x ’ ‘ ' K z rhe an d the N eh a 1 I y z . 7
m ’ 1 et e . I he e him and th ir doom xclaims ,
e me by a d ath most pitiful , and round my comp any ’ 2 likewise were slain without ce asing ; in the words ‘ the e e e e lie o f of proph t , Th y w nt down , th y slain ’ the d swor .
' ' ’ A ede Subsection 3 . s and h P ersep onez a .
The king and queen of the Underworld next de mand our notice . We m ay nearly always under stand the Hom erik term of a person rather 3 than of a place . A passage speaks of Tartaros bein g
far e A i s r as b neath de as h e aven is above e a th . But wh e n w e remember that the Lord of the Under ’ A idén eu s e e e world , , was usually s at d on his thron 4 ere e e the e e th , it is vid nt that passag in qu stion is e qually satisfied if refe rre d to a person and that it doe s not necessarily imply a place . The halls of
‘ ' i é are the A d s grim , and vast , and lothly to gods
‘ the ee Kron id e he the r and of thr broth rs is thi d , ’ - H r the ruler of the folk in the under world . e d ew the e e Ze e the murky darkn ss by lot , wh n us obtain d ’ 6 e e e Poseidén the sea wid h av n , and hoary ; and as the maj ority of the Aryan divinities are the bright
e re- e e b ings who p min ntly , and according to an oft ’ 7 e e e e the de e e e r p at d formula , poss ss wi h av n , th y A naturally abhor his dark domain . s I have said 8 e e e e e e e e ere ls wh r , I r gard him as b ing lik Z us , H ,
1 — 2 — 3 I iii. 16 0 d. x i 38 9 . I bid. 4 12 3 . l. . . 7 v 4 5 6 - I bid. 187 92 . I bid . 62 . I bid. 65 . . . xx xv 7 3 ide G . D . M ii. 251 . 0 d. x i. 133 etc. , V ’ ‘ 1 1 8 The Myth of K z rhé .
e e e e e e A rés an d D m t r , Ath n , Apollon , Art mis , ,
e e r . He e re H rm s , an A yan divinity is styl d , in ’ 1 ’ 2 o o l ee s curring f rmulas , mighty , having g od y st d , ’ 3 o a h e and warde n of the gate . His imm rt l ors s 4 are e o e the E is D ém étra n m nti n d in Hymn , in which he is calle d P olydegm on the Much - receiving as
m en e e re P ol én m o s all d sc nd to his alm and y y , inas
all e ere the e r much as nations r v a god of Und rwo ld , ‘ Th who has many nam e s amongst many m en . e
' ’ Gate s of Aidés are originally the two entrance s
e e e e the e r re ( ast rn and w st rn) to Und rwo ld , and mo 5 The Hé particularly the we stern entrance . solar raklés e e e e e e , who triumphantly p n trat d to and m rg d 6 from the Underworld bringing up the dog Kerberos
‘ the e e - of o e V dic Sarvari , Darkn ss sm t ’ awful Aidés with a swift (solar) arrow in Pylo s 7 the e A ristarchos e l e amid d ad ; or , as w l not s , at the a te the er the g of Und world that is to say , conqu ering Sun overcame the gloomy p ow er who
e the r the er- re o e guard d po tals of Low gion , and f rc d
r his way in . It was natu al enough that such a legend s o be e o e e e h uld localiz d at s m plac call d Pylos , as
Pausanias relate s . He says that Athene (the Dawn
o e e er e e p w r) aid d H akl s , and that Had s fought for the P lian s e e he o e e y , b caus was h nour d by th m and
1 2 0d 534 x i. 4 I 7 . l. . 654 . . etc . x ; v , 3 4 I bid i. 36 7 0d. x i. 2 . . 18 . vii ; 77 V . A I ha e elsewhe re ide U x i l sec . . ful s v (v . ) y treated of the two — ’ e ntran ces of the ca e of Dion sos Dith reités He- of the - two- entrances v y y , t e the Sun I shall not fu rther notice the m atter h r . . , ), e e . 6 7 Il iii. 368 0d. x i. 623 . I l 395 . v ; . v . 7 .
1 2 0 The [My th of K nee.
’ 1 e the or spl ndour of material w ld and as such , and
‘ in her character o f Kore ( the she is the e snatch ed away by the dark king . In sam way
‘ there is no need to understand Apollon as the De ’ e er the A ellon stroyer . Welck r consid s Doric form p as the most ancie nt with the me aning of Averter
il e e th wh st Prof. Sayc xplains e name as signifying ’
- - — — Son of the revolving on e . If Persephone (as Hesiod calls her) had always been the queen of the Under
she e e ee e world , might w ll hav b n nam d Light d estroyer but under all the circumstance s of her
i e m myth this sign fication is absolut ly inad issible . The only fact connected with her which here re quires notice is her remarkable prominence and potency in the lower regions wh en compared with the e e her e h s condary part play d by gr at usband . And the explanation o f this is at once p erfe ctly
e o e simpl , and also in abs lut harmony with the th e e e e e ere e . Mr g n ral tr atm nt of myth h pursu d .
e e re e Gladston , whos ca ful and s arching study of the incidents and text of the poems is of the most mate
e v e se e e e rial s r ic to sub qu nt inv stigators , obs rve s that long ago he had been struck by the predominance of a foreign character and associations in the Homeric
hderw rld the e e s U o e . e of El v nth Odys y It li s , not in
e ee e the e th or n ar Gr c , but in r gion of e Outer Geo
The e e K r e graphy . for ign godd ss i k , and the Kad
e ee e e are the e m ian S r T ir sias , sourc s from which
r Odysseus obtain s his di e ctions . The recent Hellenic
1 D M i. 279 G . . . ) ' [f ir/ct an d th h a e N e y z . 1 2 1
e e the are e e th D ad , furnish d by War , wand r rs in e
e e u e Shad s , without fix d doom or occ pation , scarc ly ,
e e e e n ew e . as it w r , naturalis d in th ir abod None of the more ancient Hellenic or Achaian monarchs or
o e . e r the warri rs app ar And all , or n a ly all , charac
e e e the r t t rs , oth r than thos from Troj an Plain , a e o be e e e e e the re r f rr d , ith r by indi ct indications of the
e or e e e to Po ms , in consonanc with g n ral tradition , a ’ 1 o th f reign origin . In fact e ge neral concept is in the m e i e o ain borrow d , and A d s , who is kn wn by
e e e e n on — e many titl s , r pr s nts a Aryan analogu whilst the n ame P ersephon eia has be e n similarly applie d to th e ee the e e . Qu n of Und rworld visit d by Istar This ,
to o e e Mr. e e , has not scap d Gladston who , wh n noti 2 the — e en in ki al ee cing Istar l g d , says It is N g , a Qu n , who exercise s the active functio ns of government in the Under —world ; just as in Hom er it is P ersephon eia
o e or e e e to e e al n who acts , is xp ct d act as sov r ign
' ' e o e A 1don eu s the a e b l w , whil is for most p rt a mut ’ 3 figure in the background .
The ision o d sseu . Su bsection 4 . V f O y s
4 And now Odysseus and his companions stand on the p erilous ve rge of the Underworld the trench is
1 ric S n chronism 213 . H ome y , 2 ‘ ’ Ninkig al Lady- of- the - gloomy- pit (Len orm ant) ; or perhaps ‘ — ’ — - - - Hades . She i ls l rather Lad of the reat re ion i. e . Sche ol s a o ca ed y g g , l ‘ u n - f- the- u nderw orld an d in A ss rian Allat Her hus Ninge ( Q ee o y . b an d is Mulge King- of- the- Un derworld 3 H omeric S n chronism 235 . y , 4 ’ ‘ Dr Ha man s e a orate A endi On the vex via in the 2nd vol. . y l b pp x s o H omer is in orrect on this oin t Od sseus is n ot said of his Odys ey f , c p . y ‘ 2 2 Th M th o irhé 1 e y f K .
the — ffe e e e and duly dug , drink o ring (m ad , win , wat r w e e e the e e e hit m al) pour d out , str ngthl ss h ads of 1 the e e the ee sacrificed. e d ad invok d , and sh p Wh n cutting the throats of the ram and black ewe the
’ e e e e re o h ro is to b nd th ir h ads towards E b s , and to turn his face in the opposite direction towards 2
i t he e . s Okean os i. e. r We , , towa ds l ght and ast mu t
e e the e o 1 e es e n xt consid r qu sti ns ( ) Did Odyss us d c nd , or not ? and (2) Did he quit his station by the 3 e trench ? On the first point Mr. Gladston remarks Travelling ove r this rim [of land beyond Okean o s] we e e the r e se t e e the e e of nt r wo ld of Shad s , b n ath f t the et e e w living , but y acc ssibl from , and ithout quit ’ 4 the e e w e e . ting , sam surfac as that on which dw ll
he e e e So Dr . Hayman says ; T whol is conc iv d by
in 636 to re oin his omrades at the shi On the con trar he com j c p . y n h — l P im nd ur l h d m a ds is company n ot mere y er édés a E y oc os (vi e Od. ’ 2 d su se u n tl Kirk d 3 t o fla the shee I bid. an e e a dresses x i. ) y p ( b q y ’ ‘ the whole ship s company as Men who have gone alive in to the hou se ’ of A idés t o kn ow death tw ice I bid x ii. 2 1 , ( . 1 W ith the int eresting aspect of the story which is conn ected with r r s u m h ic ritual an d associa e id a a ou c sto s an d arc a t d eas e. . the b b , , g ,
- blood u affin b the hosts I am n ot here on cern ed . q g y g , c 2 — 0d . 528 9 . . x 3 I assu m e in order t o a oid dwell in u on oin ts and circum st n , v g p p a ces often re iousl treated that the reader is familiar to a consider l p v y , ab e ex tent with H om erik literature on these uestion s and on the q , Nekyia ’ en r ll Mr Gladston e H omeric S n chron i g e a y. . s y sm should be carefully studied with respect to the Outerworld ; an d I w ould at the sam e time h hi add t at I t nk nearly the whole of the explanations of Hom erik nam es ’ r in P rof. Lau th s H ome and A e ten ma be safel re ecte gyp y y j d. 4 ’ H omeric S nchronism 230. The reader will notice Mr G ad t n y , . l s o e s remar s on the ade tion b the oet of the K aldean theor th k p y p y, at the ‘ ’ f ure of the earth is oat—sha ed and hollow the t ig b p , boa alluded to ein h roun d with id b g t e boat s es curving inwards still in use on t he u h i E rates de Diodoros ii. 31 Lenorm ant Chaldean M a ic p (v , , g ,
1 2 4 The My th tion of the poet (as distinguishe d from its etym o
e e e e e logical and archaic s ns ), is a d p and sp cial part of the Und erworld up from o u t of which (1571- 35 ’ 1 E e ev the e e the e an d o p B s) ghosts asc nd d to tr nch , int which the Hellen ik h e ro - shade s passed afte r their 2 e e e . e e int rvi w with Odyss us N xt , did Odyss us quit his station by the tre nch ? Dr . Hayman examine s
e e e this qu stion with much minut n ss , and finding no sufficie nt cause for the final alarm of the hero except on the supposition that he had de serted his p o st and
“ ’ e e n e was a tr spass r maki g a profan intrusion , and
ere e e se e P erse hon eia th for liabl to chasti m nt by p , sugge sts that Odyss eus followe d the shade o f Aias in
e or e e he a vain att mpt to obtain his f giv n ss ; but , “ e e ffe e e [Odyss us] in ct continu s , my att ntion was dis tracted from him by my curiosity about others in fact he commenced to stare around like a rustic at a
the e e e e fair , phantom hosts b gan to assum an alt r d ’ e w ow he n o b aring to ards him , and kn ing had busi
e e he e ness th r pr cipitately retire d . Dr . Hayman remarks that the wh ole account indeed some what labours under the double disadvantage of being at
r e ff e e s fi st som what di us ly spun out , and th n ome “ ” what abruptly cut short or huddle d up at the ’ close . I do not think that the wo nderful account
e u es labours und r any s ch disadvantag , nor do I ’ belie ve that in the poe t s view Odysseus quitte d his
the e post by tr nch , that his mind was e asily dis
e r on e e th tract d f om thing to anoth r , that e ghosts
1 d x i 2 C . . 37 . Ibid. 564 . ‘ ' ] (irhé a nd the N h z a 1 2 e y . 5
’ e an e e e show d y alt r d b aring towards him , or , lastly , that it is n ece ssary to rej e ct any part of the account as The e w e have it . crud obj ections of ancient critics
Mi e e e e. . g , How could n s in his chair of stat com for th — H ward and partake of e blood which Dr. ayman
e fe he e be ed r rs to , and which suppos s would satisfi
e m a be e e by his th ory , y amusing as curious sp cim ns
r e e re of sho tsight dn ss but a othe rwise worthle ss . Thus it is neither said nor suggested that Min es
o the e parto k of blood , and th re is every re ason to suppose that the poe t would have stood aghast at
. r the ide a But it would seem that Dr. Hayman e
d Min 63 Tit os Sis hos e ie gar s , y and yp as b ing suppl d by the he ro with the exhilarating beverage ; and if w e e e the e s onc b gin to add to account , it is a y to suppose that Odysseus (who was generally well pro v ided with liquor) had fille d a goat - skin at the trench
e e all ou e and giv n th m a drop r nd , an att ntion which
e e e e e e e e doubtl ss would hav b n much appr ciat d , sp
i ll b Tit os the e c a y y poor y who , by tim that Poly
n otos the e e Del hoi g had got him as far as L sch at p ,
e M e e e ee app ars , as iss Harrison w ll r marks , to hav b n ’
e n e . quit wor out , and no wond r
e t e e the L us xamin account on this point , for I lay much stress upon the position of Odysse us wh en he beheld the panoramic vision . We find him by the trench as the spirits of the dead gather around ’ an eff e flea- n ea t la with in abl cry ( }; xfi), not loud ,
e the s e but strange , un arthly and savouring of up r / 1 2 6 The My th of K it ht .
