DOCSLIB.ORG

The Political Ecology of Regionalism. the Political Ecology of Regionalism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Political Ecology of Regionalism. the Political Ecology of Regionalism EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Department of Political and Social Sciences Department of Political and Social Sciences The Political Ecology of Regionalism. STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS IN NINE EUROPEAN REGIONS The Political Ecology of Regionalism. STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS IN NINE EUROPEAN REGIONS by Jürgen R. Grote by Jürgen R. Grote Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtain the Degree of Doctor of the European University Institute Thesis submitted for assessment with Examining Jury: a view to obtain the Degree of Doctor of the Prof. Colin Crouch, EUI and Trinity College, Oxford (co-supervisor) Prof. Philippe C. Schmitter, EUI and University of Stanford (supervisor) European University Institute Prof. Volker Schneider, Universität Konstanz Prof. Carlo Trigilia, Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence, April 1998 Florence, April 1998 Contents Contents Chapter Five 5. Comparative results case by case 5.1. Structural equivalence and blockmodelling .............................. 253 5.2. Italy (with second thoughts on earlier work) ........................... 259 5.3. Germany ................................................................................. 287 5.4. France ..................................................................................... 305 5.5. Spain ....................................................................................... 317 Tables and figures ................................................................... iii 5.6. Wales ...................................................................................... 326 Preface and acknowledgements ............................................... v Chapter Six 6. The external relational performance of regions Chapter One 1. Introduction ............................................................................ 1 6.1. Reflexions on inner and outer space ......................................... 335 Chapter Two 2. Theoretical considerations 6.2. The regional-national-supranational link .................................. 344 2.1. Territorial interest intermediation ............................................ 16 2.2. Policy networks ....................................................................... 22 Chapter Seven 7. Conculding remarks ................................................................ 377 2.3. Policy domains, political ecologies and base points of action 36 Chapter Nine 8. Data appendix ......................................................................... 383 .... 2.4. In search of an appropriate model ........................................... 44 Chapter Ten 9. References .............................................................................. 411 Chapter Three 3. Tentative hypotheses 3.1. The structuring of private and public space ............................ 59 3.2. Italy ....................................................................................... 63 3.3. Germany ................................................................................ 84 3.4. France ................................................................................... 110 3.5. Spain ..................................................................................... 134 3.6. Wales .................................................................................... 152 Chapter Four 4. Approaching the empirical targets: an analysis of overall configurations 4.1. The research design and boundary specification ...................... 170 4.2. Measures employed for the analysis ........................................ 182 4.3. Reflexions on the role of redundancy in territorial networks ... 193 4.4. Comparing the organizational ecologies of regions ................. 213 - i - - ii - Grote, Jurgen R. (1998), The political ecology of regionalism : state-society relations in nine European regions European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/6951 Tables and figures Tables and figures Table 8.6 Distribution of actor categories across the positions ..................... 408 Table 8.7 Intensity of external contacts (national and EU dimensions) ......... 409 Table 8.8 Most central and prominent EU organizations .............................. 410 Figure 4.1 Overall density and centralization indicies ......................................... 217 Table 2.1 Typologies of policy networks ........................................................... 55 Figure 4.2 Baden-Württemberg: Multidimensional scaling of path distances ...... 231 Table 4.1 Overall sample and network statistics ................................................ 176 Figure 4.3 Languedoc-Roussillon: Multidimensional scaling of path distances .. 237 Table 4.2 Overall properties of networks .......................................................... 215 Figure 4.4 Sicily: Multidimensional scaling of path distances ............................ 240 Table 5.1 Sicily: Results of equivalence analysis (1992) .................................. 263 Figure 4.5 Hierarchical cluster analysis (dendogramm) ..................................... 247 Table 5.2 Sicily: Members of most central position (1992) ............................. 