ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES
1990-1991
PRESIDENT Vincent Webb, University of Nebraska at Omaha
1st VICE PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT ELECf Ben Menke, University of Washington Spokane
2nd VICE PRESIDENT Robert Bohm, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
SECRETARY�SURER Harry Allen, San Jose State University
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Edward Latessa, University of Cincinnati
TRUSTEES
William Tafoya, FBI Academy Lawrence Travis III, University of Cincinnati Donna Hale, Shippensburg University
REGIONAL TRUSTEES
REGION 1 - NORTHEAST Alida Merlo, Westfield State College
REGION 2 - SOUTH Mittie Southerland, Eastern Kentucky University
REGION 3 - MIDWEST Peter Kratcoski, Kent State University
REGION 4 - SOUTHWEST Charles Chastain, University of Arkansas-Little Rock
REGION 5 - WESTERN AND PACIFIC John Angell, University of Alaska Anchorage
PAST PRESIDENTS
1963-1964 Donald F McCall 1977-1978 Richard Ward 1964-1965 Felix M Fabian 1978-1979 Richter M Moore Jr 1965-1966 Arthur F Brandstatter 1979-1980 Larry Bassi 1966-1967 Richard 0 Hankey 1980-1981 Harry More J r 1967-1968 Robert Sheehan 1981-1982 Robert G Culbertson 1968-1969 Robert F Borkenstein 1982-1983 Larry Hoover 1969-1970 B Earl Lewis 1983-1984 Gilbert Bruns 1970-1971 Donald H Riddle 1984-1985 Dorothy Bracey 1971-1972 Gordon E Misner 1985-1986 R Paul McCauley 1972-1973 Richard A Myren 1986-1987 Robert Regoli 1973-1974 William J Mathias 1987-1988 Thomas Barker 1974-1975 Felix M Fabian 1988-1989 Larry Gaines 1975-1976 George T Felkenes 1989-1990 Edward Latessa 1976-1977 Gordon E Misner ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES
1991
ANNUAL MEETING
MARCH 5-9, 1991
STOUFFER NASHVILLE HOTEL
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
PROGRAM
THEME:
DRUGS, CRIME, AND PUBLIC POLICY ACA DE MY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SC IE NCES
Dear Colleagues:
Welcome to Nashville and the 1991 Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. We hope you will not let the numerous local attractions distract you too much from the excellent program we have organized for your benefit. This year we have nearly 200 panels, workshops, roundtables, and plenary sessions for your consumption. We have attempted to schedule panels dealing with specific topical areas in sequence in the same rooms, to reduce your navigational difficulties. We have also managed to centralize registration, exhibits, and the Friday luncheon on the ground floor of the hotel in the Ballroom complex. Please be sure to visit the exhibit area for coffee and to examine our exhibitor's products. Please note that the Employment Exchange is located in Boardroom lion the Fourth floor. Students may want to pay particularattention to the Graduate School Programs workshop at noon on Wednesday and to the full afternoon workshops on Wednesday and Thursday focusing on Academic Careers and Practitioner Careers, respectively. The awards luncheon is scheduled for Friday at noon and will feature a speech by Jerry Oliver, drug policy coordinator for the city of Memphis, Tennessee. Michigan State University is sponsoring a reception Tuesday night and the participant's reception is scheduled for Thursday evening. The business meeting will be held on Thursday at 5: 15 p.m. in the Tennessee room. Finally, the program chair would like to call your attention to the three thematic plenary sessions at 10:15 a.m. on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, and to the series of panels on Native American justice that kicks off at 1:45 p.m. on Wednesday in the Tennessee room.
THE 1991 ACJS PROGRAM COMMITTEE
Michael Benson Otwin Marenin University of Tennessee University of Alaska Fairbanks
Mike Blankenship Roslyn Muraskin Memphis State University Long Island Univ IC W Post Campus
James Calder Gary Potter University of Texas at San Antonio Eastern Kentucky University
Diana Fishbein Frank Schubert University of Baltimore Northeastern University
Lorie Fridell William Tafoya Florida State University FBI Academy
Dennis Lund Robert Worden Kearney State College State University of New York at Albany
Coramae Mann Linda Zupan Indiana University Illinois State University
1991 Program Committee Chairman Gary Cordner Eastern Kentucky University
Local Arrangements Coordinator Bruce Mallard Tennessee State University
2 CONTENTS
PAGE
ALPHA PHI SIGMA ...... 5
MEETING ROOMS ...... 6
ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM ...... 7
INDEX OF ADVERTISERS ...... 110
ABSTRACTS ...... 113
INDEX OF PARTICIPANTS ...... 189
PARTICIPANT'S MAILING ADDRESSES ...... 195
3 I
POLICE DEVIANCE, Second Edition CRIMINOLOGY: by Barkerand Carter Explaining Crime and Its Context This bookdefines and assesses the broad problem of deviant by Brown, Esbensenand Geis police behavioras well as associatedadministrative issues. This comprehensive text links theory and policy, allowing Coversboth criminal andnon-criminal police misconduct, students to form a foundation through which the issues in the presenting typologies of sexual misconduct, prejudice and field of criminology can be meaningfullyanalyzed. Provides discrimination, off-duty behavior,perjury, deception, and relevant and stimulating examples. (19911727 pp. 1$37.95) profanity and obscenity. (1991 1439 pp. 1$25.95) PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANCE: JUSTICE, CRIME AND ETHICS Dominance, Degradation and Denigration by Braswell, McCarthy and McCarthy by Kelly and MacNamara This bookexamines ethical dilemmas pertaining to the Published in association with the Edward Sagarin Institute administrationof criminal justice and professional activities for the Study of Deviance and Social Issues, this anthology in the field of criminal justice. Chapters focus on law provides eclectic coverage of often unstudied aspects enforcement, legal practice, sentencing, corrections, and of deviance and an in-depth treatment of important issues research. (19911415 pp.1$26.95) in the field. (19911172 pp.1$16.95) JAILS: BRIEFS OF 100 LEADING CASES f and Generati Re orm the New on Philosophy IN LAW ENFORCEMENT by Linda L. Zupan by del Carmenand Walker This bookexamines the New Generation correctional This handy reference provides a working knowledge philosophy - explaining its theoretical principles, analyzing of leading cases in the field, including two landmark cases its implementation through architectural design and inmate decided June 1990 that have changed the face of the nation's management style, and evaluating its impact on both inmates police campaign against drunkdriving and stretched the and staff. (1991/201 pp.1$14.95) boundaries of acceptable procedure in search and seizure cases. (19911203 pp. 1$9.95) INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE JUVENILE JUSTICE: An Introduction by Lawrence F. Travis, III by Whitehead and Lab This introductory text offers a general overview and This up-to-date, issue-oriented approach to juvenile justice description of the criminal justice process in the United States, provides comprehensive analysis and evaluation of all aspects outlining the decisions, practices, people and issues involved of the juvenile justice system, including history, movements in the criminal justice process. Provides a thorough review toward diversion and deinstitutionalization,police court of practices and controversies in law enforcement, the criminal process, due process and community intervention. courts and corrections. (1990 1550 pp. 1$29.95) (19901511 pp.1 $28.95)
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, Sixth Edition CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS by Klotterand Kanovitz OF PRISONERS, Fourth Edition by John W. Palmer This new edition presents an up-to-date analysis of critical constitutional issues, with special emphasis on areasthat vitally This new editionof a classic covers the basic concepts impact criminal justice personnel. New material addresses of First Amendment rights, cruel and unusual punishment recent decisions in constitutional law. (19911980 pp.1$35.95) and due process. Other areas of substantive law relating to prisoners are covered in detail. (19911874 pp. 1$36.95)
Call or write for examination copies. Toll Free: 1-800-582-7295 (continental u.s. only). FAX: 1-513-562-8116. � anderson publishing co. / criminal justice division / p.o. box 1576/ cincinnati, ohio 45201-1576
4 ALPHA PHI SIGMA NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE HONOR SOCIETY 1991 CONVENTION AGENDA MARCH 5-9, 1991
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991
11:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m. Registration WEST BALLROOM
THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991
9:00 a.m.-11:30 a.m. Take Roll NASHVILLE EAST Officer Reports New Business Constitutional Amendments Nominate Candidates for National Office Old Business
* * 15 minutes break * * Speeches of Candidates for National Office (Question and Answer Period for Candidates) FLETC Presentation Announcements Reception Sponsored by National Office National Officers Meet with Candidates After Meeting (if necessary)
FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991
9:00 a.m.-ll:30 a.m. Vote on Constitutional Amendments NASHVILLE EAST Vote on National Officer Candidates Presentation of Awards Scholarships Paper Competition Chapter Awards Scrapbook Award
* * 15 minute break * * Guest Speaker: Dr. Ben Menke, Washington State University- Spokane Announce New National Officers Swear-in New National Officers Parting Statements by Outgoing National Officers Announcements National Officers Meet with New National Officers After Meeting (if necessary)
5 MEETING ROOMS
DIRECTOR & BOARD ROOMS LEVEL 4
LEVEL 3
PUBLIC ELEVATORS
BRIDGE TO LOUNGE & CHURCH STREET DELI CENTRE LEVEL 2 SHOPPING MALL
ESCALATORS LOBBY LEVEL
6 ACADEMY OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES
ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM
STOUFFER NASHVllLE HOTEL NASHVllLE, TN
MARCH 5-9, 1991
THEME:
DRUGS, CRIME, AND PUBLIC POLICY
TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991
8:30 a.m.-12:00 p.m. Workshop: Use of Archival Data for Purposes of Secondary Analysis DIRECTOR'S 1 10:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m. ACJS Registration WEST BALLROOM 2:00 p.m.-8:00 p.m. ACJS Executive Board Meeting DIRECTOR'S 2 6:00 p.m.-8:00 p.m. Reception Sponsored by Michigan State University TENNESSEE
TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 1 TENNESSEE
Issues in Drug Testing
Chair /Discussant: CHUCK FIELDS, Appalachian State University
Papers:
"Issues in the Reliability of Drug Testing," WENDELIN HUME, Sam Houston State University
"The Attraction and Logic of Drug Testing to Criminal J ustice," LYNN ZIMMER, Queens College and JAMESJACOBS, New York University Law School
"The Effects of Random Drug Testing of Probationers," EDWARD IATESSA, University of Cincinnati
7 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES POLICE SECTION PANELS OF IN1EREST TO SECTION MEMBERS
Panel Title Date Time Room
#2 Roundtable: Ted Bundy: Serial Murderer 3/5/91 12:00-1:30 Nashville West #4 Policing: A Review of Some Prior Research 3/5/91 12:00-1:30 Ryman North #14 Roundtable: Drug Witness-Related Violence 3/5/91 1:45-3:15 Nashville West #16 Incidence of Crime 3/5/91 1:45-3:15 Ryman North #27 Police Organizational Structure 3/5/91 3:30-5:00 Ryman North
#39 Detectives 3/6/91 8:30-10:00 Ryman North #40 Deadly Force I 3/6/91 8:30-10:00 Ryman South #50 Roundtable: Compliant Victims 3/6/91 12:00-1:30 Nashville West #52 Issues in Criminal Investigation 3/6/91 12:00-1:30 Ryman North #53 Deadly Force II 3/6/91 12:00-1:30 Ryman South #63 Roundtable: Cops and Cop Killers 3/6/91 1:45-3:15 Nashville West #64 Police Pre-Employment Screening I 3/6/91 1:45-3:15 Ryman North #65 Private Sector and Public Policing 3/6/91 1:45-3:15 Ryman South #75 Workshop: Towers of Babels: Law Enf Info Systems 3/6/91 3:30-5:00 Nashville West #76 Police Pre-Employment Screening II 3/6/91 3:30-5:00 Ryman North #77 Contending with Police Misconduct 3/6/91 3:30-5:00 Ryman South
#87 Problem-Oriented Policing: Problem or Solution? 3/7/91 8:30-10:00 Ryman North #88 Victim Assistance 3/7/91 8:30-10:00 Ryman South #98 Community-Oriented Policing: What's in a Name? 3/7/91 12:00-1:30 Ryman North #99 Police Training 3/7/91 12:00-1:30 Ryman South #109 Citizen Response to Policing 3/7/91 1:45-3:15 Ryman North #110 Police Stress 3/7/91 1:45-3:15 Ryman South #121 Police Attitudes and Behavior 3/7/91 3:30-5:00 Ryman North #122 Police Patrol 3/7/91 3:30-5:00 Ryman South
#131 The War on Drugs 3/8/91 8:30-10:00 Tennessee #132 Police Culture and its Impact on Behavior 3/8/91 8:30-10:00 Ryman North #133 Police Use of Technology 3/8/91 8:30-10:00 Ryman South #145 Police and the Media 3/8/91 2:15-3:45 Ryman North #146 Police Personnel Issues 3/8/91 2:15-3:45 Ryman South #158 Evolution of Law Enforcement 3/8/91 4:00-5:30 Ryman North #159 Law Enforcement Accreditation 3/8/91 4:00-5:30 Ryman South
#169 Workshop: Dev of TX Mobile Video Taping Project 3/9/91 8:30-10:00 Nashville West #171 Pariahs of Policing 3/9/91 8:30-10:00 Ryman North #173 The Harford County Experiment 3/9/91 8:30-10:00 Davidson A #181 Roundtable: The Changing Role of the Police 3/9/91 10: 15-11:45 Nashville West #183 Police Potpourri 3/9/91 10:15-11:45 Ryman North #185 Police Responses to Domestic Assault 3/9/91 10:15-11:45 Davidson A
Academy members interested in joining the Police Section should contact: Michael Palmiotto, Police Section Secretary, Department of Government, Armstrong State College, Savannah, GA 31419. 8 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 2 NASHVILLE WEST Roundtable: Ted Bundy: Serial Murderer
Convener: WILLIAM HAGMAIER ill, FBI Academy
PANEL 3 NASHVILLE EAST Student Panel: Criminal Justice Innovations
Chair /Discussant: MARILYN McSHANE, California State University, San Bernardino
Papers:
"Crisis Intervention in Criminal Justice," MIKE THOMAS and JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University
"Critical Incident Debriefing Teams," JUDY STEPHENSON and JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University
"The Push for Public Bail in Tennessee," MITCHELL WRENN, Memphis State University
PANEL 4 RYMAN NORTH Policing: A Review of Some Prior Research
Chair /Discussant: JAMES McKENNA JR, Villanova University
Papers:
"Community Orientated Policing: Yesterday and Today," PATRICK RYAN, Long Island University
"Police Seniority and the Use of Deadly Force," SEANGRENNAN and HARVEYKUSHNER, Long Island University
"Community Policing: Why it Doesn't Work," RHONDA DelPRIORE, Long Island University
"Police Corruption: New York vs Australia," VINCENT HENRY, Long Island University
"Police Involvement in Money Laundering Investigations," JOHN MARKEY, United States Customs Service
PANEL 5 RYMAN SOUTH Rethinking Criminological Theory
Chair /Discussant: BOB WALSH, University of Houston-Downtown
Papers:
"The Need for an Advanced Criminology," THOMAS KELLEY, Wayne State University
"The Positive School of Criminology: A Conceptual Model," BOB WALSH, University of Houston-Downtown
"The Isms of Crime and Criminal Justice," lAURINWOLlAN JR, Florida State University
"Corrections as Enterprise," J ROBERT LILLY and PAUL KNEPPER, Northern Kentucky University
"Rational Plus Theory," EDWARD TIllBAULT
9 WAVELAND PRESS, INC. CRIMINAL JUSTICE/CRIMINOLOGY
THE ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ORGANIZATIONS: A Book of REAdiNGS
Stan Stojkovic, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee John Klofas, Rochester Institute of Technology David Kalinich, Michigan State University
The first collection of its kind, this new reader containing 28 articles examines the chief topics in organizational theory, management, and administration and their application to all areas of the criminal justice system. 511 pages, $19.95; ISBN 0-88133-552-5
THE DILEMMAS OF CORRECTIONS: CONTEMPORARY REAdiNGS, SECONd EdiTioN
Kenneth C. Haas, University of Delaware Geoffrey P. Alpert, University of South Carolina This recently updated collection of timely, issue-oriented perspectives on corrections offers readers 37 thought-provoking articles and reports which include some of the outstanding statements and studies that have been published in books and professional journals. This excellent compilation will help your students sort out the wide range of issues, both old and new, involved in the complex area of corrections. 554 pages, $19.95; ISBN 0-88133-535-5
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY
Paul J. Brantingham and Patricia L. Brantingham, both of Simon Fraser University This carefully selected set of eleven original essays makes a substantial contribution to the dynamic field of environmental criminology. The major concern in this field-how criminal events can be controlled and prevented through environmental design-is explored through thought-provoking discussions, useful illustrations, current theoretical models, and extensive empirical tests. 282 pages, $12.95; ISBN 0-88133-539-8
EXPLAINING CRIMINAL JUSTICE: COMMUNiTY ThEORY ANd CRiMiNAl JUSTiCE REfORM
David E. Duffee, State University of New York at Albany Now available from Waveland Press, this text provides a systematic and comprehensive theory of criminal justice, offering significant advances over previous attempts to analyze criminal justice as a facet of American society. The Waveland reissue is enhanced and updated by the inclusion of a new concluding chapter. 285 pages, $14.95; ISBN 0-88133-472-3
HUMAN RELATIONS AND CORRECTIONS, ThiRd EdiTiON
Michael Braswell and Larry Miller, both of East Tennessee State University Tyler Fletcher, University of Southern Mississippi
With text and 49 sample cases, this newly updated Third Edition provides readers with the opportunity to identify with various roles involved in the correctional process (e.g., inmate, correctional officer, law enforcement officer, prison administrator, and others). Includes brief introductions, chapter summaries, and chapter questions. 196 pages, $11.95; ISBN 0-88133-501-0
If you would like complimentary review copies for possible adoption, please write to us providing the following information: 1) course title; 2) annual enrollment; 3) next decision date; 4) texts(s) currently in use.
P.O. Box 400 PROSPECT HEiGhTS, ILLiNois 60070 70S/6}4 ..00S1 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-l:30 p.m.
PANEL 6 DAVIDSON A
Applications of DelinquencyTheory
Chair JDiscussant: BILL WAKEFIELD, University of Nebraska at Omaha
Papers:
"Juvenile Justice: Theory versus Practice," LYNETTE LEE-SAMMONS, California State University at Sacramento
"Causes of Delinquency: From the Perspective of Criminology Students," KATHRINE JOHNSON and EUZABETH GROSSI, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"Contemporary Analysis of Shoplifting," LWYD KLEMKE, Oregon State University
"Delinquency in Rural Pennsylvania," NANCY KOEHLER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
PANEL 7 DAVIDSON B Describingand Studying Programs for Prison Inmates
Chair JDiscussant: LINDA O'DANIEL, University of Texas-Pan American
Papers:
"A Full Employment Policy for Inmates in the United States: Some Implications," KATHLEEN MAGUIRE and TIMOTHY FlANAGAN, State University of New York at Albany
"Profile of Programs for Incarcerated Women," MARYCLARK, Virginia Commonwealth University
"The Inner Prison Pre-Release Program - A Recovery Process," JOHNBROOKS, JOAN BROOKS, REV DONALD MISENER, Recom Consultants and Trainers
"'Doing Time' in Prison: The Complexities of Prison Research," HARRY DAMMER, Mercyhurst College
PANEL 8 DAVIDSON C CriminalJustice Curricula
Chair JDiscussant: ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University
Papers:
"Continuity and Change in Criminal Justice Curricula," DAVID JONES, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
"White Collar Crime in the Criminal Justice Curriculum," DAVIDFRIEDRICHS and RICHARDWRIGHT, University of Scranton
"An Economic Crime Investigation Major: A Variation on the Criminal Justice Theme or an Emerging Discipline?" GARY GORDON, Utica College of Syracuse University
"Including Ethics in the Criminal Justice Curriculum," EUZABETH Me GRATH, Loyola University
"A Model for Teaching Criminal Justice Ethics," JERRY CEDERBWM and CASSIA SPOHN, University of Nebraska at Omaha
11 ... leadership from Nelson-Hall * Te xts by Howard Abadinsky * Jack D. Fitzgerald and Steven M. Cox, Research Meth ods in Criminal Justice: An Introduction. In this text a step by-step approach is used to introduce students to the basics *LawNrw and Justice: An Introduction to the American Legal of criminal justice research. The authors proceed from rel System, Second Edition. Examines the law, the courts, atively simple research methodologies to relatively compli and the judicial process in their historical context. The cated ones, constantly showing the connections between classroom-tested format provides the instructor with a different approaches. Papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1099-6. book appropriate for law-related courses in both criminal Second edition in preparation. justice and political science. Law and justice are treated Gary S. Green, Occupational Crime. In this new study of both instrumentally and functionally in order to convey a the problem of occupational or white collar crime, the thorough understanding of the major legal issues of the day. author provides a careful and precise definition of what Substantially revised and enlarged, this remains the first constitutes occupational crime, and divides occupational book to cover the entire legal system. Papercover, ISBN offenses into four types: organizational, state authority, Instructor's Resource Manual and Te st 0-8304-1228-X. professional, and individual. Possible means of controlling Questions available. occupational crime are discussed, and the methods of *Crime and Justice: An Introduction. This lively introduc gathering information on the topic are explained. Paper tory text provides a balanced treatment of the history, back, ISBN 0-8304-1196-8. theory, and practice of criminal justice in America. Frank E. Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, Second Throughout the text, Abadinsky takes care to develop the Edition. While offering full coverage of legal and admin historical background of various subjects, and the detailed istrative issues, Hagan devotes seven chapters to the com look at federal law enforcement is an addition not usually plete range of criminal behavior-from violent street crime found in such books. Each chapter concludes with a series to the more subtle organizational and corporate crime, of review questions designed to reinforce learning. Hard Hagan also thoroughly assesses current research methods cover, ISBN Instructor's Resource Manual 0-8304-1134-8. and examines the classical and current criminological and available. Second edition with L. Thomas Winfree in sociological theories that deal with crime. Hardcover, preparation. ISBN 0-8304-1068-6. Instructor's Resource Manual and *Drug Abuse: An Introduction. This is the only single Te st Questions available. volume source for information on all aspects of the drug problem. The author covers the medical, legal, and social dimensions of drug abuse and offers helpful review ques NJoelrW A. Thompson and G. Larry Mays, editors. Ameri tions at the end of each chapter. Abadinsky puts it all can Jails: Public Policy Issues. This collection of papers together: the major drug families, the pharmacology of dif by noted experts in public policy and penology examines ferent drugs, the business of drugs and drug traffic. Timely jails in America, probing the current crisis and studying the and unique. Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304-1195-X. policy issues involved. Four main areas covered are the policy environment of jails, the realities of life behind bars, * Organized Crime, Third Edition. This widely acclaimed problems of management and overcrowding, and alterna analysis of organized crime provides a theoretical basis for tives to improve conditions. Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304- understanding how criminal organizations are structured 1251-4; papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1262-X. and how they function, and presents a history of organized crime with detailed coverage of the period from the late nineteenth century to the present. Hardcover, ISBN waltz, Introduction to Criminal Evidence, Third 0-8304-1223-9; papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1234-4. � 1:'Edition. This classic introductory text, newly revised and Instructor's Resource Manual and Te st Questions available. updated, thoroughly explores all of the important eviden tiary rules that apply to criminal cases. It is written in plain . . English and avoids, whenever possible or desirable, the use Ronald J. Berg�r, edItor. The SOCIO I ogy OJ'{"1 uvent ·1 e D e I·m- tlfW of jargon and "legalese." Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304-1222- quency. This new volume contains the most significant 0; papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1261-1. writings in the study of juvenile delinquency, 27 in all, from pioneering early studies which defined the field, to the FORTHCOMING most recent investigations of why and how young people Steven M. Cox, Introduction to Policing. Clayton commit crimes. Extensive commentary and references are Hartjen and Edward Rhine, Correctional Theory given with each section to help readers trace the develop and Practice. Randy L. LaGrange, Policing American ment of the field, and expand their studies with further Society. Michael J. Palmiotto, Criminal Investigation. readings. Papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1212-3. Inger J. Sagatun and Leonard Edwards, Child Abuse and the Legal System. Kenneth D. Tunnell, An Analysis of Property Offenders' Decision-making.
111 N. Canal/Chicago OUI[)U{'-______..I TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 9 DIRECfOR'S 1
Changing Europe: Reform and Stability
Chair: DONAL Mac NAMARA, John Jay College
Papers:
"Crime and Punishment in Bulgaria," BETIE FOX, Eastern Kentucky University
"Crime and Corrections in Post-Franco Spain," FRANK MORN, Illinois State University
"An Overview of Probation Procedures and Statistics in the Federal Republic of Germany," RAYMOND TESKE JR, Sam Houston State University and HANS-JOERG ALBRECHT, Max Planck Institute
"Yellow Misery: Imprisonment by the Secret Police of East Germany," NANCY WOLFE, University of South Carolina
Discussant: JANET NEWTON, Glassboro State College
PANEL 10 DIRECfOR'S 3
Fourth Amendment Issues I
Chair /Discussant: RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University
Papers:
"A Further Weakening of the Exclusionary Rule," ALTON SlANE, Muhlenberg College
"Civil Liability in Search and Seizures," TODD BOAZ, Memphis State University
"Refurbishing the 'Silver Platter' in State Court," W RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, Memphis State University
"Recent Developments in Search and Seizure Law: A Critique of the Supreme Court's 1989-90 Term," KENNETH REESE, Georgia Southern University
PANEL 11 DIRECfOR'S 4 Child Abuse: Perceptions and Responses
Chair /Discussant: INGER SAGATUN, San Jose State University
Papers:
"Child Abuse: A Problem with Perception," DENNIS GIEVERand JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University
"Hospital-Based Response to Abused Children," ROBINRUSSELL and MAGGIEKALKOWSKI, University of Nebraska at Omaha; MARK HORTON, St Joseph Hospital (Omaha); and ANTONETTE BlAKE
"Sentencing Trends and Differentials Relating to Child Sexual Abusers in Six States," DEAN CHAMPION, California State University, Long Beach
"The Criminalization of Pre-Natal Substance Abuse and Neglect," JOYCELYN POLWCK-BYRNE, University of Houston-Downtown
13 MACMILLAN
... OF CONSISTENTLY PROVIDING
Exhibit One: New for 1991 and Available Now!
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE 5/E Robert D. Pursley Introduction to Criminal Justice 5/E provides a thorough examination of the operating procedures and agencies involved in the criminal justice system. It presents the basic foundations of the justice system, moving from historical developments to present characteristics, issues, and trends.
Updated to reflect the most recent research in the field, this edition includes new and relevant legal cases, as well as a special concluding chapter that addresses such developing issues as narcotics, environmental crime, terrorism, and AIDS.
JUVENILE JUSTICE IN AMERICA 3/E Clifford E. Simonsen Offering a comprehensive and balanced treatment, Juvenile Justice in America 3/E traces the history, development, and current practices of the system designed to deal with juvenile behavior, its control and treatment. This text concentrates on the processes that make the juvenile justice system work, the people involved in the system, and the programs aimed at meeting the needs of juveniles in trouble.
Thoroughly updated, this new edition addresses the latest trends and future concerns of the field, such as delinquency prevention, privatization, restitution, street gangs, and drugs. It also includes a variety of new charts, graphs, photos, and boxed material.
PROCEDURES IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM 4/E Gilbert B. Stuckey Procedures in the Justice System 4/E provides the introductory student with a thorough understanding of the procedures of the justice system by examining how it achieves law and order. The text explains the duties and responsibilities of law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional departments, following the criminal offender from the time of arrest through the completion of sentence.
Revised and expanded, this edition covers the most recent U.s. Supreme Court cases that pertain to criminal procedure. It also includes additional illustrations, making it as contemporary and up-to-date as possible.
CORROBORATING EVIDENCE... can be examined at the Macmillan booth or by contacting your local representative. FOUND GUILTY!
SCHOLARSHI� SERVICE, AND SUCCESS_
Exhibit Two: Published in 1990
CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2/E Sue Titus Reid Written by distinguished author Sue Titus Reid, this text provides the most recent, detailed, and balanced coverage of both sociological and legal aspects of the field. It explains and analyzes procedures of the justice system and considers the issues that arise from their implementation.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE UNITED STATES Dean J. Champion An outstanding introductory text, it provides students with solid historical and theoretical background, as well as practical applications and cross-cultural material.
PROBATION AND PAROLE IN THE UNITED STATES Dean J. Champion This thorough text covers probation and parole issues from a practical, applications-oriented point of view and is designed to prepare students for the challenge of actually working in the field.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY 2/E Clemens Bartollas A respected text, Juvenile Delinquency 2/E explores the current shifting emphases in the handling of juvenile delinquency in American society.
CRIMINOLOGICAL THOUGHT: Pioneers Past and Present Randy Martin, Robert J. Mutchnick, and W. Timothy Austin This text traces the major theoretical controversies and developments in criminology, illustrating the interactive and dynamic nature of the field.
THE RICH GET RICHER AND THE POOR GET PRISON: Ideology, Class, and Criminal Justice 3/E Jeffrey Reiman Proposing that the criminal justice system is biased against the poor in its very definitions of crime, this book argues ' that many acts not treated as serious crimes pose as great a danger as those acts that are so defined.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION: Essays and Cases James N. Gilbert An excellent supplement for any criminal justice course, it contains selections that provide students with timely and authoritative commentary on a variety of criminal investigation topics.
AIDS: The Impact on the Criminal Justice System Mark Blumberg, Editor This distinct text accurately presents the facts about AIDS through a series of carefully chosen articles, several of which were specifically written for this book.
r (ftJ � r (ftJ � r (ftJ � MACMILLAN PUBLISHING COMPANY College Division-866 Third Avenue-New York, NY 10022 COLLIER MACMILLAN CANADA-1200 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 200-Don Mills, Ontario M3C 3Nl University of South Carolina
College of Criminal Justice
Programs of Study The College of Criminal Justice officers a Master of Criminal Justice (M.C.J) degree program and a J.D.IM.C.J. degree program jointly with the School of Law. The M.C.J. program of 36 semester hours offers six specializations tailored to each student's undergraduate preparation, work experience, and career objectives. Its flexibility makes the program equally well suited for students preparing to enter any of the criminal justice areas and for criminal justice employees who wish to upgrade their qualifications. The interdisciplinary curriculum includes 15 hours in criminal justice core courses, 18 hours in a major field, and a 3-hour thesis or master's portfolio. Students may choose one of the following major fields: law enforcement, court services, corrections, juvenile services, criminal justice education, and planning and research. Courses in the major field may be selected from those offered in the College of Criminal Justice and from appropriate graduate offerings in other departments or colleges within the University. Students may enroll either full-time or part-time. Field placements are available on a selective basis in a wide variety of agencies.
Research Facilities The Office of Agency Research and Service (OARS) provides valuable research service to criminal justice agencies and offers faculty members and graduate students meaningful research opportunities. The College houses its own computer lab with terminals connected to the University'S mainframe computer as well as a number of microcomputer stations and computer graphics equipment. Students also have access to an extensive database of criminal justice research.
Financial Aid Several graduate research assistantships are available for qualified students. Assistantships provided $5000 for the 1990-91 academic year for half-time service (20 hours per week). Holders of these assistantships also qualify for
reduced academic fees, so the total value is approximately $6600 per academic year. Other part-time employment opportunities that qualify as graduate assistantships are available through the College.
Cost of Living In addition to on-campus housing, there are one-bedroom furnished apartments that rent for $250 to $300 per month in the University area. The cost of two bedroom unfurnished apartments averages $350 a month.
The College The College is committed to assisting local, state, and federal agencies with their difficult mission of administering justice and maintaining order through instruction, research, technical assistance, and conferences. Students often assist faculty members in the conduct of these activities.
Applying Academic potential is the primary consideration in evaluating applicant files, which must include official transcripts, letters of recommendation, a statement of goals, and GRE General Test or MAT sCores. Applications completed by February 15 receive priority for financial assistance.
Correspondence H. E. Barrineau, III, Graduate Director and Infonnation Office of Academic Programs College of Criminal Justice University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina 29208 Telephone: 803-777-7088 Fax: 803-777-9600 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 12 DIRECfOR'S 5 Crime, Music, and Media
Chair /Discussant: KENNETH TUNNELL, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers: "Campus Crime: Perception and Reality," STEPHENBRODT, Ball State University
"Music and Violence," EDWARD ARMSTRONG, University of Wisconsin-Stout
"Real Cops and Robbers: A Study in Visual Criminology," CECIL GREEK, University of South Florida
TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 13 TENNESSEE The Organization of Vice
Chair /Discussant: JOHNBURIAN, Moraine Valley Community College
Papers: "The Seeds of Organized Crime: The Marijuana Industry in Kentucky," GARY POTTER,lARRY GAINES, and BETH HOLBROOK, Eastern Kentucky University
"Social Control and Rules of Conduct in an Illegal Brothel," EDWARD ARMSTRONG, University of Wisconsin-Stout
"Organized Crime and Sports Gambling: Point-Shaving in College Basketball," DAVIDWHE lAN, Western Connecticut State University
PANEL 14 NASHVILLE WEST
Roundtable: Drug Witness-Related Violence: Countermeasures by Criminal Justice Professionals
Convener: JUNE STANSBURY, FBI Academy
Participant: EUGENE COON, United States Marshal Service
PANEL 15 NASHVILLE EAST Student Panel: Education and Training
Chair /Discussant: DENNIS LUND, Kearney State College
Papers: "The Role of Higher Education in Police Training," DAVID ARMSTRONG, Sam Houston State University
"Pedagogical vs Androgogical Learning Theories in Law Enforcement," PRESTONKOELLING, Central Missouri State University
"Police Psychology: An Overview of Stress-Related Issues in Law Enforcement," LESLIERICH, Sauk Valley Community College
"The Implementation of Pre-Employment Security Clearance Polygraph Program in Police Departments," RONALD CLARK JR, North Carolina Central University
17 GRADUATE STUDY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE AT WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY
* WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY offers the MASTER OP ARTS DEGREE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
* Criminal Justice also is one of three concen trations (Applied Policy Studies, criminal Justice, Public Administration) within the Department of Political Science available to graduates who seek the Ph.D. at Washington State University.
* Students enrolled in the masters or doctoral programs receive a broad-based theoretical education which includes such topics as basic explanations of crime and criminal behavior; philosophies, programs, processes, and critical issues in criminal justice practice; appro priate methodologies for analysis and evalua tion of criminal justice programs; and the process of policy formation, administration, and management in public agencies.
* The Criminal Justice Graduate Faculty (12 professors) is multi-disciplinary and is composed of scholars in Criminal Justice, Political Science, and Sociology.