1 ‘ o r be stren the hum an . Th ugh they a e known to g
’ e et m e an d e l ss , y war fl sh blood naturally r coil ; nor is the h ero ashame d to confess pale fe ar gat hold on ’ 2 3 m e e r he e e e e e e to , a r ma k which r p ats with r f r nc ’ the e- e the e e e e Gorg h ad , not to suppos d alt r d b aring ’ ‘ h e e e of the phantom hosts . But e who n v r kn w fear is e qually d estitute of the high e st phase of
e e the courag , and this Odyss us had ; and through
‘ ’ ei er e e t w rd , gibb ing clamour of th s many ghos s , cle ar and ste ady rings his commanding voice biddin g ’ s o i his comrade s flay the sh eep . Bri k ccupation w ll
e e e e e e r s rv to aid th ir tr mbling wits , for if pal f a
e e e e touch d that dauntl ss and daring h art , how f lt the r e i Eu r locho s the p ud nt , not to say tim d , y , and
n ? the r commo sailors In front of pa ty , his drawn
’ e e e the re h the e sword h ld st adily ov r t nc , sat h ro , keeping the motley crowd of ghosts at bay . Be fore the e e e e e o l e grand ur of his pr s nc his tr mbling f l ow rs , themselves doomed to a man to speedy de ath and
a e are i s r d rkn ss , as noth ng , and practically vani h f om Th El the e e . e én ér e an d sc n ghost of p approach s ,
‘ the e the o n e e two hold sad discours , I on sid , s e n o r e the e o n tr tchi g f rth my swo d ov r blood , whil the oth er side the ghost of my frie nd told all his
’ The e r e s e . e ee tal soul of his moth r is s Ody s us w ps , bu t yet with supreme and matchless steadfastn ess still guards the blood ; tried to the utmost the
1 So of the host of P atroklos w e read The s irit w as one en eath g , p g b ’ ‘ ’ the earth with a faint shriek I l. x iii. 100 a tin f l so un d ( x y eeb e , ’ - sa s Dr. P ale in swills var as of a half animat e ein y y , b g . 2 3 Od. x i. 4 3 . I bid. 633 .
8 ’ ‘ 1 2 The My th of K z rhe.
Teiresias ; and suffers ‘ th e m not all at on e time to
r e on e d ink of the blood . So they dr w nigh by ’ 1 h i er on e e el he r o . Perse on e a , and ach t ls st ry p scatt s
e A am e mn én o e th m , and g and his c mpany app ar ,
e e e A chilleu s re r e follow d aft r a whil by , a g at p inc
’ A hilleu s m the e ee e . c a ong d ad , and his thr fri nds ,
’ ’ ‘ e is e e ‘ e r joicing of h son s r nown , pass s with gr at
’ ‘ stride s along the mead of asphod el . The soul of Aias alone stood apart being still angry for the victory wh erein I prevaile d against him concerning
’ the arms of A chilleu s . To him I spake softly ;
e e e e and , as Odyss us spok , it would s m that Aga
‘ e the es e r e e e m mnon and r t d pa t d , but Aias answ r d m e not a word and passed to Erebos after the other
r the e . e e e e spi its of d ad Ev n th n , d spit his ’ e he e e m e him e t ang r , would hav spok n to or I to y
e e w m e e see furth r , but my h art ithin was mind d to ’ 2 the ose e e e e e i. e spirits of th oth rs that w r d part d , n ot the e e he e see e p rsonag s whom n xt did , but som ’ 3 f th r on e o e h e o folk who died in old time . With e yes grown far more accustome d to the darkne ss and fascinated with the wondrous revelations of the ‘ ’ 4 h e e e e i. e. th abyss , says , I abod th r still , , by e trench ; there is not the slightest suggestion o f any
H n t change of place . e did o venture to follow Aias
re ut M e he ee to E bos , b , as iss Harrison w ll says , s ms ’ 5 to have sight into the innermost depths of h ell ;
1 — 2 3 4 2 2 Ibid 6 - i. 3 3 . . 5 6 . I 6 Od. x 4 bid. 29 30. I bid 6 . 28 . 5 M ths o the Od sse 1 15 . He l from the Teuton ic ase hat to y f y y , l b , ’ ‘ ’ — - ‘ hide P rof. Skeat A idés an d is therefore the n ) , U seen, the ’ ‘ ’ - A r an roots kal kar sk Hidden ace ar to co er. P er pl ; y , , , , v son ified in ’ ’ ’ K ZV/Jé a n d the N eh z a y . 1 2 9
‘ the e are e e e the shad s th r , gu sts in depths of ’ 1 2 Schedl. The e Hellen ik e e are e anci nt h ro s uns en ,
. 631 be o are e and , if v spuri us , unnam d but he had a vision grand and awful — ‘ I saw Minos I marked Orio n I saw Tityos I beheld Tan
’ e e Sis hos e e r talos I b h ld yp I d scri d He akle s . But what had he to do with th e se wondrous m o nu m e nts of grand eur or of woe Was not his purpose
s e d ss i e accompli h , his mi on fulfill d , and is it lawful for mortal without divine authority to tre ad the ? re alm of Aidone us Have the gates of death been reve ale d unto thee ? or hast thou seen the doors of
’ 3 ‘ the e e e e e shadow of d ath , wh n thou cam st b n ath " 1 the e the darkn ss and shadow , but that thou
’ mighte st know the se cre ts of the priso n house ?
u e e e Nay , but that tho might st know thin own d stiny
the U erworld e e e r in pp ling r not h r through cu iosity , i e e d be the e . s how v r won rous may lor It unlawful , dangerous so to do ; the awful queen of the shade s m ay resent an d punish straightway the n I went to ’ 5 the ship .
The o f Job lre e e o e Book , which has a ady b n qu t d
e e e t re r e ee e in this conn xion , pr s n s a ma kabl agr m nt with the Hom erik the ory and aspect of the Under
we ee ‘ h l r . e e t e wo ld Th r , too , m t with pi lars of
‘ h eaven with two divisions of the Und erworld
‘ the Norse oddess He l who a ain ecam e onl the hom e of the dead g , g b y Ke ar Ou tlin es o P rimitive Beli ( y, f ef , 1 i P roverbs x . 18 . , 2 On this oint ide Gladston e IIomeric S nchron ism 2 13 220. p , v , y , , 3 4 5 i I bid 36 . ob iii 16 17 Oct. x . 15 5 . . 6 J . . , xxxv , 3 i ide su . . 1 10 . Job . 1 1 . , xxv V p p K h i he’ 1 30 T e h/yth of K r .
’ 1 ‘ — Sche ol and Abaddon ( the Place - of destruction ) which correspond with Had es - Erebos an d Tartaros ;
‘ ’ 2 with the bars of Sche dl ; with the id e a of bein g
‘ ’ ’ 3 hidden away in Sche dl ; with the discovery o f ’ ee r e the r d p things out of da kn ss , and b inging out " 1 to light the shadow of d eath and with the d re ary re e s r e gion its lf as a land of gloom , as ob cu ity its lf,
the e er e e of shadow of d ath , and of disord , and wh r ’ 5 the light is as obscurity . Life is con sume d as the 6 e s es e the . cloud , and as smok , and vani h lik shadow
Job w e ee the on e o And in , too , m t with c st llati n 7 l) M o - e re e o f w the and ( azzar th T i sias), by m ans hich
Sun is enabled to know his future destiny .
m bsection 5 . o e in id n t h Su S c e s in t e Vision .
Let us now le ave the h u man in te re st of the poem
e a n d h e with its spl ndid play of light s ad , and turn again to the task of further explication of the ide as ;
or e e re e e r the we f g t Odyss us and m mb Sun , whom
fin d on the r the wor e o ma gin of dark ld b l w , but not
o ou t of the wh lly sight of nocturnal sky . Now two
e t n ot r on e e e e distinct , y inha m ious , l m nts nte r into the e re e e o o i nti pr s ntati n , and p int to ts basis as roote d
1 i ‘ Job . 6 . So w e read elsew here Schedl an d , xxv , A baddon are ’ full P roverbs i n e er v ii. M ul e ide s u 100 i l v ( , xx g (v p . p . ) s a so styled ‘ ’ i - n kkad an H m n - - in a A A n u nn a e the A rchan el of the- ab ss i y g ( g y , v de ' Len orman t Chaldean M a ic 164 an d similarl r ‘ , g , ) , y, w e ead of the A n el of the ab ss w hose n am e in the H g y , ebrew t on g ue is A baddon but , h reek ton ue hath ’ in t e G his n am e A oll on De stro er A oc i g x . p y y , p . n n d Death h A baddo a a e heard on l a re ort of Wisdom Job v y p ( viii. , xx ‘ for there is n o wisdo m in Schedl E cclesiastes ix ( , . 2 3 1‘ Job ii. 16 . Ibid x i , . v. 13 . I bid x i xv . i . 22 . 5 b d 2 — 3 7 I i . . 1 2 . Ibi d. vii. 9 . I bid . iii 32 x xxxv . .
' / ‘ 1 32 The Zl[yth of K z rhe.
The e logical . stellar giant had laid profan hands on
e De d the o e that holy and kosmic darkn ss ( t ), sp us of the he e e u the e of A r av nly Z s , moth r Apollon and
too Kastdr temis of M . The , Sun and oon Twins , ,
o e e e e e t and P lyd uk s , whos moth r L da , a varian of
Létd e e o e e , actually app ars b f r Odyss us , though not
e e e ee are e er e m ntion d as b ing s n , also r f r d to ; as is
— 1 likewise the Euphrate an Sun god Dionyso s . 2 T rd we e the o If in y hav only indicati n , which the oe ff the e r o o P ms a ord , of aft rwa ds fam us hist ric ’ 3 e of e we e e the e nam Tyr , may w ll compar nam of her re Salmdn eu s e si with that of Zalmunna , a chi f "1 o f ‘ the of the e the e e hosts childr n of ast , a nam which perhaps re app e ars in Thelm an n a the Kemio
r Nor the e fo m of a Hittite name . is conn xion we akened wh en w e find that Salmdn eu s is the 5 e — and the broth r of Athamas Tammuz Dumuzi),
“ ’ s éré e - er o r hu band of Sid , st p moth of Tyr , a pe son a e who e e the e e g r calls Sid , wif of Orion , s nt by Here to the Underworld be cause she pre sumed to 6 r rival he r in be auty . Su ely we are h ere reminde d
1 i 325 Di n o i t i - - Od. x o s s . s . he D an n isi Ju d e f . . y , , g o like Minos is a ain n am ed when a scene in the Underworld is re r s n , g p e e ted Od i ( . xx v . 2 3 Od. x i. 235. Gladston e H omeric S nchronism 216 , y , . 4 d iii Ju es . 10. g , v 5 This iden tification w hich I fir t r d in th s o ose e G . D . 2 p p 49 , d h has been acce te bot b P rof . Sa ce and i W b S r G . x id R p y y y . Co (v e .