266 Figure 5.1 Sicily: Graphic representation of image matrix (1992) ..................... 265 Table 5.3 Sicily: Results of equivalence analysis (1995) ................................. 270 Figure 5.2 Sicily: Graphic representation of image matrix (1995) .................... 271 Table 5.4 Sicily: Members of most central position (1995) ............................. 272 Figure 5.3 Lombardy: Graphic representation of image matrix ........................ 280 Table 5.5 Lombardy: Members of most central position ................................. 282 Figure 5.4 Baden-Württemberg: Graphic representation of image matrix ......... 288 Table 5.6 Baden-Württemberg: Members of most central position .................. 295 Figure 5.5 Niedersachsen: Graphic representation of image matrix ................... 299 Table 5.7 Niedersachsen: Members of most central position ........................... 302 Figure 5.6 Rhone-Alpes: Graphic representation of image matrix .................... 307 Table 5.8 Rhone-Alpes: Members of most central position ............................. 309 Figure 5.7 Languedoc-Roussillon: Graphic representation of image matrix ...... 313 Table 5.9 Languedoc-Roussillon: Members of most central position .............. 314 Figure 5.8 Catalunya: Graphic representation of image matrix ......................... 319 Table 5.10 Catalunya: Members of most central position ................................. 320 Figure 5.9 Andalucia: Graphic representation of image matrix ........................ 322 Table 5.11 Andalucia: Members of most central position ................................. 324 Figure 5.10 Wales: Graphic representation of image matrix .............................. 327 Table 5.12 Wales: Members of most central position ...................................... 329 Figure 6.1 External performance of overall sample (1246 cases) ..................... 354 Table 6.1 Ranking of equivalence classes in two extra-regional dimensions ... 348 Figure 6.2 External performance of networks (274 cases) ............................... 354 Table 8.1 List of network members (organization list) per region ................. 383 Figure 6.3 External performance of public institutions ..................................... 360 Table 8.2 Members of equivalence classes ................................................... 392 Figure 6.4 External performance of private associations .................................. 360 Table 8.3 Blockmodels, density tables and image matrices .......................... 401 Figure 6.5 Dual network games in the European triad .................................... 367 Table 8.4 Positions and roles of blocks ........................................................ 404 Figure 8.1 Graphic representation of positions and roles ................................. 406 Table 8.5 Cohesion and self-esteem ............................................................. 407 - iii - - iv - Grote, Jurgen R. (1998), The political ecology of regionalism : state-society relations in nine European regions European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/6951 Preface and Acknowledgements Matthias of the University of Wales/College of Cardiff. To all of them I owe a great deal Preface and acknowledgements of gratitude, not least because they did not hesitate to ask their respondents obscure questions without having any idea what I intended to do with the answers. Many thanks also go to Giuliano Bianchi of Siena University, the then president of IRES Toscana, who encouraged me to undertake a first test of the method in an admittedly exotic political environment (Sicily). In the end, it turned out that the exotic nature of this case Most of the empirical research for this work was undertaken at the Mannheim Centre actually served to sharpen my understanding of the potentials and the limits of network for European Social Research (MZES) of Mannheim University where I was co- analysis. ordinator of the project on Regionen als Handlungseinheiten in der europäischen Politik These thanks would not be complete without mentioning those who guided my from 1993 to 1996. The project was funded by a generous grant from the Volkswagen endeavours over a longer period of time. These were, first of all, my professors, Colin Foundation. Some of our external teams also managed to raise substantial resources for Crouch and Philippe Schmitter, who have set me on the track of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reclaiming Their Shadow: Ethnopolitical Mobilization in Consolidated Democracies
    Reclaiming their Shadow: Ethnopolitical Mobilization in Consolidated Democracies Ph. D. Dissertation by Britt Cartrite Department of Political Science University of Colorado at Boulder May 1, 2003 Dissertation Committee: Professor William Safran, Chair; Professor James Scarritt; Professor Sven Steinmo; Associate Professor David Leblang; Professor Luis Moreno. Abstract: In recent decades Western Europe has seen a dramatic increase in the political activity of ethnic groups demanding special institutional provisions to preserve their distinct identity. This mobilization represents the relative failure of centuries of assimilationist policies among some of the oldest nation-states and an unexpected outcome for scholars of modernization and nation-building. In its wake, the phenomenon generated a significant scholarship attempting to account for this activity, much of which focused on differences in economic growth as the root cause of ethnic activism. However, some scholars find these models to be based on too short a timeframe for a rich understanding of the phenomenon or too narrowly focused on material interests at the expense of considering institutions, culture, and psychology. In response to this broader debate, this study explores fifteen ethnic groups in three countries (France, Spain, and the United Kingdom) over the last two centuries as well as factoring in changes in Western European thought and institutions more broadly, all in an attempt to build a richer understanding of ethnic mobilization. Furthermore, by including all “national