* For information about the Master's degree, the Ph.D., or graduate assistantships, contact:
Quint Thurman, Director Program in Criminal Justice Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164-4880 509/335-0942 or 335-2544
18 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 16 RYMAN NORTH
Incidence of Crime
Chair /Discussant: MARK lANIER, Michigan State University
Papers:
"Field Citation as an Alternative to Traditional Arrest," J DAVID IllRSCHEL, CHARLES DEAN, and JOYCE KERRIGAN, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
"Crime Severity and Noise in Crime Reporting," RICHARD BEE, Youngstown State University
"A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Predatory Places," PATRICK GARTIN and SUSAN DALTON, University of Florida
"Crimes of Convenience: An Analysis of Criminal Behavior and Convenience Store Crime in Austin, Texas," NANCY La VlGNE, Police Executive Research Forum
PANEL 17 RYMAN SOUTH
Violent Crime
Chair: JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Papers:
"Attitudes Toward Offenders and Victims as a Function of Interpersonal Perspective," XlAOKE SUN, Marshall University
"Homicide: New Data Sources for the Old Problem of Disaggregation," THOMAS COURTLESS, George Washington University
"Structural and Cultural Factors in Violent Crime: Critical Level Interactions," JERRY NEAPOLITAN, Tennessee Technological University
Discussant: JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
PANEL 18 DAVIDSONA
Status Offenders: Characteristics and Interventions
Chair: LYNEITE LEE-SAMMONS, California State University at Sacramento
Papers:
"Physical, Mental, and Behavioral Impairments of Status Offenders in Out-of-Home Care," ANN COYNE, University of Nebraska at Omaha
"Practitioner Assessment of Status Offender Problems and Policies," ROBIN RUSSEL and URSULA SEDlAK, University of Nebraska at Omaha; SHELLEYBOYD, Nebraska Adult Probation; and MARYSTARK and MARYBEN SAlAH, Douglas County Juvenile Probation
Discussant: LYNEITE LEE-S AMMONS, California State University at Sacramento
19 M.A. / Ph.D. in Criminology
Graduate Faculty and Specialization
W. Timothy Austin, Ph. D. Comparative Justice; Theory; Ethnography Bruce L. Berg, Ph.D. Juvenile Justice; Law Enforcement Systems Joseph A. Bogan, Jr., Ed.D. Law Enforcement; Substance Abuse Stanley Cohen, J.D. Legal Issues; Justice Systems John J. Gibbs, Ph.D. Quantitative Methods; Correction Kathleen J. Hanrahan, Ph.D Fear of Crime; Philosophy of Punishment LeeAnn Iovanni, Ph. D. Juvenile Justice; Capital Punishment Randy L. Martin, Ph. D. Psycho-Criminology; Offender Behavior; Methodology R. Paul McCauley, Ph.D. Criminal Justice Systems; Policy Imogene L. Moyer, Ph.D. Theory; Feminist Criminology; Victimology Robert J. Mutchnick, Ph.D. Theory; Juvenile Justice; History of Criminology Edward R. Melodini, Ph.D. Crilninal Personality; Community Treatment John C. Thomas, Jr., J.D. Legal Ethics; Comparative Justice; Judicial Policy W. Fred Wegener, D.P.A. Justice Systems; Policy; Police Quality Nancy Koser Wilson, Ph. D. Feminist Criminology; Theory; Violence Sherwood E. Zimmerman, Ph.D. Justice Policy; Methodology
For more information Director of Graduate Studies Department of Criminology Indiana University of Pennsylvania 210 Walsh Hall Indiana, PA 15705 Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Department of Criminology
is pleased to announce
Dr. Simon Dinitz as
Distinguished Visiting Professor
Dr. Dinitz will be in residence during the spring semester of 1992.
21 American Correctional Association Let ACA publications provide you with the answers
The Female Offender: What Does the Future Hold? this book highlights Information about the dramatic Increase In the number of female offenders, facility design and location, demographics, security Issues, and much more. It also Includes recommendations from the Task Force on dealing with the problems associated with the growing female offender population. this book provides a summary of three recent nationwide surveys conducted by the ACA Task Force on the Female Offender: local government jail facilities, state correctional facilities, and adult and juvenile female offenders.
The Parole Process in the United States: Current Status and Future Prospects this publication addresses the critical Issues confronting parole, and presents descriptive data on parole board practices and policies In the areas of administration, release, supervision and revocation. It represents the culmination of the work of ACA's Task Force on Parole. The publication reflects analysis of responses to a 47-page questionnaire to parole boards across the country to collect current and detailed Information on overall operations.
Revised - Community Managed Corrections and Other Solutions to America's Prison Crisis This revised edition has been updated statistically and a new chapter has been added detailing the status of crowding and other Issues since the book was originally published. The author, with 15 years of community corrections experience, examines the social and political factors affecting crime and sentencing and offers some new Ideas and effective remedies. He believes that the present need Is to publicizethe programs that are reducing Incarceration and reducing correctional expenditures without Increasing crime. Must readng for corrections professionals, legislators, and criminal justice students.
------Correctional Issues Series: ��.,.�---- - ACA introduces a series of publications that address today's critical issues. The selected readings, gathered from CORRECTIONS TODAY magazine and other sources, present the latest practices and attitudes in specifiC areas of corrections. Excellent reading for the student or veteran corrections professional.
• Probation and Parole - Contains articles from the experts on parole decision making; the responsibility of parole boards and the media to Inform the public about parole Issues; how crowding affects the parole decision, and looks at parole In the 1990s.
• IntennedlatePunishment and Community-basedSanctions - More and more correctional agencies are looking to alternatives to Incarceration during today's prison crowdng crisis. These articles examine alternatives like house arrest. electronic monitoring, and day-reporting centers.
• COIrectionalManagement - Articles selected especially for the concerns and interests of the manager. Discusses Issues of partiCipatory management. strategies for staff development and motivating personnel. Information about treating traumatic stress among correctional professionals Is also Included.
Stop by our booth or call 1-800-825-SeOK or (301)206-5059 for more information.
22 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 19 DAVIDSON B Religious and RacialG roups in Prisons
Chair /Discussant: WILliAM Wll..KINSON, University of Texas-Pan American at Brownsville
Papers:
"The Affect of the Muslim Religion Upon the American Inmate," FELECIA DIX, Florida State University
"Islamic Influences Within American Prison Settings," DANIEL LeCLAIR, Stonehill College
"The Management of Prison Gangs: An Empirical Assessment," ROBERT FONG, East Carolina University and SALVADOR BUENTELW, Texas Department of Criminal Justice
"Behind Prison Walls: Racially Based Gangs and Their Level of Violence," ROBERTFONG, East Carolina University and RON VOGEL and ROBERT LITTLE, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
PANEL 20 DAVIDSON C The Student Personality in Criminal Justice Education
Chair /Discussant: PAULINEWVEL ESS, Sam Houston State University
Papers:
"Criminal Justice Student Personality Type and the Self-Actualizing Process," STEVEN COx, Illinois State University
"Criminal Justice Student Crime, Substance Abuse and Criminal Involvement-Fitness for a Career in Law Enforcement," J MICHAEL OLIVERO and JORGE DIAZ, University of Texas-Pan American
"The Ability to Succeed in College: A Comparison of Transfer and Native Students Majoring in Criminology/Criminal Justice," MICHAEL LIEBER, B KEITH CREW, and MARY WACKER, University of Northern Iowa and ANITA NEUBERGER, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
"Situational Determinants of Academic Honesty," SCARLETT lAUTH, Tiffin University
PANEL 21 DIRECfOR'S 1 The Mandates of the Police
Chair /Discussant: PHILIP RHOADES, Corpus Christi State University
Papers: "The French Police: A Few Unique Features," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University
"Determinants of Police-Public Relations: The Cases of Korea and Taiwan," BAIK-CHUL LEE and TSANG-MING HWANG, Michigan State University
"Origins of the Police Mandate: The Australian Case Reconsidered," DAVID MOORE, Charles Sturt University
"England's Drug Enforcement Policy: A Catalyst for Organizational Change," RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University
"Women's Perception of Their Role as Line Officers in Law Enforcement in India and the United States," MANGAI NATARAJAN, Rutgers University
23 rz:5Normal. Illinois 61761 Master's Degree in Criminal Justice Sciences
Illinois State University offers a master's degree program in Criminal Justice Sciences which is:
designed to meet the individual needs of graduate students. The curriculum is flexible, permitting students to pursuecoursework reflective of their individual needs and career goals.
student oriented. Graduate level classes are kept small to guarantee individualized instruction. This provides opportunity for interaction, debate, dialogue and discussion.
staffed by a diverse faculty. Faculty have degrees in psychology, sociology, criminal justice, public administration and history.
interdisciplinary and systematic. Graduate students are encouraged to complete coursework in other academic units to the extent that external coursework meets the student's individual needs.
an opportunity for individualized concentration. Students have the opportunityto concentrate their studies and research in the areas of law enforcement, corrections, and the courts. Core areas of study are 1) research methods, 2) the nature of crime, 3) the criminal justice system, and 4) management and policy.
career oriented. The department provides an excellent internship option for those students who can benefit from this experience.
international. Outstanding graduate students will be given the opportunity to study and do research in foreign countries.
For Information Contact: Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Illinois State University Normal, Illinois 61761 (309) 438-7626
GRADUATE ASSISTANTSHIPS WHICH INCLUDE TUITION WAIVERS (in-state and out-of-state) ARE AVAILABLE. APPLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE DEPARTMENT.
Illinois StateUniversity is ill EqaWOpport unity/Alfinnitive Action institution in KCOrUncewith Civil Rillhts lciislitioniIId does discriminite not on the buis 01 race. rtliaion. nitiorW oriain. Jell. *. Iwldiap. or other �tor prohibited by liw in illY ofits eduatiOllil proQrams. activities. idmislions or employment policies. Concerns rta,udina this policy should be rtlemd to the Affinnitive Acti n Office. Illinois State University. NOI'IIlil. Illinois 61761.0901. phone 309/43805671. TheTitle IX CoordiIWor' iIId the 504 CoordiftilOr!DiY be ruchedit the umc address. 8-1584 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 22 DIRECfOR'S 3
Fourth Amendment Issues II
Chair /Discussant: J MICHAELTHOMSON, Northern Kentucky University
Papers:
"The Revolution in the Auto Emergency Search Doctrine," STANLEY COHEN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"The Current Legal Status of Drug Testing and its Implications for Criminal Justice," GREGORY ORVIS, University of Alabama at Birmingham
"Entrapment in Drug Cases: The Texas Experience," JERRY DOWLING, Sam Houston State University
PANEL 13 DIRECfOR'S 4
The Child Abuse-Drug Abuse Connection
Chair /Discussant: DEAN CHAMPION, California State University, Long Beach
Papers:
"Alcohol. and Drug Use as Contributors to Incidences of Severe Family and Domestic Violence," OBIE CLAYTON, University of Nebraska at Omaha
"The Relationship Between Parental Alcoholism and Child Abuse," WILUAM DOWNS, BRENDA MILLER, and MARIA TESTA, Research Institute on Alcoholism
"The Relationship Between Parental Alcoholism and Childhood Sexual Abuse," BRENDA MILLER, WILLIAMDOWNS, and MARIA TESTA, Research Institute on Alcoholism
"Perinatal Drug Addiction: A New Form of Child Abuse?" INGER SAGATUN, San Jose State University
PANEL24 DIRECfOR'S 5
Potpourri VIII (Section 1): Still More Things I've Wanted to Say (or Publish) But Which Nobody Wanted to Hear (or Read) - A Continuation From the Last Seven Years
Chair /Discussant: GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University
Papers:
"Is the Crime of Treatment Any Worse than the Crime of Punishment?" HONORA FLICKINGER, Tiffin University
"A Review of Federal Firearm Laws: Where are we Now? And Where are we Going?" MICHAEL PALMIOTTO, Armstrong State College
"The Law and Disparate Treatment in the Police Promotional Process," ROBERT MEADOWS, California Lutheran University
"Police Automobile Injuries," HOWARD TRITT, Kent State University
25 WEST'S 1991 LINEUP
Criminal Investigation Third Edition 1 by Wa yne W. Bennett and Karen M. Hess
CriminalJustice Second Edition 2 by Joel Samaha
Criminal ]ustice: An Overview Third Edition 3 by Alexander B. Smith and Harriet Pollack
Juvenlle Deliquency Fourth Edition 4 by Larry J. Siegel
Criminal Procedure: Constitution and Society 5 by Marvin Zalman and Larry J. Siegel
The Trial: A Procedural Description and Case Study 6 by Howard Myers and Jan Pudlow
For a closerlook, stop by booth #8.
West Publishing Company 50 W. Kellogg Boulevard, P.O. Box 64526, St. Paul, MN 55164·1 003
26 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
PANEL 25 NASHVll...LE WEST Workshop: CyberQuest: A Hypermedia-Assisted Problem-Solving System
Convener: SIDNEY SNELLENBURG, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
PANEL 26 NASHVll...LE EAST Student Panel: Organization, Administration, and Politics
Chair /Discussant: STAN SHERNOCK, Norwich University
Papers: "Theoretical Analysis of Politics in Police Organizations," HARLEY ALLENJR, Eastern Kentucky University
"Sick Leave Provisions of Collective Bargaining Units," TRACY CHAPMAN, Central Missouri State University
"Problem-Oriented Policing: Evaluation and Implementation," RUSSELL HARNEY, Eastern Kentucky University
"Crown Prosection Service of England: An Analysis," SCOTT SASSE and MARDY REED, University of Nebraska at Omaha
"The Development, Functions, and Organization of the Turkish Police System," R KENT KERSHENSTEIN, Eastern Kentucky University
PANEL Z7 RYMAN NORTH Police Organizational Structure
Chair /Discussant: ROGER PENNEL, Central Missouri State University
Papers: "A Question of Professionalism: The Destructiveness of the Military Model in Policing," THOMAS McANINCH, Pembroke State University and JEFF SANDERS, University of Illinois
"Small Town Police: Some Unanswered Questions," DAVID GRISWOLD, Florida Atlantic University
"Resource Allocation for Investigation: A Comparison of Small Police and Sheriffs Agencies," ROBERT WRINSKAS, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
PANEL 28 RYMAN SOUTH Research on Crime in High Schools and on College Campuses
Chair: JOHN WHITEHEAD, East Tennessee State University
Papers: "Crime Rates and Campus Cohesiveness: An Examination of the Relationship Between Crime and College Climate," CATERINA GOUVIS, American University
"Coping Strategies in Dormitories: A Mix of Formal and Informal Controls Among University Students," YINGYI SITU, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"The School Environment and School Crime: Preliminary Findings," JOHN WHITEHEAD, East Tennessee State University and STEVEN lAB, Bowling Green State University
Discussant: JOHN WHITEHEAD, East Tennessee State University
27 Stop by Booth #11 for the latest in criminal justice texts from Brooks/Cole!
1991 books on display A panoramic viewof crime and justice An in-depth and scholarly examina in Japan and the United States tion of serial murder An easy-to-understand guide for Crime and Justice in Two Serial Murderers and criminal justice personnel and students Societies: Japan and the Their Victims Criminal Procedure: United States ERIC W. HICKEY Law and Practice, TED D. WESTERMANN and JAMES W. BURFEIND Available while the Second Edition supply lasts! ROLANDOV. DEL CARMEN Coverage of domestic and internation al terrorism with an emphasis on Stop by the Brooks/Cole booth fo r a Timely coverage of community-based security and militaryissues free copy of our dramaticposter, "101 corrections of the '90s Terrorism: Facts about the American System of Community-Based Cor Criminal Justice." To request a com An Introduction rections, Second Edition plimentaryreview copy of any JONATHAN R. WHITE Brooks/Cole criminal justice text - BELINDA RODGERSMCCARTHY or a free copy ofthe poster - stop by A multidisciplinaryapproach to the and BERNARD J. MCCARTHY Booth #11 or write: systematic study of terrorism A practical introduction and reference Perspectives on Terrorism tool for students pursuing a career in security HAROLD J. VETTERand � Introduction to Private GARY R. PERLSTEIN Brooks/Cole Publishing Company Security Department ACJS02 HOWARD W. TIMM and 511 Forest Lodge Road KENNETH E. CHRISTIAN Pacific Grove, California93950
I would like to thank all of the Program Committee for their effortsin putting this program together. Particular recognition goes to Bruce Mallard for help with local arrangements. Additionally, the ACJS staff at Northern Kentucky University (Pat Delancey, Mary Jo Hardcorn, Michael Thomson, and the student workers) is gratefully acknowledged for their immense work in completing all of the arrangements for this year's Annual Meeting, a complex and demanding task that few comprehend. To all, my sincere thanks.
Gary Cordner 1991 Program Chair
28 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
PANEL '19 DAVIDSON A
Adolescent Drug Use: Influences and Interventions
Chair /Discussant: KIMBERLY KEMPF, University of Missouri at St Louis
Papers:
Family Influences on Drug Use," JOHN HOFFMANN and ROSEMARY GRAY, State University of New York at Albany
"A Community Environmental Approach to Reducing Youth Consumption of Alcohol and Drugs," SHELAVAN NESS, Indiana State University
"Changing Attitudes About Drug Usage Among Institutionalized Youth: The Impact of a Value Intensive Program on Young Boys," R DEAN WRIGHT, SUSAN WRIGHT, and TIMOTHY BUZZELL, Drake University
"Utilizing Feminist Consciousness Raising to Reduce Substance Abuse by Young Women in an Inner City High School," GARLENA BAUER, Otterbein College
PANEL 30 DAVIDSON B Policy, Prisons, and Communities
Chair: DALLAS REED, Jacksonville State University
Papers: "Correctional Institution Community Site Selection Policy Sources, Options, and Consequences," DALE SECHREST, California State University, San Bernardino
"Community Attitudes Towards a Prison Under Construction: The Case of Ontario, Oregon," KEITH FARRINGTON, Whitman College and JOHN Mll.LAY, TERRYEDVAlSON, and PATRICIAMIDDELBURG, Eastern Oregon State College
"Community Conflict in the Site Selection of the Pelican Bay (CA) State Prison," JERRALD KRAUSE, Humboldt State University
"Post-Construction Relationship Between the Community and Clallum Bay (WA) Correctional Institution," KATHERINE CARLSON, Peninsula College
Discussant: DAVID SmCHOR, California State University, San Bernardino
PANEL 31 DAVIDSON C Computer Applications in Criminal Justice Education
Chair /Discussant: GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers:
"Teaching a First Course in Computer Applications for Criminal Justice," JAGAN LINGAMNENI, Governors State University
"Computer Conferencing as a Pedagogic Tool in the Criminal Justice Curriculum," DAVID EMMONS, LARRYNUTI, and MARCIA STEINBOCK, Stockton State College
29 Graduate Education in Criminal Justice at the Univers ity of Nebraska at Omaha
The Mast r's Degree In Criminal Justice
Th criminal Justice Master's degree offers a program of full-time and part-time study designed to produce criminal Justice professionals with competence In the areas of criminal Justice research, theory, planning, and administration. The Interdisciplinary, problem-oriented nature of the program prepares students for leadership positions In Justice-related agencies. Th Master of Arts In Criminal Justice requires 30 semester hours of course work and a thesis; the Master of Sclenc In Criminal Justice requires 36 hours of course work without a thesis. A written comprehensive exam Is also r qulred. The Master's program blends together a variety of required and elective courses th rough which students may examine specific Issues In their specialized areas as well as problems In criminal Justice as a whole. The student may select a course of study from a range of options, Including Public Administration, Counseling, and Social Work.
Faculty
Th multidisciplinary faculty, from such fields as law, psychology, sociology, and history, brings both scholarly understanding and criminal Justice experience to the program. In addition to teaching, the program contributes to criminal Justice through the faculty's efforts In research and community service. The faculty participates In a variety of 10les within regional and national professional criminal Justice organizations as well as In the community. A favorable faculty-student ratio permits graduate students In the criminal justice program to work closely with faculty.
Admission
Applicants for the Master's degree In Criminal Justice must possess a Bachelor's degree from an accredit d Institution, must have maintained an undergraduate G.P.A. of 3.0 or above, and must present undergraduate course work In Criminal Justice. Applicants who do not meet these criteria may be considered for pr vi lonal admission to the program. Applications are accepted continuously.
Financial Assistance
The University of Nebraska at Omaha administers several programs for financial assistance. Criminal Justice graduate students may also qualify for a graduate assistantship that provides a stipend and full waiver of tuition.
For more Information, call (402) 554-261 0, or write: University of Nebraska-Omaha Criminal Justice Department 60th and Dodge Streets Omaha, NE 681 82-01 49
30 TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
PANEL32 DIRECfOR'S 1
Teaching Comparative Criminal Justice
Chair /Discussant: 01WIN MARENIN, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Papers:
"A Critical Issues Approach to Teaching Comparative Policing," PHILIP RHOADES, Corpus Christi State University
"Criminal Justice and Criminology in Latin America, 1880-1989: Observations from the Literature," JOHN SMYKlA, JOHN HOMA, and SANDRA STEWART, University of Alabama
"The Shaping of American Crime Policy," EDWARD TROMANHAUSER, Chicago State University
"The Strengths and Weaknesses of Comparative Criminal Justice," GEORGE WATSON JR, Chadron State College
PANEL 33 DIRECfOR'S 3
Access to Law and the Legal Profession
Chair: ROBERT JERIN, Salem State College
Papers:
"Women Lawyers," FRANCES BERNAT, Pennsylvania State University
"Discrimination in Access to Law and the Legal Profession," SUSAN TAKATA, University of Wisconsin, Parkside; JEANNE CURRANand SUSAN FELWWS, California State University, Dominguez Hills; and WIS LEE, Children of the Night
Discussant: ROBERT JERIN, Salem State College
PANEL 34 DIRECfOR'S 4
Preventing Family Violence: Knowledge, Networking, and Advocacy
Chair /Discussant: HAL PEPINSKY, Indiana University
Papers:
"Citizen Reporting of Domestic Violence," CHARLES DEAN, J DAVID HIRSCHEL, and ROBERT BRAME, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
"Enforcement of Domestic Violence Protection Orders by Local Law Enforcement Officers," JUDy KACI, California State University, Long Beach
"Pueblo Child Advocacy Center, A National Model," CHARLENE GRAHAM, Pueblo Police Department (CO)
"Community Network Response to Child Abuse and Neglect," JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University
"Teaching Children to Compete as the Essence of the Crime Problem," HAL PEPINSKY, Indiana University
31 Considering a Graduate Degree in Criminal Justice? Here are some important things to think about.
• A major international university Located two miles from the birthplace of the U. S. Constitution Situated in the center of Greater Metropolitan Philadelphia
• Centered at the heart of the New York to Washington, D.C. megalopolis Diverse research opportunities
• Part-time and full-time criminal justice job opportunities Teaching and research assistantships
• Financial assistance'
• A distinguished, multidisciplinary faculty 1[1- • A large graduate and undergraduate department in theCollege of Arts and Sciences TEMPLE UNIVERSITY
The Criminal Justice Program at Temple Ph.D. ProgramAnticipated FaIl 1990 As one of the nation's largest and most diversified TheDepartment of CriminalJustice antidpates aiminal justice education, training and research offering an outstanding research oriented program for centers, the Criminal Justice Department at Temple students seeking thePh.D. Pending final approval, offers graduate students a unique opportunity for the programwill begin accepting students for th Fall professional development. The multidisdplinary Term 1990. Thedoctoral in degree aiminal justiceis faculty provides opportunities for study in police, designed for students seekingto enteror continue courts, corrections and juvenile justice as well as careersin research, teaching and poHcy analysis. specialized courses in research, planning, evaluation, Interested students should inquire at theear liest administration and policy making. The key word is possible date. flexibility. You can design your program to emphasize your individual interests. Temple University and Philadelphia The Deparbnent houses an undergraduate Templeemo11s than more 32,000 students and program with more than 600 students, a Criminal employs a faculty of 2SOO in 16 schools and colleges Justice Training Center, an International Study on six domestic andBve international campuses. The Program in London and a variety of faculty directed graduate Criminal Justice program is located on the research projects. These programs offer the graduate University's maincampus in downtown Philadelphia. student a number of teaching, research and part-time Philadelphia is the key city in a greater job opportunities. Federal, state and local metropolitan area of approximately six million practitioners support theprogram by offering persons and it is centrally located in the eastern additional researm and job opportunities. Practical, mega1opoHs. It is a richly diverse cultural, social and hands-on opportunitiesare available to help you economic environment that provides students with start your career even while continuing your studies. the opportunity to enjoy a variety of activities including theater, sports, concerts, ballet, opera, art Financial Aid andAppli cations and historical museums, jazz and other musical Several financial aid programs are available for entertainment, fine dining and a rich night life. graduate students and criminal justice students are eligible for teaching and research assistantships. Applications for the asterM of Arts program are Consider a Graduate Degree accepted continuously. Students interested in in Criminal Justice from Temple financial aid should submit their appHcations for the Fall Semester by May1 and the Spring Semesterby Call (215) 787-1375 Or,write to: September 1. Department of Crinunal Justice. Temple University. Gladfelter Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
------� ----��-- �--- - �------TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
PANEL 35 DIRECfOR'S 5
PotpourriVIII (Section 2): Still More Things I've Wanted toSay (or Publish) But Which
Nobody Wanted to Hear (or Read) - A Continuation From the Last SevenYears
Chair /Discussant: GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University
Papers:
"I Swear to Uphold the Constitution of the United States of America ... (Whatever it says . . . !)" JAMES CONSER, Youngstown State University
"'Private' Security Training Certification," JOHN FLICKINGER, Tiffin University
"Thirty Years of Advocacy: A Summary of a Career," GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991
8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. ACJS Registration WEST BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Exhibits Open WEST BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Employment Exchange Open BOARDROOM ll 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m. Plenary Session I TENNESSEE 1:45 p.m.-5:00 p.m. Workshop: Academic Careers NASHVILLE EAST 5:30p.m.-6:30 p.m. ACJS Regional Meetings Region 1 (Northeast) DIRECfOR'S 1 Region 2 (Southern) DIRECfOR'S 2 Region 3 (Midwest) DIRECfOR'S 3 Region 4 (Southwestern) DIRECfOR'S 4 Region 5 (Pacific Northwest) DIRECfOR'S 5 6:30 p.m.-7:30 p.m. Student Reception Sponsored by ACJS Student Affairs Committee TENNESSEE
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m.
PANEL 36 TENNESSEE Issues in Political Crime
Chair: KENNETH TUNNELL, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers: "Gangs, Guerilla Warfare, and Social Control," GEORGE KNOX, Chicago State University
"The Awakening of the Far Right: The Bootsteps of Hate March Forward," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University
"Surviving Political Kidnapping: A Study of Role Relationships Between Hostages and Hostage Takers," WEIZHENG ilU, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"United States and International Terrorism: An Overview," JESS BOWE and SHEIK ALI, North Carolina Central University
"'Operation Just Cause': The War on Drugs and the Invasion of Panama," CHRISTINA JOHNS, Alabama State University
Discussant: KENNETH TUNNELL, Eastern Kentucky University
33 EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
Master's Degree Program in Criminal Justice Options:
**GENERAL **POUCE ADMINISTRATI ON **CORRECTIONS **LOSS PREVENTION
Undergraduate Degrees AvaDable in
*POLICE ADMINISTRATION *CORRECTIONS *FlRE AND SAFElY TECHNOLOGY *SECURI1YAND LOSS PREVENrION , *MINORS IN TRAFFIC SAFETY
Financial Aid: Financial aid is available through Graduate AsSistantships and the finanCial aid office.
Graduates: Many graduates are employed as administrators and teachers in various types of agencies throughout the world.
Faculty: Members of the faculty hold terminal academic degrees and have wide backgrounds in Criminal Justice.
Applications or inquiries may be made at any time by contacting:
DR. TRUETT A. RICKS, DEAN EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSI1Y COLLEGE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT STRAITON 467 RICHMOND, KENTUCKY 40475 (606) 622-3565 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL 37 NASHVILLE WEST Workshop: Aryan Supremacy and God
Convener: JOE AUTEN, North Carolina Justice Academy
PANEL 38 NASHVILLE EAST Student Panel: Corruption, Whistle-Blowing, and SmaIl Businesses
Chair /Discussant: JOHN HOLMAN, University of North Texas
Papers: "Iatrogenic Criminality and Corruption in Medical Fields," MICHELLE HAWKINS, Memphis State University
"Whistleblowing and Lawyers," BARBARA BELBOT, Sam Houston State University
"The Impact of Crime on the Viability of the Neighborhood Business Area," LISA WILLIAMS, Ohio State University
"Police Brutality," DAVE WALTERS, Jacksonville State University
PANEL 39 RYMAN NORTH Detectives
Chair: JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Papers: "Detectives, Investigators and Instigators: The Evolution of Sleuthing in Police Work in the United States," BRIAN JOHNSON and FRANK HORVATH, Michigan State University
"Altruism and Empathy: Detectives and Subjects Under Arrest," MARK POGREGIN, University of Colorado
"Investigator Training and Selection: An Analysis and Implications for the Future," BRIAN JOHNSON and THOMAS ACKERMAN, Michigan State University
Discussant: lAWRENCE TRAVIS ill, University of Cincinnati
PANEL 40 RYMAN SOUTH Deadly Force I
Chair: JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University
Papers: "Toy Guns, Crime, and Congress: An Adventure in Applied Research," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University and ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University
"'She'll Never Come Closer to Dying ...': Factors in the Use of Deadly Force Decisions," ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University and DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University
"Police Use of Deadly Force in Texas, 1985-1989," WILLIAM STONE, Southwest Texas State University
"Police Use of Deadly Force and Experience: Rookie v Veteran," TAIPING HO, E BRITTPA TTERSON,and TERRY MOOREFIELD, Florida State University
Discussant: ROGER DAVIS, Federal Bureau of Investigation
35 ATTENTION MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES:
SUBSCRIBE AT The JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE is an international journal intended to fill the present need for the dissemination of new information, ideas and methods, to both A SPECIA L practitioners and academicians in the criminal justice system. The journal is MEMBERSHIP RATE: concerned with all aspects of the criminal justice system in terms of their relationships to each other. Although materials are presented relating to crime and the individual elements of the criminal justice system, the emphasis of the journal Journal of is to tie together the functioning of these elements and to illustrate the effects of their interactions. Emphasis is put on articles which reflect the application of new Criminal disCiplines or analytical methodologies to the problems of criminal justice. RECENT ARTICLES Justice W.A. Wagenaar (The Netherlands) & E.F. Loftus (USA), Ten Cases of Eyewitness An International Journal Identification: Logical and Procedural Problems. J.P. Crank (USA), Police: Professionals or Craftsmen? An Empirical Assessment of Editor-in-Chief: Professionalism and Craftmanship Among Eight Municipal Police Agencies. Kent B. Joscelyn, W.F. Wieczorek, I.W. Welte & E.L. Abel (USA), Alcohol, Drugs and Murder: A Study Attorney, Joscelyn and Treat, P.C, of Convicted Homicide Offenders. P.O. Box 1563, Ann Arbor, MI 481 06
FREE SAMPLE COPY SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. Volume 19, 1991 Published 6 Issues Per Annum ISSN: 0047·2352 One-year Subscription Rate (1 991) US$300.00 Two-year Rate (1 991 /92) US$570.00 � Professional Rate (1 991) US$1 0G.DO PERGAMON PRESS One-year Rate for members of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences US$ 40.00 us: Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523 USA UK: Headington Hill Hall, Oxford Dollar prices quoted apply in North and South America only. For the rest of the world apply OX3 OBW England to the nearest Pergamon office. Journal prices include postage and insurance. Prices and Member of Maxwell Macmillan proposed publication date are subject to change without prior notice. Pergamon Publishing Corporation
ATTENTION
POLICY --- POLICY --- POLICY ALL MEETING SPACE IS NON-SMOKING ATTENDEES MUST WEAR NAMETAG:
-- IN EXHIBIT HALL -- IN BREAKOUT ROOMS -- TO ALL FOOD FUNCTIONS
36 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 199� 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL 41 DAVIDSON A
Testing Delinquency Theory
Chair: PETER KRATCOSKI, Kent State University
Papers:
"Delinquency in India and the United States: A Test of Strain, Control and Learning Theories," SESHA KETlllNENI, Illinois State University
"Self-Control and Juvenile Delinquency: An Empirical Assessment," DAVID BROWNFIELD, University of Toronto
"Delinquency and Victimization: A Test of the Routine Activities Perspective," FINN ESBENSEN, DAVID HUIZINGA, and ANNE WEllIER, University of Colorado
Discussant: BENKOLE THOMPSON, Kent State University
PANEL 42 DAVIDSON B
Political and Legal Issues in Institutional Corrections
Chair /Discussant: DONAL Mac NAMARA, John Jay College
Papers:
"The Politics of Corrections," MARY PARKER, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
"Ruffin v Virginia: A Mere Intimation of Slaves of the State," DONALD WALlACE, Central Missouri State University
"Does An Inmate Have a Constitutional Right to Become a Father By Artificial Insemination of His Wife?" RICK STEINMANN, University of Missouri at St Louis
"Personnel Litigation Involving Jails," KURT SIEDSClllAW, Kearney State College
"Prisoners' Rights in the Rehnquist Era," RICHARD FREY and MICHAEL FITZGERALD, State University of New York at Brockport
PANEL 43 DAVIDSON C
Roundtable: ACJS Academic Review
Convener: ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati
Participants:
EDWARD lATESS A, University of Cincinnati
SCOTT DECKER, University of Missouri at St Louis
STEVEN lAB, Bowling Green State University
BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University
37 Small Group TutorIng LEARNERS BasIc ReadIng For years, you've looked to LVA as a leader in one-to one tutor training. Now depend on that same LVA quality W RK NG in its new video-assisted training fo r collaborative small group tutoring. Small Group Tu toring: Basic Reading is based on years of research and experience with LVA and other literacy group learners, tutors and trainers. Includes: t/ All materials fo r easy implementation t/ Video of authentic learners-tutor interaction t/ Detailed leader's guides and handout masters t/ Trainee support handbook The workshop materials promote leader demonstration, trainee practice, discussion, and simulation. An i8-Hour Workshop ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• For tutors who are untrained in LVA's teaching methods. Includes two videotapes, Tutor's Shippinglhandling: For cash orders, add 8%. Invoiced orders: Ship- Handbooks: SmallGroup Tutoring: A pinglhandling will be billed. Collaborative Approach for Literacy L1TERN:Y Instruction and TUTOR, Trainer's Guide, Order from: VOLUNTEERS Administrator's Guide, and REA D Literacy Volunteers of America Assessment Tra iner's Kit. 5795 Widewaters Pkwy. d� Syracuse, 13214 Complete Set NY AMERICA Jnc (315) 445-8000, (315)445-8006 ...... '490291$399.00 FAX: •
NATIONAL CENTER FOR STATE COURTS Serving the courts fo r 20 years
THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR STATE COURTS State Court Case load Statistics: Annual Report 1988. The source for the serves the needs of the nation's state courts latest statistics on the courts' caseloads, includes commentary and by assisting in the effective administration trends analysis. The 1989 report will be available in the spring. of justice. State Court Organization. A complete guide to the organization of each One element of the Center's work is to state's court system, includes tables, charts, graphs, and commentary. compile statistics about the cases coming State Court Model Statistical Dictionary. The recommended approach for into the state courts; identitycase-process reporting and defining courts' caseload statistics by the Conference of ing methods used by the courts; and deter State Court Administrators. mine how and how fa st the cases are dis Videotaped Trial Records. An evaluation and guide for using videotape as posed. Listed are some of the Center's the official trial court record. publications that may be of immediate in terest to criminal justice professionals. For Examining Court Delay; Changing Times in Trial Courts; On Trial: The and Four a complete list of the Center's titles, con length of Civil and Criminal Trials; Courts That Succeed. works that detail the extent of delay in many of the nation's large urban tact the publications coordinator at the trial courts and profi le some of the different, successful steps that some number or address given. of these courts have taken to meet the challenge of increasing caseloads. For ordering information, please contact: Understanding Reversible Error in Criminal Appeals. Looks at cross-court Publications Coordinator diffe rences and similarities in errors identified by first-level courts of National Center fo r State Courts appeals in the fi rst set of comparative data yet gathered on these courts. 300 Newport Avenue Intermediate Appellate Courts: Improving Case Processing. Offers a Williamsburg, VA 23187-8798 comparative look at caseload composition, attrition rates, and court (804) 253-2000, ext. 390 procedures in fo ur intermediate courts of appeal.