B. Jr. U. as res ective uardians of Eu hra n , p g p t ean an d A rya
in terests .
3 d n t m The stu e ust carefully distinguish betw een the mythological cont ests an d dis utes of di inities an d the ethnic and hist ri l n t sts p v , o ca co e and dis utes of nation s an d re i ions which are er fr t r p l g , v y equ en ly d aped in a m tholo ical form The hara r y g . c cte and origin of the particular per ‘ ’ K irhé a nd the h N e y za . 1 33
‘ ’ 1 ‘ e Z the e of gr at idon , and of strong city Tyr , ’ 3 o f e fe e et full wisdom and p r ct in b auty , y brought
o the e Hez eki l d wn , as in visions of Odyss us and e ,
’ Sche dl th 4 e e e e th . Bu to , to r c ss s of e pit t referring
’ the e e the re e r ad r to ca ful pag s of Mr. Gladstone s
H m r o e ic Syn chronis m for constant and remarkable illustration of the ge neral foreign character of the
e o e e e in the e e e p rs nag s m ntion d El v nth Odyss y , I pass on to notice more particularly s everal spe cial
n e in th i cid nts e narration . T . he case o El P I f p én dr. atroklos the frie nd of A chilleus and Elpén dr the comrade of Odysseus both
e e e e e t e p rish by a viol nt d ath und r luckl ss circums anc s , an d their haple ss ghosts are alike introduce d as suffe r
e e the r ing som sp cial discomfort in Und e world . Says
the Patroklos r m e ee ghost of Bu y with all sp d , that
th ff th s I pass e gates of A1des . Far o e spirit banish
m e fe m e e e e the , nor suf r to mingl with th m b yond
e e o the e - e Riv r , but vainly I wand r al ng wid gat d
e i r the h dw ll ng of And , simila ly , g ost of
El én dr o the e et e e p , to wh m last rit s had not y b n
w as e e the e the paid , wand ring wo fully on confin s of
d ea m be ark r l , and prays that his body may not ’ h abandoned unwept and unburied . With t e imita
son a es an d the scen e of the con test su the chief clues to the nature g , pply
h h n n - A r n Orion is os d in a f t u nd rl in fa E . . t e o a e rious o e e ct . y g g , y Opp v w a s b A r an di inities and s ain b A rtem is Od. . 123 In an y y y v , l y ( v in stance such as this oth features are len ded but the attac u on Side b b , k p ur l a is p e y m att er of race an d cul t . 1 - Joshu a x ix 28 he A ss rian Zidunn u rabu . , . . T y 2 3 ii 12 Joshu a x ix . 29 . A s . Zurra. E ekiel i. . , z , xxv 4 5 — Isaiah x iv. 15 . I l. iii. 7 1 4 . , xx 1 34 Tbe lily/Mi of
e Ve the — e tions and xplanations of rgil , and folk lor aspect of the matter I am not here concerned ; but it is very notice able that Heaban i the friend and com
e e e r e e rad in adv ntur of Izduba , also di d by a viol nt d eath und er some almost unknown but very luckless l e o e e circumstanc s , which occasi n d him sp cial dis
e he Tw th comfort in the Underworld . Sp aking of T elf
Iz dubar Le end Mr. B e e ve g , oscaw n obs r s that it e e the e the Heabani r lat s to stat of soul of , which
ee e e the r e had b n shut out of h av n , owing to st ang ’ 2 circumstances of his de ath . The poet says
To ha in ess thou art n ot a mitte pp ( d d). hou s n ot w ear A p ure dress (t do t ). n n et on arth thou ost n ot ma A o s e d ke . The enfo in of the earth has t a en thee ld g k . 3 O Darkn ess ! 0 Darkn ess M other N in az u O Dark n ess I Her mighty power as a garm en t covers thee 5
E e ee e just as lp nor , fi t r on foot than Odysseus in his
— ‘ ‘ ship for the dead ride fast - came beneath the ’ 4 murky gloom .
The restin ace of er a the un con u ere did n ot ta e him g pl N g l q d, k ,
The earth took him .
’ i r w n ot a mitte H eaban to est as d d .
The e o e ee th Tabl t is much br k n , but it s ms that e
1 A fter this ha en ed the iolen t death of Heabani which ad d pp v , de to the misfortunes of Iz du bar ; bu t n o fragm ent of this part of the story
A G . is preserved (C. . 9 h ast ix 2 Records of t e P , . 1 9 . 3 ’ Wise- Iad - of- the—w aters a n am e of Ninki l d a i e su . y , g (v p p . ‘ ’ ‘ ’ f Nin - os means lord or lad accordin Nin (c . ) y g to the con text ; so w e find Ninaz u as a so a n am e of the od H ea l g . 4 Od. x i. 57 . It is to be n o ticed that z a /ms i e erebos articu ar p , l k , p l ly si n ifies the tows/em oom and is som etim es sim l d g gl , p y use for the w est as , the dar uarter fi . d ( ric e (fi ed 67rd d Ibi mv d. ill k q , g y p p x { d ( .
‘ r/eé I 36 The My t h of K i .
Sign is Kas The Twins and the archaic kosmo go nic myth or legend attach ed to the m onth is that
e re re M of the Two Hostil B th n (Sun and oon , Lion 2 3 4 5 or Nan n aros - P arsondas - A and Unic n , Sin and dar
— the the r Sandan Samas) and Building of Fi st City ,
h e e i. e. t e , Univ rs built up out of chaos in kosmic 6 e e e w o rder by the Two Gre at Lights . Th s Gr at T in ’ 7 Brethren are reduplicated in the two bright stars
the e Did moi the Dioskou roi are of const llation y , and their obvio us Aryan analogue s so that in the adjust 8 m ent of divinities to a foreign astrological system
‘ e e e e Gemin i e e e e th s two b cam , fratr s H l na , lucida ’ 9 min i co m lu res e . Ge sid ra So Hyginus says of , Hos p ’ 1° The astrologi Castorem et P olluce m esse dix eru n t . rath er obscure Ho m erik account thus at once become s
‘ most lucid ; we see how these twain (Sun and
1 ’ H ra min P a a I x i Cf . o ce : e us o lu C rmin II . . g l x ( , x x 2 i B. Jr. de R . U. V , 3 ‘ ’ Brilli n t i. e th Mo n A s . Nannaru the a . e o . ( ) , — The M n - d A h Zu—n l r f M S oo o . é E e o d c ount inai. g , y . 5 A varian t form of an origin al w hich probably also supplied the m r R . B. r. n a e P e se us ide J U. (v , G id i R. B Jr. L . 0 . s . x i G emini e . K. ec . . V , 7 ’ A s to the A s in s ide in ter al. Ber ai n e La R eli ion Vedi ue v , v g g , g q ,
ii. 4 1 et se 1883 3 . , q 3 The correspon ding process in Kem can be m ore clearly t raced by me an s of the late odiacs of G ree and Rom an tim s There th Z k e . e solar od Shu the kosmo onie solar force Pierret osmic he a g g ( ), k t and li ht rin ci le Tiele or air su nlit- air Ren ouf an d the g p p ( ), ( ), goddess Tefn u t the force of solar i ht Pierret heat ed osmi l g ( ), k c ‘ ’ w ater Tiele or dew Renouf the two Lion- ods b cam e th ( ) ( ), g , e e G emin i f Rom an tim e o s . 9 H r o ace Carmin a I iii. 2 Helene is n id . . co s ered m , , by any mytho lo ists to be a arian t of the edic Sarama a dawn - n am g v V , e . Les ’ A vins semblen t etre a ant to ut des divin it s mat-in ales Ber a n c v é ( g ig e). ‘0 P oeticon A st on mi' n r o co ii. In vo , c. ’ ‘ K z r/ce a n d the N ehy ia . I 37
M et e the e e e oon) y liv although arth is ov r th m , and the earth is quickening in the sen se that it
e the e e e e e constantly produc s all h av nly bodi s , v n as the Kemic Upp er—he aven (Nut)is female for the same r e ason . That the twain have honour at the hand of
’ ‘ ’ e e e e e the Z us , and hav gott n worship v n as gods , is obvious and the remaining point is that the y
‘ es e r e on e poss s th i lif in turn , living day and dying
’ the next . Now it is e qually cle ar that they posse ss ’ e r l e the e o f th i if in turn , according to r lation day and night ; but the poet sp eaks of them as living together and dying togethe r which presents an
e f appar nt di ficulty . The Signs of the Zodiac have been divid ed for v e ry many ages into diurnal and nocturnal constella tions ; the underlying re ason for this arrangeme nt had e e e e utt rly fad d away p rhaps y ars ago , but it is simply that six of the Signs were originally re i e the e dupl cations of prior diurnal typ s , and r main
emini a ing six of prior nocturnal type s . G is a diurn l type ; the Sun and Moon a re only seen toge ther by
in e the e e die day , and this asp ct as Twins th y liv and toge th er ; for sho u ld on e disappe ar and the other re the e e e be e main , latt r c as s to a twin broth r and passes into some oth e r mythological phase . Wh en the alre ady familiar mythological aspe cts of the simpler ph enomen a of h e aven came to be applie d to the twelve natural divisions of the th en newly
“ e l e the d as discover d zodiaca cinctur , third ivision containing a special pair of bright stars would be a 9 1 38 The My th of K er/34 . most suitable reduplication of the archaic Twins ju st — b as in the adj oining constellation Can cer the Cra — w e (o r some such cre ature)being a type of Darkness
e s so find no sp cially bright star , so much that this ’ Sign has be en o ften called the Dark C ons tellation . Nor was a further an d more purely astro nomical
o the e re as n wanting to justify choic , for , as Pliny
e ‘ Lu n am c oitu m c u m e e t o not s , bis Sol in nullo ali ’ 1 ere u e an e signo fac q am G minis , incid nt which doubt less did n ot e scape the lynx- eye o f archaic observa 2 r e Gemini ee tion . And this diu nal charact r of s ms
e e the Hom erik e v n to ling r in account , inasmuch as it is not seen by Odysseus in the Sche ol- night- world but only referred to . It is well to notice h ere a point in Hom erik
k ee ‘ criticism ; the whole of the N e yia, has b n sus
’ oo e r r e een p t d , and va ious pa ts of it hav b strongly
the e r suspe cted and that from ancient times . As a ly
the er d critic was wholly ignorant of archaic p io , his 3 suspicions are not ge nerally very noteworthy ; but 4 the e e re e a e o mod rn critic d mands mo s rious tt nti n ,
and may be fairly repres ented in the m atte r by Dr .
Ilisi. N a 11 15 . t . . 2 For tre atme nt of th e Law of Reduplication in con nexion with the
i - ll t on fi ures i e R . B r. L If con ste a g d . J . . 0 . and E . The Diu rn al , v ,
Si n s of the odiac are the Ram - sun A ries Su n and Moon Gemini g Z ( ), ( ),
the Lion - sun Leo the Hol - sun A ra n ow the com arati el m odern ( ), y ( , p v y
Libra the A rcher- sun Sa ittarius an e cellen t re resent tion of w hom ), ( g , x p a — has een er recen tl fo und at Si ara Se har aim the cit of the b v y y pp p v , y — an d the Rain - i in sun A u arius the A r an Indra g v g ( q , y ). 3 ide su . 125 V p p . . 4 It will be rem em ere d that I am treatin of conce t n ot of b g p , in uistic l g .
1 4 0 The My th of
The the Dioskouroi at Lakedaimén or elsewhere .