    [Show full text]
  • Externalization of Migration Control: the Case of the Italian-Libyan Agreements Between 2000 and 2011
    Externalization of migration control: The case of the Italian-Libyan agreements between 2000 and 2011 RELATORE Prof. Mattia GUIDI CANDIDATO Leo GEYER (Matr. 635552) CORRELATORE Prof. Federico NIGLIA ANNO ACCADEMICO: 2017-2018 Acknowledgements First of all I want to thank my parents for their encouragement and invaluable support and assistance in my studies. I would also like to thank, for their help, their advice and their support, my brother Jules Geyer, my grandmother Madeleine Geyer, my cousin Maxime Di Natali, and my dear friends Louis Bachellier, Clement Parisot, Alex Azevedo, Emanuele Spina, Guillaume Willaumez, Roxane Misk, Giulio Moré, Gabriele Nictora, Francesco Costantino, Henrique Neves, Tanguy Maire du Poset, Patrick Geneit, Ambra Vaccarezza, Maria Grazia Cantarella, Marc Riewe and Virginie Matterne. Besides, I express a special gratitude to my friend Audrey Dubuc, for taking the time to print and submit this thesis for me in Brussels. I am also grateful for the help provided by my two supervisors: prof. Giacomo Orsini from ULB, his precious feedbacks, comments, and advice were very important in the redaction of this thesis, and prof. Mattia Guidi from LUISS Guido Carli who kindly accepted to supervise this thesis. Last but not least, I want to mention the importance of Kendrick Lamar’s oeuvre in my life. His music has been, during the past years, a great inspiration to me and I would not be the same person without his lyrics and melodies. I Abstract This thesis analyses the Italian externalization of migration and border management policies in Libya, to see whether and how the Europeanization and concurrent securitization of migration policies played a role to legitimize these contested policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Notes. Some Sociological Roots of Transnational Practices in Italy
    Transnational Communities in a Globalized World Italian research team Comparative notes. Some sociological roots of transnational practices in Italy by Michael Eve FIERI As many writers have noted (among many others, Portes, Guarnizo and Landolt 1999, Vertovec 1999, Faist 1999, Itzigsohn et al. 1999, Kistivo 2001), the term transnationalism has been used to describe very different situations. On the one hand, we have, for example, classic and contemporary examples of “diasporas” which may be genuine transnational “communities” – where people identify themselves clearly as members of a social unit dispersed over the world in various countries, and where shifting to another node of the community in another part of the world may be a possibility people are clearly aware of. Sense of belonging to this transnational community may be sustained by all the usual mechanisms creating an imagined community (language, religious specificity, myths regarding common origins, etc.), but also by frequent material exchanges, meetings, mutual aid, occupational careers, inter-marriage. On the other hand, discussions of transnationalism may also cite phenomena which are present in nearly all migrations (for that matter, even migrations within a single state). For example, migrants go back ‘home’ for holidays (sometimes long holidays), maintain numerous ties with kin in other countries, send remittances (which may be crucial for the home area’s economy), read newspapers or watch television programmes of their ‘country of origin’, invent new cultural forms combining elements from two or more countries (nearly all the interviewees of our research in Italy combined elements of Moroccan/Romanian with elements of Italian food), continue to use their first language, and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • British Identity and the German Other William F
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 British identity and the German other William F. Bertolette Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Bertolette, William F., "British identity and the German other" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2726. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2726 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BRITISH IDENTITY AND THE GERMAN OTHER A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by William F. Bertolette B.A., California State University at Hayward, 1975 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2004 May 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the LSU History Department for supporting the completion of this work. I also wish to express my gratitude for the instructive guidance of my thesis committee: Drs. David F. Lindenfeld, Victor L. Stater and Meredith Veldman. Dr. Veldman deserves a special thanks for her editorial insights