38 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m.
PANEL 44 DIRECfOR'S 1
The Dynamics for Penal Reform
Chair /Discussant: JOHN CONLEY, State University of New York College at Buffalo
Papers:
"Prison Reform in England: The Citizen Response," MIKE CARLIE, Southwest Missouri State University
"Considering Prisons in Context: The Case of the Peoples Republic of China," JOHNKLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology
"Historical Perspectives of Penal Reform in English-Speaking African Countries," JAMES OPOWT, Texas Southern University
PANEL 45 DIRECfOR'S 2
Influences on Criminal Justice Decision-Making
Chair /Discussant: B KEITH CREW, University of Northern Iowa
Papers:
"The Influenceof Case Characteristics on Investigative Decision-Making," STEVEN BRANDL, Michigan State University
"Differential Police Processing of Assault Complaints," JAMES FYFE, JEANNE FLAVIN, and HEIDE SHINTANI, American University
"Comparison of Characteristics of Convicted and Non-Convicted DWI Offenders," lARRY GOULD and WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University
"An Organization Perspective of the Processing of Criminal Appeals," JIMMY WILLIAMS, University of Alabama
"Pretrial Detention and its Effects on Adjudication," STEVEN YONKERS, American University
PANEL 46 DIRECfOR'S 3
Pretrial Publicity
Chair /Discussant: ROlANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University
Papers:
"Pretrial Publicity, Due Process, and Prejudgment of Guilt: Community Reactions m a Cult Killing," JACK ARBUTHNOT and CINDY POOLE, Ohio University
"Pretrial Publicity: The Progression of Exposure to Information," LEONARD DOBRIN and DONALD SMITH, Old Dominion University
"Immunity to Pretrial Publicity: Resisting Media Madness," CINDY POOLEand JACK ARBUTHNOT, Ohio University
39 The College of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University Huntsville, Texas \\0Os
� .. � � . � * *
The College of Criminal Justice is a multi-faceted program offering baccalaureate, masters and Ph.D. degrees in criminal justice. The College has an inventory of over 100 courses and an eclectic faculty of twenty-five scholars with degrees in criminology, law, criminal justice, political science, psychology, sociology and social work. The College offers the following graduate degrees:
Master of Arts in Criminal Justice and Criminology Master of Science in Criminal Justice Management Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice
Graduate students are supported through a variety of programs including research and teaching fellowships, Century II Scholarships and the prestigious Jesse H. and Mary Gibbs Jones Fellowships providing stipends of $10,000 in addition to an out-of-state tuition waiver of $3,400 or more.
For more information, call or write:
College of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University Huntsville, Texas n341 -2996 Telephone: 409/294-1635 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL 47 DIRECfOR'S 4
Public Policy and the Disproportionate Incarceration of Minorities
Chair: DARNELL HAWKINS, University of Illinois at Chicago
Papers:
"An Examination of Racial Biased Outcomes in Bail Guideline Procedures: Evidence From Florida," MICHAEL LYNCH and E BRITT PATIERSON, Florida State University
"Racial Disparities in Juvenile Justice Processing: Analyses and Recommendations for Change," DONNA BISHOP and CHARLES FRAZIER, University of Florida
"Oppression of Minorities in the Armed Forces: An Examination of Early and Contemporary Trends," EUZABETH GROSSI and KATHRINE JOHNSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Discussant: BENJAMIN WRIGHT, Louisiana State University
PANEL 48 DIRECfOR'S 5
Drugs and Violence: Fact or Fantasy?
Chair /Discussant: SHARON TRACY, Georgia Southern University
Papers:
"Drugs and Violence: Narcotic and Substance Abuse Research: New York City'S Experience," JULIUSDEBRO, Atlanta University
"Drugs and Violence: Georgia-A Law Enforcement Perspective," JOHN EDWARDS, Georgia Bureau of Investigation
"TBA," GARY McCLURE, Georgia Southern University
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.
PLENARY SESSION I TENNESSEE
DRUGS AND CRIME: A NATIONAL PERSPECfIVE
Convener: STEVEN DILLINGHAM, Bureau of Justice Statistics
Participants:
MICHAELAGOPIAN, Bureau of Justice Statistics
JAMES COLLINS, Research Triangle Institute
41 NEW 500Kc£, fQOM THE OffICE Of INTEQNATIONAL
BRONX BEAT: Reflectionsof CQIMINAL JU�TICE a Police Commander Tony Bouza
INTERNATIONAL 163 pages. PERSPECTIVES ON Paperbound ORGANIZED CRIME ISBN: 0-94251 1-27-1 1989. $ 15.00 Jane Rae Buckwalter, editor
Approx. pages On September 28, 1976, Muhammad Ali and Ken 150 Paperbound Norton fo ught for the heavyweight boxing champi ISBN: onship of the world at Yankee Stadium in New 0-0942511-41-7 York. Outside the stadium that night, New York 1990 $15.00 City police staged a demonstration to demand a long-promised pay increase. The author, then police Modem organized crime cannot be reduced to a stereo commander for the Bronx, tells the story of that type, nor does it recognize any national boundaries. In night and its repercussions, which culminated in his many guises, organized crime flourishes not only in resignation after 24 years with the NYPD. North America and Europe, but in Latin America, Intertwined with the narrative of the events and ma Asia, Africa and the Middle East. neuverings that led to his resignation are Bouza's Recognizing the pervasive nature of organized crime, vivid impressions of the Bronx's "odor of blood and 200 law enforcement professionals from 23 nations poverty," and the story of his rise from lO-year-old gathered in Chicago to share information on and solu immigrant newly arrived from EI Ferrol, Spain, to tions to the definitional, enforcement and prevention borough commander in one of the world's largest problems posed by organized crime. International Per cities. spectives on Organized Crime gathers together the Written in a fast-paced, no-holds-barred style, Bronx practical wisdom and experience of experts from the Beat offers not only an insider's view of upper eche Soviet Union, Italy, Great Britain, the United States lon machinations in a big city police department, but and other countries. Topics discussed include asset for a thoughtful appraisal of and message of hope for the fe iture, the role of the United Nations, organized crime future of an area whose name has become synony and international courts and organized crime in the So mous with urban decay. viet Union. «� - A Man•• I for LaW """"""
COUNTERING TERRORISM: A Manual sive manual, published in binder format for for Law Enforcement Administrators easy updating, provides information on every Richard H. Ward aspect of confronting a terrorist act. Drawing on the expertise of practitioners on the 274 pages Binder front lines of the war against terrorism, it pro ISBN: 0-9425 11-30-1 vides practical guidance on training and opera 1990 $75.00 tional issues, information on currently active terrorist groups, a guide to government agen Edited by an internationally acknowledged au cies, and an extensive bibliography for further thority on counter-terrorism, this comprehen- research.
TO ORDER CONTACT: OICJ BOOKS 1333 S. Wabash, Box 53, Chicago, Illinois 60605
42 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 49 TENNESSEE The Organization of Drug Markets
Chair /Discussant: CHARLES FORESTER, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers:
"Inside the Drug Trade: The Trader's Perspective," KENNEfH TUNNELL, Eastern Kentucky University
"Domestic Marijuana as a Growing Concern," RALPHWEISHEIT, Illinois State University
"The Drug Industry in Kentucky: Official Problems and Unofficial Consequences," LARRY GAINES and GARY POTTER, Eastern Kentucky University
"The Cocaine Industry: Demystifying a Transnational Commodity," MICHAEL ElSNER, American University
PANEL 50 NASHVILLE WEST Roundtable: Compliant Victims of SexualSadists
Convener: ROY HAZELWOOD, FBI Academy
PANEL 51 NASHVILLE EAST Workshop: Graduate School Programs
Convener: WRIE FRIDELL, Florida State University
Participants:
MICHAEL PENDLETON, University of Washington DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University DENNIS WNGMIRE, Sam Houston State University DAVID DUFFEE, State University of New York at Albany
PANEL 52 RYMAN NORTH Issues in Criminal Investigation
Chair: ROBERT TAYWR, Univer�ity of Texas at Tyler
Papers: "Drug Witness Related Violence," JUNE STANSBURY, FBI Academy
"Use of Informants by Law Enforcement," DONALD DONOHUE, United States Customs Service
"Using Proactive Enforcement and Forfeitures to Help Finance the War on Drugs," W FRED WEGENER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"Assets Forfeiture: Processing Cases Through the Civil Maze," PATRICK McANANY, University of Illinois at Chicago; CLIFF mSTED; and JILL HONSBRUCH
"A Methodology for Predicting Offender Characteristics from Offense Data," GWRIA URBAN, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Discussant: MICHAEL WIGGINS, Central Missouri State University
43 Just Published from HBJ!
CRIMINOLOGY Piers Beirne James Messerschmidt Both of the University of Southern Maine Hardcover, 1991
New! Beirne and Messerschmidt's CRIMINOLOGY comprehensively covers the sociological aspects of crime , balancing breadth of coverage and in-depth analysis. It's the first book of its kind to feature a full chapter on comparative criminology and the first to include a complete section on feminist criminology-in fact it provides far more attention to gender issues throughout. A broad spectrum of crimes, including interpersonal violence , public disorder, crimes of property, political crime, white-collar crime, and syndicated crime is covered. From exploration of what crime is and how it is measured to critical examination of the relationship between crime and structured social inequality, CRIMINOLOGY introduces the key sociological concepts of the field and outlines the major sources of crime data. It looks at the nature, extent, types, and costs of crime on the street, in families, in the workplace, and in government based on research from the U.S., Canada, Britain, and other countries. It offers a systematic, chronological guide to the theories that have contributed to the development of modern sociological criminology.
Also from HBJ
CRIMINAL VIOLENCE IN AMERICA JUSTICE Patterns, Causes, and Public Policy Th ird Edition Neil Alan Weiner, University of Pennsylvania James A. Inciardi Margaret A. Zahn, Northern Arizona University University of Delaware Rita J. Sagi, Temple University Hardcover, 1990 Paperbound , 1990
HARCOURT BRACE dOVANOVICH, INC. College Sales Office IHIl 7555 Caldwell Avenue Chicago, IL 60648 DD�ID (708) 647-8822 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 53 RYMAN SOUTH Deadly Force II
Chair: JOHN CAMPBELL, FBI Academy
Papers:
"Hassles Scale Scores as a Measure of Police Post-Shooting Trauma," HARLEE FIELD, Belmont College and JEANNE YOUNG, GLEN KERCHER, and JOHN HOLCOMBE, Sam Houston State University
"A Classical Approach to Reducing Police Assaults," RONALD HUNTER and RANDAL WOOD, Jacksonville State University
"Mortal Danger in Law Enforcement: A Statistical Comparison of Police Mortality Rates with Those of Other Occupations," RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University
Discussant: BRYAN BYERS, St Mary's University
PANEL 54 DAVIDSON A
Roundtable: Research on Gang and Drug Issues
Convener: ELIZABETH McCONNELL, Southwest Texas State University
Participants: BEN CROUCH, Texas A & M University MARGARET DUNN, Southwest Texas State University EUGENE RIOS, Southwest Texas State University MARTIN KREPCHO, Dallas County Health Department RON HUFF, Ohio State University JAMES MARQUART, Sam Houston State University PAIGE RALPH, Sam Houston State University MARY PELZ, University of Houston C TERRY PELZ, Texas Department of Criminal Justice
PANEL 55 DAVIDSON B Prison Personnel: Professionals, Disciplinarians, and Victims
Chair /Discussant: ROBERT FONG, East Carolina University
Papers:
"Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Professionalism Among State Correction Officers: A Comparison of Findings," ROBERT BlAIR and STEPHENMcMILlAN, College of Wooster and PETER KRATCOSKI, Kent State University
"The Prison 'Hack': Is he Back in Town or Did he Ever Leave?" MARKHAMM, Indiana State University
"Rates of Assault on Staff in a Large State Prison System," STEPHEN UGHT, State University of New York at Plattsburgh
"Correctional Officers'Attitudes Toward Treatment Programs: A Longitudinal Analysis," RAYMOND TESKE JR, Sam Houston State University; JEROME JACKSON, California State University, Fresno; and HAROLD WILLIAMSON, Northeast Louisiana University
45 THE FOUNDATION PRESS, INC. THE FOUNDATION PRESS, INC COLLEGE DEPARTMENT 615 MERRICK AVENUE WESTBURY, NY 11590-6607 (516) 832-6950 Pioneers in top-flight teaching materials for Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement and Police Science programs.
1991 publications include:
Kaplan, Skolnick & Feeley: CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 5th April 1991 INTRODUCTORY CASES AND MATERIALS Designed specifically for criminal justice curriculums. Combines legal and social scientific materials.
Brumbaugh: Cases and Materials on CRIMINAL LAW AND APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF LAW, 2nd March 1991
Miller, Dawson, Dix & Parnas: Cases and Materials on CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION, 4th March 1991 Reprinted word-for-word in soft cover as... THE POLICE FUNCTION, 5th PROSECUTION AND ADJUDICATION, 4th
Other leading texts: ______--,
Boyce & Perkins: Cases and Materials on CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE, 7th 1989
First: Cases and Materials on BUSINESS CRIME 1990
Haddad, Zagel, Starkman & Bauer: Cases and Materials on CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 3rd 1987 with 1990 Supplement
Inbau, Thompson, Zagel & Manak: CRIMINAL LAW AND ITS ADMINISTRATION, 5th (cases & materials) 1990
Leonard & More: POLICE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, 7th (text) 1987
Low, Jeffries & Bonnie: THE TRIAL OF JOHN W. HINCKLEY, JR. (soft-cover) 1986 A Case Study in the Insanity Defense
Moenssens, Inbau & Starrs: SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL CASES, 3rd (text) 1986
Perkins & Boyce: CRIMINAL LAW, 3rd (text) 1982
Weinreb: LEADING CONSTITUTIONAL CASES ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 1990 Edition (annual, cumulative, soft-saver)
Whitebread & Slobogin: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 2nd (text) 1986 with 1990 Supplement WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 56 DAVIDSON C
Roundtable: Publishing in Criminal Justice Journals
Convener: GEORGE RUSH, California State University, Long Beach
Participants ( editors):
GEORGE RUSH, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
JAMES FYFE, Justice Quarterly
TIMOTHY FlANAGAN, Journal of Criminal Justice Education
GARY CORDNER, American Journal of Police
GENNARO VITO, American Journal of Criminal Justice
PANEL S7 DIRECfOR'S 1 Patterns of Criminality
Chair /Discussant: INEKE MARSHALL, University of Nebraska at Omaha
Papers:
"Integration and Juvenile Delinquency Among Turkish Youth in West Berlin: A Pre- and Post-Reunification Study," ALEXIS ARONOWITZ, Central Texas College
"Female Criminality in Korea: A Cross-Cultural Approach," DAE CHANG, Wichita State University
"A Comparison Between United States and Mexican Jail Inmates: Knowledge of AIDS and AIDS-Related Behavior," ARMINDA MORGADO, J MICHAEL OLIVERO, JORGE WPEz, J V TREVINO, and MUHAMMAD MIAH, University of Texas-Pan American
PANEL 58 DIRECfOR'S 2 Assessments of Criminal Justice Reforms
Chair /Discussant: BELINDA McCARTHY, University of Central Florida
Papers:
"The Impact of Michigan Sentencing Guidelines as Perceived by Courtroom Workgroups in Detroit Recorder's Court," FLORENCE FERGUSON, Glassboro State College
"Failures to Appear: A Cost of System Survival?" ROGER HANDBERG, University of Central Florida
"The Florida Supreme Court Gender Bias Commission Report: A Critique," HILHARPER, University of South Florida
"A System's Approach to a Policy Assessment of the Allegheny County Bail Agency," JUNE WATKINS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"Delinquency Case Management in Florida: A Case Study in the Early Implementation of a Statewide Reform," GORDON BAZEMORE, Florida Atlantic University
47 Articles include:
• The Public Policy Process and Woman Battering: • The Symbiosis of Arrest and Treatment for Wife Problems and Potentials Assault: The Case for Combined Intervention
• Conceptualization and Measurement of Battering: • Civil Protection Orders: A Flawed Opportunity Implications for Public Policy for Intervention
• Police-Preferred Arrest Policies • Responding to Domestic Violence
• Predicting Domestic Homicide: Prior Contact • Coordinated Community Responses and Gun Threats • Coordinated Criminal Justice Interventions • Prosecuting Woman Abuse and Recidivism Among Batterers
• Counseling and Shelter Services for Battered Women • Research on the Effects of Witnessing Parental Battering: Clinical and Legal Policy Implications
Contributors include: Anthony Bouza, Naomi R. Cahn, Christine DeRiso, Dorothy Dionne, Donald G. Dutton, MaryAnn Dutton-Douglas, Jeffrey L. Edleson, Peter Finn, J. David Hirschel, Ira Hutchison, Mary Kenning, Lisa G. Lerman, Barbara M.S. McGregor, Anita Merchant, Dennis Rogan, Janell D. Schmidt, Lawrence W. Sherman, Michael Steinman, Murray A. Straus and Alan Tomkins.
PREVIOUSLY PuBLISHED IN THE SERIES;
Drugs. Crime and the Criminal Justice System
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48 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 59 DIRECfOR'S 3 Legal urriPotpo I
Chair /Discusant: JULIE GILMERE, Western Illinois University
Papers: "The Exclusionary and Miranda Rules are Alive and Well," FRED BENSON, Wichita State University
"Criminal Courts and AIDS: Bias and Deference in Decision-Making," PEfER GREGWARE, New Mexico State University
"Strickland Standards for Ineffectual Counsel In Michigan and Ohio," J MICHAEL THOMSON and FRED RHYNHART, Northern Kentucky University
"Legal, Illegal, Quasilegal: Ticket Broker, Ticket Scalper," ROBERT JERIN and PATRICIA OULD, Salem State College
"The Concept of 'Special Needs' in Criminal Justice: An Evolving Exception to the Fourth Amendment Warrant and Probable Cause Requirements," ROLANDO del CARMEN and MICHAELVAUGHN, Sam Houston State University
PANEL 60 DIRECfOR'S 4 Race and Justice: Research and its Utilization
Chair: CARL POPE, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Papers: "Race and Police Use of Deadly Force," DOMINIC LEONE, Wauwatosa Police Department (WI) and JOHN CONLEY, State University of New York College at Buffalo
"Race and Juvenile Processing: Research and Policy in California," WILLIAMFEYERHERM, Portland State University and CARL POPE, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
"Race and Juvenile Processing: Research and Policy in Missouri," KIMBERLY KEMPF, University of Missouri at St Louis
"Race and Juvenile Justice: Policy and Research Implications," RICK WVELL and CARL POPE, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
PANEL 61 DIRECfOR'S 5 Theory and Research on White-Collar Crime
Chair /Discussant: MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee
Papers: "Gender-Based Differences in White-Collar Offending," KEVIN BRYANT, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
"Collateral Consequences of White-Collar Crime," ELIZABETH MOORE, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
"Do all Theories of White-Collar Crime Come to This?" JAY ALBANESE, Niagara University
'''The Professional Criminal' in the Nineties," FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College
'''Rehabilitating' White-Collar Criminals," GEORGE HARRIS, Washburn University of Topeka
49 NORTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES
President First Vice President Second Vice President SecretaryfTreasurer Secretariat Stanley K. Shernock, Ph.D. Franklyn Robbins, ph.D. Larry Siegel, Ph.D. Jean Clouatre Franklyn A. M. Robbins, Ph.D. Chair, justice Studies NEACJS Secretariat University of Lowell Chair, Criminal Justice Department Community College of Rhode Island 1762 Sociology Department Community College Lowell, MA 01854 Hesser College Louisquisset Pike 02865 Norwich University of Rhode Island 508/934-4 147 25 LowellStreet Lincoln, RI 40 1/333-7357 Northfield, VT 05663 40 1/333-7357 Manchester, NH 03101 802/485-2370 603/668-6660
Regional Representative to ACj S Alida V. Merlo, Ph.D. We stfield State College NEACJS - Pre liminary Program 1991 Criminal justice Department Westfield, MA 01086 Sa lve Reg ina Co llege Newport , R. I. June 1-5 413/568-3311
Past Presidents Lawrence Lynch Saturday June 1st- 5pn-7pn Genera l Me eting Joseph Connors 7:30-11 Recept ion cour t Ba l lroom Michael D�uria Thomas Goldrick Sunday June 2nd 10:30-12:00 Brunch Hugh Ta lbot afternoon Cr ime scene simulat ion Edward Sabol Raymond Helgemoe 6:00pm clambake ( 25 .00 opt iona l Edward Thibault Edward Bracken Monday June 3rd 8:30-10:00 Chair: Jame s Fox Joseph Cimini I Violence (persona l & iiGp8rsona l) Jay Albanese Eve Buzawa 10:30-12 :00 Chair: Steve Me ssneL Cr ime violence & med ia
2:00-3 :30 Ch air: Jay Albanese Organi zed C.l.4 ime
4:00-5 :30 Po litical Economi c & Corporate Cr i me
7:30 Recept ion
Tue sday June 4th 8:30-10:00 Chair: Car l KJockers Po lic e I Adm inistrat ion
10:30-12 :00 Chair: Pan) Jackson Po lice II
2:00-3 :30 Courts: Hon . Albert DiRobb io
4:00-5;10 Chair: John Vo lman Prevent ing pr ison riots
We�le sday June 5th 8:00-9 :00 Execut ive Board
9:15-10:45 Chair: Ros Mu raskin Women & DLU,;yS
11:00-12:30 Chair: Leo CaLLoll Pr ison Ove rcrowding
12:45-2:15 Lunch- keyno te speaker: Sen . Edward Kennedy
Thur sday June 6th 9:00-11:00 Executive meeting ( if necessary )
Registrat ion fee 35 .00 includes brunch 6/2 & lunch 6/5 ) Room Rates - 25.00 sing le ) 50 .00 ( doub le )
BRUNSWICK 'WARE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MARYLAND NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVA NIA CONNECTICUT MAINE MASSACHUSETTS NEW VERMONT fFOUNDLAND NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW YORK NOVA SCOTIA ONTARIO PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND QUEBEC RHODE ISLAND WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 62 TENNESSEE
The State of Criminal Justice in Indian Country: Canada and the United States
Chair: 01WIN MARENIN, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Papers:
"The State of Criminal Justice in the Indian Country of the United States: Trends and Issues," JOE MEYERS, Native Indian Justice Center
"The State of Criminal Justice in the Indian Country of Canada: Trends and Issues," BRADFORD MORSE, University of Ottawa
Discussants: RUSSELL BARSH, University of Washington and CURT GRIFFITHS, Simon Fraser University
PANEL 63 NASHVILLE WEST
Roundtable: Cops and Cop Killers: A Deadly Contrast
Convener: JOHN CAMPBELL, FBI Academy
Participants:
JAMES HORN, FBI Academy
EDWARD DAVIS, Federal Bureau of Investigation
ANTHONYTO, PINIZZO Federal Bureau of Investigation
PANEL 64 RYMAN NORTH
Police Pre-Employment Screening I
Chair: JOHN CRANK, University of Nevada at Las Vegas
Papers:
"Polygraphic Screening of Candidates for Police Work in Large Police Agencies in the United States: A Survey of Practices, Policies, and Evaluative Comments," FRANK HORVATH, Michigan State University
"Hearing Requirements for Police Selection," ROGER PENNEL, Central Missouri State University
"Reading is Fundamental? A Readability Study in North Carolina," TERRYMooREFIEW and TAIPING HO, Florida State University and BRENDA MOORE, North Carolina Justice Academy
"Development and Administration of Infectious Disease Policies by Criminal Justice Personnel," WllLIAMMcCAMEY, Western Illinois University and JODY McCAMEY, Spoon River College
Discussant: JOHN CRANK, University of Nevada at Las Vegas
51 NORTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRII\-\INAl JUSTICE SCIENCES
President First Vice President Second Vice President SecretaryITreasu rer Secretariat Stanley K. Shernock, Ph.D. Franklyn Robbins, Ph. D. Larry Siegel, Ph.D. Jean Clouatre Franklyn A. M. Robbins, Ph.D. Chair, Justice Studies NEACJS Secretariat University of lowell Chair, Criminal Justice Department Community College of Rhode Island Sociology Department Community College lowell,MA 01854 Hesser College 1762 louisquisset Pike Norwich University of Rhode Island 508/934-4147 25 lowell Street Lincoln, RI 02865 Northfield, VT 05663 401/333-7357 Manchester, NH 03101 401/333-7357 8021485-2370 603/668-6660
Regional Representativeto ACJ S Alida V. Merlo, Ph.D. NORTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES Westfield State College Criminal Justice Department Westfield, MA 01086 The Northeastern ASSOCiationof Criminal Justice Sciences, a reQional affiliate of the Academy of Criminal Justice SCiences, 413/568-331 1 � was establlsned In 1976. It is composed of educators, crimlnal Justice profeSSionals Interested In education and training, and students pursuing careers in criminal Justice education, who reside or work in tne northeastern United States and eastern Past Presidents Canada. Lawrence Lynch The goals and objectives of this aSsociation are: JO!'eph Connors • To promote the communication a�1d dissemination of information of interest among members, othei associations of Michael D'Auria education. and agencies of the Criminal Justice system. Thomas Goldrick • To oeveloD an overall philosophy and standard of quality education in the administration of justice. Hugh Ta lbot • To encourage both limited and long-term planning and research in the Criminal Justice system. Edward Sabol • To establish a vehicle capable pf providing technical assistance and evaluative services to agencies of the Criminal justice Raymond Helgemoe system. Edward Thibault • To establish a center for the accumulation and dissemination of student placement information. Edward Bracken Joseph Cimini Jay Albanese Eve Buzawa
MEMBERSHIP APPLICAT ION
Name ______Date ______Last
Home Mailing Address ______Pnone (
______Zip ______City State
Colleqe or Business Agencv Affiliation Phone (
Academic Degree ______College/University ______
Area of Speciahzatlon ______
I hereby apply for membership in the Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences as follows:
o 1. Regular Membership shall be open to those haVing an academiC appointment in an institution of higher education recognized oy a regional accrediting associallon, or a significant involvement in the field of criminal Justice in the states of ConnectlctJt, Delaware. DISlflct of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, New1oundland,Nova Scotia, Dnlano, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec.
Dues $25 annually.
o 2. StuDent Membership shall be open to those individuals pursuing academic endeavors in an accredited institution of higher eoucation in the area of criminal justice education.
Dues $17 annually.
o 3. Institutional MemberShip will be $50 per year.
Membership shall run from January 1 to December 31 . Forward application and fee to the Secretariat at the address on the other side.
Attention Canadian Members: Due to difficulties in exchanging Canadian bank checques, please pay ;n cash, travellers checlcs, postal money orders made payable in US funds, or checkS drawn on American accounts. Your cooperation is apprecia ted.
DELAWARE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MARYlAND NEW JERSEY PENNSYlVANIA CONNECTICUT MAINE MASSACHUSETTS NEW BRUNSWICK NEWFOUNDLAND NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW YORK NOVA SCOTIA ONTARIO PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND QUEBEC RHODE ISLAND VERMONT WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 65 RYMAN SOUTH Private Sector and Public Policing
Chair: FRED MEYER JR, Ball State University
Papers:
"Public Employment of Private Security: Some Issues and Concerns," MAGNUS SENG, Loyola University of Chicago
"Private Testing and Screening of Police Candidates: A Case Study," DAVID WHELAN, Western Connecticut State University
"Federal Assistance to Law Enforcement Today," TIMOTHY CAPRON, University of New Mexico and RHONDA CAPRON
Discussant: RALPH BAKER, Ball State University
PANEL 66 DAVIDSON A Youth Gangs
Chair /Discussant: DENNIS KENNEY, University of Nebraska at Omaha
Papers:
"Lost in the Melting Pot? The Causes of Asian Gangs in the United States," JOHN SONG, State University College at Buffalo
"Evaluation of G.A.P.P.-Gang Alternative Prevention Project in the Los Angeles Probation Department," MICHAEL AGOPIAN, Bureau of Justice Statistics
"Students' Perceptions of Some Selected Conditions that Might Lead to Gang Membership: An Exploratory Investigation," HAMPTON WILLIAMS and REX LEONARD, University of Southern Mississippi and PHILLIP TERRELL, West End Elementary School
PANEL 67 DAVIDSON B Alternatives in Institutional Corrections
Chair /Discussant: RICK STEINMANN, University of Missouri at St Louis
Papers:
"Boot Camp: A Viable Alternative to Prison for the Male Hispanic Offender," LINDA O'DANIEL and BRENDA WELLS, University of Texas-Pan American
"A Comparative Evaluation of the Alabama Department of Corrections Boot Camp Program," JERALD BURNS, Alabama State University
"Trends in the Privatization of Corrections," BYRON JOHNSON, Memphis State University
"To Punish or Rehabilitate: The Goal of State Correctional Departments as Defined by State Legal Codes," RENEE KOPACHE, University of Cincinnati and VELMER BURTON JR, Illinois State University
"Corrections Today and Tomorrow: Old People, New Problems," JUUA HALL, Drexel University
53 CALL FOR PAPERS SOUTHERN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ASSOCIATION 199 1
ANNUAL MEE TING
OCTOBER 2-5, 199 1
THE MA DISON HO TEL MON TG OMER Y, ALABAMA
I THEME I CRIMINA L JUSTICE AT THE CROSSROADS: IMPL ICATIONS FOR A DISCIPL INE
FOR INFORMATION CONTACT:
MICHA EL BL ANKENSHIP, 1991 PROGRAM CHA IR DEPARTMEN T OF CRIMINOLOG Y AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE MEMPHIS STATE UNI VERSI TY MEMPHIS, TN 38 152 (901) 678-2761 (901) 678-FAXX 1 DEA DLINE FOR PROPOSALS: JUNE 75, 7997 1
54 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 68 DAVIDSON C
Violent Crime I
Chair: EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati
Papers:
"The Impact of Situational Contingencies on the Processing of Homicide Cases with Child Victims," N PRABHA UNNITHAN, Colorado State University
"Reaching Out to Underserved Victims of Violent Crimes," ROBERT McCORMACK, Trenton State College
"Surviving Violent Crime in Canada: The Contribution of Social Support," WALTER DeKESEREDY and HYMAN BURSHTYN, Carleton University
Discussant: EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati
PANEL 69 DIRECfOR'S 1
Drug Education Programs
Chair: BETH HOLBROOK, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers: �� E�� � ��� fu��t������" �� � "A Survey of Current Research Studies on Drug Education Pro�ams in America," JAMES JENGELESKI and RANDALL PELWW, Shippensburg University
Discussant: BETH HOLBROOK, Eastern Kentucky University
PANEL 70 DIRECfOR'S 2
Substance Abuse and Criminal Justice Intervention
Chair: MARTIN GRUBERG, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
Papers:
"The Emerging Profile of the Criminal Offender: Policy Implications of Substance Abuse on Probation Services," DONALD COCHRAN, Massachusetts Office of the Commissioner of Probation and CONSTANTINE SOURIS, University of Massachusetts, Boston
"Service and Policy Issues in Provision of Drug Treatment Services for Probationers," BONNIE CARlSONand DAVID DUFFEE, State University of New York at Albany
"Perspectives on and Policy Implications of the Prosecution of Pregnant Women," ALIDA MERW, Westfield State College
Discussant: MARTIN GRUBERG, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
55 CALL FOR PAPERS
ANNUAL MEETING MIDWESTERN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ASSOC IATION
OCTOBER 2-4, 1991
THE CONGRESS HOTEL CHICAGO , ILLINOIS
Innovations in Criminal Justice Research , Policy, and Problem Solving .
The MCJA invites abstracts and proposals for panels , workshops , and roundtable sessions for its 1991 Annual Meeting . Scholarly presentations are solicited in all areas of criminal justice and crimino l ogy including :
Interdisciplinary perspectives on the study of crime and justice : theoretical and methodological issues ...... Minorities and crimi nal justice : Minorities as offenders , victims , and practitioners , gender issues ...... Police probl ems and practices : community policing, probl em- oriented policing, hot spots , accountabil ity ...... Juvenile delinquency and justice : gangs , fami ly dys function , law ...... Crime prevention : community , situational , and envi ronmental strategies .... Biological , sociological , and psychological factors in human devel opment and criminality ...... Innovations in community and institutional corrections : boot camps , privatization , electronic monitoring, intens ive supervision ...... Judi cial process and trends : procedural and distributive justice , alternate dispute resolution ...... Drugs and the criminal justice system : prevention programs , enforcement strategies , rehabil itation programs ......
To be accepted for program participation , abstracts and proposals for papers , panels , roundtables or workshops mu st be submitted to the program chair by May 31, 1991. Student papers are invited and encouraged . Please address all ma ilings to :
Jim LeBeau , MCJA Program Chair Center For The Study of Crime , Delinquency, and Corrections Southern Illinois Un ivers ity at Carbondale Carbondale , Illinois 62901-4504 Te l . 618-453-5701/6369 Fax . 618-453-3253
Individuals requesting audio visual equipment will be billed directly for fees associated with the use of these items .
56 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL ?l DIRECfOR'S 3
Legal Potpourri II
Chair /Discussant: VICfORKAPPELER, Central Missouri State University
Papers:
"Juror Ability and its Relationship to Cognitive Processing and Decision-Making in Complex Litigation," ELIZABETII VICfOR, Tiffin University
"A Supreme Court Without Brennan: The Impact Upon Criminal Law," WIILIAMNIXON , Eastern Kentucky University
"The Right to Counsel Under Siege: Is Gideon Still Viable?" ALFREDOGARCIA, St Thomas University School of Law
"Drugs and Death: The Authorization of the Death Penalty as a Sanction for Certain Federal Drug-Related Crimes," PEGGY TOBOWWSKY, University of North Texas
"The Fallibility of First Impression Identifications," JAMES MONEYMAKER, Memphis State University
PANEL n DIRECfOR'S 4
Minority Issues I
Chair /Discussant: ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College
Papers:
"Minority Police Selection in Small Towns," DIANE BAXTER, Muskingum Area Technical College
"Race and Ethical Decision-Making: The Impact of Law-Related Educational Programming on Institutionalized Boys," SUSAN WRIGHT, R DEAN WRIGHT, and TIMOTHY BUZZELL, Drake University
"The Racism-Oppression Thesis for Gang Analysis," GEORGE KNOX, Chicago State University
PANEL 73 DIRECfOR'S 5
Corporate Crime
Chair /Discussant: MICHAEL BlANKENSHIP, Memphis State University
Papers:
"Banks as White-Collar Criminals: Now you see it, Now you see Something Else," R CHRISTOPHER PERRY, Indiana State University
"Escrow Fraud: A New Wave in a Sea of Scams," J H DOOCY, California Department of Corporations and DAVID SHICHOR, California State University, San Bernardino
"Corporate Crime: The Raping of Labor by Eastern Air Lines," CAROL AIKEN and JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University
57 Ie CALL FOR PAPERS &J Journal of Crime and Justice
A Peer Reviewed Publication of the Midwestern Criminal Justice Association
Individuals are invited to submit manuscripts reflecting a wide array of criminal justice and criminology topics, ranging fromcriminal justice system issues to theoretical and methodological discussions.