Dioskou roi- on the on e n and the Eu hra Asvins ha d , p
e the e re e t an Twins on oth r , will ach back to a p riod far m o re archaic than can be re quire d by any th e ory of the Home rik poems . ’ e e Next as to mythological refineme nts . I v ntur to affi rm that archaic ide as in th eir second or p erhaps
r s e are e re e thi d tag , oft n markably distinguish d by complexity and elaboration and am content to le ave the de cision of this question to students of Ve dic and
e Kemic divinitie s . But let us turn for an exampl to the e e e distant fi ld of Polyn sian mythology , and notic the e e e the e e M kosmogoni sch m of p opl of angaia , an
th Th e e A v aiki e e e . e island in H rv y Group Univ rs ( ),
e a o — e e e pictur d as c coa nut sh ll , r sts on a st m which tapers to a point ; and this point is pe rsonifie d as a d emon of unhuman form nam ed Teakaiaro é Root of—all—existence At the bottom of the shell is an old woman called Varim atetakav e the Beginning and—the - bottom and her son Vatea Noon was the
H t s r r . e w o f e e e e fi st man had magni ic nt y , ar ly visible at the same time — Gemini—Dioskou roi; th e y
’
e e e e ro . Max poss ss th ir lif in turn , and w ll may P f Muller say that he re there is much that will startle th o se who think that metaphysical conceptions are ’ 1 incompatible with downright savagery . h T e ons o f him d a . III . S f p e ei The se famous pair
ems the e ‘ the of twins , V dic Vata ( and
1 I n trod ion to he Scien ce o Reli ion 2n uct t d edit . 1882 259 ide f g , , p . ; v G ill M ths and Son s om the o u h P a c , y g f r S t cifi . ‘ ’ K irhe ana the N eh ia 1 ! y . 4
‘ — ’ E e th n i. e h e O e e . t e e are phialt s ( l ap r , hurrican ), ’ children o f Poseidén ; whilst th eir moth er s name is 1 e e e e Médeia she m r ly a variant int nsiv of , and is a perso nage e ntirely de tach ed from Hellenic associa 2 sh tions . Thus e is repre se nted as being a votary of 3 D . we e ionysos In this account , as in so many, hav an intermixture of Aryan and non - Aryan myth and legend ; thus the names cf the gigantic brethre n and th ei r singular triumph ov er Ares Whom they bound ‘ r e e the the and imp ison d , mbody Aryan portion of m e n the te l e yth , b i g con st of c ouds , hurrican , wind 5 e e e n on etc . Th ir gigantic siz is qually Aryan and
e e O Aryan ; but th ir conn xion with rion , to whom
e m en e e e er e e er alon of th y w r inf ior , th ir d t mination ’ the e eff r to attack immortals in Olympos , th ir o t to
’ e the e e e mak a pathway to sky , and th ir cons qu nt 6 r the A ollén de st uction by Aryan p , point to a non
e e e the e Aryan l m nt in story, for Wind and Hurrican re quire no such pathway nor do they pile mo untain
We re em e on mountain to make it . cannot but m b r 7 Le en d o the Tower o Babel the the g f f , in building of 8 which the archaic king Etana seems to have been 9 concerned ; how
Ba bylon corru pt ly to sin wen t an d Small and great min gled on the moun d
‘ 1 — s t o Memm m d 28 cf . Mem n on and A a m emn én . A Vi e sup . p . ; g , Dr O ert obser es It is ossible that Umman A mman house of the . pp v , p ” od A m m an w as corru ted b the G ree s to Memnonian the re at g , p y k , g ’ f u s Records o the P ast vii. edifice o S a ( f , 2 3 0 Di doros . 5 . to H meric S nchronism 218 . o Glads n e o y , , v , 4 — 5 6 305 —2 Od. x i. 0. R B. Jr E 19 . 385 91 . ide . . . I l. . v V , 7 had Boscaw en in R ecords o the P ast vii. 129 et se . W St . C A p . . , f , q 3 9 163 u 1 14 . ide C. A . G . . Vide s p . p . V 1 2 Th ir f 4 e My th of [f /c . until the Divinity
Of their stron ghold in the n ight Entire an en d he m a e ly d , In his an ger also the secret cou n sel he p oured ou t To scatter (abroad) his face he set 1 H e gave a com m an d to m ak e hostile t heir cou n sel ’ 2 Their re he im e prog ss ped d .
M be e e uch might add d on this subj ct , and much more will yet be disco vered ; suffice it now to indi
e ne the e e e r e cat an outli , and pr s nc of Euph at an influenc e .
The e 9 e e Hom erik e numb r , so fr qu nt in incid nt , is prominently introduced in the legend of the sons of
‘ 9 e old e e re Iphim edeia. At s asons th ey w r of b adth
’
9 an d 9 o e . e cubits , fath ms in h ight This conn xion
a the e re e r is Ary n , and numb r app ars simila ly in th 9 ’ th e e. . e e e e H siod , g , in y ars banishm nt of divinity
e the w e x the 9 who brok an oath by at r of Sty , in
the ahm6n the e the days fall of , and in numb r of
M e . t o e o the us s Again , turn to Nors mythol gy , in
r - o e o ffo ed the o f Ragna ok c nt st Th rr , su cat by floods
e m the Midh ardhsorm r e 9 v nom fro g , stagg rs back paces to sh ow that he ceases to exist in any of the 9
o s e is e son 9 er w rld , whilst H imdallr styl d of moth s , to show that his infl uence exte nds throughout all the
9 s r . We e e e wo lds find th s world , a r duplication of a
e of 3 e e ea prior th ory worlds (h av n , rth and the
1 ’ r t m ak stran e their s e O o e g pe ch. 2 The Tablet is sadl roken but f urther an d f y b , uller accoun ts will
l be reco ered . The refer probab y v ences to the legend in A lexander P oly b n ar fam ili histor and A ydé os e ar.
1 4 4 The My th of
of the o z — e he the e e the lord h ri on gat , holds s cr ts of
e he e e Und rworld , into which s s and is abo ut to ’ 1 de scend The Balance of the Sun is the Sun him ’ 2 e the o the Two r s e the s lf, L rd of Wo ld , pois d at
h The h orizon be twe e n the Upper and t e Underw orld .
e er he e d is F ath which plac s in it aily , and which ’ 3
so e r e e s e e . al call d T uth , is his own r v aling olar y
This is the positi on o f Odysse us by the trench . The shad es of the Achaian h eroes havin g de
‘ e e e M r part d , Odyss us n xt saw inos , glo ious son of
e e e e e e e e Z us , wi lding a gold n sc ptr , giving s nt nc from his t e the e e e hron to d ad , whil th y sat and stood
the e n his o o the e around princ , aski g d ms through wid ’ 4 i M e r o er gated house of A des . inos app a s in H m as the gre ate st and most important of his archaic per ’ 5 so n a es e e e e e g and has a tripl asp ct , as conn ct d alik
r e o o as re with A yan and S mitic mythol gy , and als presenting to some exte nt a genuine historical tradi
His e n e o ee tion . Pho nician co n xi n has b n fully illus
6 ’ t rate d he the son o e Bre the e is of Eur p ( b , W st )
1 A chilleas Tatios says th at the s ubstitu tion of Libra for the Claw of the Scor ion was im orted from E t P rof . Sa ce in T iii p p gyp ( y , . . and the odiaca Balance the onl Si n of the Tw e l e w hich is n o t z l , y g v Eu hrate an in ori in an d which h as been said to mar the e u alit p g , k q y of ’ the da s and n i hts at the e uino es a ears to be a redu licati n y g q x , pp p o of
- this alance o f the hori on sun . It is foun d as of cou rse on the late b z , , 2 Fun e al K emic odiacs. re Ritual x cv . Z , 3 So o f the tw o Plu mes of Har Horos the outhful Sun - od it ( ), y g , is ’ said His e es are the lum es on his head I bid a c . y p ( . p the d i r d ith n r go be ng p ovide w a eye for N o thern an d an eye for Southern
Kem . 4 5 Od. x i. 568 G ladstone Ju ven tus M andi 1 1 , , 8 . 5 — I bid. 1 18 22 IIomeric S nchron ism 213 R B . . Jr. G D M i ; y , ; , . . . .
8 ii. 14 2 . ‘ K irhe an t eh d he N y ia . 1 4 5 dau ghte r of Phoin ix or of Agenor (‘ the
Phoin ikia e e ere king of , whos nam is m ly a translatio n
e — e of Baal , and who is styl d a twin broth r of Belos ;
e the M Man th but his nam is Aryan , Indian anu , as e
’ ’ e e e A i t m asur r and thinker . Lik é és and Atlas he ’ 1 e u e e e is bal f l , for dr ad and t rribl is his might , and man must die ere he stand before the judgment - se at he is also a sterne r and darker reduplication of the
Sun - god in his character of the Dian - nisi Judge - of
r e Rhadam an tho s the Kem ic his b oth r , Rhota
— — — menti Judge - of the Hidden world being a mild er and b righter re duplication of the sam e a ugust per
The — e the e r son a e . e g Sun god , alik in th o y of Nil
e e the e and Euphrat s , has committ d to him gr at task o f judging m o rtals in the Unseen—world and the nam e and alleged wisdom and law—giving character of
Minds are based u pon this ide a . So an Akkadian ’ 2 e the r of of t e Hymn invok s Spi it Udu , king jus ic ,
d Ut or Udu e e of the U , , b ing a nam Akkadian Sun 3 the r re . So god , and Assy ian translation ading Samas an Inscription of Nabu ku du ruz u r the Great state s
To the Su n the Ju e su rem e thet em e of Dian - n isi , dg p , pl , ’ 4 - i H is temple in Bab ilu gran dly I bu lt .
2 M a c 1 5 Len orm ant Chaldean i 7 . 3 2 id su . . 3 . i. 2 e 0d. x v p p , g , ‘ 3 S u mean s sun da e e daw n li ht h h A k. d He b. hem es . T e , y , y , , g , ’ ’ i anoth r nam f h n n t rise an d sat A s . samsu s e e o t e su . white , a d o , , ,
Ud- z al Risin —sun reca s the Etruscan U sil w ith res ect to which , g ll , p l r e es H es chiu s sa s that am on the Etrusc an s Is . Ta o o s r Dr. y b v y y g “ ” t th W e m a conclude therefore that the USIL an sel m ean e dawn . y , , “ m n ifi the risin su n Etruscan R esearches of the m on u en ts perso ed g ( , The re erse of the tem lu m of P iacen a ide Deecke E tru skische v p z (V ,
schun en Das Tem lum v on P iacen a P l. show s tw o c ircular For g , p z , — sions one Usils— that of the Su n an d the other Tivs that of the divi , , 4 on ide T. ii. 32 . Mo . V 1 4 6 The My th of [f ir/eel
’ The golden sceptre or wand of light—gods marks a 1 reminiscence of actual radiation .
‘ m e the ion . se V. r e O N xt , says Odys us , I ark d gre at Orion d rivin g the wild b e asts together over the
e of o e the e ea s he e m ad asph d l , v ry b st which hims lf
s o n the o e l on e of had lain l n ly hi ls , with a str g mac all ’ 2 r e s e e ro e . b onz in his hand , that is v r unb k n That very rem arkable and thoroughly Euphrate an pe rson age Orion is most appropriately encountere d in the
e e e an d e el e he e s e El v nth Odyss y , as I hav s w r discu s d the r - e its r O ion myth , alik in p imary solar and in its re e e o r er o e e h duplicat d const llati nal cha act , at s m l ngt , I will only notice it briefly h ere and re fer the re ad er 3 t o e io re . as r so c on my pr v us marks Now , O ion is al a s e on e the hr e o e t llati , id ntical with Eup at an c nst llation
we h e h Dumuzi (Tammuz), and as av in t is vision of
s e u o i e let m e Ody s s a combinati n of N ght and D ath , re e e rk e e e o o f r to a r ma abl stat m nt of Di d ros , in his
’ ’ brief resu m e of the Chalde an astronomico - astrology 4 f o f his day . Having stated the Ch alde an sch eme o
36 r or. c o e on s 1 2 n o r e rn 1 2 o sta s nst llati , th , z diacal an d 1 2 so er he s e e se uth n , say And of th s tho which are visible they re ck on as b elon gin g to the
n 7 0 139 air ort/si rot rerehevr x oo' w n o o m io fla t livi g , p s, s n p p 5 z/o t u o vcrw . e e e de e e e o l Z H r , th n , is in p nd nt t stim ny
1 For A r an illustration o f the conce t of Min ds and his bein slain y p , g in the W est b Kokalos the Ni ht- loom ide Sir G Cox M tho y , g g , v . , y r lo o the A r an A ations 328— gy f y , 9 . 2 i 5 2— 4 d. x O . 7 . 3 id R B r J . e . . G . D . M ii . . 2 0 t e i 7 e s . E sec . V , q . v . 4 For a eneral e amination of the assa e ide E sec x . . x n g x p g , v v . 5 Dio oros ii 1 d , . 3 .