    [Show full text]
  • Majority and Minority Ethnic Voting in New Democracies
    Identity and Agency: Majority and Minority Ethnic Voting in New Democracies Benjamin P. McClelland Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 Benjamin P. McClelland All Rights Reserved Abstract Identity and Agency: Majority and Minority Ethnic Voting in New Democracies Benjamin P. McClelland This dissertation examines how ethnic identities are politicized through elections in new democracies. Using the cases of post-communist Latvia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, I compare the electoral success of campaigns which appeal to voters on the basis of ethnicity to those do not. I argue that ethnic parties are most likely in groups for whom two conditions are met. First, ethnicity must meaningfully differentiate ethnic insiders from outsiders, in such a way that voters will believe policy benefits will likely result from political representation for the group. Second, electoral institutions must ensure that the political mobilization of the group will result in electoral victory. These two conditions create fundamentally different incentives for ethnic majority groups and ethnic minority groups simply because of differences in group size. In most democracies with a large minority population, ethnic voting will be more likely among the majority group than the minority group, unless institutions encourage minority group voting by lowering barriers to entry. The results demonstrate the qualitatively different ways groups use ethnic identities as a resource to achieve political objectives, with important implications for minority group representation, political participation, and democratic governance in diverse societies. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Study Ethnic Voting? .
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Racism in European Football
    ANTI-RACISM IN EUROPEAN FOOTBALL Mark Doidge, University of Brighton How does anti-racist activism by fans March 2014 challenge racism and xenophobia in European football This report presents analysis and recommendations on a study into anti-racism in European football. It addresses three case studies: Legia Warsaw in Poland, AS Roma in Italy and Borussia Dortmund in Germany. Anti-Racism in European Football Contents 1. Executive Summary 2 2. Introduction 5 3. Methodology 8 4. Anti-Racism Fan Movements 19 5. Summary 54 6. Bibliography 57 7. Appendix A – Racism in Society 61 8. Appendix B – Racism in the Stadium 70 9. Appendix C – The Importance of Institutional Support 79 10. Appendix D – The Dangers of Conflating Racism With 85 Other Forms of Anti-Social Behaviour Page 1 Anti-Racism in European Football 1. Executive Summary Football’s popularity is unsurpassed in global sport. It has the power to bring people of different backgrounds, ages and genders together. This can be through playing, watching or just discussing with friends. Despite this power to unite and bring people together, it also provides opportunities to differentiate yourself and your group from others through violence, abuse, racism and xenophobia. Racism is a pervading feature of contemporary European football. From Zenith St Petersburg fans declaring that their club should not sign anyone who was not Slavic to Juventus fans racially abusing Mario Balotelli, expressions of racism continue. They take different forms and are grounded in the rivalry that exists within football. Yet each of these expressions derives from different social and historical traditions and cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Women & Equality
    Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Winter 2020 Women & Equality Nannerl O. Keohane & Frances McCall Rosenbluth, guest editors with Dawn Langan Teele · Kira Sanbonmatsu Rafaela Dancygier · Susan Chira · Torben Iversen Øyvind Skorge · Jamila Michener Margaret Teresa Brower · Sara Lowes · Anita I. Jivani Mala Htun · Francesca R. Jensenius · Anne Marie Goetz Olle Folke · Johanna Rickne · Seiki Tanaka Yasuka Tateishi · Nancy Folbre Catharine A. MacKinnon · Debora L. Spar Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences “Women & Equality” Volume 149, Number 1; Winter 2020 Nannerl O. Keohane & Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Guest Editors Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications Peter Walton, Associate Editor Heather M. Struntz, Assistant Editor This issue of Dædalus is published open access with generous support from Mathea Falco. Committee on Studies and Publications John Mark Hansen, Chair; Rosina Bierbaum, Johanna Drucker, Gerald Early, Carol Gluck, Linda Greenhouse, John Hildebrand, Philip Khoury, Arthur Kleinman, Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, Alan I. Leshner, Rose McDermott, Michael S. McPherson, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Scott D. Sagan, Nancy C. Andrews (ex officio), David W. Oxtoby (ex officio), Diane P. Wood (ex officio) Inside front cover (top left to bottom right): “Women at Work, Rajasthan,” by Richard Evea, 2008, published under a CC BY-SA 2.0 license. “I am not free while any woman is unfree,” by shaunl/Getty Images. View of the Women’s March on Washington from the roof of the Voice of America building, January 21, 2017; photograph by Voice of America. Lathe operator machining parts for transport planes at the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation plant in Fort Worth, Texas, October 1942; photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN POLITICAL PARTIES Contributions and Donations Related