The journal also publishes brief research and program notes, as well as book reviews. Program notes are devoted to innovative/contemporary programming in criminalju stice (not CJ education) and should highlightoperations, expectations and/or evaluations of the program.
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: The Journalof Crime and Justice is a multi-disciplinary journal and will publish articles written by scholars in all relevant disciplines.
MElHODOLOOY: In keeping with the multi-disciplinary approach, the journal will publish articles employing a broad range of methodologies; quantative, qualitative, historical, philosophical, etc.
Submission Procedures: Manuscripts should not exceed 30 double-spaced typed pages, including references (15 pages for research and programnot es). All manuscripts must be submitted in triplicateand be accompanied by an abstract of 100-150 words. Please follow APA style for citations, notes, and references. Authors of accepted manuscripts will be asked to furnish a copy of the fm al paper on 5.25" floppy disk in ASCn format (if possible).
Manuscripts should be sent to:
Steven P. Lab, Ph.D. Editor, JOURNAL OF CRIMEAND mSTICE Criminal Justice Program 102 Health Center Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio 43403-0280
58 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 199� 1:45 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
WORKSHOP NASHVILLE EAST
Academic Careers
Moderator: WRIE FRIDELL, Florida State University
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 199� 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
PANEL 74 TENNESSEE
Issues in Organized Crime and Deviance
Chair /Discussant: GARY POTTER, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers: "The Mafia and the Devil: What They Have in Common," JOSEPH ALBINI, Wayne State University
"The EI Rukns: Are These Types of Organizations the Future of Organized Crime?" KIMBERLY TESTER, Sam Houston State University
"The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act: An Agent of Organized Crime Control or Excessive Social Control," MARK JONES, Sam Houston State University
"Jamaican Organized Crime Posses," BRUCE WAY, Sam Houston State University
PANEL 75 NASHVILLE WEST
Workshop: Towers of Babels: Law Enforcement Information Systems
Convener: PIDLLIP JACKSON, University of Central Florida
PANEL 76 RYMAN NORTH Police Pre-Employment Screening n
Chair: WALT COPLEY, Metropolitan State College
Papers: "Building a Predictive Validity Model for Police Officer Selection From a Psychological Test Battery," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University and MICHAEL McMAINS, San Antonio Police Department
"Legal Issues - In Law Enforcement Applicant Investigation," JOHNHARIAN JRand PATRICK MUELLER, Stephen F Austin State University
"The Proof is in the Test: Essential Ingredients of a Standardized Peace Officer Certification Exam," KEITH HALEY, Ohio Peace Officer Training Council
"A College Degree and Policing: An Examination of the Research-A Status Report," MARK DANTZKER, Texas Southmost College
Discussant: MARK CODD, Federal Bureau of Investigation
59 SOUTHWESTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIl\1INAL JUSTICE EDUCATORS CALL FOR PAPERS
The annual meeting of the SWACJE will be held in San Antonio, Texas, October 3-5, 1991.
The 1991 conference theme is:
Innovations in Criminal Justice
Please send ideas for papers, panels, workshops, and round tables to the Program Chair by June 14, 1881 .
For more information, please contact:
Joan E.Crowley New Mexico State University Department of Criminal Justice Box3000 1/Department 3487 Las Cruces, NM 88003-0001 (505) 646-5376
60 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
PANEL Tl RYMANSOUT H Contending With Police Misconduct
Chair /Discussant: THOMAS BARKER, Jacksonville State University
Papers: "Police Officer Higher Education, Citizen Complaints and Departmental Rule Violations," VICfOR KAPPELER and ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University and DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University
"The Deterrent Effect of Civil Liability on Police Misconduct," RONALD KIDD, Memphis State University
"The Impact of Section 1983 Litigation on Police Misconduct," FRED MEYER JR and RALPH BAKER, Ball State University
"Community Oriented Policing: The Implications for Internal Discipline and Public Complaints Processes," KARAMJIT SINGH, University of Illinois at Chicago
PANEL 78 DAVIDSON A Juvenile Justice and Community Corrections
Chair /Discussant: HAMYfONWILUAMS, University of Southern Mississippi
Papers: "Juvenile Parole in Texas from a Legal Perspective," BETSYWITf, Sam Houston State University
"Acting Out and Saving Face: Coping Strategies of Juveniles in Group Home Settings," ROSS TODD, University of Northern Iowa
"The Relationship of Cynicism to Role Conflict Among Alabama Juvenile Probation Officers," JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University
"Correctional and Juvenile Justice Training: Establishing a Baseline," BRUCE WOLFORD and BETH HOLBROOK, Eastern Kentucky University
PANEL 79 DAVIDSON B
Prison Overcrowding and New Prison Construction
Chair /Discussant: SLOAN LETMAN, Chicago State University
Papers: "Prison Crowding: Impacts of the Great Conservative Experiment," HARRY ALLEN, Sam Jose State University
"Prison Overcrowding: When Solutions Precede Problem Analysis-Putting the Proverbial Cart Before the Horse," ROBERT MARSH, Boise State University
"Do New Prisons Affect Crime Rates in Rural Areas?" WILUAM DANIEL, Humboldt State University
"A Methodological Critique of Prison Impact Sutdies," MARILYN McSHANE, FRANK WILUAMS ill, and CARL WAGONER, California State University, San Bernardino
"System Assessment of Jail Overcrowding Assumptions," GEORGE WILSON and HARVEY McMURRAY, North Carolina Central University
61 Western and Pacific Association of Criminal Justice Educators
Annual Meeting November 17-19, 1991 Reno, Nevada
CALL FOR PAPERS DISCUSSIONS AND WORKSHOPS
Faculty, practitioners, researchers and students in the criminaljustice field are encouraged to submit abstracts, papers or proposalsfor workshops or roundtable discussions. Although all papers dealing with current issues and developments in the field are welcome, presentations related to the following topics are encouraged:
• Management in Law Enforcement
• Courts System and Criminal Justice
• Critical Issues in Corrections
• Juvenile Delinquency
• Violent Crime, Organized Crime, and Terrorism
• Property Crime and White Collar Crime
• Drugs
• Women, Minorities and Law
• Foreign and Domestic Intelligence
• Comparative Criminal Justice
• Interdisciplinary Studies on Criminal Justice
Papers and Offersto Participate:
If you plan to present a paper or organize a roundtable discussion, panel, workshop ordem onstration in any of the above areas, please submit a short abstract (250 words or less).
To ensure your proposal will receive adequate consideration, it should be submitted by June 15, 1991 . Authors of proposals will be notified within twenty days of the receipt of the abstract. Those interested in chairing a session or acting as a discussant should also submit such information.
Abstracts and other proposals should For questions or comments call: be sent to:
Charlotte Shiang-yun Wang Louis Holscher (408) 924-2948 WPACJE Conference Chair Peter Unsinger (408) 924-1350 Administration of Justice Department Judy Hails Kaci (21 3) 985-4738 San Jose State University Paul Johnson (801) 626-6152 One Washington Square Christopher Walker (604) 592-1281 San Jose, CA 951 92-0050 (408) 924-2949
Submission deadline: June 15, 1991 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
PANEL 80 DAVIDSON C
Violent Crime II
Chair: N PRABHA UNNITHAN, Colorado State University
Papers:
"Victimization in the Workplace: A Test of Routine Activities Theory," JOHNWOOLDREDGE, FRANCESCULLE N, and EDWARD lATESS A, University of Cincinnati
"Rational Criminality: A Theoretical Analysis of Victim Selection Among Robbers," DONALD BLAZICEK, Wichita State University
"The Relationship Between Offenders and Victims in Cases of Justifiable Homicide," JONATHAN SORENSEN, Central Missouri State University and JAMES MARQUART, Sam Houston State University
"Victimization of Probation/Parole Officers in the Line of Duty," WILUAM PARSONAGE, Pennsylvania State University
Discussant: N PRABHA UNNITHAN, Colorado State University
PAN EL 81 DIRECfOR'S 1 The Question of Plural Court Systems: Racism and Native Justice in Canada and the United States
Chair /Discussant: RUSSELL BARSH, University of Washington
Papers:
"The Development of U S Tribal Courts," RUSSELLBARSH, University of Washington
"The Alberta Native Justice Inquiry," PAUL CHARTRAND, University of Manitoba at Winnipeg
"Native Justice in Canadian and U S Legal Systems," MICHAEL JACKSON, University of British Columbia
"The Donald Marshall Inquiry in Nova Scotia," JOY MANETTE, University College of Cape Breton at Sydney
"Traditional Justice Systems," PATRICIA MONTURE, Dalhousie University
PANEL 82
Paradigms of Crime Control: Crimes, Criminals, and Policy
Chair: ROBERT WORDEN, State University of New York at Albany
Papers:
"Crime in the Twenty-First Century," WILUAM HYATT, Western Carolina University
"Focusing on the Crime Not the Criminal," BEN JORDAN, Georgia Police Academy
Discussant: ROBERT WORDEN, State University of New York at Albany
63 CALL FOR PAPERS
An Official Publication
of the
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
Scholars are Invited to submit manuscripts that meet the following criteria:
ISSUES: Criminal justice and related justice issues.
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: Justice Quarterly is a multi-disciplinary journal and will publish articleswritten by scholars in all relevant disciplines.
METHODOLOGY: In keeping with the multi-disciplinary approach, Justice Quarterly will publish articles employing a broad range of methodologies: quantitative, qualitative, historical, philosophical, etc.
SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: Manuscripts must be typed, double-spaced, and not to exceed 30 pages in length (including tables, charts, notes, etc.). Four copies ofthe manuscript should be submitted,accompanied by an abstract of 100 words and a brief biographical sketch of the author(s), indicating affiliation, research interests, and recent publications. Manuscripts should follow the APA style for citations, notes, and references.
MANUSCRIPTS AND INQUIRIES SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO:
James Fyfe, Editor Justice Quarterly Department of Justice, law & Society American University Washington, DC 20016 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 199� 3:30 p.m.-5:OO p.m.
PANEL 83 DIREcroR'S 3 Legal Potpourri m
Chair /Discussant: RANDAL WOOD, Jacksonville State University
Papers:
"Mere Presence, Mandatory Minimums, and Trafficking in Cocaine: A Recipe for Injustice," JAMES HALSTED, University of South Florida
"Juvenile Detention Laws in Illinois," JULIEGILMERE, Western Illinois University
"Responding to Driving While Intoxicated Arrests in New York City: Deterrence and Problem Drinkers," MARTIN ROUSE, New York City Criminal Justice Agency
"Report Card on RICO, Featuring Manuel Noriega, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Claus von Bulow, John DeLorean, and Jim Baker and the PTL Gang," ROBERT HOAGLAND, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
PANEL 84 DIRECfOR'S 4 Minority Issues II
Chair /Discussant: ZELMAHENRIQUES, John Jay College
Papers:
"The Black Female Teenager and Crime," REGINA WlLUAMS Capital University
"Minorities and Females: Their Cause is Similar," ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University
"Introductory Textbooks: A Sexist/Racist Introduction to Criminal Justice?" VICKY DORWORTH and MARIE HENRY, Montgomery College
"The Tearoom Revisited: Observations on Impersonal Homosexual Encounters in a Public Setting," JANE GRAY, Capital University
PANEL 85 DIRECfOR'S 5 Research on Structural and Ecological Approaches to Crime
Chair /Discussant: THOMAS CASTELlANO, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Papers:
"Hot Spots or Concentric Rings: The Human Ecology of Delinquency in the 90's,"JEFFERY WALKER, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
"Ecology of Crime in New Orleans," DEE HARPER, Loyola University
"The Diffusion of Burglaries Across Neighborhoods: The Case of Norfolk, Virginia 1987-1989," GARlAND WIllTE, Old Dominion University
"Structural Inequality, Individual Strain, and Delinquency," MARGAREr FARNWORTH, Sam Houston State University and AlANTTE LIZO and TERENCE THORNBERRY, State University of New York at Albany
65 You are cordially invited
to attend
the 1991
PARTICIPANT'S RECEPTION
to be held
March 7, 1991
from
6:30 p.m.-8:00 p.m.
East and Center Ballroom
Stouffer Nashville Hotel
66 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991
8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. ACJS Registration WEST BALLROOM 8:00 a.m.-9:30 a.m. New Member Breakfast NASHVILLE WEST 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Exhibits Open WEST BALLROOM 9:00a.m.-5:00 p.m. Employment Exchange Open BOARDROOM II 10: 15 a.m.-11:45 a.m. Plenary Session II TENNESSEE 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m. JQ Editorial Board Luncheon NASHVllLE WEST 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m. 1992 ACJS Program Committee Meeting BOARDROOM I 1:45 p.m.-5:00 p.m. Workshop: Practitioner Careers NASHVllLE EAST 4:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m. Private Security Organizational Meeting BOARDROOM I 5:15 p.m.-6:15 p.m. ADS Business Meeting TENNESSEE 6:30 p.m.-8:00 p.m. Participant's Reception EAST AND CENTER BALLROOM
THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL 86 TENNESSEE
Drug Use and the Community: Patterns, Responses, and Policies
Chair: KEVIN MULVEY, Northeastern University
Papers:
"Drinking, Drug Use, and Camaraderie Among the Homeless in Boston," KEVINMULVEY, Northeastern University
"Drug Sales, Property Crime, and Neighborhood Viability," GEORGE RENGERT, Temple University
"Gunfire in the Ghetto Corral: Drugs and the Legacy of Violence in the Inner City," LLOYDKLEIN, Brooklyn College
"Substance Abuse, Violence, and Community Response: A Boston Experience," CONSTANTINE SOURIS and STEVEN EVANS, University of Massachusetts, Boston
Discussant: KEITH PARKER, University of Nebraska at Lincoln
PANEL ffl RYMAN NORTII
Problem-Oriented Policing: Problem or Solution?
Chair /Discussant: VICfOR KAPPELER, Central Missouri State University
Papers:
"The Problems with Problem-Oriented Policing," ROBERT TAYWR, University of Texas at Tyler and DENNIS KENNEY, University of Nebraska at Omaha
"Problem-Oriented Policing as a Drug Control Strategy: Opportunities and Limitations," GARY CORDNER, DAVID STRIEGEL, and lARRY GAINES, Eastern Kentucky University
"Keeping the Peace in Dodge City: An Analysis of the Impact of Neighborhood Policing on Crime," MICHAEL NEUSTROM, University of Southwestern Louisiana
"Innovative Ideas for Community Policing," SIDNEY SNELLENBURG, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
67 LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION ORDER FORM
Dear Librarian:
JUSTICE QUARTERLY is the official publication of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. It is a multidisciplinary journal and will publish articles on criminal justice and related issues written by scholars in all relevant disciplines.
JUSTICE QUAKfERLY provides:
Invited reviews of research
Articles on criminal justice
Book review essays
For research purposes, JUSTICE QUAKfERLY is indexed in Criminology and PenologyAbs tracts, Po lice Science Abstracts, Criminal Justice Periodical Index, and Criminal Justice Abstracts.
------
Library Subscription: ____ $75/0ne year
$1351two years
____ $200lthree years
Name ______Phone ______
Address Institution
street and number city state zip
check enclosed please send invoice
Return this fo rm to: ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES Northern Kentucky University 402 N unn Hall Highland Heights, KY 41076
Make check payable to: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences 68 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL 88 RYMAN SOUTH
Victim Assistance
Chair /Discussant: SHARON TAFOYA, Prometheus Consultants
Papers:
"Job Stress and Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Problems Among Police, Correctional, and Probation/Parole Officers," BERNIE PATTERSON, Valdosta State College
"Incorporating Victim Assistance Programs into Police Policy," JOHN WICOCK and C JACQUELINE SCHULTZ, Eastlake (OH) Police Department
"Delivering the Death Notice: Theoretical and Practical Applications Within Criminal Justice," JAMESHENDRICKS, Ball State University and BRYAN BYERS, St Mary's University
PANEL 89 DAVIDSON A
Social, Political, and Legal Forces ShapingJuvenile Justice Policy
Chair /Discussant: DONNA BISHOP, University of Florida
Papers:
"Socio-Political Factors and Young Offenders," ARNOLD BINDER, University of California, Irvine and WRIE FRIDELL, Florida State University
"Oregon's Juvenile Services: Confusion and Contention," KENNEfH VIEGAS, University of Oregon
"Juvenile Detention: Emerging Issues for Public Policy Consideration," DAVID ROUSE, National Juvenile Detention Association
PANEL 90 DAVIDSON B
Probation: A Form of Community Corrections
Chair: CRAIG ZENDZIAN, Tunxis Community College
Papers:
"Probation Officer Supervisors: An Analysis of a Helping Relationship," EDWARD SIEH, Niagara University
"The Social-Psychological Effects of Probation on Probationers in Four Areas: Emotions, Family, Peer, Work Relations, Self-Concept and Stigma," JAMES DAVIS, New York City Department of Probation
"A Preliminary Evaluation of the Probation Mentor Home Program: An Alternative to Institutionalization for Juvenile Offenders," ClDNITA HEARD, Indiana University
"HIV Testing in Probation and Parole Agencies," DENNY LANGSTON, Central Missouri State University
Discussant: CRAIGZENDZIAN, Tunxis Community College
69 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
CALL FOR PAPERS
A New Journal of the
Academy of Criminal Justice SCiences
Scholars are invited to submit manuscripts that meet the following criteria:
ISSUES: Criminal justice education and teaching criminal justice.
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: Journal of Criminal Justice Education is a multl-discipllnary journal and will publish articles written by scholars in all relevant disciplines.
SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: Manuscripts must betyped, double-spaced, and not to exceed 30 pages In length (includingtables, charts, notes, etc.). Four copies of the manuscript should besubmi tted, accompanied by an abstract of 100words anda brief biographical sketch ofthe author(s), Indicating affiliation, research interests, and recent publications. Manuscripts should follow the APA style for citations, notes, and references.
MANUSCRIPTS AND INQUIRIES SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO:
Timothy Flanagan, Editor Journal of Criminal Justice EdUcation School ofCriminal Justice State University of New York - Albany 135 Western Avenue Albany, NY 12222 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL 91 DAVIDSON C
TeachingStrategies and Tedmiques
Chair fDiscussant: LARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University
Papers:
"Teaching Organized and White Collar Crime Through Fiction," BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University
"A Strategy for Teaching Theoretical Criminology," JAMES QUINN and JOHNHOLMAN, University of North Texas
"Criminal Justice Studies: A Structuralist Analysis," DAVID FARMER, Virginia Commonwealth University
"A Critical Identity Schema for Criminal Justice Literacy," THOMAS REED, Eastern Kentucky University
"Self-Assessment for Criminal Justice Practitioners: Increasing Success Potential Through Multi-Dimensional Testing," R SCOIT DISTEL, Tiffin University and NICHOLAS MEIER, Kalamazoo Valley Community College
PANEL 92 DIRECfOR'S 1
Disputes, Violence, and Crime in Indian Country
Chair fDiscussant: Z G STANDING BEAR, Valdosta State College
Papers:
"Culture, Violence and Substance Abuse Among American Indians," lAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University and JIM HORNBUCKLE, Cherokee Indian Reservation
"Preliminary Report of Incidents Reported in Eight Rural Alaskan Villages," NELLA LEE, Montana State University
"Disputes and Crimes in Five Athabascan Villages in the Alaskan Interior," 01WIN MARENIN, University of Alaska Fairbanks
PANEL 93 DIRECfOR'S 2
Crime Prevention and the CommunityContext
Chair: STANSHERNOCK, Norwich University
Papers:
"Participation in Community Crime Prevention and World View: Thinking About More Effective Communication Approaches," JAMES GILLHAM, Buffalo State College, and GEORGE A BARNETT, State University of New York at Buffalo
"Conflict Resolution As a Crime Prevention Strategy," KAREN OIT, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"Putting Crime Prevention To Work for Loss Prevention," WILLIAM PELFREY, Western Carolina University
Discussant: STAN SHERNOCK, Norwich University
71 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
LffiRARY SUBSCRIPTION ORDER FORM
Dear Librarian:
The Journal of Criminal Justice Education is a new publication of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. It is a multidisciplinary journal and will be published biannually and will include articles on criminal justice education and teaching criminal justice.
The Journal of Criminal Justice Education provides:
*** Articles on teaching criminal justice and criminology
*** Articles on criminal justice education
*** Textbook and educational material reviews
Library Subscription: --- $45/one year
--- $80/two years
--- $120/three years
Name ------Phone
Address Institution
Street and number City State Zip
----- check enclosed ------please send invoice
Return this fo rm to: ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES Northern Kentucky University 402 Nunn Hall Highland Heights, KY 41076-1448
Make check payable to: ACADEMY OF CRIMINALJUSTICE SCIENCES THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL94 DIRECfOR'S 3
Issues in Judicial Processing
Chair: WllLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University
Papers:
"Aggregate Conditions Influencing Caseload Statistics: Exploratory Analysis of the Fifty States," MICHAELHAZLEIT and JULIE GILMERE, Western Illinois University
"Crisis in the Criminal Trial Courts: The Pennsylvania Case," WALTER POWELL, Slippery Rock University
"Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Spectrum of Means to Resolve Disputes," DEAN SPADER, University of South Dakota
"Plea Bargaining: Acquiescing for Consideration in an Organizational Environment," C ALLEN PIERCE, Youngstown State University and GORDON FRISSORA
"Connecticut Caseload Data Revisited," STEPHEN WlllTE, Appalachian State University
Discussant: JAMES BRUNER, East Carolina University
PANEL 95 DIRECfOR'S 4
Female Criminal Justice Policyues Iss
Chair /Discussant: JEAN HARRIS, University of Scranton
Papers:
"Interviews with Female Police Officers: Perspectives on Policy," C LEE BENNET, SpringfieldPolice Department (MA)
"Women and Classification: A Feminist Perspective," FAITH LUTZE, Pennsylvania State University
"A Descriptive Study of Health Status and Women Detained in Jail," ROSE MARY STANFORD and L APRIL WOLLET, University of South Florida at Fort Myers
PANEL 96 DIRECfOR'S 5
Legal Issues and Controversies in Drug Enforcement
Chair /Discussant: WllLIAM NIXON, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers:
"The 'Reversed Sting' and Entrapment: A Preliminary View," DAMON CAMP, Georgia State University
"The Sokolow Decision: A Preamble to Non-Conventional Drug Control Policy," MICHAELLYMAN Columbia College
"Fetal Abuse: Can Maternal Substance Abusers be Legally Accountable for Fetal Harm?" SALLIE WATKINS, Bryce Hospital (Tuscaloosa, AL) and JOHN WATKINS JR, University of Alabama
73 ORGANIZED CRIME IN AMERICA: Concepts and Controversy edited by Timothy S. Bynum Issues in Crime and Justice, Volume I, Sponsored by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.
"Irecommend that every serious studentof organited crimetake more than a casual look at Tim B,num's book." Robert M. Lombardo, ChicagoPolice Dept. (from review in IASOC's uCriminal Organizations")
Contents:
UIntroduction: Controversies in the Study of Organized Crime." Timoth, S. B,num uA Brief History of American Syndicate Crime." Humbert S. Nelli uNarcotics Activities of Organized Crime." Peter Lupsha uThe McDonald's.. ization of the Mafia." Howard Abadinski uViolence in Organized Crime: A Content Analysis of the DeCavalcante and DeCarlo Transcripts." Kip Schlegel uFollowing Dirty Money: The Kaufman Commission and Organized Crime. " John Dombrink and Malone Melrose uTilting at Windmills: The Chicago Crime Commission v. Organized Crime, 1980-1984." Dennis Hoffman uPredicting the Incidence of Organized Crime: A Preliminary Model." Ja, Albanese uAmerica's Toxic Waste Racket: Dimensions of the Environmental Crisis." Frank Scarpitti and Alan Block uUnusual Crime or Crime as Usual: Newspaper I�ges of Corruption at the Interstate Commerce Commission." Merry Morash and Donna Hale ISBN 0 ..9606960 .. 2--4 Published 1987. Single copies $25. (Quantity discounts available for classroom orders.)
Order from: CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRESS a division of Willow Tree Press, Inc. PO Box 249, Monsey, NY 10952, U.S.A. (phone infonmation: 914/354.. 913 9) THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.
PLENARY SESSION n TENNESSEE
EXPLAINING DRUG-RElATED BEHAVIOR
Convener: DIANAFISHBEIN, University of Baltimore
Participants:
PATRICIA SUTKER, Veterans Administration HELENE WIDTE, Rutgers University RALPH TARTER, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30p.m.
PANEL 97 TENNESSEE Adolescent Substance Abuse: Patterns, Profiles, and Prevention
Chair: DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University
Papers:
The Shippensburg University Model for Drug and Alcohol Prevention Training," DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University
"Adolescent Drug Use and Attitude in Small Communities," WAYNE LUCAS and STEVEN GllRAM, Univeristy of Misouri at Kansas City
"A Comparative Study of Drug-Use Patterns Among Black and White Institutionalized Delinquents in Georgia," GEORGE THOMAS, University of Delaware
"Underage Drinking and Driving Research Findings," ROBERTLITILE, University of North Carolina at Charlotte and KENNETH CWNTZ, Florida State University
Discussant: JOHNNY McGAHA, Southeast Missouri State University
PANEL 98 RYMAN NORTH Community-Oriented Policing: What'sin a Name?
Chair: JACKGREENE, Temple University
Papers:
"An Examination of Community Policing as an Operational Strategy," MARK LANIER, Michigan State Univeristy
"Revolutions in Policing: Is Community Policing a Revolution?" MICHAELWIATROWSKI, Florida Atlantic University
"An Examination of Community Policing in McAllen, Texas," PlDLIP ETHRIDGE, University of Texas-Pan American
Discussant: DARRELSTEPHENS, Police Executive Research Forum
75 INTERMEDIATE PUNISHMENTS: Intensive Supervision, Home Confinement and Electronic Surveillance
edited by Belinda R. McCarthy
Issues in Crime and Justice, Volume 2, Sponsored by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.
!lIt is a needed publication that addresses systematically the general issue of intensitJe supertJision and home confinement and electronic surtJeillance. " Vincent O'Leary President, Suny-Albany
Contents:
t!Introduction:" Belinda R. McCarthy
Part I: IntensitJe SupertJision
uGeorgia's Intensive Probation: Will the Model Work Elsewhere?" Joan Petersilia
UIntensive Supervision in Probation: A Comparison of Three Projects." Todd R. Clear, Suzanne Flynn and Carol Shapiro
UManaging Change in Probation: Principles and Practice in the Implementation of an Intensive Probation Supervision Program." Ronald P. Corbett, Jr., Donald Cochran and James Byrne
Ulntensive Supervision: Officer Perspectives." John T. Whitehead and Charles Lindquist UTaking Qu ality into Account: Assessing the Benefits and Costs of New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program." Frank S. Pearson
uThe Effectiveness of Intensive Supervision with High Risk Probationers." Edward J. Latessa
uA Reassessment of Intensive Service Probation." Lawrence A. Bennett
Part II: Home Confinement and Electronic Suroeillance uElectronic Monitors." Annesley K. Schmidt and Christine E. Curtis uPlanning for Change: The Use of Electronic Monitoring as a Correctional Alternative." Joseph B. Vaughn
uHome Confinement and Electronic Surveillance." Thomas G. Blomberg, Gordon P. Waldo and Lisa C. BurCToff upalm Beach County's In-House Arrest Work Release Program." uHome Incarceration with Electronic Monitoring in Kenton County, Kentucky: An Evaluation." J. Robert Lilly, Richard A. Ball and Jennifer Wright
ISBN 0-9606960-4-0 Published 1987. Single copies $25. (Quantity discounts for classroom orders.)
Order from: CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRESS a division of Willow Tree Press, Inc. PO Box249, Monsey, NY 10952, U.S.A. (phone information: 914/354-9139) THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.
PANEL 99 RYMAN SOUTH Police Training
Chair /Discussant: WILLIAM TAFOYA, FBI Academy
Papers:
"Police Training Revisited: An Andragogical Approach to Police Education," GREG DWYER, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and VICKY DORWORTH, Montgomery College
"The Status of Police Training in the United States," BARBARA COXand RICHTER MOOREJR, Appalachian State University
"An Evaluation of State Police Basic Training Programs," TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville
"1983 Liability for Inadequate Police Training: Vanishing in 1990," JOHNSTEVENS, North Carolina Wesleyan College
"Standards and Criteria for Police Academy Administrators and Instructors in the United States," NICHOLAS MEIER, Kalamazoo Valley Community College
PANEL 100 DAVIDSON A Schools, Education, and Crime
Chair: ARNOLD BINDER, University of California, Irvine
Papers:
"Grades, Jobs and Drugs: When 'Two-Out-of-Three' is Bad," WILLIAM TOWNE, Illinois State University and CHERYLTIE MAN, Radford University
"Illinois Judicial and Legislative Policy Responses to School-Connected Crime and Violence," WARD WELDON, EMANUEL HURWITZ, and JULIUS MENACKER, University of Illinois at Chicago
"The Relationship Between Academic Performance, Attitudes Toward School, Educational Achievement, and Delinquency," STEPHEN COx,TIMOTHY BYNUM, and WILLIAM DAVIDSON, Michigan State University
Discussant: ARNOLD BINDER, University of California, Irvine
PANEL 101 DAVIDSON B Using Probation in an Innovative Way
Chair /Discussant: EDWARD SIEH, Niagara University
Papers:
"Improving Probation Effectiveness Through Innovative Techniques," BILL DAVIS and SIllRLEYDAVIS, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
"Philosophy and Strategy of Probation Officersin Attempting Offender Change," HARLEE HOLBROOKBemi dji State University
"Explaining Community Supervision Rates," GEORGIA SMITH, University of Alabama at Birmingham
77 STOUFFER NASHVILLE HOTEL
COMMERCE ST BAR AND GRILLE: Extension 3100
Location: Lobby Level
Hours: Monday-Sunday 6:00 a.m.-1 1 :00 p.m. Sunday 6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. Breakfast Buffet 6:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. Luncheon Buffet 11:0 0 a.m.-2:00 p.m. Dinner Buffet 5:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. Sunday Brunch 10:00 a.m.-2:30 p.m.
THE BRIDGE DELI: Extension 3301
Location: Third Floor Bridge
Hours: Monday-Friday 11:0 0 a.m.-2:00 p.m.
THE BRIDGE LOUNGE: Extension 3300
Location: Third Floor Bridge
Hours: Monday-Saturday 11:0 0 a.m.-2:00 p.m. Sunday 12:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m.
ROOM SERVICE: Extension 52
Available 24 hours a day. Your order is guaranteed to be delivered in 25 minutes or less (or it is complimentary).
COMPLIMENTARY WAKE-UP COFFEE: Extension 0
When you dial 0 to place your wake-up call, the operator will take your order for complimentary newspaper and coffee or tea (delivered within 15 minutes of your wake-up call).
VALET PARKING:
Location: The Stouffer Nashville Hotel front door
Cost is $7.50 per day, per car (special rate for ACJS) for hotel guests, automatically charged to your guest room. In and out privileges are available.
STOUFFER POOL AND HEALTH CLUB:
Location: Second Floor
Hours: Sunday-Saturday 6:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m.
Full locker rooms, indoor pool, outdoor deck, whirlpool, sauna, and David exercise equipment are featured.
78 TIRJRSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-l:30 p.m.
PANEL 102 DAVIDSON C Minorities and Criminal Justice Education
Chair: JOHNSMYKlA, University of Alabama
Papers: "The Gift of Wisdom: Mentoring or Sponsoring Minorities into the Academic Guild," BRUCE BERG, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and ROBERT BING HI, University of Missouri at St Louis
"Agents of Change, Agents of Repression, Bureaucratic Insurgents, or Justice Functionaries? The Role of Criminal Justice Education at Predominantly Black Colleges and Universities," GREGG BARAK, Alabama State University
"Gender Differences in the Perception of Criminal Justice Education," MICHAELMEYER, University of North Dakota
"Preservice Student Views of Affirmative Action: Law Enforcement Student Attitudes at Western Illinois University," MICHAELHAZLEIT and BRUCE WILSON, Western Illinois University
Discussant: STAN SHERNOCK, Norwich University
PANEL 103 DIRECfOR'S 1 Native Cultures, Conflicting Laws
Chair /Discussant: DAVID WACHTEL, Lexington Community College
Papers:
"Public Law 280 - What Determines if a Behavior is Criminal or Civil," GARY COPUS, University of Alaska Fairbanks
"The Death of Chief Crazy Horse: A Criminological Examination of Eyewitness Accounts Surrounding the Homicidal Events of September 5, 1877," JAMES GILBERT, Kearney State College
"The Oglala Sioux Tribal Court: Termination to Self-Determination," GEORGE WATSONJR, Chadron State College
"Norm Qualities and the Law: A Comparison of the Legal Attitudes of American Indian and Caucasian Youth," L THOMAS WINFREE, New Mexico State University, CHRISTINESELLERS, University of South Florida, and CURT GRIFFITHS, Simon Fraser University
PANEL 104 DIRECfOR'S 2 Community CrimePrevention: Risks and Responses
Chair: BONNIE FISHER, Ohio State University
Papers: "Changing Lifestyle Risk Factors for Crime Prevention," RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College
"Big Problems, Small Neighborhood Businesses: A Model of Their Reactions to Crime," BONNIE FISHER, Ohio State University
"Arming Private Police with High Capacity Weapons-The Risks Outweigh the Benefits," R PAULMcCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"Firearms, Crime Prevention and Self-Protection: A North Carolina Citizen Survey," E DUANE DAVIS and lAURA MORIARTY, Western Carolina University Discussant: ALFRED HEFFERNAN, University of Dayton
79 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 12:00 p.m.-l:30 p.m.