1 4 8 The My th of
l e he the o D e solar asp ct is slain by Scorpi n of arkn ss , 2 The which is reduplicated in the zodiacal Scorp io .
’ ‘ the Heb . a or re e h . m A k. a r u , lig t , As , , app ars in 3 4 Boiotik r or Oarion . U ion , A ion , ’ the e e of the Zu the e In occult l g nd god Wis ,
‘ we the e o f e the find that tabl ts d stiny ,
o e Zu for the e e e d st l n by , b n fit , appar ntly , of mankin , — ’ 5 formed the vault of the palace of the under world . We read
The t a ets of oom his han too bl d d k , ho of the orac es The att ri u tes of Bel he seiz e he ai . b d, l d ld l hi Z u fled away an d a rugged m oun tain con ce aled ( m). ’ ar n s H e spread d k es .
Now here we have anoth er curious illustrat ion of the
1 I i 3 Ser ius A en eid i 539 d t A ollodoros . v . O i Fas i . p , . ; v , , ; v , , v — 541 3 . 2 i R B r. L K ec i ide . . J . . 0 . s . . V , xv 3 ‘ H ri i i n tus i n i i Hunc eus u a s c e i ocat Ur o a O d Fast . y , q g , v ( v , , v '
H inus P oetzcon A stron omicon ii. 34 Scho in G erm ani . cus yg , , ; l , h n n r t in oc Latin ersion of t e P hai om e a of A a os v . v , 4 ‘ i ii She re resen ted Orion as n l n Kor nn a Fra men t . a o e a d , g p b
man a ci ili er of the ar arous c ount r K . O iill r ious . M e I n troduc p , v z b b y ( , ' tion to a Scien t c S stem o M tholo the usu al réle h ifi y f y gy, of t e Sun fl ’ od So P in dar s eaks of ( n o w .Q a t mve£a v I sth. iii. an d the ide a g . p i p ( f i antic stature sun as a ainst st ars is cons icu ous throu h u o g g , g , p g o t the h Stein thal rem arks that the formation of ro er n am es m myt . p p of en an d laces b the term in ation (in is e cessi el comm on In Goldz iher p y x v y ( ,
M tholo am on the IIebrews 408 n o te and in st an ces Da - n y gy g , , ), g fi an d
- Shim sh on . I thin k that this on robabl often re resents t he A k an p y p . , ‘ ’ m m hi h k Thus Da n all b mm « s od. o c ed Berosos , , g , y , g g , y Odakon ' ‘ Fra m n h d - — Chaldaz ha ii. e t t e A k U ukan a the L ord ( , g . ( who rises ’ an d bein t he Fish- sun Piscas afterw ards P isces com e g ( , ) be s ’ lmost n ece ssaril connected with the Semitic dd ‘ a lfish . y g , Orion simi ‘ ‘ larl Ur- ana t he Li ht- of So Orchamus se t m y ( g , p i u s a ’ um eratur ori in Belo O i M m - risco n e d eta . i 212 p g ( v , v . Ur kam u ’ ‘ ’ - - Burnin li ht . Cf . Sha s ere Y ou e er urnin i hts a o e g g k p , v b g l g b v ,
o iii. Othell , 5 G’ 6 A . 1 1 . 0. . ' and the h 1 N e y z a . 4 9 intimate connexion b etween the Unde rworld and the
h - i t . is the e e of N g sky For , I think , it st llar tabl ts
’ e r e are th r d stiny , which of cou s e rightful p operty of the e e - e a e e an d H av n sir , that this Akk dian Prom th us darkne ss - spre ad er lays unholy hands upon ; and so ’ the e r the e Nabu , pow rful , who is prima ily m ridian ’ m Z ’ e u e . sun , is com and d to (slay) with his w apon He nce the v ery close link be twee n the vault of the
’ e the e — r the e palac of und r wo ld , cav of Kalypso , and th e palace of Kirke.
‘ Tit os . VI . e ee Tit o s y N xt s n was y , son of Earth
n on e e e e e e 9 o lyi g a l v ll d ground , outstr tch d ov r ro ds
en e e e on e e e l gth , and vultur s twain b s t him on ith r
e e li e er e e to the sid , and gnaw d at his v r , pi cing v n
he r e e . caul , but d av th m not away with his hands
he e e e the bed For had d alt viol ntly with L to , famous
e e she e o the f llow of Z us , as w nt up to Pytho thr ugh ’ 1 The e Hom erik e e fair lawns of Panope us . oth r r f r
‘ e nce to the giant states how the Phaiake s carried
Rhadam an thos the r Tit os , of fai hair , to visit y , son of ‘ t t Eu boia . e e e e Ear h in Ev n thith r th y w n , and ’ 2 - The accomplish ed the j ourne y on the self same day .
e e u n hesi acut stud nt of archaic myths will , I think , tatingly concl ud e that we have h ere some thing e the e genuine and occult , som thing m aning of which
e the r ex had long be en forgott n , whilst fo m of its 4 E horo s B C. 3 0 e e iz e . . pr ssion r emain d fossil d p , , in 3 Historiai e Eu em eristicall Tit os his t lls us y that y ,
' A ollé n a t o v oil/S a Ka i. wa oiuo o v S Bt p p g , was lain by p
3 — - Fra m en t . 5 6 8 1 Ibid. vii. 323 6 . d x . 0 . i 7 . g lxx T e M t 1 50 h y h of [f ir/32.
2 and we have seen what was
the nature of his offence with respect to Leto . Now this visitation of Tityos by Rhadamanthos was evi 3 den tl o the e he y judicial as Dionys s solar judg , is 4 carried in a day by the Phaiakian ship of cloud - land
Eu boia the r e to , not histo ical and g ographical island ,
- Th but the country of the Good ox . e special coin
e the Eu boia the he - of- an - cx typ of island of is ad , or 5 an ox statant ; and on it was the cave called Boos Aule wh ere If) was said to have brought forth 6 E The e e paphos . anci nts suppos d that it had been
e e e Boiotia Ox — a e e s v r d from l nd by an arthquak , and the name has reference to the wondrous ox or ’ Kadmos the e e = the e cow of East rn r Sun), mark d 7 the led Kadmos with full moon , and which through
Phokis the e the e , coins of which b ar h ad of an ox and 8 the e ee e e also h ads of thr ox n plac d triangularly , and
1 id 2 e su . 145 Su 132 . V p p. . p . p. 3 ‘ h “ T e sense of €¢ opdm in H . is to vis it or oversee for punish ment man The d sse o H omer ii a O . (H y , y y f , 4 i i x M tholo o h A de S r G . W . Co t e r an N ations 4 8 et se V , y gy f y , 7 q . That actu al non- A ryan and historical traits are Shown in the portraiture of A lkinoos and his eo e is o ious but the Natural Phenom na e em n p pl bv , e l e t is ther a o e ls . 5 uit iad nomen insulae adludunt Eckhel D oc Q yp ( , trine N umorum em m ii Vet , . 6 Stra o X . i. 3 . b , 7 ‘ It had on each of its sides 8. white m ar i e the circ e f k, l k l o the ’ m oon when full P ausanias IX . x ii. It had on ea h i ( , c s de a mark
i e the moon Scho . in A risto han es Batrachoi l k ( l p , , 9 If the rea er wi refer to R . B. Jr. U. sec . ix he will d ll , . , see the un ar oriin of the Tri u etra a n ame act uall a i d b l g q , y ppl e y the Roman oets to Sici which as Trinacria w as rl iden ti p ly, ea y fied with the Homerik ‘ ’ Th in k - r a ié Cd. x i. the Three oint ed a name whi h ( p , c does not refer to the thriomr or tride n t of P oseidon but to the i , po nts of the three
crescent- moon ur o in th ul - s s r nd f . moon . I u g e l t is almost unn ecessary to
1 52 The JWy th of und erstood the latter half of the line differently from H . r n e Me ssrs Butche and La g . says ; I was not able to conj e cture why Homer called Panopeus [calli ohoros e the e the e , until I l arnt r ason from Ath nians
T Th d s re who are calle d Thyades . he ya e a Attik
o e o e r e e w m n who c m to Pa nassos y arly , and th y and
r o the Delphik women cele brate o gie s to Dionys s . The Thyades are wont to form dance s (Xopoizs) on the rom e e e e e way f Ath ns , both ls wh r and amongst
n n e e o the the Pa ope a s . Th r f re epithe t applied by Homer to Panope us seems to indicate the dance of ’ 1 h h r Di n si k t e Thyades . Now in t e unive sal o y a 2‘ e - e e e e e e e e the natur danc , of which I hav tr at d ls wh r ,
th Mo stars bear an important p art . Even e on and the 50 u e ere who are the sea da ght rs of N us in ,
e e e or e e e e e e e c l brat in ch ic danc D m t r and P rs phon ,
‘ which dance is led off by the starry - faced eth er of
’ e the the or s of r Z us protagonists in ch u sta s , as
4 ' ' 5 M T riu s th l i e e e e . e e aximus y calls it , b ing P ad s Th s and that Typhon [Python who used t o hin der and trouble the oracular ’ ’ 7 ower at Del hi On the Face in the M oon s rb x x “ O x . a . C . . Kin p p ( , , p g). For the con ne ion betw een the m onster T haon and P thf) ide x yp y , v m rik mn Eis A ollén a Ho e H 349 et se . Teb t he Kem i n e f h y p , q , c am o t e hi o otam us su lies a town - n am e and also the n ame Tehhu the od pp p , pp , g i t h m th Hell n of Teh . e . Se w o e e es called T hon accordin to Tiele , , , yp ; g , the G reeks m ust ha e ot t he n am e T hon from the P hoenicians who v g yp , ’ iden tified Se t tebhu with the ir od of sto rm s Zi hon H ist o th g , p ( . f e ’ E tian R eli ion 51 n ote P tho the Oracle Say gyp g , , y ( ce). 1 i i r id r — R B J . P ausan as . v . 1 2 e . . G . D . IV] . i. 27 1 2 f th , X , ; , ; c . e sacred s rin of Demeter at Eleusis called K allichorés h - p g , t e Foun t of — the - eauteous dance Hom erik H m n E is D emétran 27 3 P ausan ias b y , ; ,
I iii. 5 . . xxxv 2 3 M i 103 e ide G . D . . et s . E uri ides Lin 1074 et e V q p , , s q . 4 ia x i M n h D lex eis . cf . a et o . v 7 . , ; , v 5 id H i s P o ticon micon 1 1 e nu e A stro no 1 . 2 V yg , , . a n d the eh N y ict . 1 53
ethere al dances of the stars are imitated by e arthly votarie s ; for a gre at part of archaic ritual originate s in an imitation more or less exact of natural phe
- n om en a . Panop eus the All seeing is a variant of 2 e A sterO eia Argos Panopt s , and a son of p ; even whilst ye t unb orn he quarrelled with his broth er Krisos (the solar Judge As Létc) (the Holy darkne ss) was passin g through the be autiful stellar
e she e Tit os the danc rs , was attack d by y the starry host regarde d as a vast night- vanquishing
. h e e 9 i. e e t e e giant , str tch d out roods , , ov r whol
e e — e h av n vault ; and this profanation was , as of cours ,
en e A oll6n Rhadam an thos av g d by p or ; or , again , ’ 3 the —w e r e the by swift ing d dart of A t mis , as star
Del hoi the er her quelling Moon . At p moth and two
e A ollén em e e glorious childr n , p and Art is , w r all thre e repre sente d piercing the vanquish ed Tityos 4 with th eir arrows . The rem aining point in the myth is that (1 )vulture s
e e the 2 on e e er e 3 he twain b s t giant , ( ) on ith sid , but ( )
e e d he did not driv th m away with his han s , although
o o is not stated to have been boun d . In myth l gical
o e e n e e es artistic c mbinations wh n two p rso ag s , cr atur ,
e e on e e e e or oth r obj cts , stand on ach sid of a c ntral o e o r e e e re e e e e the bj ct d sign , th y v ry f qu ntly r pr s nt
r n e e e. . powers of mo ni g and v ning , g , dawn and
the e e e e twilight , rising and s tting sun , darkn ss ast rn
1 Euri ides E lektra 4 67 . p , , 2 in di idual P an o eus is n am ed b Hom er as the sire of E eios A n v p y p , 4 ix . . ias II . r Il iii. of . P ausan the bo xe ( . xx , xx 3 4 P ausanias . x i. 1 . iv . 90. in ar P th. P d , y , X 1 54 The My th of
e te etc . Ke o e and w s rn , Thus in a mi d sign showing the e e r the e Soul rising h av nwa d from d ad body , it is — 1 guarded and assisted by the Ram - he aded sun e astern
e er . in e e and w st n Thus , again , Euphrat an d sign the he avenly altar with its solar flame is guarded or assailed on either side by a Scorpion- darkness 2 em the e the er e e d on ; or Grov of Und world , ast rn
e e is o - ee e e e and w st rn , sh wn by a palm tr on ith r sid 3 e we of a c ntral scen e . Now in Euphrate an myth
’ ‘ ee the v e o - r the e Zu m t with di in St rm bi d , divin
’ r e e e e bi d abov notic d , who spr ads darkn ss and
‘ ’ e re the - u this cr atu is also known as Giant bird , s it
’ e the r the e abl to attack a giant , Bi d with sharp b ak , 4 the flesh—e r e the ating Bi d lik Stymphalian birds ,
’ e e of e rre s e at rs human fl sh , wa d on and vanqui h d
the r o r by solar Herakles . This Bi d of st rm and da k
e o e redu li n ss , which has various Aryan anal gu s , is p
at d h r e c e in t e Da kne ss eastern and western . The s 5 flesh—e ating Vulture s of blackness prey upon the
e r Tit os the Kemic ‘ e r e s st lla y , as Crocodil [Da kn s ] of the West fed upon the A chm u Uretu (the setting
the e are the on e r stars) and as Vultur s two , so C oco dile is reduplicated in theCro codiles o f the East and ’ 6 e . e e the e e e Tit os on e W st H nc , too , Vultur s b s t y
’ e er e e e e e r on ith sid , a d licat incid nt b a ing convincing
1 ’ ‘ Ba means both soul an d ram ; the Sun as the G reat - so ul
therefore a ears at tim - h pp es ram eaded. 2 ide R . B. Jr. E Fi A i G F . 2 . . 3 C. . 7 . V , g ; . g 3 Fi 4 I i . b d. 1 2 . i 69 . g V de E . 5 There is n o i l i in h spec a po nt t e Birds being called vu ltures 71 64, erha s re resen ts a Kemic term ide Whart on E t ma Gi'aeca p p p (v , y , ’ ‘J R ide . B. Jr. E A en i I V , . pp d x .