    EUROPEAN POLITICAL PARTIES Contributions and donations related to financial year 2018 The information below is published pursuant to Article 32(1)(e) and (f) of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1141/2014 Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Contributions from parties and political formations Contributor Country ALDE RO Alliance Party UK ANO 2011 CZ Centerpartiet SE Centerpartiet, Ȧland FI Ciudadanos ES Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats HR Darbo Partija LT Democraten 66 NL Demokratesch Partei LU Eesti Keskerakond EE Eesti Reformierakond EE FDP DE Fianna Fáil IE Glas HR Iniciativa Liberal PT HSLS HR 1 Contributor Country Istrian Democratic Assembly HR Keskusta FI Latvijas attistibai LV Liberal Democrats UK Liberal Party GI Liberalerna SE Liberalisok - Magyar Liberális Párt HU Liberals' Movement LT Mouvement Réformateur BE Movement for Rights and Freedoms BG NEOS AT Nowoczesna PL Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten BE Pametno HR Partit Demokratiku MT PDeCAT ES Radicali Italiani IT Radikale Venstre DK SMC - Stranka Modernega Centra SI Svenska Folkpartiet FI Union of Democrats and Independents FR United Democrats CY Venstre Danmarks Liberale Parti DK Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie NL Zaveznistvo AB SI Total €417.294,64 Minor donations in accordance with Article 32(1)(e) Value Number of donors €12.682,00 486 2 Other donations Donor Country Value American Chamber of Commerce to the EU BE 6.000,00 Bayer AG DE 18.000,00 Deloitte to Deloitte Services & Investments NV BE 13.000,00 Eli Lilly Benelux SA BE 1.200,00 European
    [Show full text]
  • The New Age Movement
    EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE Jury: Klaus EDER, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, FR Germany (Supervisor) Mario DIANI, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom Christian JOPPKE, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy Ákos RÓNA-TAS, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, United States The New Age Movement: Genesis of a High Volume, Low Impact Identity Dissertation May 5, 2000 Thomas König Department of Social and Political Sciences European University Institute Via dei Rocettini 9 I-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (Fi) Italy tel. +49 (551) 39 7221 fax. +49 (55) 39 7341 [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 New Age: A High Volume, Low Impact Identity..........................................1 A First Glimpse at New Age......................................................................................................6 The Societal Context.................................................................................................................. 6 2 Theory: The Literature ...................................................................................9 2.1 The Concept of a Social Movement..............................................................................9 2.1.1 Types of Collective Action ................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Social Movements............................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3 New Movements?...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Italian Ultras: from Local Divisions to National Co-Operation
    The Italian ultras: from local divisions to national co-operation Dr Mark Doidge, Research Fellow, School of Sport and Service Management Abstract Since their emergence in the 1960s, the ultras have become the dominant form of football fandom in Italian football. Their visual style has been adopted across Europe, particularly in Southern and Eastern Europe and North Africa. The early development of the ultras was characterised by political involvement. Later the identity incorporated violence and extreme localism. Since the 1990s, ultras have been co-operating across traditional political and local divides in order to challenge legislation and assert ‘their’ power over football. Yet this is only in relation to their perceived idea of fandom, not on issues of governance. Drawing on ethnographic research in Italy, alongside interviews with leading fan-activists across Europe, this paper will highlight the development of the ultras and argue that the traditional divisions based on politics and localism are beginning to be eroded. This is being replaced with a more co- operative ‘mentalità ultras’ (Doidge 2015). Affirming Maffesoli’s (1996) argument that society is not becoming more individualised, but in fact new forms of association are emerging. More importantly, these ‘neo-tribes’ are tied to consumption. Fundamentally, these changes are tied to the rapid globalisation of football that took place through out the 1990s. Increasing commercialism tested the ultras’ notion of football fandom. This has also been challenged by an increasingly draconian approach from the Italian government attempting to control the excesses of the ultras. The unintended consequence of these approaches have made it harder for non-ultras to attend the stadium and merely reinforced the ultras feelings of persecution and justification that they are the authentic voice of football fans.