PANEL 105 DIRECfOR'S 3
Issues in Criminal Processing
Chair /Discussant: DEAN SPADER, University of South Dakota
Papers:
"Effects on Processing Time of Guilty Pleas in Felony Cases in North Carolina," JAMES BRUNER, East Carolina University
"The Ecology of Criminal Processing: A Statewide Analysis of Felony Courts in California," MARGARET FARNWORTII, RAYMOND TESKE JR, JAMES GOLDEN, and SUSAN RTITER, Sam Houston State University
"Assessing the Impact of Automation on the Intake Process of a Municipal Court in Dealing with DWI Offenders," WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, lARRY GOULD, and DONALD SCOTr,Louisiana State University
"Misdemeanor Case Processing: Dynamics and Case Processing," ANITA NEUBERGER and KATHERINE JAMIESON, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
PANEL 106 DIRECfOR'S 4
Rape I
Chair: JOHN WATKINS JR, University of Alabama
Papers:
"Sociolegal Change and Patterns of Rape Reporting: An Empirical Study," AlANTTE LIZO and K SPINK, State University of New York at Albany
"Explaining UCR-NCS Disparity in Rape Trends," GARY JENSEN, Vanderbilt University
"The Ignored Victim: Male Rape Revisited," THOMAS WILLIAMS, California State University, San Bernardino
Discussant: JOHN WATKINS JR, University of Alabama
PANEL 107 DIRECfOR'S 5
Workshqp: Approaches to Drug Control as Employed by Selected Government Agencies
Convener: ALEX CHUCKMAN, Metro-Dade Police Department
Participants:
FRED HUTCHINGS, Southeast Florida Institute of Criminal Justice
PATRICIA BENTOSKI, City of Miami Police Department
MARTIN KRATZ, Dade County Corrections
WILLIAM VanBUREN, Southeast Florida Institute of Criminal Justice
80 TIIURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 108 TENNESSEE
Intravenous Drug Use and mv Disease
Chair: ARTIIUR LURIGIO, Loyola University of Chicago
Papers:
"Educating Probationers About HIV," ARTIIUR LURIGIO, Loyola University of Chicago
"AIDS Risk Among Intravenous Drug-Using Offenders," STEPHEN MAGURA, ANDREW ROSENBLUM, and HERMAN JOSEPH, Narcotic and Drug Research Inc
"Shooting Galleries, Police Activity, and HIV Risk," ANTONIO JIMINEZ,WENDALL JOHNSON, and lAWRENCE OUELLEr, University of Illinois at Chicago
"Stemming the Spread of HIV Among IV Drug Users, Their Sexual Partners and Children: Issues and Opportunities for Criminal Justice Agencies," WILLIAM RHODES, Abt Associates Inc
"Controlling HIV Transmission Among Intravenous Drug Users," MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University
PANEL 109 RYMAN NORTII
Citizen Response to Policing
Chair: LEE COLWELL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Papers:
"Citizen Satisfaction with Police and Police Response," WUIS ALBERT, Kent State University
"The Citizen's 'Police Academy': The Lakewood Model," SHARONTAFOYA, Prometheus Consultants
Discussant: LEE COLWELL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
PANEL 110 RYMANSO UTII Police Stress
Chair /Discussant: TIMOTHY CAPRON, University of New Mexico
Papers:
"The Production of Occupational Stress Among Police Officers," JOHN CRANK, University of Nevada at Las Vegas and MICHAEL CALDERO, Washington State University
"Changes in the Social Support Sources of New Law Enforcement Officers," VIVIAN WRD, North Carolina Justice Academy
"Job Stress and Policing: An Inter-City Comparison of Geographical Differences," DARRELL COOK, Benedictine College
"Police Cynicism: A Cohort Analysis Interim Report," ALBERT GORMAN, Monmouth College
81 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 199� 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 111 DAVIDSON A Juvenile Court Policy and Practice
Chair /Discussant: DEAN CHAMPION, California State University, Long Beach
Papers: "The Right to a Public/Jury Trial in Juvenile Court: An Issue Whose Time Has Come, Again," JOSEPH SANBORN JR, Glassboro State College
"An Examination of Differential Decision-Making in the Juvenile Court," MICHAEL BROWN, Western Michigan University
"Demographic and Legal Variables Associated with Transferring Juveniles to Adult Court in New Mexico," G lARRY MAYS, New Mexico State University and MARILYN HOUGHTALIN, Texas Tech University
"The Effects of Court Structure on Juvenile Court Decision-Making," PHILIP SECRET and JAMES JOHNSON, University of Nebraska at Omaha
PANEL 112 DAVIDSON B Probation and Intensive Supervision: A Form of Community Corrections
Chair: MARC RENZEMA, Kutztown University
Papers: "Project Muster: An Experimental Evaluation of a Probation Program," DAVID WEISBURD, Rutgers University and KAREN GOWSTEIN, AOC
"Overriding Classification: Placement of Offenders In an Intensive Supervision Program," J ARTHUR BEYER, Washington State University
"Electronic Monitoring: What is, What Could Be," MARCRENZEMA, Kutztown University and DAVID SKELTON, Indiana State University
"Economic and Legal Implications of Electronic Monitoring of Offenders," KAREN FISHER, SUNY at Albany
Discussant: FAYE TAXMAN, Montgomery County Criminal Justice Coordinating Commission (MD)
PANEL 113 DAVIDSON C Police Training and Education
Chair /Discussant: JACK GREENE, Temple University
Papers: "Criminal Justice Education and the Police Training Career," lARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University and WILLIAM PELFREY, Western Carolina University
"A Two-Part Study of the Reserve Police Officer Program at the University of South Carolina," GORDON CREWS, Sumter Area Technical College
"The Role of Higher Education in Law Enforcement: Preliminary Survey Findings," RICHARD ZEVITZ, Marquette University
"Criminal Justice and Critical Thinking," MICHAEL F BROWN, Southeast Missouri State University
82 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 1:45 p.m.-3:15p.m.
PANEL 114 DIRECfOR'S 1 Native Americansin the Correctional System
Chair /Discussant: LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University
Papers: "Indigenous Peoples in the Canadian Correctional System: Critical Issues and the Prospects for 'Localized' Corrections," CURT GRIFFITHS and ALlAN PATENAUDE, Simon Fraser University
"Sentencing Disparity: A Study Involving Whites and Native Americans in North Dakota," LEWIS PARRILL JR, University of North Dakota
"Native American Religion in the Prisons: The Effort and the Elusive Truth," Z G STANDING BEAR, Valdosta State College
"Rehabilitation: Contrasting Cultural Perspectives and the Imposition of Church and State," UTILEROCK REED and BOB GAUCHER, University of Ottawa
PANEL 115 DIRECfOR'S 2 Employee Theft Proneness
Chair: PHILIP ASH, Ash, Blackstone, and Cates
Papers: "The Employee Theft Proneness Construct," PHILIP ASH, Ash, Blackstone, and Cates
"Theft Proneness Prediction: Legal Considerations," DAVIDARNOLD, Reid Psychological Systems
"Theft Proneness Prediction: Attitude Specific vs General Personality Tests," MICHAEL CUNNINGHAM, University of Louisville
Discussant: JOHN SARGENT JR, Kent State University
PANEL 116 DIRECfOR'S 3 Sentencing, Punishment, and Discretion
Chair /Discussant: NOLAALLEN, University of South Florida
Papers: "Punishing the Indigent: The Procedural and Practical Dilemmas Continue," DAVIDPERKINS, Southwest Texas State University
"The Impact of Social-Structural Factors on Judicial Decisions," BENJAMIN WRIGHT, Louisiana State University
"Punishment or Political Intimidation? The Case of the Shari'a Courts in the Islamic Republic of Iran," HAMID KUSHA, Northern Kentucky University
"The Effects of Prosecutorial Plea Bargaining Policies on Criminal Sanctions," RICHARD PRIEHS, Michigan State University
"Sentencing: Sexual Discrimination," PAUlA DRACH-BRILLINGER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and ZAID ANSARI, University of Cincinnati
83 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 1:45p.m.-3:15 p.m.
PANEL 117 DIRECfOR'S 4
Roundtable: Women and Minorities in ACJS and in Criminal Justice
Co-Conveners: KAYLENE RICHARDS-EKEH, California State University at Sacramento and SUSAN NOONAN, Cincinnati Human Relations Commission
PANEL 118 DIRECfOR'S 5
Roundtable: Lega1izing Drugs,Arguments Pro and Con
Co-Conveners: GAYLE CARPER and WILUAM McCAMEY, Western Illinois University
THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 1:45p.m.-5:()() p.m.
WORKSHOP NASHVllLE FAST
PRAcrITIONER CAREERS
Moderator: LORIE FRIDEU.., Florida State University
THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:()() p.m.
PANEL 119 TENNESSEE
Environmental, Individual, and Family Factors in Substance Abuse andAntisocial Behaviors
Chair: REID MONTGOMERY JR, University of South Carolina
Papers:
"Assessing Substance Abuse Among Reception Inmates Using the Computerized Lifestyle Assessment Instrument," DAVID ROBINSON, FRANKPORPORINO, EUZABEfH FABIANO, and BART MILLSON, Correctional Service of Canada
"Stress-Related Factors Associated with Driving While Intoxicated," CAROLVENEZIANO, LOUISand VENEZIANO, MICHAEL FICHTER, Southeast Missouri State University
"Alcoholism and Related Family System Correlates of Criminality," JOHNNY McGAHA, Southeast Missouri State University
"Relationship Between Inmate Drug Usage and American Prison Riots," REIDMONTGOMERY JR, University of South Carolina
Discussant: SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida-Daytona Beach
84 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.
PANEL 120 NASHVll..LE WEST
Student Panel: Juvenile Processes and Issues I
Chair: BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University
Papers:
"Judicial Intervention of Juvenile Corrections: Morales v Turman," FRANCES REDDINGTON, Sam Houston State University
"Parens Patriae: A Changing Trend," RAY HAGER, Sauk Valley Community College
"Alternatives to the Predispositional Detention of Juveniles: An Examination of the In-Home Detention Program of Camden County, New Jersey," FRANCES FINA, St Joseph's University
"Fear of Victimization at School and its Impact," PHILLIP BROWN, North Carolina Central University
Discussant: BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University
PANEL 121 RYMAN NORTH
Police Attitudes and Behavior
Chair: MICHAELP ALMIOTIO, Armstrong State College
Papers:
"Attitudes Toward the Police of Japanese High School Seniors," NOBUHO TOMITA, Tokiwa University
"Developmental Aspects of Gang Behavior," ROGER DAVIS, Federal Bureau of Investigation
"The Effects of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior and Officer Gender on Ratings of Police Credibility," JOHN BASEHEART, University of Kentucky and TERRY COx, Eastern Kentucky University
Discussant: MICHAEL PALMIOTIO, Armstrong State College
PANEL 122 RYMAN SOUTH
Police Patrol
Chair: MARTIN GRUBERG, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
Papers:
"An Analysis of Patrol Officer's Investigative Reports," CHARLES MYERS II, Aims College
"Canines, Cops, and Crimes: The Police Dog and Due Process," FRANK PRASSEL, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville
Discussant: MARTIN GRUBERG, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
85 THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 199� 3:30p.m.-5:OO p.m.
PANEL 113 DAVIDSON A Secure Settings for Juveniles: Policy, Programs, and Populations
Chair /Discussant: MICHAEL AGOPIAN, Bureau of Justice Statistics
Papers:
"The Decision to Institutionalize Youthful Offenders: A Statistical Analysis," JOSEPH ROGERS and JAMES WILLIAMS, New Mexico State University
"Development of Juvenile Detention Facilities in Arkansas," FRED wnsON, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
"Treatment Within a Treatment Program: A Process Evaluation of the Partial Hospitalization Program at St Gabriel's Hall," DONNAKOCIDS, Glassboro State College
"Pathological Self-Esteem: The TSCS for Delinquents," ROBERT EVANS, Valdosta State College; TOM SULLENBERGER, Southeast Louisiana State University; GARY COPUS, University of Alaska Fairbanks; and PETER HODGKINSON, Polytechnic of Central London
PANEL 124 DAVIDSON B
Community Corrections: What Works - Studies inDepth
Chair /Discussant: CARYHARKAWAY, Multnomah County Department of Community Corrections
Papers:
"Strategies in Organizing Vocational Rehabilitation Networks for Community-Based Offenders," THOMAS TOMLINSON, Western Illinois University
"Survival Analysis: A Five-Year Study Comparing Florida's Community Control Program with a Sample of Prisoners," LINDA SMITH, University of South Florida and RONALDAKERS, University of Florida
"Classification, Work Assignment, and Prison Adjustment in Japanese Prisons," THEODORE FERDINAND, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
"Shock Incarceration: Different Program Models," DORIS Mac KENZIE, National Institute of Justice and JAMES SHAW, University of Maryland
PANEL 125 DAVIDSON C Publications and Critical Thinking Skills
Chair /Discussant: DENNIS LUND, Kearney State College
Papers:
"Gender and Publication Patterns in Criminal Justice," HELEN EIGENBERG and GWRIA LESSAN, Old Dominion University
"Correlates of Publishing Productivity: An Analysis of Criminology and Criminal Justice Educators," ALAN WIDMAYER, Minot State University and JONATHAN SORENSEN, Central Missouri State University
"Developing Critical Thinking Skills in the Criminal Justice Classroom," BERNARD McCARTHY, University of Central Florida
86 THURSDAY, MARCH7, 199� 3:30 p.m.-5:OO p.m.
PANEL 126 DIRECfOR'S 1
Culture, Crime, andPolicy: Historical andComparative Perspectives
Chair: RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University
Papers:
"Altruism and Village Security in the Philippine Barrio: A Field Study," TIMOTHY AUSTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"Cliobernetics, Christianity, and the Common Law Crime of Blasphemy," BRADLEY CHILIDN, Washington State University
"Japanese Organized Crime in a Cultural and Historical Context," FRANK HUANG and MICHAEL VAUGHN, Sam Houston State University
"Economic Growth and Crime Trends," CHARWTfEWA NG, San Jose State University
Discussant: EDWARD TROMANHAUSER, Chicago State University
PANEL 1Z1 DIREcroR'S 2
The Security-Risk Management Response
Chair: HARVEY MORLEY, California State University, Long Beach
Papers:
"Disaster Management-Third Wave," NORMAN BOITOM, Journal of Security Administration
"It's a Matter of Security: Employee Assistance Programs Versus the Industrial Security Manual," HARVEYMORLEY, California State University, Long Beach
"Security Administration Discipline Looking for a Home," ROMINE DEMING, State University of New York at Brockport
"Security Administration: Criminal Justice Discipline with Business Administration Input," DONALD BECKER, University of Central Florida
"Exposure Management Systems: A Loss Containment Strategy," LUCIAN SPATARO, Ohio University and JOHN NIPPS n, Safety Management Resources
Discussant: MARl BOITOM, Journal of SecurityAdministration
87 THURSDAY, MARCH7, 1991, 3:30 p.m.-5:OOp.m.
PANEL 128 DIREcroR'S 3
Trends and Issues in Sentencing
Chair: HARRY MARSH, Indiana State University
Papers:
"Reducing Sentencing Disparity in Maine and the New Appellate Review Process," DONAlDANSPACH and S HENRY MONSEN, University of Southern Maine
"The Perceived Severity of Criminal Court Dispositions: The Use of a Weighted Measure in the Analysis of Sentence Length," lAURAMYERS, East Tennessee State University
"Sanctioning Recidivists: The Use and Misuse of Habitual Offender Statutes," JOHN SWAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham
"The Two Truths About Public Views on Sanctions," lAWRENCE BENNETI'
"Determinacy v Indeterminacy: Criminal Sentencing in Four States," MICHAEL KAUNE, Radford University
Discussant: HARRY MARSH, Indiana State University
PANEL 129 DIRECfOR'S 4
Roundtable:· Teaching aCourse in Family Violence: Issues, Resources, and Strategies
Convener: ANN GOEITING, Western Kentucky University
Participants:
ANN GOEITING, Western Kentucky University
DEAN KNUDSON, Purdue University
JENNIFER SOWMON, Winthrope College
GARY FOWLER, Western Kentucky University
BARBARA HAYLER, Sangamon State University
HELEN EIGENBERG, Old Dominion University
PANEL 130 DIRECfOR'S 5
Workshop: The Law and Child Pornography
Co-Conveners: LYLE SHOOK and USA FAVRE', Auburn University at Montgomery
88 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991
8:00a.m.-5:OO p.m. ACJS Registration WEST BALLROOM 8:30a.m.l0:OO a.m. JCJE Editorial Board Breakfast NASHVILLE WEST 9:00 a.m.-5:OO p.m. ptu"b its Open WEST BALLROOM 9:00 a.m.-5:OO p.m. Employment Exchange Open BOARDROOM II 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m. Plenary Session m TENNESSEE 12:00 p.m.-2:00p.m. ACJS Awards Luncheon EASTAND CENfER BALLROOM 5:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. Police Section Meeting RYMAN NORTH
FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m.
PANEL 131 TENNESSEE
The War on Drugs: Strategies, Typologies, and Programs
Chair: PETER PHllLIPS, Utica College of Syracuse University
Papers:
"Interjurisdictional Dynamics of Narcotics Task Forces," PAMElA SCHRAM and TIMOTHYBYNUM, Michigan State University
"Cops and Dealers: Enforcement Strategies Against the Street-Level Drug Trade," MICHAEL BUERGER, Crime Control Institute
"Preliminary Results of an Evaluation of Baltimore County (MD) Police Department's Community-Oriented Drug Enforcement Program," DAVID HAYESLIP, National Institute of Justice; JAMI WNG-ONNEN, University of Maryland; and MARGO DeVOE, University of Baltimore
"Defining Drug Markets: Findings From the Jersey City Drug Markets Analysis Project," DAVID WEISBURD, WRRAINE GREEN, and TAMRYN ETTEN, Rutgers University; FRANKGAJEWSKI, and CHARLIEBELLUCCI, Jersey City Police Department
Discussant: PETER PHllLIPS, Utica College of Syracuse University
PANEL 132 RYMAN NORTH
Police Culture and its Impact on Behavior
Chair: WILLIAM TAFOYA, FBI Academy
Papers:
"Police Supervision: Current Trends Future Effects," WILLIAM WALSH, Pennsylvania State University
"Police Patrol Supervision: A View From the Street," MITTIE SOUTHERLAND, Eastern Kentucky University
"Values and Culture in Two American Police Departments: Lessons from King Arthur," JACK GREENE, Temple University and GEOFFREYALPERT, University of South Carolina
"The 'Subculture of Police': Autopsy of a Concept," JAMES ALBRITTON, Marquette University
Discussant: WILLIAM TAFOYA, FBI Academy
89 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 8:30a.m.-lO:OO a.m.
PANEL 133 RYMAN SOUTH
Police Use of Technology
Chair fDiscussant: JOQUE SOSKIS, University of North Florida
Papers:
"The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Alarm and Domestic Dispute Calls for Service," JAMES LeBEAU and RICHARD COULSON, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
"Police and Videotaping of Drunk Drivers," WILUAMHOLMES, Statistical Analysis Center and TERESAMAYORS, Committee on Criminal Justice (MA)
"Video Recording of Field Sobriety Tests," MICHAELWIGGINS and ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University
"The Effect of Weather and Temporal Variation on Calls for Police Service," ELLEN COHN, University of Cambridge
PANEL 134 DAVIDSON A
Workshop: Emerging Developments and Trends in the Instruction of Comparative Criminal Justice
Convener: JAMES OPOLOT, Texas Southern University
Participants:
OBI EBBE, State University of New York at Brockport
LARRY BASSI, State University of New York at Brockport
PIDLIPRHOADES, Corpus Christi State University
K S MURTY, Clark-Atlanta University
PANEL 135 DAVIDSON B
Personnel Issues in Local Jails
Chair fDiscussant: MARILYN FORD, Volusia County Department of Corrections
Papers:
"Demographic Overview of Local Correctional Officers at the SherifPs Department Level," ROY WALKER,RICHARD AVNER, CHRISTOPHER FLAMMANG, University of Illinois
"Patterns in the Employment of Women in Jails," LINDA ZUPAN, Illinois State University
"Developing a Jail Operations Training Curriculum: Meeting the Needs of Local Confinement Facilities," JAMES NESS and ELLYN NESS, Barton County Community College
"Staff Turnover in New Generation Jails: An Investigation of Its Causes and Prevention," MARY STOHR-GILMORE, New Mexico State University and RUTH SELF and NICHOlAS LOVRICH, Washington State University
90 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 8:30 am.-lO:OO am.
PANEL 136 DAVIDSON C
Program Studies Concerned with Various Aspects of Corrections
Chair /Discussant: DONAL Mac NAMARA, John Jay College
Papers:
"Accessibility to Programs and Facilities for Physically Disabled Inmates in State Prisons," DONAL Mac NAMARA, John Jay College
"A Comparison of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Psychodynamic Assessments of Psychopathy-Cumulative Measures of Understanding the Unconscious/Conscious Relationship in Offender Populations," JACQUELINE HELFGOTI, Pennsylvania State University
"The St Anthony Work Camp-A New Philosophy for Rehabilitation," MARION ROBINSON, Idaho Department of Correction
"Minnesota Community Corrections Act: Past and Present," MARKMOTIVANS, Nexus Adult and Juvenile Treatment Program
PANEL 137 DIRECfOR'S 1
Roundtable: Exploring New Frontiers in Comparative Criminal Justice: Reflections on Legal Delegations to Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Eastern China Before and Mter 'Tianamen Square'
Convener: GARY FEINBERG, St Thomas University
Participants:
LINDA HAVRON, Pricor Inc WILLIAM THOMPSON, University of California, Irvine RICHARD WARD, University of Illinois at Chicago BOHDAN YAWORSKY, Jersey City State College
PANEL 138 DIRECfOR'S 2
Socio-Political Forces, Social Control, and the Criminal Justice System
Chair /Discussant: ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Papers:
"Berlin in Transition: Changing Crime Rates and Police Reform," ALEXIS ARONOWITZ, Central Texas College; BELINDA COOPER; and BRUCE WIMMER
"The Birth of the Prison: A Durkheimian Account," BRUCE DiCRISTINA, State University of New York at Albany
"Developing Social Control Measures," W WESLEY JOHNSON, Florida State University
"Explaining Variance in Illinois County Justice Expenditures, " DAVID OlSON, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority
91 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 199� 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m.
PANEL 139 DIRECfOR'S 3
Assessing the Impact ofSentencing Decisions
Chair /Discussant: JAMES DAVIS, New York City Department of Probation
Papers:
"The Impact of Sentencing Guidelines on Corrections," RICHARD lAWRENCE, St Cloud State University
"Evaluating Pretrial Services: A Local Endeavor," BARBARA HART, University of Texas at Tyler
"Lay Punishment Preferences in Opinion Polls: Cognitive Processing," LORE1TA STAlANS, American Bar Foundation
"Research on Drug-Crime Causality: A Guide for Future Research and the Issue of Classification," STEPHEN SMITH, Temple University
PANEL 140
Rape D
Chair /Discussant: JOHNWATKINS JR, University of Alabama
Papers:
"Incidence of Date Rape on a College Campus," ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama and MARIEWENSTROM
"The Intensity of Date Rape Among University Students in Ohio," BAHRAM HAGIDGID and SUSAN JOHNSON, University of Dayton
"Marital Rape-Date Rape Are They the Same: Explorations into the Response of Victims on Sexual Assault," DIANE DAANE and DENIS STEAD, Ball State University
PANEL 141 DIRECfOR'S 5
Special Considerations for Women Who Abuse Drugs
Chair: SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida - Daytona Beach
Papers:
"Treatment and Prevention Issues for Cocaine Abusing Mothers," SUE MAHANand DELIAPRES1WOOD, University of Central Florida - Daytona Beach
"Compulsory Treatment of Drug-Addicted Pregnancy: Issues and Complications," ROCCO D'ANGELO and RUDOLPH ALEXANDER, Ohio State University
"Treatment Experiences of Women Drug Users in New York City," PENELOPE HANKE and CHARLES FAUPEL, Auburn University
"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Criminal Liability," lANAWACHNIAK and DAWN SCHAFFER, Kennesaw State College
Discussant: DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University
92 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.
PLENARY SESSION ill TENNESSEE
DRUG CONTROL POUCIES AND STRATEGIES
Convener: GARY POTTER, Eastern Kentucky University
Participant:
CRAIG UClDDA, National Institute of Justice BRUCE JOHNSON, Narcotic and Drug Research Inc ARNOLD TREBACH, Drug Policy Foundation
FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 2:15 p.m.-3:45 p.m.
PANEL 142 TENNESSEE
Drug Control Policy: Past, Present, and Future
Chair /Discussant: DAVID STRIEGEL, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers:
"An Historical Perspective on the 'Drug Problem'," ROBERT REINERTSEN, Western Illinois University
"Locking Up the Drug Problem: The Impact of Omnibus Criminal Justice Anti-Drug Policies," LWYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College
"Drugs, Crime and Public Policy: New Approaches to the 21st Century," GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina
"The Sociology of Reefer Madness: How Marijuana Became Criminalized in the United States," MICHAEL ELSNER, American University
"Is the War on Drugs an Example of a Runaway Cultural Process?" BRYAN VllA, University of California, Irvine
PANEL 143 NASHVILLE WEST
Student Panel: Drugs I
Chair /Discussant: BERNARD McCARTHY, University of Central Florida
Papers:
"Drug Enforcement and the 'Drug War': A Survey of Alumni Attitudes Toward the 'Drug War'," ROBIN ROGERS, Western Carolina University
"Are We Controlling the Right Drugs?" THERESE DONAWELL, University of Texas at El Paso
"Drug Use and Help-Seeking Behaviors of University Students," PAUL VANDERGRIFf III, North Carolina Central University
93 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 2:15p.m.-3:45 p.m.
PANEL 144 NASHVllLE EAST
Student Panel: Law Enforcement Issues
Chair /Discussant: MICHAEL MEYER, University of North Dakota
Papers:
"Identifying a Model DWI Task Force Program," MICHELLE TIDESEN, Washington State University
"The Impact of the 65 Mile Per Hour Speed Limit on Enforcement Policy," STEPHEN O'CONOR, Rutgers University
"Making a Run for the Border: Taco Bell as a Deviance-Generating Milieu," THOMAS O'CONNOR, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"An Interactive Analysis of Uniformed Law Enforcement Officers and the Mentally Ill," JAMES RUIZ, Minot State University
"Role Differences Between State Police Officers and Highway Patrolmen," JIMMYANDERSON, North Carolina Central University
PANEL 145 RYMAN NORTH Police and the Media
Chair: TERRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville
Papers:
"A Law Enforcement Policy Perspective for Dealing with the Print and Electronic News Media in the 1990's," MAREA MANNION and WILLIAM WALSH, Pennsylvania State University
"The Police and the Media: Proposals for Amelioration of Dysfunctional Conflict," JAMES GUFFEY, California State University, Hayward
Discussant: TERRYEDWARDS, University of Louisville
PANEL 146 RYMAN SOUTH
Police Personnel Issues
Chair: W FRED WEGENER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Papers:
"Human Resource Allocation in Small, Medium, and Large Police Departments," C ALLEN PIERCE, Youngstown State University
Maier and Breier: Coexistence in Milwaukee," MARTIN GRUBERG, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
"The Police Subculture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective," DONAW WALKER, Kent State University
Discussant: W FRED WEGENER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
94 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 199� 2:15 p.m.-3:45 p.m.
PANEL 147 DAVIDSON A
Community Interventions with Juveniles
Chair: JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University
Papers:
"Operation Involvement: A Model of University/Agency Cooperation in Helping Troubled Youth," JOHNNYMcGAHA, Southeast Missouri State University
"Delinquency, Exercise, and Self-Esteem: A Look at a New Program for High Risk Youth," BllL WAKEFIELD, University of Nebraska at Omaha
"The Effects of Legal and Nonlegal Factors and Diversionary Programs on the Likelihood of Success Within A Juvenile Court Setting," MICHAEL LEIBER, JAYNE ARNElL, HOLLY GRAVES, KATHLEEN KAUTH, University of Northern Iowa and SEAN ANDERSON, State University of New York at Albany
"Private vs Public Operation: A Comparison of Two Juvenile Restitution Programs," SUDIPTO ROY, Delaware State College
Discussant: JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University
PANEL 148 DAVIDSON B
Issues in the Management of Jails and Jail Inmates
Chair: MARKHAMM, Indiana State University
Papers:
"Institutional Conflict in Jails: The Crisis at Rikers Island During the Summer of 1990," MICHAEL WELCH, St John's University
"Managing Inmates: An Analysis of Conflict Resolution in an Urban Jail," JEFFREYSENESE, University of Baltimore and DAVID KALINICH, Michigan State University
"Solomon, the Sword and the Baby: Allocating Prison Beds in an Overburdened System," STEVEN CUVELIER, Sam Houston State University
"Jail Audits, Policies, and Procedures: Stirring Up Muck For a Purpose," KEN KERLE, American Jail Association
Discussant: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University
PANEL 149 DAVIDSON C
Workshop: Battered and Abused Women Who Kill
Co-Conveners: JOHN LENTZand JANETHOMPSON, Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women
95 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 2:15p.m.-3:45 p.m.
PANEL 150 DIRECfOR'S 1
Crime, Drugs, and Development
Co-Chairs: RICHARD BENNEIT, American University and BRUCE WIEGAND, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
Papers: flU S-Columbia Drug War: The Barry Case," NANCY LIACH, LEE JOHNSON, and MARSHALL WUIS, United States Information Agency
"Gender, Drugs and Development: A Cross-National Perspective," TAMMYANDERSON, American University
"Victimization, Nationalism and the USWar on Drugs," BRUCE WIEGAND, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater and RICHARD BENNETI', American University
"Comparative Methods and Findings From Two National Drug Use Surveys: Mexico and the USA," lANA HARRISON, National Institute of Drug Abuse
"Licit and Illicit Opium: Analysis of Problems Faced by Police in India," ANGElABURGER, University of Wisconsin, Marathon Campus
Discussant: ARTIRJR HOUGHTON III, Office of National Drug Control Policy
PANEL 151 DIRECfOR'S 2
Public Opinion and Crime Control Policy
Chair: JAMES FRANK, Michigan State University
Papers:
"Retribution and Capital Punishment: Toward a Better Understanding of Death Penalty Opinion," ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
"Guns, Southerness, and Gun Control," PAULINE GASDON and AlAN UZOTTE, State University of New York at Albany and DAVID McDOWALL, University of Maryland
"Correlation of Attitudes on Criminal Justice Issues," EDWARD LEDDYand ANDREW GIACOMAZZI, Washington State University
"Controlling Drunk Driving: The Relationship Between Public Opinion and Police Practice," STEPHEN MASTROFSKI and R RICHARD RITII, Pennsylvania State University
"An Indirect Assessment of Public Tolerance for Day Fines," SHERWOOD ZIMMERMAN, BEVERLY RIVERA,and MARKSElS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Discussant: JAMES FRANK, Michigan State University
96 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 2:15 p.m.-3:45 p.m.
PANEL 152 DIRECfOR'S 3 The Ultimate Penalty: Current Research on Capital Punishment
Chair /Discussant: LAURAMYERS, East Tennessee State University
Papers:
"Researching Capital Punishment: Problems and Possibilities," DONALD RANISHand RICHARDLOOFBO URROW, Antelope Valley College
"One Flew Over Death Row: Execution and the Chemically Competent Condemned," CLIFFORD DORNE, University of Southwestern Louisiana and KENNETH GERWERTH, Saginaw Valley State University
"Education and the Death Penalty: Results of a Five-Year Study of Opinion Changes Among College Students," Z G STANDING BEAR and D K SUMNER, Valdosta State College
"Willing to Kill: An Analysis of the Growing Support for Capital Punishment," KARENEHATI, American University
"Capital Crimes: An Historical and Contemporary Examination," DENNIS WIECHMAN, University of Evansville; RONALD BAE; and DAVID STRIEGEL, Eastern Kentucky University
PANEL 153 DIRECfOR'S 4 Violence Among Intimates I
Chair/Discussant: LINDA SALTZMAN, Centers for Disease Control
Papers:
"Domestic Violence: Causation and Reduction Methods," FAYE GROJEAN, Southeast Missouri State University
"Adjudicating Domestic Violence Cases," RAYMOND ELLIS, Coppin State College
"Problems in Studying Elder Abuse: A Preliminary Report on an Ongoing Research Project," IDA JOHNSON and ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama
"Crime and the Family, 1985-1990," LEE DARLIN, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
PANEL 154 DIRECfOR'S 5
Multivariate Determinants of Substance Abuse and Criminal Behavior
Chair: DIANA FISHBEIN, University of Baltimore
Papers: "Tempting Fate: Investigating the Determinants of Injected Drug Users' High Risk Behavior," JEANNEYIN, FIA American University
"Personality, Nutrition, Drugs, and Violence: A Connection," ROBERT WARFIELD, University of Wisconsin-Platteville
"The Early Identification of Youths at Risk for Violence and Drug Abuse," JAY STEPHENS and C RAY JEFFERY, Florida State University
Discussant: ALLAN BARNES, University of Alaska Anchorage
97 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 4:00p.m.-5:30 p.m.
PANEL 155 TENNESSEE
The Impact of Drug Control Policies
Chair /Discussant: JONATHAN CAULKINS, Carnegie Mellon University
Papers: "Evaluating Drug Enforcement Strategies," PETER HAYNES, Arizona State University
"Strategies for Breaking the Drug Habit in Public Housing: The Chattanooga Experience," ROGER THOMPSON, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
"An Examination of the Houston Police Department's Narcotics Division," OSWALD GmBONS, University of Houston Downtown
"The Adverse Impact of Drug Legalization on Women and Minorities," ANGELYN FLO WERS, University of the District of Columbia
PANEL 156 NASHVllLE WEST Student Panel: Drugs II
Chair /Discussant: MARSON JOHNSON, University of South Florida at Lakeland
Papers:
"The Addict: Criminal or Diseased," ADRIANA FERNANDEZ, Temple University
"From the Hills to the Fields, Kentucky's Homegrown: The Parallel of Moonshine and Marijuana," DEBRA SCOTT, Eastern Kentucky University
"Implications of the National Drug Control Strategy on the Criminal Justice System and Sentencing Philosophies," BARBARA KOONS, Temple University
PANEL 157 NASHVILLE EAST Student Panel: Theories and Sanctions
Chair: CARL BUTCHER, Missouri Western State College
Papers: "Does Social Control Theory Work: An Examination of the Empirical Research of the 1980's," KENNETH CLONTZ and J GAYLE MERICLE, Florida State University
"Applications of Role Theory in Victim Assistance," KAREN ARBOIT and BRYAN BYERS, St Mary's College
"The Effect of Differential Experience of Legal Sanctions on Perceptions of Severity of Legal Sanctions," ELENI APOSPORI, University of Connecticut
"A Brief History of Capital Punishment and Current Attitudes of Death Row Inmates," KEITH ASClDNGER JR, University of Evansville
"Program Evaluation: An Historical Perspective," LYNN PHElAN, Sam Houston State University
Discussant: DAN PARTRICH, Chadron State College
98 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 199� 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
PAN EL 158 RYMAN NORTH
Evolution of LawEnf orcement
Chair: MI1TIE SOUTHERLAND, Eastern Kentucky University
Papers:
"Making History: Explaining the Development of the Police," LAWRENCE TRAVIS Ill, University of Cincinnati
"An Empirical Analysis of Sovereignty in the Institutional Environment of Police Organizations," JOHN CRANK, University of Nevada at Las Vegas; ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati; and ROBERT CULBERT SON, Northwest Missouri State University
"Barriers to Change in Law Enforcement in a Developing Nation," LEE COLWElL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Discussant: MI1TIE SOUTHERLAND, Eastern Kentucky University
PANEL 159 RYMAN SOUTH Law Enforcement Accreditation
Chair: C ALLEN PIERCE, Youngstown State University
Papers:
"A Comparison of NYS and CALEA Law Enforcement Agency Accreditation," PETER PHILLIPS, Utica College of Syracuse University
"Law Enforcement Accreditation: Pros and Cons," JOSEPH GRAZIANO, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Discussant: C ALLEN PIERCE, Youngstown State University
PAN EL 160 DAVIDSON A
Juveniles, Adolescent Sex Offenders, and Drug Treatment
Chair: ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus
Papers:
"Organizing and Conducting Life History Reviews of Criminals and Delinquents," NORMAN GREENBERG, Utica College of Syracuse University
"Peer Counseling Strategies: An Alternative Approach to the Specialized Residential Treatment of Adolescent Sex Offenders," JAMES BRANNONand RIK TROYER, Idaho Youth Services Center
"The Politics of Drug Treatment in Juvenile Corrections," PHILIP HARRIS, Temple University
Discussant: ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus
99 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
PANEL 161 DAVIDSON B Alternative Programs to Corrections: What Price Corrections?