1 56 The Myth of K at e.
(the Darkness) and brought up Minds and ' Rhada 1 e e e e manthos . The stars may b at p ac as w ll as at
Tit os war with Darkne ss . But y has his triumph and re venge ; Eds come s and fre e s him from his tormen
o e tors , and his strong hands , b und no long r , grasp 2 e the r e e the and strangl two Bi ds , v n as infant
Herakles slays the two Snake s . Tan tal I Tantalos . e e e e os V I. Odyss us n xt b h ld
e e e e the in gri vous torm nt , standing in a m r and
’ water came nigh unto his chin . In vain that old
’ e e e e e — he e the e man , an xpr ssion r p at d b ing h ad of
h e - the e t e family of P lops stoops to drink , wat r
1 A ollodoros III . 1. 2 Diodoros iv . 60. p , ; , 2 A Eu hratean c linder i en b Creuz er and e sewhere shows a p y , g v y l , four- win ged divine person ag e st an ding betw een two l arge Birds whose necks he grasps whilst their m ouths are open as if they w ere being
stran ed or at all e ents se erel han dled. A nother desi n La ard gl , v v y g ( j , g Cults de M ithra P l. lx i. Fi . 7 show s an attac b a i ine erson a e , g ) k y d v p on three ar e irds a scen e re eated on G reek ems showin the contest l g b , p g g kl d the St m halian Bird The ar P romethe s between Hera es an y p s. sol u k P ramantha is tormen ted in the same wa as Tit os un til rescued (S . ), y y b Herakles an d the conn e ion in idea etw een the Li er S ace the y , x b v , p ,
P oin ts of the Com ass etc . has recei ed fresh an d er su esti e i us p , , v v y gg v ll h stu m ade Dr D co f tration from t e careful dy by . e ke o the Temp lum of ‘ ’ P iacenz a Die Le er ein tem lu m Etm skische Forsahun en a nd Studien ( b p , g ,
Zweites H eft Hez ekiel x x i. 21 t ells how the in of Ba on , ( ) k g byl ins cted th r when usin di in ation e e i e an d Dio oros ii. 29 ears g v , p l v ; d ( ) b t estimon y t o the Kaldean sc ience of in terpretin g the fut ure from the M ails f anim al s . Len orm h appearance of the entr o . ant as edited a text
Choir de Tex tes No. 87 w hich treats of deductions e ( , ) to b drawn from t he a earance of the heart of a do fox ram horse ox ion ear fi sh pp g , , , , , l , b , , ser ent and arious other creatures ide Lenormant La D ivination p , v (v , chez les Chaldéens 55 and if the t e ts treat in of the art , ) x g come fully to i ht it wi ou t ess be ossi le t o arri e at the rationale l g , ll d b l p b v of the system hich i e all such ideas is mainl founded on actua w , l k , y l nat ural in cident , anthro omor hic analo and s nchron ous occurrence h p p gy, y . T e P roto
' A an alcan akart ecomes the Sk. ahrit k r G . hé ar Lat. eem Lih y y , y , b y , p , j , t . W ohna Lett . ahnis Bohem . atra elsh iau j , , j , . ‘ [( iif hé a n the N eh 1 d y ia . 57 vanishe s and black e arth shows at his fe e t ; and wh en he stre tch e s out his hands in fruitless attempt to e e the o e clutch p ars , appl s , figs in bright gr v
’ e e the e th ov rh ad , wind would toss th m to e ’ 1 2 3 h A rchilo chos A lkaios A lkm an s adowy clouds , , , 4 5 P ol n 6tos e e e e e Pindar , and yg r pr s nt a ston as plac d
e e e ov r his h ad by Z us and e ver re ady to crush him .
P ol n dtos a e Hom erik ffer yg lso portray d his su ings . The solar stone which rolls down again on Sisyphos is the sto ne which thre ate ns to crush Tan talos ; and in e ach case is a re duplication of the tormente d
e e e n e e p rsonag , a bl ndi g of id as which in th ir totality
e r r mak up a singula anth opomorphic story . These phase s of the suffe ring Sun suitably appe ar to the h e ro in the j oyless re alms of Aide s . Moral in th eir
r e e e the Tan talos— o e e o igin th r is non ; sun , Pr m th us s e e the e n e e o of the ods lik , st als bl ssi gs of h av n (f od g ), 7 e e re m en ffe for the or discov rs its s c ts to , and must su r
x s Th s offe nce . As Sir G . W . Co o bs erve e puni h m ents of Tan talos and Ix ién [who is referre d to by Pindar as being a fourth sufferer with the Hom erik
ee L ka6n Sis hos are e the thr ], of y and yp , involv d in
The s the e e e e . v ery id a of th s b ings sun , who woo
et e her r he e the . dawn , y driv s f om him as ris s in sky He love s the dew which his rays burn up ; and if he
e the e e e e u be shin on arth too fi rc ly , its harv sts m st
e the e withered . If his face approach s str am too
1 — 2 iii 5 2 a men t . x i. F d 82 9 . r O . g l 3 4 - ii. 21 . I sth. v h . P indar 97 Ot in . i. 90 Sc o Ol m . i. l , y p . y p ; 5 6 8 i. 9 . P ausanias X . x x x i 2 P indar Ol in . , , . . , y p 7 s i 4 Diodoro , v. 7 . 1 58 The My th of
se the er o e be e clo ly , wat c urs s will soon b ds of gaping Th slime . e p enalty paid by Tan talos is bound up with ’ 1 the phrase s which d escribed the action of the sun .
the e Tantalos w e m a s e ree As to nam , y af ly ag with ’ 2
s . Dr . Hayman that it is from an Asiatic ource
Tan talo s the or o e , Paphlagonian Lydian king , wh s 3 M Si los o tomb was shown at ount py , is a th roughly
- r er e e e r m tho non A yan p sonag , how v r much A yan y
e s logical id as may have twined round him . Diodoro speaks of his being expelled from Paphlagonia by 4 Ilos and as Taltal is an Akkadian nam e of the god
Hea we e e e r se , may hav h r a t adition ba d upon an e arly contest betwee n the cults of rival divinities . If 5 the e Hea r - to Akkadian conc pt of , an a chaic Sun god o f the e r w e the e of Und rwo ld , add Aryan vi w solar
ffe r the r Tan talos or Taltalos the su ings , p oduct is a in
o o e on the e . re u n gl my r gi s of Shad s Luc tius , not
s r e o e re s el e e ju tly , idicul s th s who c dulou ly b i v d in the u ffe Tan talos e act al su rings of and his f llows , and points out that the only known example s of parallel
o e on e n o t ee r w s occur arth , in an uns n wo ld
N ee m iser impen den s m agn u m t im et aere sax um Tan ta u s u t fam a est cassa formidin e tor en s l , , p Sed m agis in vita divum m et u s urget in an is M ortaleis cas u m u e tim en t u em cun u e ferat for q , q q s .
tholo o the A r an JVation 5 M s 18 . y gy f y , 2 ‘ The Od sse o H om er ii. 24 1 . Benfe deri th y y f , y ves e name from — ’ rukda b redu lication rdhrahos the m uch- en durin Gladst on e y p , g ( , H m eric S nchron ism 2 o y , 3 4 P ausanias II . ii. 4 . iii. 4 . Diodoro i 4 s v 7 . , xx ; V x , . 5 M Len orm an t on th r l t ide . e e a ion hi V s p between Hea an d Oan n es ldean Jil i is 201 of se (Cha n/ , q ).
' ‘ 1 6 r e 0 Tfie 111k of K z é .
1 h e the o . Tan tal s he e t e tion Like o b trays d signs of g ds ,
e r the o e and re ve als th eir counsels . P haps m st int r e s ting lege nd conne cted with him is that re corde d by 2 Pherek dés the e e Sis hos y Ath nian , which stat s that yp ’ b ound Thanatos De ath ) who had been sen t to him
is h e who e ee e . S os by Z us , and was at l ngth fr d by Ar s yp
e e the er or n re was th n tak n to Und w ld , but havi g p viou sly arrange d with his wife Merope that no funeral
e be him he e er o rit s should paid , obtain d p mission fr m
A ides e r e r o r er e o to r tu n to a th in d to nf rce th em . Once back again to the light he declined to re—enter the e e e ex shadowy r alm , and having at l ngth di d in
e e a e m e e tr m old g , was ad to roll a ston to or
h m e in t e Und erworld as a punish nt . This triumph
Sis hos e e e er er of yp , whos nam is g n ally and p haps
‘ ’ e e e e the e - e er corr ctly xplain d as m aning V ry wis , ov
e the e o e the o D ath and Und rw rld , r minds us of fam us
of er e e e reim m or victory H akl s ov r Thanatos , so fin ly
- t aliz ed by Browning . For as the Sun g od is the first
die o u t the e to the es so to and find dr ad way Shad , is he the s e st e rr first to vanqui h th m un ain d by co uption .