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Action and Psychological Change: the Emergence of New Social Identities
    Collective Action and Psychological Change: The emergence of new social identities John Drury School of Social Sciences, University of Sussex Steve Reicher School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews Running head: Collective action and psychological change Address for correspondence: John Drury, Social Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QN, UK. e-mail: [email protected] 1 Collective Action and Psychological Change: The emergence of new social identities Abstract The paper comprises an analysis of processes of psychological change among participants at an environmental protest. A participant observation study found evidence of a radicalized self concept among a number of crowd members, and indicates a link between radicalization, an asymmetry of categorical representations between protesters and the police, and the subsequent interaction premised on these divergent representations. The analysis supports an elaborated social identity model of crowd behaviour (Reicher, 1996, 1997a,b; Stott & Reicher, 1998). It is argued that, in order to account for both social determination and social change in collective behaviour it is necessary to analyse crowd events as developing interactions between groups. Where crowd members hold a different understanding of their social position to that held by an outgroup (e.g. the police) and where the outgroup has the power to treat crowd members in terms of its understandings, then those members who act on the basis of one understanding of their social relations find themselves in an unexpected and novel set of social relations. This then provides the basis for a series of changes, including the self-understanding of crowd members.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California, San Diego
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Grassroots Cosmopolitanism: Transnational Communication and Citizenship Practices among Indigenous Mexican Immigrants in the United States A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirement for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Antonieta Mercado Dissertation Committee: Professor Daniel Hallin, Chair Professor David Fitzgerald Professor Robert Horwitz Professor Akos Rona-Tas Professor Olga Vásquez Professor Elana Zilberg 2011 Copyright Antonieta Mercado, 2011 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Antonieta Mercado is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ Chair University of California San Diego 2011 iii DEDICATION To the memory of my father, Ranulfo Mercado Bonilla, who taught me that civic participation is possible, even in adverse conditions. To my husband James Samstad for his love, understanding, friendship and encouragement during all these years; and to my mother María de Jesús Anaya López for her unconditional love. To George and Grace Samstad, for all their support, understanding, and love. To my sisters Mary, Zoila, and Francis, and my brothers, Teo, Ranulfo, Pepe, and Toño, for their moral support. To all my 21 nieces and nephews: Vero, César, Naya, Livia, Eva, Martha, Clara, Jazmín, Noemí, Ranulfo, Pepe, Claudia, Gaby, Edgar, Angélica, Belém, Rosa, Adrian, Diana, Francisco, and Alejandro. To Tisha and Bruno. iv !"#$%&"'( ( Niqitoa ni Nesaualkoyotl: ¿Kuix ok neli nemoua in tlaltikpak? An nochipa tlaltikpak: san achika ya nikan. Tel ka chalchiuitl no xamani, no teokuitlatl in tlapani, no ketsali posteki. An nochipa tlaltikpak: san achika ye nikan. Yo lo Pregunto Yo Nezahualcóyotl lo pregunto: ¿Acaso de veras se vive con raíz en la tierra? Nada es para siempre en la tierra: Sólo un poco aquí.
    [Show full text]