Chair /Discussant: THEODORE FERDINAND, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Papers: "Strange Bedfellows in South Carolina: State and Private Correctional Agencies," DONALD BAll..EY, Francis Marion College
"Integrated Service Delivery," CARY HARKAWAY, Multnomah County Program Services Division
"Theoretical Relevance of Congruence Between Correctional Treatment Practices and Reliable Therapeutic Principles of Rehabilitation in Reducing Recidivism," ARTHUR CLAGETT, Stephen F Austin State University
"An Educational Partnership in Corrections: A Model Program," BECKY PANEITZ, Pueblo Community College
PANEL 162 DAVIDSON C
Workshop: The Manipulative Inmate: Strategies for Treatment and the Protection of Staff Members
Co-Conveners: JOHN LENTZ and JANE THOMPSON, Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women
PANEL 163 DIRECfOR'S 1 Crime Prevention Research: Linkages and Partnerships
Chair: JAMES CALDER, University of Texas at San Antonio
Papers: "Community Crime Prevention Programs and Neighborly Values," HOLLY DERSHEM, Washington State University
"Public-Private Partnership: Impact on Crime Prevention," CLIFFORDVAN METER, University of Illinois; WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, Hallcrest Management Systems; and JOHN STRAUCHS, Systech Group Inc
"The Effects of Crime Prevention Strategies on Criminal Victimization and the Fear of Crime: A Panel Study," KNOWLTON JOHNSON, University of Louisville Discussant: RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College
PANEL 164 DIRECfOR'S 2 Decision Tools for Criminal JusticeAdministration
Chair/Discussant: WILUAM HYATT, Western Carolina University
Papers: "The Hofeld/Marsh Analysis: An Alternate Tool for Criminal Justice Decision-Making," ROBERT CHAIRES JR, University of Nevada, Reno
"Quantitative Models in Criminal Justice," GAlANJANEKSElA and THOMAS FULLER, Wichita State University
"Legal Processing and Risk Assessment," WNN lANZA-KADUCE, PATRICK GARTIN, and lAUREN DUNDES, University of Florida and N GARY HOLTEN, University of Central Florida
"Geographic Information System Applications in Criminal Justice," ROBERT ROGERS and DEWRES CRAIG, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
100 FRIDAY, MARCH 8, 1991, 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
PANEL 165 DIRECfOR'S 3
Issues in Research Methods
Chair: LYNNSMITH, Western Kentucky University
Papers:
"The Utility of Meta-Analysis in Criminal Justic� Research," L EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University
"Criminal Justice Evaluation as a Dangerous Business," HUGH PIDLLIPS and GARY GREEN, Albany State College
Discussant: LYNN SMITH, Western Kentucky University
PANEL 166 DIRECfOR'S 4
Violence Among Intimates n
Chair /Discussant: DESMOND ELLIS, York University
Papers:
"Rethinking the Relationship Between Male Peer Support and Women Abuse," WALTER DeKESEREDY, Carleton University and MARTIN SCHWARTZ, Ohio University
"The Correlation of Sibling Gender to Incestuous Victims in Dysfunctional Families," DARREL DeGRAW, University of Central Texas
"Intimacy and Violence," DEE GRAHAM, University of Cincinnati
"Violence and Intimacy," L OKUN
PANEL 167 DIRECfOR'S 5
Analyses of the Extent and Predictors of Drug Abuse and Related Crime
Chair: KEITH PARKER, University of Nebraska at Lincoln
Papers:
"Criminality Among Male Narcotic Addicts," KEITH PARKER, University of Nebraska at Lincoln
"Repeat Offenders: Predicting Substance-Related Criminal Behavior," J D JAMIESON and VERNON FA RRIS, Southwest Texas State University
"On the Extent of Drug Abuse: Emergency Room Admissions as an Alternative Source of Data," JURG GERBER and ROBERT HUNTER, Sam Houston State University
"Drug Use, Drug Dealing, and Drug-Related Crime: The Findings of the Nebraska Inmate Survey," INEKE MARSHALL and JULIE HORNEY, University of Nebraska at Omaha
Discussant: LWYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College
101 SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1991
8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. ADS Registration WESTBALLROOM 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m. ADS Executive Board Meeting DIRECfOR'S 2
SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1991, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL 168 TENNESSEE
LawEnforcement Approaches to Drug Control
Chair: MICHAEL LYMAN, Columbia College
Papers:
"The War on Drugs: An Analysis of MEG Units," JAMES NESS, Barton County Community College and THOMAS NESS, Stevens Point Police Department (WI)
"Police Strategies for Controlling Drug Sales," KATHLEEN HANRAHAN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"Displacement from Local Drug Enforcement: A Description of the Various Types of Displacement and Their Social Costs," JONATHAN CAULKINS, Carnegie Mellon University
"Drug Law Enforcement 'Crackdowns': TNT, Drugs, and Politics in New York," JEFFREY KRAUS, Wagner College
Discussant: MICHAEL LYMAN, Columbia College
PANEL 169 NASHVILLE WEST
Workshop: Development of the Texas DWI Mobile Video Taping Project
Convener: JAMES KUBOVIAK, Brazos County (TX) Attorney's Office
PANEL 170 NASHVILLE EAST
Student Panel: Adult Correctional Institutions
Chair: ROBERT EVANS, Valdosta State College
Papers:
"The Impact of Bond on Jail Overcrowding in Durham, North Carolina," A lAIA FJIRE, North Carolina Central University
"The Use of Citations and Summonses and Their Impact on Jail Overcrowding in Durham, North Carolina," TONYA BENTON, North Carolina Central University
"Inmate Victimization, Routine Activity Theory: A Study of Prison Life in New Mexico," VICKI HUTClDNGS, New Mexico State University
"Behavior Modification in a Prison Environment: Fact or Fallacy?" CARMEN BRYANT, University of Louisville
Discussant: ROBERT EVANS, Valdosta State College
102 SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1991, 8:30 am.-lO:00 am.
PANEL 171 RYMAN NORTH
Pariahs of Policing
Chair: WUIS ALBERT, Kent State University
Papers:
"Public Reaction to Women in Policing," PEARL JACOBS, Sacred Heart University
"Utilization of African American Police Officers," LEONARD WILLIAMS SR, University of Akron
"An Analysis of the Unionization of a University Police Force," RICHARD BEE, Youngstown State University
"Workplace Problems Experienced by Police Women and Minorities, and Their Coping Strategies," MERRYMORASH and ROBIN HAARR, Michigan State University
Discussant: WUIS ALBERT, Kent State University
PANEL l'n RYMAN SOUTH
Student Panel: Juvenile Processes and Issues n
Chair: BRUCEMALlARD , Tennessee State University
Papers:
"Public Reaction to a Child Molestation Case," KRISTINESTEARNS and JIM FLYNN,University of Northern Colorado
"Age of Criminal Responsibility and Juvenile Waiver: Sweden v United States," JENNIFER JONES, Memphis State University
"Procedural Justice and Compliance in Illinois High Schools," LWYD BABB, University of Illinois at Chicago
Discussant: LARRY ANDREWS, Missouri Western State College
PANEL 173 DAVIDSON A
The Harford County Experiment: A Model for Co-Product:ive Police Research
Chair: CARL KLOCKARS, University of Delaware
Papers:
"Dimensions of Patrol Officer Area Knowledge," DEBRA HOFFMASTER, Pennsylvania State University
"The Production and Consumption of Research in American Police Agencies," WILLIAM HARVER, University of Delaware
"Criminalizing and Decriminalizing Excessive False Alarms," ROBERT BENfSEN, University of Maryland
Discussant: CARLKLOCKARS, University of Delaware
103 SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 199� 8:30 a.Dl.-I0:00 a.m.
PANEL 174 DAVIDSON B
Drug Treatment Models and Corrections
Chair: JOSEPH VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University
Papers:
"A Cross-Classification of Prison Substance Abuse Program Models: The Relevance of Structural Fit," THOMAS CASTELlANO and RICHARD BECK, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
"The Chemically Dependent Offender in Community Corrections: The Revolving Door of Treatment Failure," ZAID ANSARI, University of Cincinnati
"Drug Testing and Recidivism: Second Year Results," GENNARO VITO,DEBORAH WILSON, and THOMAS KEIL, University of Louisville
"The War on Drugs," W JAMES ERDMANN, Presbytery of the Palisades
"TBA," ROBERT FISHER and CHARLES NYGARD, New York State Department of Correctional Services
Discussant: JOSEPH VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University
PANEL 175 DAVIDSON C
Workshop: Managing the Seductive Inmate Treatment Management: Problems and Prescriptions
Co-Conveners: JOHN LENTZ and JANE THOMPSON, Kentucky Correctional Institute for Women
PANEL 176 DIRECTOR'S 1
Issues in Private SecurityLaw
Chair: ROBERT MEADOWS, California Lutheran University
Papers:
"The Fourth Amendment and 'Private' Searches," ALFREDO GARCIA, St Thomas University School of Law
"Negligent Retention, Supervision, and Training of Employees in Private Security," JULIE GILMERE and JOHN CHUV AlA, Western Illinois University
"Profiling Premises Liability Suits for Negligent Security: Issues and Implications," ROBERT MEADOWS, California Lutheran University
"Criminal Attacks on Business Premises: Toward Standards for Expert Evidence on Security Issues," JAMES CALDER and DAPHNE SIPES, University of Texas at San Antonio
Discussant: HARVEY MORLEY, California State University, Long Beach
104 SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 199� 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.
PANEL 177 DIRECfOR'S 3
An Act by any Other Name: The Role of Ethics in Criminal Justice
Chair: MICHAELBlANKENSHIP, Memphis State University
Papers:
"The End of Professionalism and the Beginning of Ethics in Criminal Justice," SAM SOURYAL, Sam Houston State University
"Ethics and Prosecutorial Discretion," VINCENT MAHER and JOSEPH FORD, lona College
"Ethical Issues in American Law Enforcement," MARSON JOHNSON, University of South Florida at Lakeland
Discussant: MICHAEL BlANKENSHIP, Memphis State University
PANEL 178 DIRECfOR'S 4
Victim Perspectives I
Chair: IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Papers:
"Fear of Crime Among the Elderly," JANICE JOSEPH, Stockton State College
"AIDS: The Victim's Right to Know," USA FAVRE', Auburn University at Montgomery
"Following Murder: Families and the Criminal Justice System," GREER FOX and TAUB BELL, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Discussant: IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
PANEL 179 DIRECfOR'S 5
Controlling White-Collar and Corporate Crime
Chair: NANCI WILSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Papers:
"White-Collar Crime Investigation-A Low Priority," ROBERT HOLlAND, State Police Department (Queensland, Australia)
"Multiple Employer Trusts: Potential Illegalities in the Health Care Benefits Industry," CAROL FONG and J H DOOCY, California Department of Corporations
"Garbage Crime: Waste, Waste Disposal and the Rise of Ecological Consciousness Among Western Pennsylvanians," NA NCY WILSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
105 SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1991, 10:15 am.-11:45 am.
PANEL 180 TENNESSEE
Innovative Approaches in Drug Control
Chair /Discussant: GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina
Papers:
"Prison Substance Abuse Treatment: A Biopsy of the Wallet," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University
"Drug Stamp Tax Acts as a Crime Control Tool: Myth and Reality," JAMES BENSON, University of Houston, Clear Lake
"Hawks Searching for New Prey: A Critical-Interpretive Analysis of the Military's Involvement in the Drug War," PETER KRASKA, Kent State University
"Drugs in the Workplace," ROBERT O'BWCK and CHUCK FIELDS, Appalachian State University
"The Effects of Program Evaluation on Policy Decisions: Is DA.R.E. Educationally Effective?" SANDRA WALKER
PANEL 181 NASHVILLE WEST
Roundtable: The Changing Role of the Police: Seeking Balance Without Destroying Function
Convener: RICHARD LUMB, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Participants:
RONALD HUNTER, Jacksonville State University
THOMAS BARKER, Jacksonville State University
PANEL 182 NASHVILLE EAST
Student Panel: Violent Crimes
Chair /Discussant: ROBERT WRINSKAS, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Papers:
"Domestic Violence: Why Women Remain in Abuse Relationships," TONYA WOODARD and MARYJOHN, Coppin State College
"Domestic Violence in Asian Communities: The Unspoken Truth," KIMBERLY HUISMAN, St Joseph's University
"Ritualistic Abuse of Children: The Ultimate Sacrifice," BRENDA BARRON, Auburn University at Montgomery
"Rape and the Criminal Justice System: A Victim's Perspective," STEPHANIEHAM STID , University of Louisville
"The Characteristics and Behavior of Homicide Victims: A Case Study of Milwaukee, Wisconsin," KENNETH MEULER, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
106 SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 199� 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m.
PANEL 183 RYMANNOR TII
Police Potpourri
Chair /Discussant: JOHNDEMPSEY, Suffolk Community College
Papers:
"Failure to Prepare Contingency Plans: Civil Liability of Police Organizations in Disaster Situations," STEPHEN PECORARO, Memphis State University
"Policing the Environment: A Convergence of Need and Opportunity," MICHAEL BIANKENSIllP and MARK FREILICH, Memphis State University
"Assessment of New Jersey's Drivers' License Revocation Law for Drug Offenders," J THOMAS McEWEN and EDWARD CONNORS, Institute for Law and Justice
PANEL 184 RYMAN SOUTH
Roundtable: Issues in Implementing New Law Enforcement Strategies
Convener: HElKE GRAMCKOW, Jefferson Institute for Justice Studies
Participants:
JAMES FYFE, American University
JACK GREENE, Temple University
CARL KLOCKARS, University of Delaware
STEPHEN MASTROFSKI, Pennsylvania State University
ROBERT WORDEN, State University of New York at Albany
PANEL 185 DAVIDSON A
Police Responses to Domestic Assault: The Minneapolis Replications
Chair: CRAIG UCHIDA, National Institute of Justice
Papers:
"Police Responses to Domestic Assault: Colorado Springs," HOWARD BlACK, Colorado Springs Police Department and RICHARD BERK, University of California, Los Angeles
"Police Responses to Domestic Assault: Omaha," FRANK DUNFORD, University of Colorado
"Police Responses to Domestic Assault: Charlotte," J DAVIDIllR SCHEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
"Police Responses to Domestic Assault: Milwaukee," lAWRENCE SHERMAN, Crime Control Institute
Discussant: ALBERTREISS JR, Yale University
107 SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1991, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.
PANEL 186 DAVIDSON B A Potpourri of Issues in Corrections
Chair /Discussant: MARC RENZEMA, Kutztown University
Papers: "Female Correction Officers in Women and Men's Prisons," KAYLEEN RICHARDS-EKEH, California State University at Sacramento and ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College
"Effects of Diversion: An Examination of Pretrial Diversion to Secondary Prevention Programs," FAYE TAXMAN, Montgomery County Criminal Justice Coordinating Commission (MD)
"Duty to Warn in Community-Based Corrections," JANETPORTER, University of Nebraska at Omaha
"Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? The Behavioral Effects of Home Incarceration with Electronic Monitoring," PATRICIA WVELESS, University of Delaware
"The Michigan Corrections Officers' Stress Survey: Organizational Versus Individual Stressors," GEORGE GROSS, Northern Michigan University; THERESA CROSS; and JACK SMITH
PANEL 187 DAVIDSON C Roundtable: Setting the Jail Research Agenda for the 19908
Co-Conveners: G lARRYMAYS, New Mexico State University and JOEL THOMPSON, Appalachian State University
Participants: lARRY ARD, Contra Costa County Sheriffs Department STEVEN CUVELIER, Sam Houston State University ROSEMARY GIDO, Social Research and Evaluation Inc JOHNKLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology BARBARA PRICE, John Jay College KURT SIEDSCHLAW, Kearney State College MICHAEL WELCH, St John's University CHARLES NEWMAN, Administration of Justice Associates
PANEL 188 DIRECfOR'S 1 Security Planning and the Corporate Environment
Chair: MICHAEL MOBERLY, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Papers: "Security Planning for the Recently Merged Convenience Store and Gasoline Station," JAMES VARDAUS, Florida International University and MICHAEL WIATROWSKI, Florida Atlantic University
"Designing Security and Access Control into the Built Environment: The Role of Users and the 'Corporate Culture'," MICHAEL MOBERLY, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
"Security Can Work: On Avoiding Hostage Situations," CHESTER QUARLES, University of Mississippi
"Contemporary American Traitors: Have Secrets will Sell," HOWARD TIMM, PERSEREC
Discussant: NORMAN BOTfOM, Journal of Security Administration
108 SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 199� 10:15 am.-11:45 am.
PANEL 189 DIRECfOR'S 3 Roundtable: Has the WC�� � in the United States? Co-Conveners: JAMES WALKER, Wright State University and KEN BEfSALEL, University of North Carolina at Asheville
PANEL 190 DIRECfOR'S 4
Victim Perspectives IT
Chair: JANICE JOSEPH, Stockton State College
Papers:
"Does Restitution to Victims and Witnesses of Crime Constitute a Violation of Ethics?" MARIAN WlDTSON and IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
"Victim's Perspectives of Criminal Justice Institutions and Procedures," KEN STOCKHOLM, University of Alaska Fairbanks
"Crime Victims who use Guns in Self-Defense," CHRIS MARSHALL and VINCENT WEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha
Discussant: JANICE JOSEPH, Stockton State College
PANEL 191 DIRECfOR'S 5
Roundtable: 'Let's Kill All the Lawyers': The Problems and Prospects of Teaching Law in a Criminal Justice Program
Co-Conveners: ROlANDO del CARMEN, Sam Houston State University and MARVIN ZALMAN, Wayne State University
Participants:
KENNETH AYERS, Kentucky Wesleyan College
DANIEL DEARTH, University of Texas-Pan American
W RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, Memphis State University
PATRICK McANANY, University of Illinois at Chicago
JEFFREY SENESE, University of Baltimore
DONALD WALlACE, Central Missouri State University
BENJAMIN WRIGHT, Louisiana State University
109 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS
NAME PAGE
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Washington State University ...... 18
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American Correctional Association ...... 22
Illinois State University ...... 24 West Publishing Company ...... 26
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Temple University ...... 32
Eastern Kentucky University ...... 34
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National Center for State Courts ...... 38
Sam Houston State University ...... 40
Office of International Criminal Justice ...... 42
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc ...... 44
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ACJS/ Anderson Monograph Series ...... 48
Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences ...... 50 Southern Criminal Justice Association ...... 54 Midwestern Criminal Justice Association ...... 56
Journal of Crime and Justice ...... 58
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Criminal Justice Press ...... 76
This Program and Abstract Book, and related annual meeting materials, were produced by the ACJS National Office at Northern Kentucky University.
Patricia Delancey ACJS Executive Director
J Michael Thomson Mary Jo Hardcorn Editor, ACJS Today Staff Secretary
110 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES
1991
ANNUAL MEETING
__r �I
MARCH 5-9, 1991
STOUFFER NASHVILLE HOTEL
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
ABSTRACTS
THEME:
DRUGS, CRIME, AND PUBLIC POLICY
111 112 PANEL 1 Issues inDrug Testing
"Issues in the Reliability of Drug Testing," WENDELIN HUME, Sam Houston State University
There is a growing concern and media publicity regarding drug abuse in the public and private sectors of American society. This current atmosphere of heightened concern has led to a growing interest in both the public and private sectors in the use of chemical tests, especially urine tests, for identifying drug users. With so many jobs, so much money, and possibly a great many lives at stake, understanding the methods of drug testing as well as the constitutional and legal issues surrounding the reliability of these tests is of growing importance.
''The Attraction and Logic of Drug Testing to Criminal Justice," LYNN ZIMMER, Queens College and JAMES JACOBS, New York University Law School
The earliest use of urinalysis as a system of detection and control took place within the criminal justice system-in probation, parole, and pre-trial release. This paper traces the expansion of criminal justice drug testing in the 1980's, the logic behind it, the politics that supported it, and the organizational realities that have undercut its usefulness. The authors examine drug testing's potential to contribute to the deterrent, rehabilitative, and incapacitative functions of punishment.
''The Effects of Random Drug Testing of Probationers," EDWARD IA'IESSA, University of Cincinnati
This paper examines the results from a two-year period. Over 2,000 probationers were tested on a regular basis. Results indicate that drug testing in and of itself appears to have an effect and that there are different patterns of abuse related to race, residence, sex, and age.
PANEL2 Roundtable: Ted Bundy: Serial Murderer
This roundtable discusses the approach used to enlist Bundy's assistance in sharing intelligence regarding his own development and involvement in serial killings and that of other deaths by fellow inmates; they shared their insights with Bundy. Details of his victims' selection, m.o., and body secretion, will be presented. Bundy's preparation for the electric chair and his approach to making his own peace, is outlined. Finally, the legacy of Ted Bundy is discussed.
PANEL 3 Student Panel: Criminal Justice Innovations
"Crisis Intervention in Criminal Justice," MIKE mOMAS and JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University
The origins of crisis intervention can be traced back to the first time one person needed the help of another. As well, early developments of crisis and crisis intervention theory find their primary origins in the psychological and medical services. At present, however, criminal justice agencies find themselves in a position where the use of crisis intervention is extremely necessary. This paper examines the origins of crisis intervention with a major focus on how crisis intervention plays a vital role in the criminal justice system.
"Critical Incident Debriefing Teams," JUDy SIEPHENSON and JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University
This paper provides information on critical incident debriefing teams in the 50 largest cities in the United States. The findings suggest that much has been done in the 1980's. The data may provide valuable information to police chiefs, victim-witness advocate programs, and criminal justice educators concerning curriculum issues and suggested modifications for existing programs or for those who wish to develop a program.
"The Push for Public Bail in Tennessee," MITCHElLNN WRE , Memphis State University
This research takes a critical view of the current push for publicly-funded bail bond programs in Tennessee, and its ramifications if the state legislature passes laws restricting commercial bail bond companies.
PANEL 4 Policing: A Review ofSome Prior Research
"Community Orientated Policing: Yesterday and Today," PATRICK RYAN, Long Island University
This paper analyzes the effect that the cop on the beat had on the community in comparison to the effect that the "new and innovative" community oriented police officer has on the community.
"Police Seniority and the Use of Deadly Force," SEANGRENNAN and HARVEY KUSHNER, Long Island University
This paper analyzes prior studies related to police officer seniority and the use of deadly force. The findings related to this research show that there is no difference between shooting incidents involving officers with one to five years experience and officers with over 10 years experience.
"Community Policing: Why it Doesn't Work," RHONDA DelPRIORE, Long Island University
This presentation describes methods used by three police departments in the lower New York state area to implement community orientated policing and explain why their deployment methods have been unsuccessful in deterring crime.
113 "Police Corruption: New York vs Australia," VINCENT HENRY, Long Island University
This report analyzes police corruption problems encountered by the New York City Police Department and the Queensland (Australia) Police Department. An examination indicates that there are not many major differences in types of police corruption but that police agencies use different strategies to solve corruption problems.
"Police Involvement in Money Laundering Investigations," JOHN MARKEY, United States Customs Service
United States government enforcement agencies have recovered millions of dollars in recent years through the use of sting operations. This money is then re-invested into programs to continue the war on drugs. This research reviews some of the sting operations used by federal agencies and shows how they can be implemented by local law enforcement agencies to create funding to fight street crime.
PANEL 5 RethinkingCriminological Theory
"The Need for an Advanced Criminology," THOMAS KELLEY, Wayne State University
The field of criminologyhas been living within its own theoretical view. It has become increasingly dependent upon the content of its own analytical reasoning to lead it in the direction of progress and results. It has maintained the status quo by re-cycling variations of its current thought patterns. Thus, this search for unknown or new knowledge has become research at our previously established level of understanding. This paper attempts to set aside the current criminological frame of reference in order to examine how the field came into existence in the first place and suggests the need for a new advanced criminology based on a deeper understanding of the psychological function that is used to create all patterns of thought.
"The Positive School of Criminology: A Conceptual Model," BOB WALSH, University of Houston-Downtown
An examination is made of the positive school of criminology. The brief eJo.-posure given to this topic in introductory to criminology textbooks is sometimes misleading and inaccurate. This paper exposes the major influences that shaped the school of thought into its present form.
"The Isms of Crime and Criminal Justice," LAURIN WOLLAN JR, Florida State University
Criminologyand criminal justice are afflicted-and enlivened-by a variety of isms. Veterans as well as newcomers need to know the isms between which they might be caught. Among the many in an extensive inventory are: unidisciplinism/multidisciplinism, multidisciplinism/interdisciplinism, theorism/practicism, sciencism/technologism, academicism/vocationalism/professionalism ivory-towerism/ sociologism/psychologism/biologism, and
naturism/natural-nurturism/nurtural = naturism/nurturism.
"Corrections as Enterprise," J ROBERT LllLY and PAUL KNEPPER, Northern Kentucky University
Conventional criminological wisdom explains prison/jail populations on changes in rates of crime, vagaries of the criminal justice process and changes in socio-political contests. These eJo.-p lanations have failed to examine the variance of prison populations over time. It is argued that increases in prison populations have developed during the last two decades because corrections is a relatively autonomous enterprise which responds as market demands expansion and growth.
"Rational Plus Theory," EDWARD THIBAULT
No abstract available.
PANEL 6 Applications ofDelinquency Tbeory
"Juvenile Justice: Theory versus Practice," LYNEITE LEE-SAMMONS, California State University at Sacramento
Juvenile justice policy in the United States varies considerably from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Even within jurisdictions, it is not always clear how theory and/or policy relates to practice. This paper reports the findings from a study in which college students conducted personal interviews with practicing juvenile justice professionals. In the interviews the students explored: 1) the juvenile justice practitioners' knowledge of theories relating to causes of juvenile delinquency; and 2) specific policies, practices and procedures relating to the treatment of juveniles in their jurisdiction. The findings have implications for how juvenile justice educators can assist their students in making that essential link between theory and practice.
"Causes of Delinquency: From the Perspective of Criminology Students," KATIIRINEJOHNSON and ELIZABEIlI GROSSI, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
This research project addresses two specific questions: What do criminology students perceive as the principle causes of delinquent behavior? And, What differences are there between the students' perceptions? Since many of these criminology students enter the criminal justice field and since attitudes are (to some degree) related to behavior, the answers to these questions might provide some insight into how these students will act in future criminal justice roles. Additionally, criminal justice agencies can most readily aid its bureaucratic flow by the selection of staff members that concur with that agency's theoretical orientation.
114 "ContemporaryAnalysis of Shoplifting," lLOYD KLEMKE, Oregon State University
This paper undertakes a contemporary analysis of shoplifting, particularly juvenile shoplifting. Emphasis is placed on reviewingexisting research that seeks to explain this type of behavior. Current psychological and sociological theories of shoplifting are applied to shoplifting behavior.
"Delinquency in Rural Pennsylvania," NANCY KOEHLER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
This research explores the scope of delinquency in rural Pennsylvania, with a particular focus on the Amish. Rural areas reportedlyare experiencing both increasing "urbanization" and increasing rates of juvenile delinquency. Within this context the Amish present an interesting case. The Amish are an agrarian and separatist group with strong family values, who have traditionally experienced low crime and delinquency. However, Amish youth, particularly males, often engage in a brief period of delinquent activity, e.g., drinking, drugging, shoplifting, prior to baptism and ultimately marriage. It is believed the community tolerates these behaviors and the youth are not formally processed by the juvenile system.
PANEL1 Descnb ing and Studying Programsfor Prison Inmates
"A Full Employment Policy for Inmates in the United States: Some Implications," KA1HLEENMAGUIRE and 11M00lIYGAN FlANA , State University of New York at Albany
As of 1989, over 650,000 inmates were housed in state and federal prisons. While prison industrial programs exist in federal prisons and in most state prison systems, less than 15 percent of the incarcerated population is currently employed. The extent to which other countries fully employ their incarcerated populationsis reviewed and the implications of a full employment policyfor corrections in the United States is examined. The economic impact of full employment of inmates is estimated. In addition, the effects of a full employment policyon facility operations and administration, and the quality of life in prisons is explored.
"Profile of Programs for Incarcerated Women," MARY CLARK, Virginia Commonwealth University
This research focuses upon incarcerated women in state and federal prisons. The results give both a profile of incarcerated women and of programs to meet their needs. In particular, the results show a variety of ways in which department of corrections have had to develop parent/child programs in order to foster better parenting skills.
"The Inner Prison Pre-Release Program - A Recovery Process," JOHNBROOKS, JOAN BROOKS, REVDONALD MISENER, Recom Consultants and Trainers
The authors discuss their experiences of over 25 years within the Canadian criminal justice system as violent repeat offender, prison chaplain, and prison case worker. Today as Recom Consultants and Trainers, they have developed a program for institutionalized offenders within a correctional setting. "1be Inner Prison Program" takes participants through the grief in their past (loss of love, family, through abuse, etc.) toward some understandingof their own inner emotional prisons and on to the discovery of a healthy, independent and functional life style in society. It includes a 24-hour, in-prison, grief recovery marathon in the prison chapel with community representatives.
"'Doing Time' in Prison: The Complexities of Prison Research," HARRY DAMMER, Mercyhurst College
Based on a 1990 ethnographic study completed in two maximum security institutions, this paper explores the numerous ethical, methodological, and practical problems associated with doing prison research in the 1990's. Special attention is given to providing suggestions for making this important research method less emotionally and intellectually taxing.
PANEL8 Criminal JusticeCurricula
"Continuity and Change in Criminal Justice Curricula," DAVID JONES, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
Several years ago, this author presented a paper, "Criminal Justice Curricula: An Over-view", in which he analyzed 4-year criminal justice programs as they existed at that time. The basic methodology used was to examine college catalogs to determine what courses were being offered by the different institutions. The author proposes to use a similar methodology, supplemented by a questionnaire, to examine current criminal justice curricula. In doing so, it is hoped to determine the extent and direction of change in curricular offerings of 4-year criminal justice programs in this country.
"White Collar Crime in the Criminal Justice Curriculum," DAVID FRIEDRICHS and RICHARD WRIGIIT, University of Scranton
Recognition of the significance of white-collar crime has grownsubstantially in recent years, and a growing volume of white-collar crime research has developed. Nevertheless, a content analysis of criminology and criminal justice textbooks, and criminal justice program offerings, reveals a relative neglect of white-collar crime as a substantive focus of attention in criminal justice education. Some hypothetical reasons for this relative neglect are explored. An argument is made on both theoretical and pragmatic grounds for more sustained and systematic integration of white-collar crime into the criminal justice curriculum.
115 "An Economic Crime Investigation Major: A Variation on the Criminal Justice Theme or an Emerging Discipline?" GARY GORDON, Utica College of Syracuse University
During the 1980's, economic crime began to demand more attention in the criminal justice field. In 1983, Utica College of Syracuse University established an innovative curriculum, separate from the criminal justice major, to prepare undergraduates for the emerging field of economic crime investigation. This interdisciplinaryprogra m, which has grown in numbers and courseoff eringssince then, combines course work in several disciplines: criminal justice, accounting, computer science, and business. This paper discusses the development of the program and raises issues and problems that have been encountered. It concludes with a proposal for future development in this area.
"Including Ethics in the Criminal Justice Curriculum," ELlZABEfH Me GRAm, Loyola University
Much of the current literature on curriculum development stresses concentration on the ethical dimensions of all areas of business, arts and sciences, education, etc., which required inclusion of some sort of treatment of value questions in conjunction with the traditional subject matter of each discipline. This paper addresses some of the difficulties (both methodological and practical) of incorporatingsome treatment of ethics (either through development of a separate course or through inclusion of an ethics component in an already existing course) within a criminal justice curriculum.
"A Model for Teaching Criminal Justice Ethics," JERRY CEDERBLOM and CASSIASPOHN, Universityof Nebraska at Omaha
First presented is the model, which involves: 1) teaching two theoretical approaches to deciding ethical questions-the utilitarian approach and the contract approach; 2) applying these approaches to a broad range of ethically problematic cases typically encountered in criminal justice professions; and 3) engaging students in evaluating how well each approach deals with these cases and in considering whether there are other, more adequate approaches. Also presented are the rationale for using this teaching model and describing the results of using it in a course at this university.
PANEL 9 Changing Europe: Reform and Stability
"Crime and Punishment in Bulgaria," BErIE FOX, Eastern Kentucky University
With all the political upheaval in Eastern Europe this year, little attention has been given to criminal justice. Yet, as a subsystem of the political system, it plays a vitalrole in the struggle for democracyin these formerly communist countries. This paper attempts to assess the role of the criminal justice process in Bulgaria in this country's effort to peacefully transform the present communist government into a constitutional democracy. The major substantive criminal laws in the Penal Code which have to do with state and economic crimes are identified and their enforcement in the criminal justice process are discussed.
"Crime and Corrections in Post-Franco Spain," FRANK MORN, Illinois State University
No abstract available.
"An Overview of Probation Procedures and Statistics in the Federal Republic of Germany," RAYMOND TESKE JR, Sam Houston State University and HANS-JOERG ALBRECHT, Max Planck Institute
This paper presents an overview of probation procedures, including relevant legal issues, in the Federal Republic of Germany. Attention is given to both the juvenile and adult systems. Data regarding several selected crimes are presented in order to illustrate the probation process, including data concerningrecidivism.
"Yellow Misery: Imprisonment by the Secret Police of East Germany," NANCY W0Lm University of South Carolina
Even more secretive than the operation of the East German governmentwere the policies and practices of the Ministry for State Security (the East German counterpart of the KGB). Responsible for investigating and prosecuting persons for acts which endangered the state, the "Stasi" utilized ingenious techniques of psychological torture during pre-trial detention to induce confessions. Persons convicted of political crimes remained under the authority of the Stasi and were subjected to such onerous conditions of imprisonment that the most notorious prison came to be known as the "Yellow Misery." PANEL 10 Fourth Amendment Issues I
"A Further Weakening of the Exclusionary Rule," ALTONSLANE, Muhlenberg College
During the 1989-90 term, the United States Supreme Court handed down several decisions in the Fourth Amendment area which consistently point to a further evisceration of defendants' rights, and illustrates the Court's concerns with the substantial social costs exacted by the exclusionary rule for the vindication of Fourth Amendment rights. This paper highlights the Court's current predisposition and speculates about its future agenda in the realm of the Fourth Amendment.
"Civil Liability in Search and Seizures," TODDBOAZ, Memphis State University
There has been considerable growth in recent years to the volume of civil litigation which has been directed at police officers and departments. These kinds of civil actions have also been proposed as a remedy to procedural violations in place of the exclusionary rule, a view toward which the current Supreme Court has shown some favor. Accordingly, this paper examines the law of torts as it has been applied in impropersearch and seizure actions. In addition, an examination of current legal thought is conducted with an eye toward predicting future trends in such litigation.
