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Republic of Turkey Firat University Institute of Social Sciences Department of Western Languages and Literatures Program of English Language and Literature REPUBLIC OF TURKEY FIRAT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF WESTERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE AN ECOCRITICAL READING OF THE INHERITORS BY WILLIAM GOLDING MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR PREPARED BY Assist. Prof. Dr. Seda ARIKAN Emrah GÜMÜŞBOĞA ELAZIĞ - 2015 II ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi William Golding’in The Inheritors Adlı Romanının Ekoeleştirel Bir İncelemesi Emrah GÜMÜŞBOĞA Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Anabilim Dalı İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı Bilim Dalı Elazığ – 2015, Sayfa: V + 86 Bu çalışma William Golding’in The Inheritors adlı eserinde geçen doğa tasavvurunun ekoeleştirel bakış açısıyla tartışılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Giriş ve sonuç bölümleri ve dört ana bölümden oluşan çalışma, ekoeleştirinin ortaya çıkışını ve gelişim sürecini inceleyerek The Inheritors adlı romanda ekoleştirel öğelerin yansımasını ele almaktadır. William Golding’in dünya görüşünü ve insanoğluna bakış açısını yansıtan bu roman, günümüz ekoeleştirel söylemleri önceler niteliktedir. Bu bağlamda, insanoğlunun doğaya karşı yıkıcı eylemleri ve doğayı sömürü üzerine kurulu solipsist yaklaşımının ilksel örnekleri, arkaik bir dünyayı temsil eden bu romanda resmedilmektedir. Bu çalışma Golding’in resmettiği bu dünyayı ekoleştirel bir söylem olarak ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekoeleştiri, William Golding, The Inheritors , Neanderthals, Homo sapiens III ABSTRACT Master Thesis An Ecocritical Reading of The Inheritors by William Golding Emrah GÜMÜŞBOĞA Fırat University Institute of Social Sciences Department of Western Languages and Literatures Program of English Language and Literature Elazığ - 2015, Sayfa: V + 86 This study aims to discuss the concept of nature in William Golding’s novel The Inheritors through ecocritical approach. The study consisting of four main chapters with an introduction and a conclusion examines the rise and development of ecocriticism and addresses reflections of ecocritical elements in The Inheritors. This novel reflecting William Golding’s worldview and approach to human beings precedes current ecocritical discourses. In this respect, the primary samples of the destructive actions and the solipsist approach of human beings based on the exploitation of Nature are pictured in this novel representing an archaic world. This study aims to examine this world pictured by Golding as an ecocritical discourse. Key Words: Ecocriticism, William Golding, The Inheritors , Neanderthals, Homo sapiens IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 1. DEFINITION AND HISTORY OF ECOCRITICISM ........................................... 8 1.1 Word Formation of Ecology and Ecocriticism ....................................................... 8 1.2 Earlier Attitudes towards Nature in History.......................................................... 12 1.3. The Rise of Ecocriticism ...................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 2 2. WILLIAM GOLDING AND THE INHERITORS ................................................ 33 CHAPTER 3 3. ECOCENTRIC WORLD IN THE INHERITORS ................................................ 39 3.1 Natural Order ........................................................................................................ 39 3.2. Praise of Animalism as a Part of Nature .............................................................. 50 3.3. Nourishment in Natural Formation ...................................................................... 54 3.4 Language of Nature ............................................................................................... 56 3.5. Nature-Oriented Religion ..................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4 4. FROM INNOCENCE TO CORRUPTION ............................................................ 64 4.1. Symbols Representing Innocence And Corruption .............................................. 64 4.2. The Fall ................................................................................................................ 68 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 74 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 79 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... .85 AUTOBIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 86 V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Assistant Professor Dr. Seda ARIKAN, who has supported me with her profound academic competence during the completion of this study. Her guidance and encouragement are invaluable in the realization of this study. I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Mukadder ERKAN for her guidance to study ecocriticism and her valuable views that contributed this study. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Mehmet AYGÜN for his support during completion of this study, Prof. Dr. Abdulhalim AYDIN and Assist. Prof. Dr. F. Gül KOÇSOY for their tutoring and sharing their ideas during my course terms. I would like to thank my colleagues Gökhan TUĞAN and Osman ŞAHİN who have contributed my study with their ideas. I am also indebted to my friends who kept encouraging me along the way. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family who has been there with patience and devotion. Elazığ -2015 Emrah GÜMÜŞBOĞA INTRODUCTION Since the environmental problems have reached to an alarming rate, literature and environment studies have become more and more important. As these problems have reached such a level that cannot be put off or omitted anymore, human beings have started to look for the underlying reasons of it. These environmental problems have not started in the last century but their effects have become clearer at this period. Nature has become the object and victim of human beings therefore; Nature has become a source which is exploited for all human purposes. As a result of this, the species of animals has decreased, water resources have dried up and natural flora has been destroyed. Global warming, acid rains, deforestation, expanding desert areas, damage to ozone layer, increasing number of storms, industrial wastes have become significant issues of this century. Human beings neglected the environment and consumed the resources to a large extent; human beings have become dependent upon fossil fuels which give off toxic gases into atmosphere, forests have been cut off which caused the reduction of life giving gases, the soil that is used as farmlands have become filled with agricultural pesticides. So now, the world is faced with permanent climate change and the threat of global warming. One of the most important books written about these problems is Bill McKibben’s The End of Nature (1989) which explains the environmental and social consequences of global warming. In The End of Nature , McKibben explains the recent history of environmental destruction and examines the ways how human beings have been changing the nonhuman world. McKibben argues about these changes as: We have changed the atmosphere, and thus we are changing the weather. By changing the weather, we make every spot on earth manmade and artificial. We have deprived [N]ature of its independence, and that is fatal to its meaning. Nature’s independence is its meaning; without it there is nothing but us. (McKibben, 1990: 54) The changes in the atmosphere mentioned by McKibben have caused significant problems in the world and wherever we go, the footprints of human beings can be easily found on the Earth. According to McKibben, the idea of wilderness can disappear in the 2 near future: “From now on, there will be nothing truly wild and a child born now will never know a natural summer, a natural autumn, winter, or spring” (McKibben, 1990: 55). Population growth, urbanization, pollution, production and consumption practices could lead to a manmade Nature in which there will be nothing really wild . People who live in developing parts of the world are not so aware of this fact and they live as though the world’s natural resources are limitless and indestructible. Cheryll Glotfelty points out in The Ecocriticism Reader that “if your knowledge of outside world were limited to major publications (…) you would never suspect the earth’s life support systems were under stress” (Glotfelty, 1996: xvi). With the age of technology, many people have started living in their technological devices, in other words, they do not live in a real world. In their virtual world, everything is defined in an instant way and consumed just in a couple of hours. The ecological problems or issues either do not exist or find place in the last pages of their list. The main focus
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