Mero e the r ei e o f th p , da k Pl ad , daught r Atlas e c on
e e e Me the Aithio i n stant pol , and conn ct d with rops p a
is for the comm ercial alue of the met a ide R n tural as . B r a a . J . E b v l (v , .
4 9 not e Dr. P ale has called m atten tion to the er int erestin , y y v y g th i 1 where the o t passage in P indar (Is . v . p e declares that it is ‘ h u h Theia the the source of li ht dau ht t ro g ( g , g er of Ouran os ’ and G é Hesiod T/zeo on in 135 37 1 an d the M are A eMov th ( , g , , ) p , at m en ’ h r thin s esteem gold beyon d ot e g . 1 Li e Helios A ollon Herakles Ohr sér Mel arth Od s e k , p , , y , q , s us y , I du ar Oannes Odaké n and other solar heroes ide R B Jr , . . . 19 z b , , (v , U. ;
2 et se . E . 1 q 2 i id ho in ii. e Sc a ment . 12 i. 153 . Fr g lxxv ; v l . v ’ ” If z ré e an d Z/z e ek ia 1 1 N y , 6
e e the e o E a le e king who b cam const llati nal g , can kindl n o sufficie nt funeral pyre in honour of her husband i ‘ — the de parted Sun . S syphos ( the Very wise may in his oriental phase as unconne cte d with Aryan
be e Tan talos Hea mythology) , lik , a variant of , god ’ ‘ th ’ e e e e e . of wisdom and knowl dg , and lord of d p But such qu e stions as th ese can only be d efinitely se ttle d when far more particulars have been recovered re spe cting the vast influ ence which was undoubtedly exercised by Euphrate an region s upon the whole of
- h e Asia Minor . The burial place of Sisyp os was secr t 1 e e e o e e and myst rious , a circumstanc oft n c nn ct d with 2 s e the de mise of a olar h ro .
or lc . Th IX . H a lés e next apparition beheld by
h e the o the er e t e h ro is phant m of mighty H akl s , but Herakles himself it is expre ssly state d rej oice s amon gst the de athle ss go ds with Hebe
h e e the s e ee as his bride . T e genuin n ss of pa sag has b n
r e e the of the e g eatly qu stion d , and standpoint doubt rs
e e e e e . e has b n xpr ss d by Dr Hayman , as alr ady 3 o o s a w e e u e t o notice d . It is bvi u th t should r q ir
’ have a care ful analysis o f the so—calle d simple [that
’
e o s of Dr. s e is , simpl r f rm which Hayman p aks , in
o rd er to enable u s to make a prope r comparison .
ar o s e the o But , ap t fr m this urv y , is dichot my of
’ on e into a phanto m and a be atified he ro an n u ~
e e e e e s e ? archaic id a , ith r on g n ral or p cial grounds The instance s which I have quoted fro m the m ytho
1 2 ' M ii 293 . G . D . . . . B. Jr I 11 2 ide R . ias I . . P au san . , V , 3 138 . Vide sup . p . 1 6 2 Tfie My ra of
o M o e h be l gy of angaia, and many th rs t at might
e e the o e so the e e cit d , dispos of bj ction far as g n ral que stion is concerned ; whilst the e ndle ss glorio us life and daily d e ath of the Sun on his nightly visit to the Und erworld supply the s trongest possible natural basis for such a dichotomy in the case of a solar
ero . e r s e e o or m en n e h And as r ga d ith r g ds , is it c essary to do mo re than to re fe r to the alm o st uni
e o r e the o e o f the e e v rsal D ct in of D ubl , which K mi 1 2 Ka the the , Iranian Fravashi , and Akkadian Utuk are special instances ?
er e e e H akl s app ars with bow uncas d , and shaft
o the e e n e o n e up n string , fi rc ly gla cing around , lik in the act to shoot in fact in the solar aspe ct of Sagit
ta rius e e o n e o ro , who is thus d pict d a Tabl t br ught f m
Si ara the r n ow the pp , sola city , and in British
The e r m u r Muse um . d ad a ound him ake a clam o and are compared to fowls flying every way in fe ar and the wh ole de scription recalls the ultimate c on stellation al arran gement in which the arrow of HGraklés (Sagitta ) appe ars in he aven as sho t be twe en 3 “ the Birds (Cygnus and A quila ). As no tice d the
Renouf On the true sense o ide P . le P a e an im ortan t V g , f p i r i 494 et se E gypt an Wo d (T. v . q) 2 . i 5 ide Len orm ant La D iv n ation 1 3 . V , , ’ ’ 3 i erakl i r . H es is sa d to id R B J . E . ec . be e . . s e w E V , xx x pq fi [ penv6g ’ ’ — — - E e ew ég Of- t he n ature of Ere bos sett in chthon ian dark ' p B , , g, , ] v ri. ’ i u i n b 0 d. x . the S n s ofte st led dark e oua s 9. lack u ll etc . at ( y , b b , o b da w hen an r i n i ht . So A llon e en s descri ed s i g p , v y y, g y b a v r ’ ’ n i m il o i. a d th s si e is also a r ri e oma m I l. pp p at e to all divin ities who h r brin or u ffer de ath Thus A ssurban i al de eit e g s . p scribes the de ath of ’ n e ne m b the fin e e ression He w ent t his l f i ht a o ac N . y y xp , p e o g
ide su . 1 1 1 . V p p .
1 64 The My th of
’ t o . e i e or look on What anci nt s r s , Aryan Eu
hratean w e he e ? e the p , ish d to b hold A lin , most sus
' ected the e e G a ca H et fflo év p in whol Book , answ rs y p 1 r t 7 6 . According to a t adi ion given by Plutarch this passage was inserte d by P eisistratos to ple asure h the e . t e e e Ath nians Pausanias , on oth r hand , quot s 2 it as genuine and the two authorities may pair.
e e e e e P eirithoos the But at all v nts Hom r w ll kn w , ’ 3 eer in Ze e o f p of gods council , son of us and sir
’ 4 ‘ P ol oitcés e e n the yp , and distinguish d as b i g high ’ 5 e r e who or e e wi h a t d and , acc ding to old N st r , th
r Kain eu s Ex adios e e D yas , , and Polyph mos , surpass d 6 the best warriors in the host of Agamemnon .
P n i n o 4 0 who e a e e a as s . 7 ee y , , in a lat g s ms to hav
e e e the Hom erik i e e the pr s rv d much of sp rit , r lat d daring d escent of Theseus and P eirithoos to the Un derworld ; and P olygn otos in his grand s erie s of paintings in the Le sche at Delphoi illustrative of the
e e Od sse e e e e ro e El v nth y y, plac d th m tog th r on a th n f 7 not far from the figure o Odysseus . Th ey had also 8 a j oint shrine at Athe ns . They visited the Shade s ' 9 or e ofi e e o e an d e e o in d r to carry P rs ph n , w r f und there by Herakles in bonds ; the great d elivere r
' re s e e e H ec idovv 83 7 7 Kwo v eu cu d Th s us , p , 39 7 59 n ng , w ddfijk eu The imprisoned Sun (Théseus)is constantly
' rescue d from the clutche s of Darkne ss ; but Peiritho os
2 3 he e i 2 T s us . P ausan ias . . . I l. x iv. 1 3 8 . , xx , X xx x 4 — 5 6 — id ii. 4 0 1 6 I b 7 . Od x x i. 29 . I l i 6 4 . . . . 2 2 . 7 8 u anias i I i . 1 P a s . . 2 . 4 . , X xx x b d . xxx . 9 f l A en i r i e d i 3 ci se . C . e v . 93 Horace a min C r a III. iv . 80. V g , , q , ,
- \ oll oros II V 1 p od , . . 2 . ‘ [( irhé a n d the N eh y ia . 1 6 5
e—e ff the e e Activ ort forc which urg s it on , is d oomed to constantly inhabit and reinhabit the
' ’ shadowy abod e . And Peiritho os is the son of the Ixion 1 sun , so that any apparent confusion or co ntradictio n of ide a in the story arise s from the separation of the on e e e on e orb into two distinct p rsonag s , of whom re re e h er e m p s nts his brig t d stiny as rising in triu ph , the oth er his darker as ever seeking or dwelling in the o re he e e e o gl omy alm , to which has d sc nd d thr ugh
e e e e the e u t — e o f the his lov for P rs phon , b a y spl ndour 2 universe . According to another version of the story
' P eiritho os de re the e er the was vou d by dog K rb os , — Ve dic Sarvari Darkn e ss - of night 3 Mr. George Dennis give s a uniqu e repre senta tion from a tomb at Tarq u in ii of Theseus and Beiri
’ tho bs with the dem o n Tu chulcha in the Und erworld .
The e e e the hid ous and malignant d mon , who b ars
’ n o e e Ta cha lcha e e v l nam of , has ass s ars , two hissing snake s bound round his brows and mingling with his
’ ’ h o e o e e e s aggy l cks , and an n rmous agl s b ak , which
He r e e e o e . se ves at onc for nos and mouth , wid p n app e ars to be seizing Pirithous by the neck with on e
e the er he e e hand , whil with oth brandish s a hug
’ He black and blu e serpent over the he ad of The se us .
’ e the e has also ope n wings . Any xplanation of nam
— tn chu lcha tu - kn l ha ) will be sought for in vain amon gst Aryan diale cts ; but if w e turn to the lan
e o f the o e e e e o guag Akkad , wh l occult r pr s ntati n at
1 2 i et se M . . 2 8 . B r. G . D . 7 id R . J A ollodoros 1 . iii. 1 . e . p , v V , q 3 5 i 3 5 . eme eries o E tru ria edit . 1878 . Cities and C t f , , ' 1 6 6 The M th y of K irhe.
n e e - e . Ta 1 the e o c b com s luminous ( ) S tting sun ,
‘ e e 2 D e s Kul de and h nc ( ) arkn s (Erebos). is to
’ 1 ‘ ’ o ha the Tu chulcha str y ; and , mouth . would
‘ there fore signify in Akkadian the Destroying - mo uth ’ - h of e . t e M a ef darkn ss Thus anduc s , a symbolic figy
e e with gaping j aws , was born aloft in Roman gam s ’ 2 e to e e e the e - the and proc ssions r pr s nt und r world , ’ 3 j aws of vacant darkne ss into which the luckless
er e e e e the h o s hav fall n , and is a variant phas of Norse wolf Fenrir and dog Garmr ; but the general idea is naturally not confined to any particular family
h T hu l h em t e e . u c c a e of human rac , lik Night , ’ 4 T brace s with dusky wings . he question there fore 1 e e the e 0d . . 63 be wh th r passag xi spurious , is to some extent doubtful ; and it is in harmony with
e e e e e e e g n ral mythic l g nd that Odyss us should d sir ,
e e e ee e e Peiri and p rhaps xp ct , to m t with Th s us and thoos in the Underworld .
l e i e i e But whi st Odyss us l ng rs , l k Lot in Sodom , the m yriad tribes of the de ad throng round with
e e e the e e the th ir w ird , shrill cri s ; and h ro f ars , not
‘ e the o e e e e ghosts , but l st high g dd ss P rs phon should
e m e the e the o e e s nd h ad of G rgon , that dr ad monst r , ’ Th from out of Had es . e myth and history of the terrible lunar Gorge the Swallower the d ev our
e e — the M o ing darkn ss which has a bright h ad o n , I
Cf. the Et rusca n kulmu the Turkish houl etc , g , . 2 Rev . Is . Ta or E truscan Researches 121 yl , , . 3 Tenn son I n M emoriam i y , , xxx v . 4 R. B r. R M . A 5 i e . J . 3 t e . e s . V d , q
d 1 6 8 h th o / i T e My f K it h .