116 "Refurbishing the 'Silver Platter' in State Court," W RICHARDJANIKOWSKI, Memphis State University
Prior to application of the Fourth Amendment to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment, the original silver-platter doctrine allowed evidence ob tained by state officers in compliance with state law, but contrary to federal law, to be used by federal officers in a federal criminal trail. While most commentators considered the doctrine a deadletter, some recent state court decisions indicate a revival of the doctrine in a new form-a "reverse silver-platter doctrine." The reformulated doctrine allows admission of evidence obtained by federal officers in a manner forbidden to state officers in state criminal proceedings. Such a procedure raises serious constitutional concerns.
"Recent Developments in Search and Seizure Law: A Critique of the Supreme Court's 1989-90 Term," KENNEI1I REFSE, Georgia Southern University
In its 1989-90 term,the Supreme Court rendered several decisions of some consequence in search and seizure law. For example, the Court dispensed with the "inadvertent discovery" requirement of plain view seizures, upheld protective sweeps following an in-home arrest, and sanctioned consent searches based on the "apparent" authority of a third party. This paper examines those decisions and makes observations about their potentiallong term impacts on the criminal justice process.
PANEL 11 ChildAbuse: Perceptions andResponses
"Child Abuse: A Problem with Perception," DENNIS GIEVER and JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University
Efforts to control child abuse are hampered by differing public perceptions of what actually constitutes child abuse. This paper cites the results of a survey undertaken within a southwestern community which has a large Hispanic population. With the use of vignettes designed by Giovannoni and Becerra, the respondent's perception of child abuse is analyzed from the differing cultural aspects,as well as by sex, age, occupation and marital status. With the use of a factor analysis program, the correlation between each factor is explored in depth.
"Hospital-Based Response to Abused Children," ROBIN RUSSEIL and MAGGIE KALKOWSKl, University of Nebraska at Omaha; MARK HORTON, St Joseph Hospital (Omaha); and ANI'ONETfE BlAKE
Hospital-based health service providers are often the first professionals to respond to serious cases of child abuse. Yet their involvement in the reporting and investigation of child maltreatment cases has been problematic. This paper reports the results of a survey of physicians, nurses and hospital social workers as to their involvement in child abuse cases, collaborative relationships, and assessment of hospital response to victimized children. Recommendations will be made for improving medical reporting, investigation, and management of child abuse cases.
"Sentencing Trends and Differentials Relating to Child Sexual Abusers in Six States," DFANCHAMPION, California State University, Long Beach
No abstract available.
"The Criminalization of Pre-Natal Substance Abuse and Neglect," JOYCELYN POLWCK-BYRNE, University of Houston-Downtown
This paper describes and discusses the recent trend in some states to prosecute women who use drugs during pregnancy or otherwise engage in behaviors that are potentially harmful to the fetus, and which arguably result in harm-determined after the birth of the fetus. Both legal and social policy issues are discussed.
PANEL12 Crime, Music,and Media
"Campus Crime: Perception and Reality," SIEPHEN BRODT, Ball State University
Campus crime has recently been "discovered" by the media. Articles in the press suggest that campus environments are not safe places and that students are being victimized at an increasing rate by their peers and by non-students. In fact, a recent promotional flier for a Donahue show on the topic asserts that campus crime is "one of America's best-kept secrets." This paper compares the perception that campus crime is a growing problem with formidable dimensions and the reality behind this phenomenon. Campus crime data and other relevant information are examined in order to determine if the claims being made about campus crime as a "problem" are justified.
"Music and Violence," EDWARD ARMSTRONG, University of Wisconsin-Stout
Countrymusic and rap music deal with traditional crimes of violence, specifically,murder, forcible rape, robbery,and aggravated assault. This paper compares the presentation of violent crimes within these musical forms. Lyric content is the primary source of data. The ethnomusicological technique of archiving provides the procedural guidelines. Upon analysis, a framework of parallelisms is discovered and a shared patterning of concerns is evident. Within both country music and rap music, songs about violence involve the focal concerns of trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, and autonomy.
"Real Cops and Robbers: A Study in Visual Criminology," CECIL GREEK, University of South Florida
This project compares the images of crime and police work that appear on two FOX network shows: "Cops" and "America's Most Wanted". Both programs are part of FOX's entertainment lineup. The first is a documentary series and the latter features recreations of actual crimes. Analysis is done on two levels at once: 1) the production techniques used and 2) the criminological content of the programs. The questions asked include: 1)
117 How is the need to be entertained reflected (or not reflected) in the production techniques? Do these programs present a realistic view of crime and police work in our society?
PANEL 13 TheOrganization ofVICC
"The Seeds of Organized Crime: The Marijuana Industry in Kentucky," GARYPOTIER, LARRY GAINES, and BEIH HOLBROOK, Eastern Kentucky University
This research addresses the rapid growth in the marijuana cultivation and wholesaling industryin Kentucky in the past few years and the impact of the growth on rural criminal organizations. Special attention is paid to participants in the marijuana industry, criminal organizations growing out of that industry, and crimes ancillaryto the cultivation and wholesaling of marijuana. The impact of marijuana as a growth industry on traditional forms of rural criminal organization is also addressed.
"Social Control and Rules of Conduct in an Illegal Brothel," EDWARD ARMSfRONG, Universityof Wisconsin-Stout
This paper is an ethnographic account of an illegal brothel which operated as a health club during 1990in a large southerncity. Data were gathered by an informant who worked in the establishment as a prostitute. Informal interviews with the owner provided additional information. Here the central concern was to avoid police raids and harassment. Worker conduct, especially when interacting with customers, was governed by strict rules rigidly enforced. Because of its emphasis on rules of conduct, this "health club" is closer to the traditional brothel than the "so-called" massage parlors discussed in the sociology of prostitution.
"Organized Crime and SportsGambling: Point-Shaving in College Basketball," DAVID WHElAN, Western Connecticut State University
Between 1951 and 1985, the integrity of college athletics in the United States was shaken on four separate occasions by disclosures that student-athletes had participated in basketball pointshaving schemes orchestrated by underworld figures. No other form of intercollegiate competition has suffered so many game-riggingscandals as basketball. The full importance of these conspiracies lies in the overlapping contexts in which it has taken place. This paper addresses the topic of how the mechanics of basketball lends itself to point shaving and the direct role of organized crime in the fixes themselves.
PANEL 15 Student Panel: Education and Training
"The Role of Higher Education in Police Training," DAVID ARMSfRONG, Sam Houston State University
While there has been conflict between higher education and traditional police training academies, the two institutions are similar in the skills that are taught. This paper presents the rationale for more cooperation and less conflict between the two organizations, and suggests that academies and universities should coordinate their activities in order to improve the law enforcement function.
"Pedagogical vs Androgogical Learning Theories in Law Enforcement," PRESroN KOELLING, Central Missouri State University
This paper reviews the application of the pedagogical and androgogical model learning theories in law enforcement. Discussion encompasses the implementation of these models as they govern the course and level of instruction in law enforcement academy programs. The learning process of policeofficers is reviewedbased on the tenets of the states theory-age,maturity, and personal life styles. These factors are discussed in terms of their impact on perceptions, expectations and aspirations of recruit and veteran police officers.
"Police Psychology: An Overview of Stress-Related Issues in Law Enforcement," LF.SIJE RICH, Sauk Valley Community College
One aspect of law enforcement that tends to go unrecognized by citizens, as well as professionals, is the high degree of stress associated with work in the field. This paper serves as an overviewof different types of police psychology and how they are applied in order to alleviate common stressors of law enforcement. A discussion of how the lives of officers are influenced by stress are also included. Finally, descriptions of symptoms, warning signs, and techniques used to combat stress are addressed.
"The Implementation of Pre-Employment Security Clearance Polygraph Program in Police Departments," RONALD CLARK, JR, North Carolina Central University
This paper explains the method utilized in implementing this program in law enforcment agencies. It deals with the following: general policy consideration; polygraph examiner qualifications; criteria and guidelines for conducting the pre-employment polygraph examination; utilization of polygraph results; and quality control and monitoring the polygraph.
PANEL16 Incidence ofCrime
"Field Citation as an Alternative to Traditional Arrest," J DAVIDIllRSCHEL, CHARLES DEAN, and JOYCEKERRIGAN, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
With crime rates increasing faster than resources, a need for more efficient utilization of those resources exists. This paperexamines the use of field citation as an alternative to traditional arrest. Citation utilization rates are reviewed and citation is compared with arrest on such dimensions as cost and offender failure to appear rates. The issues of victim safety and satisfaction, and police officer resistance to the use of citation, are explored.
118 "Crime Severity and Noise in Crime Reporting," RICHARD BEE, Youngstown State University
Effective communication is an essential ingredient in the functioning of any organization, especially in the area of incoming telephone calls to the police department. Issues such as the nature and severity of a traffic accident or interpersonal disputes must be determined veryquickly so that the police department can respond in an appropriate manner with appropriate resources.
"A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Predatory Places," PATRICK. GARTIN and SUSAN DALTON, University of Florida
Fo llowing the lead of Sherman, Gartin, and Buerger (1980), calls for police service are utilized to identify the "hot spots" of predatory crime in a southern university community of 100,000. Two years of computerized police call data are used to compare the distribution and density of calls for service to that of a simple Poisson distribution. Descriptive analyses of the "hot spots" are also provided. These results are then compared to earlier findingsfrom Minneapolis. Further, the effect on calls for service of a number of co-ed slayings in the community during the 21st month of available date are examined.
"Crimes of Convenience: An Analysis of Criminal Behavior and Convenience Store Crime in Austin, Texas," NANCYVIGNE, La Police Executive Research Forum
This study explores the environmental factors and business practices associatedwith convenience store crime. A site observation of 60stores explored the way in which convenience stores conduct business and the physical and social environment in which each store is located. A comparison of the sUlVey results with the Austin Police Department's calls for service, using regression analysis, identified which business practices and environmental factors are associated with high-and low-crime rates.
PANEL17 VIOl ent Crime
"Attitudes Toward Offenders and Victims as a Function of Interpersonal Perspective," XIAOKE SUN, Marshall University
Two experiments examined people's attitudes toward offender and victim as a function of interpersonal perspective. In Experiment I, subjects read a sexual assault vignette and were exposed to information about either the victim's viewpoint, the offender's viewpoint, or both viewpoints. It was fo und that subjects liked the victim more and disliked the offender more in the victim's viewpoint condition than in the other conditions. In Experiment II, after subject read the story, the direction of their attention was manipulated. It was found that subjects blamed the offender less and recommended less severe punishment when their attention was directed to the offender's social history than to the offender's personal dispositions.
"Homicide: New Data Sources for the Old Problem of Disaggregation," 'I1IOMAS COURTLESS, George Washington University
Thispaper reports on the preliminary results of a study of homicides committed by inmates confined at the Patuxent Institution in Maryland. It seeks to disaggregate homicide using the rich data sources at the institution. The project leads to an examination of current theories of homicide using the typology developed in the first stage of the research.
"Structural and Cultural Factors in Violent Crime: Critical Level Interactions," JERRY NFAPOLlTAN, Tennessee Technological University
It is suggested that the use of linear models in examining the structural and cultural factors lined with urban violent crime rates conceals their true associations. This research looks at the association among structural and cultural level interaction perspective. Results show that at least three variables from different structural and cultural contexts must reach critically high levels before a city will have a greatly elevated rate of violent crime. None alone reaching a critically high level is sufficient, and interactions at lower levels has only small effects. Family disruption, racial composition, and poverty were found to be crucial factors in critical level interactions.
PANEL18 Status Offenders: Cbaracteristicsand Interventions
"Physical, Mental, and Behavioral Impairments of Status Offenders in Out-of-Home Care," ANN COYNE, University of Nebraska at Omaha
Status offenderswho are placed in out-of-home care frequently exhibit multiple problems. The results of a study of 386 children in out-of-home care are presented, focusing on the characteristics of status offenders. Data from the files of children recently reviewed by the Nebraska Foster Care Review Board were collected, identifying in detail physical, mental, and behavioral impairments. Needed community resources and their availability, as well as barriers withirl the legal system and the Department of Social Services are discussed.
"Practitioner Assessment of Status Offender Problems and Policies," ROBINRUSSFL and URSULASEDLAK, Universityof Nebraska at Omaha; SHFJ.LEY BOYD, Nebraska Adult Probation; and MARYsrARK and MARY BEN SALAH, Douglas County Juvenile Probation
Juvenile justice system intervention with status offenders has long been the source of extensive controversy and frustration. This paper reportson the results of a surveywhich explored the attitudes of Department of Social Services caseworkers and residential treatment staff in Nebraska who regularlywork withjuvenile status offenders. Respondents were surveyed as to their perceptions of: the causes of status offender behaviors; the effectiveness of interventionswith these youth; and their policy preferences for the management of these cases. Implications of this research for the handling of status offender cases within the juvenile justice system are discussed.
119 PANFL 19 Religious and Racial Groups in Prisons
"The Affect of the Muslim Religion Upon the American Inmate," FELECIA DIX, Florida State University
Thepro blem of recidivism and the inmate's adjustment or readjustment to a lawful lifestyle is an occurring phenomena that plagues the correctional institutions today. This paper addresses the effectiveness of the American Muslim Mission and the Nation of Islam on inmates while incarcerated as well as once released. It illustrates that those inmates who convert to the religion of Islam actually do adapt to the prison regime. These inmates also have lower recidivism rates than the national average when compared to non-Muslim inmates.
"Islamic Influences Within American Prison Settings," DANIEL LeCLAIR, Stonehill College
This paper attempts to describe the character of some of the current influences that are being introduced to American prison populations from Islamic faith and culture. Focusis placed on the particular types of responses,both positiveand problematic, that such influences are producingwithin prison settings. Perspectives of prison chaplains (Imams), prison inmates, and prison administrators are reviewed. Research issues are also determined.
"TheManagement of Prison Gangs: An Empirical Assessment," ROBERT PONG, EastCarolina University and SALVADORBUEN1ELLO, Texas Department of Criminal Justice
In recent years, prison gangs have evolved to become major organized crime syndicates in America. Where prison gangs exist, violence prevails. In some jurisdictions, such as Texas, prison gangs nearly took control of the prison system. Overall, prison gangs account for more than 50 percent of all prison problems. The purpose of this paper is to construct a management model for combatting prison gangs. As a result of the surveyof about 200Texas prison officials who have had extensive knowledge in dealing with prison gangs, a list of relevant strategies were identified. These strategies, when properly implemented, may serve as an effective management tool for prison officials anywhere in their efforts to control prison gangs.
"Behind Prison Walls: Racially Based Gangs and Their Level of Violence," ROBERT FONG, East Carolina University and RON VOGEL and ROBERT LITIl..E, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
In recent years, prison gangs have grown to become major disruptive forces in America. It is estimated that in those jurisdictions where prison gangs exist, over 50 percent of all prison problems are caused by prison gangs. While prison gangs have been the topic of recent research, very little is known about the nature and extent of their violence behind prison walls. This paper examines several variables regarded as indicators of violence withinprisons to determine the predictive power of these variables in relation to black, white, and Hispanic gangs.
PANEL 20 ]be Student PeISODality in Criminal Justice Education
"Criminal Justice Student Personality Type and the Self-Actualizing Process," SIEVEN COx, Illinois State University
Criminal justice students in crime and behavior, correctional counseling, and contemporary corrections classes were administered the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Inventoryof Self-Actualizing Characteristics (ISAC) during the 1989 and 1990 academic years. The MBTI places individuals in one of 16 personalitycategories, while the iSAC measures 15 ongoing self-actualizing processes. Student scores on these two tests were compared in an attempt to discover how different personality types react to the self-actualization processes and how self-actualization affects the various personality types.
"Criminal Justice Student Crime, Substance Abuse and Criminal Involvement-Fitness for a Career in Law Enforcement," J MICHAELOUVERO and JORGE DIAZ, University of Texas-Pan American
This paper provides an analysis of criminal and substance abuse involvement among juniors, seniors and graduates of criminal justice programs. It compares the results of this analysis with policies concerning hiring criminal justice personnel. The research hypothesis centers upon the fact that there are definitely criminal justice students clearly inappropriate for careers in law enforcement.
"The Ability to Succeed in College: A Comparison of Transfer and Native Students Majoring in Criminology/Criminal Justice," MICHAELLIEBER, B KEI1H CREW, and MARY WACKER, University of Northern Iowa and ANITA NEUBERGER, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Administratorsof 4-year universities and faculty members of those institutions often assume that transfer students "water-down" the quality of their students and the education that persons may receive while attending college; the school's reputation as a center for academic excellence may even be questioned. The object of this study was to examine the validity of this assumption. Transfer students and native students from two 4-year universities are compared to assess differences and similarities in grade point average, the likelihood of graduation, and a number of other variables over a 5-year period. The findings are discussed in the context of improving relations between 2- and 4-year academic institutions.
"Situational Determinants of Academic Honesty," SCARLEIT IAUI1I,Tiffin University
A study was conducted to determine the likelihood of cheating among business majors and criminal justice majors at Tiffin University. Sixteen criminal justice majors, and 34 business management majorswere giventwo vignettes that tested a student's temptation to cheat under low and high need (to cheat) conditions. Results showed that males were more likely to cheat than females. Business majors and student athletes were more likely to steal an exam than criminal justice majors, although both groups wereequally likely to plagiarize a term paper. Faculty were also presented wi th vignettesthat questioned how professors dealt with students caught cheating. Female faculty were more lenient with a student than male professors.
120 PANEL21 The Mandates of the Police
"The French Police: A Few Unique Features," DILIP DAS, Western Illinois University
This paper deals with the unique features of the French police. Centralization, and a very broad role are characteristic features of French police. Their basic features have been continuing as they were when Napoleon designed this police force as an effective instrument of his imperial government. However, France is a democraticrepublic. The French policedemonstrate deep commitments to democraticvalues and this is interesting in view of the fact that police centralization has been viewed particularly in America as undemocratic. Moreover, in spite of the ancient structure, the French police are dynamic and lively.
"Determinants of Police-Public Relations: The Cases of Korea and Taiwan," BAIK-CHUL LEE and TSANG-MlNG HWANG, Michigan State University
Thepurpose of this study was to examine the factors associating the cooperative attitude of the public towards the police in Korea and Taiwan. It was carried out by a questionnaire survey to a random sample of Korean and Taiwanese subjects living temporarily in the United States. Fifteen variables were entered into the multiple regression equation in order to extract the influential factors predicting the Korean and Taiwanese public's cooperative attitude towards the police. The variables include familiarity with community, awareness of community-related policeorganization, political efficacy, trust in government,group-oriented values, attitude toward authority, etc.
"Origins of the Police Mandate: The Australian Case Reconsidered," DAVID MOORE, Charles Sturt University
Re cent debate about the origins of the New Police in 19th centuryBritain is relevant to an understandingof the origins of policingin British colonies. Among these colonies, the Australian case is unusual. Founded essentially as a penalcolony, the country had nevertheless developed some relatively democratic institutions by the second half of the 19th century. Transplantation and adaptation of British laws and institutions into a very different and rapidly developing society created a distinct new political system. The formation of Australia's various early police forces in their context, and their subsequent evolution into complex bureaucracies, should be considered in any assessment of the contemporary mandate to police.
"England's Drug Enforcement Policy: A Catalyst for Organizational Change," RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University
This paper explains the recent changes that have been brought about in England's drug enforcement policy. It illustrates some common features of that policy with those previously adopted in the United States. Even more important, however, is the fact that this policy may serve as the principal catalyst for the transformation of the organizational structure of the English police service.
"Women's Perception of Their Role as Line Officersin Law Enforcement in India and the United States," MARfAINATA RAJAN, Rutgers University
Thisstudy emphasizes a western and a traditional Asian countryto analyze how women from different cultures in similar organizations perceive their roles, and what the distinguishing factors are of the roles women play. Data are collected through a surveyquestionnaire from 360 female police officers on line duties in various municipal and county sheriffs departments (n = 196) in New Jersey, and all city police departments in the state of Tamil Nadu, India (n = 184). Research findings are reported and discussed.
PANEL22 Fourth Amendment Issues n
"The Revolution in the Auto Emergency Search Doctrine," srANLEY COHEN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Over the years, the United States Supreme Court has modified the Auto Emergency Search Rule so that a lawful search may now be made even though the vehicle is not readily mobile. But, many lower federal and state appellate courts and criminal justice personnel and academicians are not aware of this revolutionary change in the law. Consequently, evidence is being erroneously suppressed and instruction of police officers is incorrect. The author discusses case law to explain what change occurred, how it evolved, and its beneficial results for more effective enforcement of the laws against illegal drugs.
"The Current Legal Status of Drug Testing and its Implications for Criminal Justice," GREGORYORVIS, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Re cent history has seen an upsurge in court cases and statutory law on drug testing on both the federal and state levels. Concurrently, an increase in testing for drugs-of-abuse has also occurred in the private and public sectors. A significant amount of litigation has arisen from the application of drug testing in the criminal justice system. This paper examines the evolution of the law on drug testing as well as its existence today. Fu rthermore, the legal and social implications of drug testing the employees of the system and the criminals being processed within are examined.
"Entrapment in Drug Cases: The Texas Experience," JERRY DOWLING, Sam Houston State University
Because of the nature in which drug violations are investigated, the defense of entrapment is potentially subjected to being raised in each case. Numerous legal opinions discuss the various tests for the defense, yet little has been written concerning the success rate for defendants who allege entrapment. This paper examines the reported appellate cases in Texas in which entrapment was raised in drug law prosecutions in order to examine whether or not the defense is really meaningful.
121 PANEL 23 The Child Abuse-Drug Abuse Connection
"Alcohol and Drug Use as Contributors to Incidences of Severe Family and Domestic Violence," OBIE CIAYrON, University of Nebraska at Omaha
The present research focuses on family and domestic violence as it varies by alcohol and drug use. Estimates of the frequency of drug use and violent episodes are derived from official police reports supplied by the Omaha Police Division. By utilizing case control methods, it was found that in cases of severe family violence, alcohol use was a major explanatory variable. The research failed to establish a relationship between drug use and domestic violence. The finding of no relationship between drug use and domestic violence could be explained in part by the fact that no toxicology reports were included in the investigations.
"The Relationship Between Parental Alcoholism and Child Abuse," WILLIAMDOWNS, BRENDAMILLER, and MARIATESrA, Research Institute on Alcoholism
Retrospective data on experiences of childhood physical abuse were collected on a clinical sample of women (n = 241) and a non-clinical sample of women (n = 203). In both samples, father-to-daughter abuse was associated with father's but not mother's alcoholism. In the clinical sample, mother to-daughter abuse was associated with mother's but not father's alcoholism. In the non-clinical sample, mother-to-daughter abuse was associatedwith alcoholism in both parents. Controlling for other factors, the relationship between father alcoholism and fa ther-to-daughter abuse was stronger than that for mother alcoholism and mother-to-daughter abuse.
"The Relationship Between Parental Alcoholism and Childhood Sexual Abuse," BRENDA MILLER, WILLIAM DOWNS, and MARIA TESTA, Research Institute on Alcoholism
Retrospective data on experiences of childhood sexual abuse were collected on a clinical sample of women (n =241) and a non-clinical sample of women (n = 203). Number of alcohol-related problems in the mother was found unrelated to childhood sexual abuse in both the clinical and nonclinical samples. Conversely, women with prior histories of childhood sexual abuse reported a greater number of alcohol-related problems for the father in both the clinical and non-clinical samples. However, the father or step-father was unlikely to be the perpetrator of the sexual abuse. This study also explores the meaning of these interrelationships through in-depth interview transcripts.
"Perinatal Drug Addiction: A New Form of Child Abuse?" INGERSAGATUN, San Jose State University
Current child abuse laws seek to protect children from harnl after their birth. Fetuses have few if any legal rights since as fetuses they are not considered to be children. The issue is whether pre-natal conduct that affects the fetus should come under the same legislation intended for children after birth. Such "fetal rights" however conflict squarely with "maternal rights". In addressing this important dilemma, this paper focuses specifically on the most common form of fetal abuse that occurs today, namely that of maternal substance abuse during pregnancy. Criminal prosecution of mother and juvenile court interventions are discussed.
PANEL 24 Potpourri vm (Section 1): Still MoreThin� I've Wanted to Say(or Publish) But Which NobodyWanted to Hear (or Read) - A Continuation From the Last Seven Years
"Is the Crime of Treatment Any Worse than the Crime of Punishment?" HONORA FLICKINGER, Tiffin University
This paper was a longitudinal study of hospitalized youths and their "adjustment" to society. Did the hospitalization indeed result in their being "well"? Did the fa milies know the extent of the "treatment" that they committed their children to? Were the children merely dumped into the hospital as a convenience for the family or were they sent as a last resort of the family who was unable to deal with the extreme behavior of the adolescent? Are hospitals being used as a means of control?
"A Review of Federal Firearm Laws: Where are we Now? And Where are we Going?" MICHAELPA LMIO'ITO, Armstrong State College
This paper reviews the federal firearms laws from the enactment of the National Firearms Act of 1934, which was aimed at machine guns and similar offensive weapons. It also reviews the Gun Control Act of 1968 which was enacted in response to the assassination of prominent political figures. Also examined are the Firearms Owners' Protection Act of 1986 and the Mclure-Volkmer Amendments. The responsibilities of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BAFT) in establishing policy, regulating the firearms industry and enforcing federal firearms laws are discussed. An empirical evaluation was conducted to determine the success of controlling violence by the use of firearms.
"The Law and Disparate Treatment in the Police Promotional Process," ROBERT MFADOWS, California Lutheran University
This paper explores police promotion and discrimination cases in the promotional process. It addresses disparate treatment or intentional discrimination as opposed to disparate impact or unintentional discrimination. A case decision from the 9th Circuit is analyzed to better focus on the issues of disparate treatment litigation. The cases suggest that litigation could be avoided if police management took a more responsible and proactive stance in promotional testing.
"Police Automobile Injuries," HOWARD TRlTT, Kent State University
The automobile has become a mainstay of American policing. Much of the officer's duty time is spent patrolling the streets and highways of the community in the confines of his patrol car. A result of this reliance is the risk of officer injury or death which is, in some form, connected to the automobile. This is a well recognized fact among academicians and practitioners, yet little is written or discussed about the problem. The literature
122 is sparse on the nature, source, and scope of officer injuries received from the use of the automobile. Examination of Ohio Workman Compensation claims from 1985-1988 shows the automobile is a major source of police injuries accounting for a large percentage of lost time.
PANEL 2S Workshop: CyberQuest: A Hypermedia-Assisted Problem-Solving System
Cybe!Quest is a new hardware/software system to aid in problem solving, creativity, and broad scale innovation. It involves a hypermedia-assisted, six-step process to help people create, evaluate, and implement ideas. The focus is on results. The system presents userswith concepts that spur creative thinking to solve problems and achieve opportunities.
PANEL 26 Student Panel: Organization, AdministIation, and Politics
"Theoretical Analysis of Politics in Police Organizations," HARLEY ALLEN JR, Eastern Kentucky University
Organizational politics is an important dimension of all organizations. There is a paucity of literature linking organizational politics to police organizations. This paper reviews the available literature examining internalpolitics in other organizational systems and makes theoretical assumptions on organizational politics and its influence on the police organization.
"Sick Leave Provisions of Collective Bargaining Units," TRACY CHAPMAN, Central Missouri State University
Collective bargaining units within police departments have many positive, as well as, negative ramifications. One such ramification is the provision for sick leave accrual, usage, conversion to vacation, or monetary conversionwithin specific guidelines. This paper examines the labor contracts that have specific sick leave provisions, comparing the findings of this paper to earlier studies conducted by PERF. Contracts reviewed are those of municipal, county, consolidated, and state law enforcement agencies serving a population of50, 000 or more, and having 100 ormore sworn officers.
"Problem-Oriented Policing: Evaluation and Implementation," RUSSELL HARNEY, Eastern Kentucky University
This paper describes the aspects of problem-oriented policing in relation to the implementation and evaluation of this theoretical concept proposed by Herman Goldstein. Case studies from various police departments illustrate the methods used and the problems encountered during implementation. Evaluations as to the effectiveness of the implementation process during these studies reveal the organizational method that would be best used to approach the movement towards this type of organizational transformation.
"Crown Prosection Service of England: An Analysis," SCO'ITSASSE and MARDY REED, University of Nebraska at Omaha
This paper examines the attitudes of London, England police officers of all ranks towards the implementation of the Prosecution of Offences Act of 1985 which removed the power of prosecution from the police and gave it to an entity known as the Crown Prosecution Service. On the basis of data gathered by questionnaires, it was determined the police were very opposed to the implementation, although the opposition varies with rank, age, and sex. Further officer conclusions where case processing has slowed, police work and morale has suffered and the new system will not be allowed to fail despite itself.
"The Development, Functions, and Organization of the Turkish Police System," R KENT KERSHENSTEIN, Eastern Kentucky University
This research reviews the development and organizational structure of the Turkish Police System to include the Turkish National Police and landarma MilitaryPolice. From this perspective, the role, duties, and responsibilities of both police forces from 1917 to the present are examined. Also included is an analysis of contemporary problems which involve internal criminal activities and increased terrorism within the Turkish Republic. These problems have required greater coordination between both agencies in the areas of internal security, intelligence collection, as well as joint special operations.
PANEL 1:7 Police Organizational Structure
"A Question of Professionalism: The Destructiveness of the Military Model in Policing," 'IHOMAS McANINCH, Pembroke State Universityand JEFFSANDERS, Universityof Illinois
For some time (at least since WW II), it has been common practice to give militarypreference points (which mandates that veterans receive hiring priority in federal, state, and local governmentjobs) to individuals applying for a position with a policedepartment. In addition, it has been a common practice to grant preference points (five in this study) on police promotional exams to individuals who have served in the military. This study examines the practice of awarding military preference points in hiring and promotion on police departments to see if the practice can be defended. Both the external and internaljustif ications for their use are examined.
"Small Town Police: Some Unanswered Questions," DAVID GRISWOLD, Florida Atlantic University
In this paper, nine police departments in the Portland (OR) area were examined. Their styles, priorities, and reactivity-proactivity are compared. Some of the implications of these findings are also discussed.
123 "Resource Allocationfor Investigation: A Comparison of Small Police and Sheriffs Agencies," ROBERTWRINSKAS, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
This research focuseson the investigative function in small police agencies and sheriffs departments. As noted in literature reviews, typically studies of the investigative process havelooked at large departments, in cities of at least 125,000population and larger. This study focusesupon departments which have between 10 and 25 swornpersonnel and populationsbetween 3,500 to 60,000. It has been stated in several sources that the modalpolice department size in the United States is 10 sworn officers. The sample here includes 221 police agencies and 51 sheriffs departments. The major focus at this point is to discern the proportion of detectives persworn officers and per 1,000 civilian population of the area served.
PANEL28 Researcbon Crimein High Schools andOIl College Campuses
"CrimeRates and Campus Cohesiveness: An Examination of the Relationship Between Crime and College Climate," CATERINA GOUVIS,American University
Despite increasing public attention to violent crimes committed on college campuses across the country, there remains a dearth of empirical research examining the factors related to campus crime. This paper examines the relationship between crime and campus "cohesiveness," defined as sense of community or belonging. A sample of 4-year colleges who provide data to the Uniform Crime Reports is analyzed employing a time series design. The findings indicate that the level of cohesiveness plays a minor role in determining the incidence of property and violent crime on college campuses. Policy implications are presented and discussed.
"Coping Strategies in Dormitories: A Mix of Formal and Informal Controls Among University Students," YINGYI SDlJ, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
This study examines issues related to crime and misconduct in university residence halls. Specialemphasis is placed on the varying strategies employed by students in reacting to, and coping with, rule infractions of others. The study analyzes the various social, psychological and environmental factors that contributed to the student's selection of different responses in relation to a specific type of misconduct. By using a multiple regression technique of analysis, questionnaire data collected from a medium-size state university in the northeast adds to the literature of social control patterns in universitysettings.
"The School Environment and School Crime: Preliminary Findings," JOHNWHfI'EHEAD, East Tennessee State University and SlEVEN LAB, Bowling Green State University
This paper is a preliminary report of an analysis of the responses of junior and senior high school students to the 1989 National Crime Survey: School Crime Survey. Examined are perceived levels of victimization, a path analytic model of victimization with primary focus on the impact of the school environment, especially discipline, on victimization, consequences of victimization (fear and protective/avoidance measures), and implications for prevention of victimization.
PANEL 29Adolescent Drug Use: Influences and Intel'Yentioos
"Family Influences on Drug Use," JOHN HOFFMANN and ROSEMARY GRAY, State University of New York at Albany
The family influences on adolescent behavior are profound and complex. Most research indicates that poor family relationships are important precursors to delinquent behavior. This paper explores the influences of several direct and indirect family variables on one type of delinquency: adolescent drug use. The theoretical modeldevelops the relationship between family structural variables (e.g., parental absence, family size, economic status) and family relationship variables. Next, the relationship between these family variables and the prevalence and incidence of marijuana and other illicit drug use are investigated.
"A Community Environmental Approach to Reducing Youth Consumption of Alcohol and Drugs," SHEIAVAN NESS , Indiana State University
Conceptualizing community characteristics and structure from the perspective of school-aged youth, it is possible to study issues of alcohol and drug consumption in relation to community resources which could be more rewarding than use of substances. An empirical assessment of alcohol and drug use by school children in one midwestern community is used to identify several inexpensive strategies which in concert, could reduce many of the rewards inherent in illicit alcohol and drug use by young people.
"Changing Attitudes About Drug Usage Among Institutionalized Youth: The Impact of a Value Intensive Program on Young Boys," R DFAN WRIGIIT, SUSAN WRIGIIT, and TIMO'IHY BUZZELL, Drake University
Research has identified a variety of factors correlated with high-risk behavior, including alcohol and drug abuse. In the most significant analysis completed to date, Hawkins, Lishner and Catalano (1985) identified 11 factors which increase the probability that a child might engage in alcohol or other drug abuse. These factors relate directly to the interpersonal behavior of the child. This paper presents the results of a study of all clients in a juvenile training center for boys in a midwestern state. The training school utilizes a 20-week law-related education program wherein institutionalized delinquent boys participate in formal classroom activities focusing on law-related education as well as practical experiences within cottage living and mock trial participation.
124 "Utilizing Feminist Consciousness Raising to Reduce Substance Abuse by Young Women in an Inner City High School," GARLENA BAUER, Otterbein College
Young women whose grades dropped drastically for no apparent reason, who became truant after having good attendance records, who became incorrigible and ultimately ran away, were identified to be 'at risk' for further problems and were invited to attend a feminist consciousness raising group conducted within their high school environment to deal with issues of substance abuse, rape, incest, domestic violence, and rejection. Over a period of two years, they were encouraged to take control of their sexuality by speaking bitterness about those aspects of the patriarchal power structure of society which rendered these young women powerless.
PANEL30 Policy, Prisons, and Communities
"Correctional Institution Community Site Selection Policy Sources, Options, and Consequences," DALE SECHRESr, California State University, San Bernardino
This paper provides an overview of community site selection policy sources, options, and consequences. Discussion is centered on open vs closed approaches to choosing and entering communities, with an emphasis on the benefits of the open siting process.