’ t h e e e n e e But I e qually main ain tha t t s wand ri gs , v n
e e e e ct are in th ir v ry inconsist nci s and contradi ions , in every de tail ; and that the re asons for the singular
e e e e e f the e be re stat m nts , b li fs and id as o po t may vealed with c rystalline cle arnes s ; whilst as regards that portion o f the story which is the subj ect of t h ese siderable light has b een thrown upon a somewhat
1 The subsequent adventures of Odysseus in the hi h f the re ent b oc u e wit n t e scope o p s r h r .
Lo n don : P R INTE D
' ‘ sP O lfl s wo m nc n N u co N | SQUA RE A N D rm w m n ux r s ‘i‘ u mi'r W RKS B T E A O Y H S ME AUTHO R.
THE GRE T D I Y S A O N I A K MY TH.
Vo . I . 2 i ls wad I I . 800 . 1 8 each. I llu a o . . E ght str ti ns
’ A work f i f l n d i — o s n ular research and o bo d a or inal thou ht STA DA RD . g g g . N ’ A mine of careful t hou ht and aluable ins tructi n g v o . ’ The Re i W ox M A . A uthor of M t l f the A r i v. S r G C . ho o o an Nat ons . . , , y gy y .
I hailed our il with deli ht which was i n o imini h b y t t e g , n way d s ed y my p erusal ’ o f the o enin r n f h k — The Ri h AD T E io s o t e wor . Hon . . E G M . P o t t W . . p g p g L S ON , ’ ‘ Mr BR it i . fir olume is an add ion to rel i us m tholo Th author OWN S st v g o y gy. e t reats the ques tion by a scientific consideration of the historic course Of religious ” t hou ht There is omethi fascinatin in this first art hich lea inkin g s ng g p , w ves th g re aders im atien t to ssess the se uelJ— N o 'rns A N D ER E p po q QU I S.
This book is characteris ed b un s arin labour and re ear h th f y p g s c , e results o which are stated er clearl an d with the se nsible ness that comes or takin broad v y y, g a. iew of thin s The uantit of material brou ht to ether to ro e the ain ar u v g . q y g g p v m g ’ inen that Dion a deit A r an ut of S mi ri t, ysos was not y of y b e tic o gin, is unparalleled.
A CADEM Y. ‘ BR To the task of exploring this field M r. OWN has brought a steady resolution and a udicial im artialit which deser e all raise The admission that Sem iti j p y v p . c t hought an d worship exercised som e influen ce on those of the Greeks jus tifies t he a ttem t to determine if we can t he character o f t his influence there M r BR N p , , ; . OW We thin k that he has fairl roved hi m has don e e cellent ser ice. s ain oints x v y p p , h t h id i of Dion sos are non - H ellenic an d Semitic In h r i t a t e ea and worsh p y . t e wo k ng o ut of this subject he has brought t ogethe r a vast body o f most int ere sting and im ortan t m atter and handled it with reat skill Mr. BR N has f ull e stablished p , g OW y ’ un of s oli r d d n his title to our gratit ude for a vast amo t d wo k alrea y o e . SA T RD A REV E U Y I W .
l e st li he hi m i i W Mr. BR has it must be conceded f ul ab s d s a n o n t . e OWN , , y p admit gladly that he has done ‘ e nough to win f or himself a wide and perman e nt ’ — re utation SAT RDA a rnw o n Vol. p . U Y ( ‘ Lo n o m de M R BE RT BR auteur da Grand M ths Dion sia ue est bien . O OWN , y y q , ’ con n u de s m tholo ues uin ont oint ou bli ses tra au sur lo dieu P oseidon . M . y g , q p é v x ’ ’ ROB ER T BR OWN s est donné pour tache de determiner In part q uirevien t al in fluence
ie rec ue e t il 3 . trou é ue cette art étai nsid rable s miti ue dans la m tholo t co . é q y g g q , v q p é ’ Il s r re n r es d un élém en t oriental bien caractérisé dans les rit es dans les u p d des t ac ,
id es et dan s les mots. Son li re sur le die u des mers a ait our but do d mon trer é , v v p é ’
u n i le nom ui la once tion de P oseidon n avaien t une ori in s hellén i ue . q e , c p , g q ' ’ ' L o uvrag e qu il con sacre aDionysos est traité de meme dans un esprit d opposition h lo uirattachent étroitemen t le antheon rec an anth on di ue aux myt o g ues q p g p é vé q . ’ ’ “ es t u n ou vra e olide a n u int re san t Le G rand Myths Dionysiaque g s uta t q é s . H U U N i nn nLLn ET a un SU E . BIBLIOT EQ E. v s R v ISS The title hardly suggests to an o rdinary person the vast amount of ground which M th in his iew is nothin les han a icture the aut hor co ers . The Dion siak s t v y y , v , g p ll he mos e t f human life and mankind in com osin it m a of a t t important asp c s o , p g , y " be s aid in his words to ha e been re ealin their own nature and mental bas is . , , v v g has duced two learned olum es in which the whole m atter and man M r. BR ro OWN p v , y ’— s d. SP ECTA T R collateral matters are elaborately discu se O .
Lon on : LONGMA N S GREE . CO . d , N 2 Works by the same A uthor.
haeolo A mong the numerous works which the constantly- growing interest in arc gy a ’ has c lle d f orth Mr. BRO treatise will be re arded as e ntitled to hi h fa our. , WN S g g v His labours will enable us to re ad ou r Bibles and ancient classics more u nderstand
in l . He has erformed a rodi iou s deal of hard work and done it admirabl . g y p p g , y Dion sos has be en selected as the c en tral fi ure because his histor co vers the en tire y g , y fi v ld f l n d e en o res ea rch. Mr. BR N brin s to his work the charm o f no e t a OW g v y , v
of ro ma n ce . The thorou hness fide lit and conscien tiousness which he dis la s are g , y, p y ’— most ex ce tio nal THE L RA R TA E New Y ork. p . IB Y BL , n uir r A ro The st ory is as interesting as a romance to the archaeological i q e . p f usion o f a uthors are quot ed to fac ilitate the inves tigation and to s ubstantiate the conclus ions It must be a knowled ed that the alto ether a e ar to constit ute a . c g y g pp ’— Ve r s atisfactor ex lanation . TR E EV T N New Y ork. y y p OLU IO , “ The A uthor of the Great Dionys iak Myth has given a fuller and more
interior ie w 0 1 t h n - od We are conducted throu h a world of classical v e fa cied g rape g . g and m t holo ical research far outside of Ol m us and e en of Greece o er S ria y g y p , v , v y , ’ — E t A rabia and the far Orient TR E M ED A TR N E Ne w Y ork. gyp , , . IC L IBU , During t he twelve years which have passed since the publicatio n of the first
e dition 8 . lar e amount of solid work has been done within the domain of com arati e , g p v ‘ m t holo o l most im ortant is the cle are . Of the results s ain ed robab th y gy g , p y e p r light t hrown on the influence of Semitic theology on the theology an d religion of the G re Thi n iall and for m eks . s momen tous q uestio n I have strive to treat impart y ; y ’ treatm e n t of i l m li t ons t R ERT BR N alu t I have to acknow edge y ob ga i o Mr. OB OW S v ’ able resea i — ev Sir ox rchs e in he fi the eat Dio n s k M h. R . G . W . C t eld of gr y a yt , ’ P reface to the new diti n f he M thol of h A r n Nation s e o o T y ogy t e ya .
Lon L NGMA N REE on : O S G 00 . d , N ,
THE RELIGION OF ZOROASTER CONSIDERED IN
CONNEXION WITH ARCHAIC MONOTHEISM.
l of r i Mr. BR N is a ealous e orer the a cha c world and man o f his co n clu OW z xp , y e m s la l and other scholars His mon ra h on P os eidon sions ar n ew t o o t c ssica . og p
- ha di nit N t n The G reat Dion s iak clearly shows t he n on identity of t t vi y with ep u e. y M th in like mann er has traced Bacchus from G reece and E t to his A ss rian y , , gyp y ' ls a - E ME D A TR NE N r h is a o em . T E hom e . The ese nt mono ra ew Y ork . p g p g IC L IBU ,
THE RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY OFTHEARYANS
OF NORTHERN EUROPE.
’ - le s u e tion s Rev . H SA E De ut P A s full of learnin as of aluab s . A . . ro g v gg YC , p y ar ti P hil lo in the Un i ers it of O ford fessor of Comp a ve o gy v y x .
L n n E . TA F RD o do S N O .
4 r b the a r Wo ks y s me A utho .
” The A uth r nt It seems o of The Great Dionysiak Myth is a laborious stude . but esterda that we noticed his am hlet on the u nicorn and now we ha e an other y y p p , v book which must have ken one would su ose ears of stud to brin it to it s ta , pp , y y g res n f r e r n t m e the e t state o erfection . To us mode ns how e i oran we a b p p , v g y , idea of time is regulated by a multit ude of events of daily and almost hourly occur ren ce and but er fe w of us e er look back to a eriod when it had to be worked" , v y v p
- out bi b it Mr. BROWN has done this thorou hl well in his own dee l learned t y b . g y p y
f ashion . The boo is an im ortan t. contribution t o scienc e which n future k p , o ’ — ' in es i r in he m ld an aff ord to o erlook N orns AN D ER E . v t gato t sa e fi e c v . QU I S “ B Kosmic Order Mr BR OWN m ean s the harmon of the world in its aried y . y v ” round of da ni ht week month season and ear. His resen t work is an attem y, g , , , , y p pt ‘ t o oint out the wa in which m an attain ed t o an idea of this order so far as t p y , he ear and odiacal si ns n erne It is more es eciall with the odiacal si n y z g are co c d. p y z g s as we ha e recei ed h m fr m the Greeks that he con cerns him self The were v v t e o . y ’ ultimatel deri ed from the A ccadian s who first m a ed out the sun s course throu h y v , pp g the sk and a e to eac h section Of it the names b which the si ns are still f er the y, g v y g , m ost art n Mr BR W claims to have shown that the s i ns he k own . O N p , . , w n the a g m tholo ical conce tions which lie at the bottom of them are ex amin ed fall n aturall y g p , y in t o two rou s i di nd ix cturn al n hi w s x bein urnal a s n o . I t s a the ear be g p , g y y came
to earl men the da of twent - four or rather twelve hours on an enlar ed sc le y y y ( ) g a . ’ W e alwa s fi nd in M BROWN S writin s roofs o f wide readin and ha s u es y r. g p g ppy gg tion s There ar e f of hi tat em ents with which we should be dis os t . e v ry ew s s p ed o uarrel and the eneral reader n n ot fail t o fi nd his work both instru ti e an d q , g ca c v ’ interestin — A A DEM g . C Y . h d R ecently p u blis e . ER D NUS R VER AND CONS ELL T ON ' I A , I T A I
A TE ISM With Illus tra i n A STUDY OF THE A RCHA IC SOUTHERN S R S. 5 t o s i 3 od 4t . r ce 5 . on Wo . o p — — CONTENTS The Southern Classical Sig ns Introduction of the Constellational — System from We stern A sia— Origin of the Signs Of the Zodiac the Eridanu s as — n n e t ed ith the adus Nile Eu hrates an d Ocean - stream the Garden of Eden co c w P , , p , , l s ium an d Isles of the Blessed— A rchaic Con stellation s of E t Chin a P alestin e E y , gyp , , , — and the Euphrates Valley the Creation Tablet and Scheme of 36 origin al Constel
n . c latio s, &c & . &c . ’ r e t By far the best treatise we have on a most obscu e subj c . NOTES A N D QUER IES . In readin this brochure on e almos t stands a hast at the amou nt of e rudition g , g and the exten t of research that have been e mployed in its con struction ; while t he m arvellous ingenuity with which the A uthor has pieced together s o m any s eemingly u n con nected facts drawn from so m an arious sources in to a lo ical an d con in cin , y v , g v g ’ r um nt all leadin to the same con clusion is not less strikin . series of a g e s, g , g S T MAN CO S .
I n p rep wration . ‘ THE PHAINOMENA OR HE VENL D SPL ’ , A Y I AY OF R TOS A A ,
DONE INTO EN GLISH VERSE.
With an Introduction Notes and A endi an d n u merous Illustration s from rare , , pp x , and other sources of the Con stellation - fi ures and M tholo ical W orks, MSS. , , g y g
P ersonages m en tioned in the P oem .
Lon don : LON GMAN S GREE CO . , N ,