"Community Attitudes Towards a Prison Under Construction: The Case of Ontario, Oregon," KEfIHFA RRINGTON, Whitman College and WRRY EDVALSON, JOHN MILlAY, and PATRICIA MIDDELBURG, Eastern Oregon State College
The authors present initial findings from their study of the community impacts of the new maximum security Oregon state prison to be constructed in the rural community of Ontario (OR). Surveys of about 600 residents of the pre-prison community, including about 60 qualitatively "rich" key informant interviews have been completed. The authors focus on the relationship between Oregon's correctional facility siting policy as implemented by the Oregon Department of Corrections in the Ontario case and the relative pro-prison unity, at this point in time, of the community's leadership and citizenry.
"Community Conflict in the Site Selection of the Pelican Bay (CA) State Prison," JERRALD KRAUSE, Humboldt State University
Using survey data from the rural Del North County (CA) community before the completion of Pelican Bay State Prison, the author attempts to explain rancorous conflict in the community surrounding the prison issue. The extent to which the contentiousness in the community between pro prison and anti-prison factions had its roots in California's correctional facility siting policy as implemented by the California Department of Corrections in the Del Norte case is examined.
"Post-Construction Relationship Between the Community and Clallum Bay (WA) Correctional Institution," KATIlERINE CARLSON, Peninsula College
This paper, based on analysis of data from the author's ongoing study of the community impacts of Clallam Bay Correctional Institution in Clallam Bay (WA) examines policy and facility-community relations after construction of the facility. The post-construction relationship between the facility and the community of Clallam Bay in terms of impact mitigation efforts, a community advisory committee, and other deliberate public relations exercises is examined. One of the themes is that the relationship has suffered because of a perception on the community's part that there have been broken promises, engendering a lack of trust.
PANEL 31 Computer Applications in Criminal Justice Education
"Teaching a First Course in Computer Applications for Criminal Justice," JAGAN LINGAMNENI, Governors State University
This paper attempts a discussion of the development and introduction of a first course in computer applications for criminal justice to the undergraduate curriculum. The author shares his experiences with the review, selection, and incorporation of the software utilized in teaching a course on the subject. The paper also attempts some of the problems and pitfalls in the administration of the course, computer lab and facilities needed, level of difficulty, and interest generated among the criminal justice students in the first offering. Some practical suggestions and recommendations to make this a regular part of the criminal justice curriculum are also offered.
"Computer Conferencing as a Pedagogic Tool in the Criminal Justice Curriculum," DAVID EMMONS,LARRY NUIT, and MARCIASIEINBOCK, Stockton State College
This research focuses on the use of microcomputers and electronic conferencing as pedagogic tools in the criminal justice curriculum. Three criminal justice faculty, over a year and a half, infused COSY - a computer conferencing system - into a wide array of courses in the major. Using networked computers across the campus and COSY's interactive software, criminal justice students could exchange ideas, learn through discussion and informal writing, collaborate on group projects, and contact faculty-all "on-line" as a supplement to regular classroom activities. The paper examines the requirements, strengths, and weaknesses of this unique application of electronic conferencing.
PANEL 32 Teaching ComparatiYe Criminal Justice
"A Critical Issues Approach to Teaching Comparative Policing," PHILIP RHOADES, Corpus Christi State University
This paper describes and provides the rationale for teaching comparative policing in a critical issues format. The course structure, alternative sets
125 of issues, and source materials are described. It is argued that major dimensions of American policing can be viably studied through comparative analysis. This both deepens and broadens the student's understanding of policing. The development of critical thinking, comparative analysis and communications skills is discussed as an aspect of the course.
"Criminal Justice and Criminology in Latin America, 1880-1989: Observationsfrom the Literature," JOHNSMYKLA, JOHN HOMA, and SANDRA SlEWART, University of Alabama
The most prominent literature available for teaching courses on comparative criminal justice and criminologyfocuses on WesternEurope. Noticeably absent is literature on Latin America, in spite of the fact that Spanish is the fourth principal language of the world. Based on an exhaustive search of the literature, this research highlights themes of Latin American criminal justice and criminology written in the English language from 1880-1989.
"The Shaping of American Crime Policy," EDWARD TROMANHAUSER, Chicago State University
American crime policy has been shaped by many historical factors including our English heritage, race religion, capitalism, the frontier, immigration, regionalism, federalism, and industrialism. This paper discusses how each of these factors is linked to the development of our laws, courts, law enforcement system, correctional system, and approaches to punishment.
"The Strengths and Weaknesses of Comparative Criminal Justice," GEORGE WATSON JR, Chadron State College
This paper surveys comparative research in criminal justice from 1985 to 1990 and examines the strengths and weaknesses of comparative justice studies. While much of the opposition and criticism of comparative justice studies has been mitigated in the past few years which continued internationalization, it focuses on the obstacles which still exist and the utility of comparative justice studies.
PANEL 33 Access to Lawand the LegalProf ession
"Women Lawyers," FRANCES BERNAT, Pennsylvania State University
An analysis of the factors which have impeded/aided the entrance of women into the legal profession is provided.
"Discrimination in Access to Law and the Legal Profession," SUSANTAKATA , University of Wisconsin, Parkside; JFANNECU RRAN and SUSAN FELWS, California State University, Dominguez Hills; and WIS LEE, Children of the Night
Discrimination in access to the law and legal careers is going to continue primarily in two forms: 1) access to the legal profession and paralegal careers is going to be increasingly based on language and writing skills, and 2) access to good legal representation for individuals and communities is going to be increasingly based upon an ability to function within the system. This paper is a case study to illustrate the "tiredness" and "intense excitement" in working with the "truly disadvantaged" in attempting to address both of these issues through an undergraduate moot court program at California State University, Dominguez Hills.
PANEL 34 Preventing Family Violence: Knowledge, Networking, and Advocacy
"Citizen Reporting of Domestic Violence," CHARLES DEAN, J DAVID IDRSCHEL, and ROBERT BRAME, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
This paper is based upon the results of a community survey. Respondents were questioned about a number of issues, demographic information, and, in particular, who they would contact for assistance in the event of a domestic violence incident. The objective of this study was to differentiate between respondents who stated they would call the police for help and respondents who would call either no one or someone besides the police. Results indicated that persons from some demographic groups were more likely to call the police for help than persons from other groups. Research indicates that persons who would call the police are likely drawn from a different subpopulation than those who would not call the police.
"Enforcement of Domestic Violence Protection Orders by Local Law Enforcement Officers," JUDy KAO, California State University, Long Beach
Many states have enacted legislation authorizing the issuance of protective orders in family abuse situations. This study reviews all domestic violence calls received during a 6-month period by a mid-size law enforcement agency in southern California to determine the effectiveness of such restraining orders. The following questions were addressed: What level of violence was involved? How did the calls involving restraining orders differ from other domestic violence calls received? Was a protective order in force at the time? Were the officers able to determine that the order was enforceable? Did the officers take enforcement action? Suggestions are made to improve the handling of protective orders.
"Pueblo Child Advocacy Center, A National Model," CHARLENEGRAHAM, Pueblo Police Department (CO)
This Advocacy Center approach is from a multidisciplinary focus. Professionals in law enforcement, prosecution, social work, mental health and medical came together to provide abused children an environment conducive to better investigation, physically and emotionally. The Center is a home like facility where all phases of child abuse investigation occur. Children are brought to the Center for the initial interview and physical examination is necessary. Experts explain to the children and their family what the investigation will entail. The Center also provides the environment for therapy groups as well. Any necessary meetings also take place there. This Center is now a national role model.
126 "Community Network Response to Child Abuse and Neglect," JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University
Ever since child abuse was first recognized as an important social problem, societalresponse to abuse has been complicated by the need for multiple, often incompatible systems to coordinate their interventions. Recent policy changes have mandated a criminal justice response to what was also a medical and social welfare problem. This research uses network analysis techniques developed in the study of organizational and community power structures to explore the structure of the network of agencies responding to child abuse in one southwestern county. Results show the effects of governmental regulations in restricting the responses to maltreated children and troubled families.
"Teaching Children to Compete as the Essence of the Crime Problem," HALPEPIN SKY , Indiana University
This paper explores contending models of childrearing in three societies-in the United States, where an alternative school contends with public schooling; in Norway, where a Rudolf Steiner school contends with state schooling; and in Tanzania, where singing and guitar-playing with neighborhood children in Dar es Salaam contended with blatantly violent schoolingand childrearing. Some ironies (e.g., the most physically violently victimized children are the most responsive to making music) and some universal principles which emerge from the cross-cultural differences and similarities are explored.
PANEL3S Potpourri vm (Section 2): Still More Things I'veWanted to Say (or Publish) ButWhich NobodyWanted to Hear (or Read) - A Continuation From the Last Seven Years
"I Swear to Uphold the Constitution of the United States of America ... (Whatever it says ... !)" JAMES CONSER, Youngstown State University
In recent years, proposals for "value-added" measures have been articulated. It is time that criminal justice professionals do more than give "lip service" to how effective their programs are. This author provides evidence that supports the need for "effectiveness testing measures" in academic programs. The paper presents selected findings from a general surveyof 50 criminal justice baccalaureate programs as well as anecdotical comments from COlleagues and himself. The title reflects the author's contention that we have practitioners who know what the Constitution "is" but may not know what it "Says" ... how about you?
"'Private' Security Training Certification," JOHN FLICKINGER,Tiffin University
Court enforcement of accountability on the privatized criminal justice intake has created a need for certification of the preparation of the agents. Security services are trying to find the "best" way to provide training and obtain accreditation thereof, without getting government involved. One retailer, after several large damage judgements against them for the actions of their agents, has joined with two universities, one public and one private, in developing a program combining on-the-job training with classroom instruction to meet the need and is using CEU's as a means of recognition.
"ThirtyYears of Advocacy: A Summary of a Career," GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University
This paper examines the public (and private) positions taken by the author during a 3O-year academic career on issues of apparent (at least to him) importance. An agenda for the next 30 years is set forth.
PANEL 36 Issues in Political Crime
"Gangs, Guerilla Warfare, and Social Control," GEORGE KNOX, Chicago State University
Recent gang contributions stressing the oppression thesis (Moore, 1978; Hagedorn, 1988; Knox, 1990)have a logical extension in examining historical aspects of gangs and social conflict. In fact, previously unacknowledged material such as Sleeman (1849) tends to provide this link between gangs and more serious levels of armed conflict. Scenarios for American society are discussed along with law enforcement policy and gang suppression methods.
"The Awakening of the Far Right: The Bootsteps of Hate March Forward," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University
In 1988 and 1989, United States right-wing terrorist organizations were somewhat subdued. Reports of incidents and activities decreased, likely due to several factors, the primary being the 1988 Sedition Trial in Ft Smith (AR). Many believed this trial to be the demise of organized right wing activity. It is argued (based upon incident analysis and content) that 1988 and 1989 were years of regrouping, reorganization, and refortification. Evidence is offered to indicate that the far-right is prepared "to make the 1990s to the 1980s as the 1960swere to the 1950s (flashback)".
"Surviving Political Kidnapping: A Study of Role Relationships Between Hostages and Hostage Takers," WEIZHENG UU, Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Based upon a review of archival and other secondary reports, this study explores the role relationships between political kidnapers and their hostages. Focus is placed upon the behavioral, political, and environmental features which may influence a shift in the terrorist-hostage relationship. Special attention is given the way in which terrorists and/or hostages may purposefully adjust their behavior in order to survive the ordeal.
127 "United States and InternationalTerr orism: An OveIView," JESS BOWE and SHEIKAU, North Carolina Central University
This paperdiscusses terrorism in general and specificallycovers the avenues of attack which America may be exposedto from terrorists. A summary and recommendations are also discussed.
"'Operation Just Cause': The War on Drugs and the Invasion of Panama," CHRISI1NAJOHNS, Alabama State University
The invasion of Panama was the first incident of United States military intetventionism in the third world justified by the War on Drugs. In this paper, the following issues are discussed: the implications of the invasion in terms of domestic and internationallaw, the ideological work done before the invasion to demonize Noriega, the implications for future United States intetvention in Latin America, and the effect of the invasion on international drug trafficking and money laundering.
PANEL YI Workshop: Aryan Supremacyand God
This workshop demonstrates a connection between violent acts of Aryan supremacists and the teachings of certain racial/racist religions. It will identify major "ministers of hate" and examine their dogma. Audio tapes of the words and "sermons" of the religions of hate will be played. Future consequences of this phenomenon are considered.
PANEL38 Student Panel: Corruption,Whistle-Blowing, and Small Businesses
"Iatrogenic Criminality and Corruption in Medical Fields," MICHELLE HAWKINS, Memphis State University
We can no longer afford the luxury of passive health care. The medical field is now trading its ethics for profit. Physicians, hospitals, medical insurance companies, and pharmaceutical companies are becoming more profit-oriented and less concerned with human well-being. This internal collusion often enters into the realm of criminal activity. Therefore, instead of trusting the medical field, we must now investigate to the fullest possibleextent the quality of seIVicesand products, stability, success rates, and other prevalent concernsin order to protect ourselves from becoming disguised victims.
"Whistleblowingand Lawyers," BARBARA BELBOT, Sam Houston State University
In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to whistleblowers, those heroic people who risk their jobs, friendships, and health to expose their employers' illegal or unethical behavior. There has been little systematic research of the whistleblowing phenomenon. This paper presents an oveIView of the literature on whistleblowing and a brief description of the legal protections afforded them. It focuses on the corporate lawyer as a whistleblower.
"The Impact of Crime on the Viability of the Neighborhood Business Area," USA WILLIAMS, Ohio State University
Despite findings that suggest crime, fear of crime, and physical and social disorders have devastating effects on the residential area, little research has been done to examine their effects on the neighborhood business area. This paper examines the effects crime has had on low to high income neighborhood business areas. The results suggest that certain types of crime disapportionately affect low income business areas with significant negative effects.
"Police Brutality," DAVE WALrnRS, Jacksonville State University
No abstract available.
PANEL 39 Detectives
"Detectives, Investigators and Instigators: The Evolution of Sleuthing in Police Work in the United States," BRIAN JOHNSON and FRANK HORVAnI, Michigan State University
Thispaper discusses the historical development of and contexts in which the role of the police"detective" in the United States has evolved. It focuses on the controversies and concerns about and societal reaction to the changing role of the police generally and the investigatory function of the police specifically.
"Altruism and Empathy: Detectives and Subjects Under Arrest," MARK POGREGIN, University of Colorado
In this paper the author developed an interaction perspective to examine encounters between detectives and suspects under arrest. He focused specificallyon those interactions where detectives express empathy and provide help to suspects. If suspects appear to be deseIVing-presenting the cues of a conventional identity-they are given the benefit of the doubt and are responded to appropriately. Thus, if a suspect is successful in presenting the appearance of someone who desetves compassion and assistance, then the detective who empathizes and assists is simply responding according to expected interactional rules of conduct.
128 "Investigator Training and Selection: An Analysis and Implications for the Future," BRIANJOHNSON and TIlOMASACKERMAN, Michigan State University
This paper examines the selection and training of municipal police detectives in the United States. This analysis includes an historical overview, as well as an analysis of contemporary methods of selection and training according to variations in agency size and resource allocation. Projected implications for the selection and training of investigators in the 21st centuryare discussed.
PANEL40 DeadlyForce I
"Toy Guns, Crime, and Congress: An Adventure in Applied Research," DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University and ALLENSAPP, Central Missouri State University
As a result of publicity surrounding the use of toy guns in crime and tragic accidental shootings of persons who were holding toy guns, the United States Congress passed Public Law 100-615. This statute required markings on toy guns to show they were imitations and mandated: 1) NIJ to conduct tests measuring the effectiveness of the markings, and 2) the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) to fund research assessing the "extent of the problem". The authors conducted the BJS portion of the study for the Police Executive Research Forum. This paper examines the paradigm developed for this unusual study, problems encountered in the research in order to meet Congressional mandates, and salient findings.
"'She'll Never Come Closer to Dying .. .': Factors in the Use of Deadly Force Decisions," ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University and DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University
Based on the research from a project funded by the Bureau of Justice Statistics under a Congressional mandate to explore the use of imitation guns in crime, the authors identified several factors salient in deadly force decisions by officers. The data for this paper is based on interviews with officers from 22 different law enforcement agencies nationwide. The officers interviewed had been involved in some type of encounter where a deadly force decision had been made. This research was conducted under the auspices of the Police Executive Research Forum.
"Police Use of Deadly Force in Texas, 1985-1989," WILLIAMsro� Southwest Texas State University
The monitoring of the police use of deadly force has long been of interest to those studying the field of criminal justice. This study presents a descriptive analysis of the police use of deadly force in Texas from 1985 to 1989. It includes data on the use of deadly force by all state, county and municipal law enforcement agents within Texas. The study presents a demographic profile of the victims and data concerningthe events surrounding the use of deadly force.
"Police Use of Deadly Force and Experience: Rookie v Veteran," TAIPING 00, E BRTrI'PATIE RSON, and TERRY MOOREFIElD, Horida State University
This paper explores the relationship between the officer's years of experience and the use of deadly force under simulated high-risk situations derived from �irearms Training System (FATS). This strategy provides an appropriate access to evaluate officer shooting behavior between rookies and veterans while responding to life-threatening situations. A logit model is applied to the present analyses. Officer judgment, reaction time, shooting accuracy, and survival are explored to compare differences between rookies and veterans. Results from this study can be used to suggest how deadly force training might be improved.
PANEL 41 TestingDelinquency Theory
"Delinquency in India and the United States: A Test of Strain, Control and LearningTheories," SESHA KE'I1IINENI, Illinois State University
This study compares juvenile delinquency in India and the United States by examining data from the US National Youth Survey(1 978) and an Indian self-reported delinquency survey of high school students (1990). The results show that control theoryexplains delinquent behavior among girls in India better than among girls in the United States. Overall, the social learningtheory is the strongest predictor of delinquency in both the samples. The implications of these findings for cross-national testing of criminological theories are addressed.
"Self-Control and Juvenile Delinquency: An Empirical Assessment," DAVID BROWNFIELD, University of Toronto
Social control theory has been one of the most influential explanations of crime and delinquency in the last twenty years. Gottfredson and Hirschi propose a new general theoryof crime which includes individual restraints on behavior or "self-control" as distinguished from social restraints. The elements of self-control include an ability to defer gratification, the tendency to be cautious and diligent, cognitive ability, and sensitivity towards others. In this paper, the author analyzes the construct of self-control and its relationship to official and self-reported measures of juvenile delinquency.
"Delinquency and Victimization: A Test of the Routine Activities Perspective," FINNESBENSEN, DAVID HUIZINGA, and ANNE WFJHER, University of Colorado
The routine activities perspective posits that victims' behaviors and lifestyles play a significant role in their victimizations. The authorsexa mine the epidemiology of delinquency and victimization and the extent to which the routine activities perspective explains differential rates of adolescent victimization are examined. Data from interviews with 877 "high risk" youth aged 11 to 15 years provide the basis for the analyses reported.
129 PANEL 42 Political and Legal Issues in Institutional Corrections
"The Politics of Corrections," MARY PARKER, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
There is no question that institutional corrections exists and often times thrives in a purely political arena. The dynamics of institutional correctional systems seem particularly well suited to the sometimes flamboyant nature of political interchange. This paper examines this interweavingof politics and institutional corrections. Issues to be discussed include power brokerage, funding schemes, influence garnering, media influence and public sentiment. These and related issues are examined as they relate to the encompassing political environment.
"Ruffin v Virginia: A Mere Intimation of Slaves of the State," DONAlDWAlLACE, Central Missouri State University
The current view of prisoners'rights jurisprudence of the 19th and early 20th centuries is that prisoners were considered no more than "slaves of the state." Yet, the case cited for this language doesnot itself support this judicial attitude. Other cases from this periodof time indicate that court would entertain claims of abuses of prisoners. This paper discusses the impact upon current prisoners' rights jurisprudence of continuing this erroneous historical view of the legal status of prisoners.
"Does An Inmate Have a Constitutional Right to Become a Father By Artificial Insemination of His Wife?" RICKSI'EINMANN, University of Missouri at St Louis
In a recent case from Missouri, a federal prisoner sought permission to become a father by artificial insemination of his wife. At issue was whether the inmate could provide semen with which his wife could inseminate herself. A United States District Court ruled that the right of reproduction was fundamentally inconsistent with imprisonment itself. On appeal, the 8th United States Circuit Court of Appeals held that couple's right to have children stops at the prison gate. The Court further added that granting the request would be toobur densome and costly. This paper addresses the constitutional implications surrounding this issue.
"Personnel Litigation Involving Jails," KURTSIEDSCHIAW, Kearney State College
This paper reviews and assesses personnel litigation decisions that have occurred over a 10-year period. Focus is given to the change in the substantive basis of the litigation and development of new areas of liability associated with the changing nature of jail staffing and administration.
"Prisoners' Rights in the Rehnquist Era," RICHARD FREY and MICHAEL FITZGERALD, State University of New York at Brockport
William Rehnquist succeeded Warren Burger as Chief Justice in 1986. During Burger's tenure the Court announced a number of significant prisoners' rights principles. This paper examines the Supreme Court cases dealing with those issues since 1986. Several significant changes have occurred. Part of the analysis involves the identification and discussion of the various Justices' votes and a comparison of prisoners' rights cases with capital punishment cases in that regard. Voting positions appear roughly comparable. The legal positions in the prisoners' rights cases continue the Court's restrictive view of both those rights and the judicial role in the correctional process.
PANEL 43 Roundtable: ACJSAcademic Review
This roundtable focuses on the philosophy that underlies the ACJS review program, the mechanics of the process, and provides a review of program guides (guides to the program and to the reviewers).
PANEL 44 The Dynamicsfor Penal Reform
"Prison Reform in England: The Citizen Response," MIKE CARLIE, Southwest Missouri State University
The purposes of this paper are two-fold. First, the paper identifies and describes activities and programs undertaken by British citizen-sponsored prison reform groups on behalf of men and women who are or have been recently incarcerated. These activities include the creation and advocacy of needed reform legislation, public education concerning the need for change, and the raising of funds for programs offered by the citizen-sponsored prison reform groups. The second objective of the paper is to provide a means of comparing and contrasting prison reform in the United States with such activity in England.
"Considering Prisons in Context: The Case of the Peoples Republic of China," JOHNKLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology
It has been suggested that studies of imprisonment in China have implications for the reform of corrections in the West. These studies, however, have tended to be less cautious than other cross-cultural studies with regard to the consideration of context. This paper examines Chinese prisons in their cultural context. The research suggests that any comparisons of Chinese and Western corrections must take into account differences in historical and political/economic circumstances. Humane conditions and treatment programs in Chinese prisons are consistent with that context as are the use of the death penalty and forced labor.
"Historical Perspectives of Penal Reform in English-Speaking African Countries," JAMES OPOLar, Texas Southern University
Thispaper is an account of penal reform over the years in English-speaking African countries. Included in this account are discussions of the sources of ideas, the advocates of ideas, the contents as well as the directions of the reforms, the socio-political context of the reforms, and the problems encountered in creating the reforms.
130 PANEL 45 Influences on CriminalJusticeDecision-Making
"The Influence of Case Characteristics on Investigative Decision-Making," SfEVEN BRANDL, Michigan State University
This paper examines the impact of victim and offense characteristics on detectives' decisions to expendeffort in a criminal investigation. Data were derived from a sample of burglary and robbery records obtained from a medium-sized mid-western municipal police department. The results are discussed in relation to their theoretical contribution to the criminal justice decision-making literature.
"Differential Police Processingof Assault Complaints," JAMES FYFE.,FlAVIN, JFANNE and HEIDE SHINrANI, American University
Sometimes, under court order, many police departments have promulgated policies to guide officers' discretion in dealing with incidents of domestic violence. This paper analyzes police dispositions of reported assaults in a mid-size city in which no such policies exist, and attempts to determine whether police dealt with domestic assaults differentially. Theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
"Comparison of Characteristics of Convicted and Non-Convicted OWl Offenders," lARRY GOUlD and WILLIAMARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University
The data from which the information for this paper is drawn includes variables which seem likely to influence the conviction of an individual for the offense of driving while intoxicated (OWl). It examines and compares the characteristics of drivers arrested and not convicted of OWl to those arrested and convicted of OWL Examined are demographic characteristics, criminal histories, and events surrounding the arrest. Early analysis indicates that blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at time of arrest and prior OWl convictions are highly correlated with a conviction in the current offense.
"An Organization Perspective of the Processing of Criminal Appeals," JIMMY WILLIAMS, University of Alabama
Two important aspects of courts as organizations are the superior-subordinate relationship between various judges and processingcases efficiently. These aspects indicate there should be few appeals from criminal convictions, a high rate of summarily affirming cases on appeal, and compliance by trial judges with the rulings of appellate judges in cases reversed and remanded. The results of this study support these hypotheses of an organizational perspective of processing criminal appeals. It was found few cases were appealed, the majority of cases were affirmed, and trial judges generally complied with the rulings of the appellate court.
"Pretrial Detention and its Effects on Adjudication," SlEVEN YONKERS, American University
The research problem concerns whether or not to detain rather than release a defendant before trial exerts a strong negative influence on case disposition and the severity of sentence. Several studies have been inconclusive in their findings due to small sample sizes, among other biases. This study used cross-national data collected from a sample of the 75 largest counties in the nation to test the conclusions of Goldkamp (1980) and Clarke (1983) which found that pretrial detention may deny equal justice to detained defendants. Relevant findings are discussed.
PANEL 46 Pretrial Publicity
"Pretrial Publicity, Due Process, and Prejudgment of Guilt: Community Reactions in a Cult Killing," JACKARBUIHN Judges commonly assume that eligible jurors' self-professed respect for defendants' due process rights is capable of overriding the potential biasing effects of pretrial publicity. Regression analyses of interviews of 200 eligible jurors (all of whom had at least minimal exposure to the extensive publicity in a multiple-victim cult killing) revealed that prejudgment of guilt was best predicted by due process attitudes, with exposure to pretrial publicity adding significant independent variance. Self-reported ability to serve fairly, however, was predicted by case-specific and personal experience variables. These inconsistencies, and related results, are discussed in terms of courtroom procedures and policy. "Pretrial Publicity: The Progression of Exposure to Information," LEONARD DOBRIN and DONALD SMTnI, Old Dominion University This surveyillustrates the magnitude of the problem of finding jurors who are not aware of and have not formed an opinion of criminal and civil cases that appear in news media prior to and during a trial. The two points of data collected are a survey of citizen knowledge of the selected cases and interviews with 1,276 jurors. The results indicate that it may be very difficult to find an unexposed jury. "Immunity to Pretrial Publicity: Resisting Media Madness," CINDY POOLE and JACK ARBUI1IN In highly publicized cases, judges often must decide between a change of venue and attempting to seat an impartial jury. Eligible jurors vary in their susceptibility to the biasing effects of publicity. Regression analyses of interview responses of 153 eligible jurors, all of whom had reported high levels of media exposure in a very highly publicized multiple-murder case, revealed that those least likely to prejudge were characterized by higher endorsement of due process rights, higher belief that the defendant could receive a fair trial, and lower concern about neighborhood crime. Results are discussed in terms of courtroom voir dire procedures. 131 PANEL 47 Public Policyand the DisproportionateMinorities Incarcerationof "An Examination of Racial Biased Outcomes in Bail Guideline Procedures: Evidence From Florida," MICHAEL LYNCH and E BRfIT PATIERSON, Florida State University This paper examines racial bias in formalized bail procedures that utilize bail guidelines to determine bail amounts in criminal cases. The authors focuson cases involving bail guidelines under the assumption that such guidelines are employed to ensure that criminal justice decisions are rendered in an unbiased fashion. If this assumption is true, then no evidence of a relationship between race and bail amount decisions after controlling for relevant decision-making factors should be found. The authors analyzed bail decisions for a sample of 335 non-narcotic felony arrests made in a north Florida county from 1985 through 1986. The findings indicate that guidelines did not eliminate racial bias. "Racial Disparities in Juvenile Justice Processing: Analyses and Recommendations for Change," DONNA BISHOP and CHARLES FRAZIER, University of Florida Drawing upon data on the processingof over 160,000 cases through Florida's juvenile justice system, differences in the treatment accorded white and black youths at several processingjun ctures are examined. Blacks are disadvantaged relative to whites in terms of initial intake decisions, detention status, prosecutorial charging decisions, and judicial dispositions. Interviews with key informants in the juvenile justice system are used as a basis for interpreting the findingsand making recommendations for change. "Oppression of Minorities in the Armed Forces: An Examination of Early and Contemporary Trends," ELIZABE11-I GROSSI and KATIlRINE JOHNSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper examines past and present military practice and policy regarding minority service members. Special consideration is given to the controversy surrounding the discrimination and oppression of women, blacks, and homosexuals. A discussion of the issues include potential directions for future research. PANEL 48 Drugs and VIOl ence: Factor Fantasy'? "Drugs and Violence: Narcotic and Substance Abuse Research: New York City's Experience," JULIUS DEBRO, Atlanta University No abstract available. "Drugs and Violence: Georgia-A Law Enforcement Perspective," JOHN EDWARDS, Georgia Bureau of Investigation No abstract available. "TBA," GARY McCLURE, Georgia Southern University No abstract available. PLENARY SESSION I DRUGS AND CRIME: A NATIONAL PERSPECIWE This session describes the activities and programs of BJS relating to drugs and crime. Discussions address efforts to improve the amount, quality, and accessibility of statistical information to guide federal, state, and localdrug control policy-making. Also discussed are a spectrum of recent survey findings and analyses that provide an overall picture of national crime trends-trends that, in many respects, conflict with conventional wisdom and public perceptions. While policy responses will not be prescribed, policy relatedness will be shown. PANEL49 The Organization of Drug Markets "Inside the Drug Trade: The Trader's Perspective," KENNEI1-I TUNNELL, Eastern Kentucky University Manufacturing, trafficking, and using drugs have become national and internationalsocial issues. Although the 'drug war' is consistently waged, very little is known about a central participant in the drug trade-the drug trafficker and little about the nature of their offending, network systems, and the effects of law enforcement campaigns on their operations. Given this lack of knowledge, a sample of drug traffickerswas selected and interviewed about the process of buying and selling drugs, establishing connections with larger dealers, and establishing a clientele. The study reveals patterns among drug dealers while calling for a larger study. "Domestic Marijuana as a Growing Concern," RALPHWEISHEIT, Illinois State University With revenues as high as $60 billion a year, domestic marijuana is easily America's largest cash crop. Economics along, however, cannot fully explain the domestic marijuana industry, since many growers become involved in techniques and practices far more elaborate than necessary to only make money. This paper uses interviews with commercial growers to examine the intangible rewards from growing marijuana. For many growers, the process of growing is rewarding in itself and provides pleasure beyond money or the intoxicating effects of marijuana. The importance of these rewards suggests that marijuana cultivation is distinct from other drug-related enterprises. 132 "The Drug Industry in Kentucky: Official Problems and Unofficial Consequences," LARRY GAINES and GARY POTrER, Eastern Kentucky University Kentucky has become one of the primary marijuana producing states. It additionally has become one of the primary trans-shipping points for cocaine as it travels from the south and southwest into the midwest and northeastern portion of the country. This paper explores official reactions to the state's drug problem in terms of enforcement programs and outcomes. The unattended consequences of enforcement is also examined. Finally, the cost-benefit relative to the state's enforcement program is debated. "The Cocaine Industry: Demystifying a Transnational Commodity," MICHAEL ELSNER, American University This paper de mystifies the cocaine industry by analyzing its means and modesof production: how cocaine is manufactured; what types of labor are involved in each stage of its production; how it is exported from South America; and how it is imported into the United States. Additionally it examines how the South American nations of Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia are economically dependent on the cocaine industry. By placing the transnational commodity of cocaine in its proper industrial sociological context, the drug can be separated from the emotionalism that so often surrounds it, especiallyas perpetuated by the news media. PANEL .so Roundtable: Compliant VICtims ofSexual Sadists This presentation focuses on the preliminary findings of FBI Behavioral Science research intetviews of the former wives and girlfriends of men who have been arrested for sexually sadistic offenses. In each instance, the women were subjected to physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. While initially involved in consensual sexual relations, they became victims of their sexually violent spouses and lovers. PANEL 51 Workshop: Graduate School Programs Several prominent graduate school program representatives from the northern, eastern, southern, and western regions discuss the availability of masters and doctoral programs, steps necessary for making applications, financial aid available, and common problems encountered by graduate students. PANEL52 Issues in Criminal Investigation "Drug Witness Related Violence," JUNE SfANSBURY, FBI Academy Overall, drug-related violence is increasing in the United States. Also increasing is violence directed at drug witnesses by drug traffickers in an effort to intimidate, silence, or retaliate. Witness participation in the criminal justice system is so essential to securing justice in the United States that efforts must be taken to ensure continued cooperation. A comprehensive study into past cases of drug-witness related violence, as well as identification of the various methods of countering this type of violence, would be useful to criminal justice professionals contending with future incidents. "Use of Informants by Law Enforcement," DONALD DONOHUE, United States Customs Setvice No abstract available. "Using Proactive Enforcement and Forfeitures to Help Finance the War on Drugs," W FRED WEGENER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Things that get rewarded get done. One way to encourage proactive drug law enforcement by municipal police personnel is to couple creative training with adequate incentives in an ethical forfeiture program. This paper examines the overall philosophy, structure, and process illVolved in a relatively unique training/action program based on user accountability and sponsored by the Pennsylvania State Police. The promise, performance, and problems associatedwith this approach are assessed in light of the need to mobilize sufficient financial resources to wage an effective war on drugs. "Assets Forfeiture: Processing Cases Through the Civil Maze," PATRICK McANANY, University of Illinois at Chicago; CLIFFsrED; Ill and JILL HONSBRUCH Assets forfeiture is a newly invigorated sanction widely used in drug cases. To date, there has been little empirical information on which to ground either an understanding or criticism of a expanding program. This research offers insights on practice drawn from a study of a major federal system, describing both administrative and judicial forfeitures. "A Methodology for Predicting Offender Characteristics from Offense Data," GWRIAURBAN, Southern Illinois Universityat Carbondale This study explores a methodology for using police data to form statistical prediction models to aid criminal investigators in attempts at identifying unknown offenders. Situational and behavioral characteristics of the offender's modus operandi, as recorded in police reports, are used to try to predict certain characteristics of the offender, which might be of help in expanding or narrowing the suspect pool for unsolved crimes. The methodology employed, the problems encountered, and patterns or resulting predictive relationships uncovered when this technique was applied to the offense of residential burglary in Carbondale, Illinois are reported. 133 PANEL 53 DeadlyForce n "Hassles ScaleScores as a Measure of Police Post-ShootingTrauma, " HARLEE FIELD,Belmont College and JFANNEYOUNG, GLENKER OffiR, and JOHNHOLCOMBE, Sam Houston State University Thispaper presents a limited description of police post-shooting trauma measured by a modified Hassles Scale. Hassles of shootingofficers increased significantly at .05 for lower-ranked officers were at least 30 years old and assigned to patrol duty, who had completed 10-15 total years of police service, who had been assaulted and/or who had shot at and missed, wounded, or killed criminal suspects; for concerns over financial, health, and time-pressure matters; for inner-conflict and future concerns; and for shootingconcerns. Two general conclusions drawn were that shooting officers felt hassled at levels significantly greater than did non-shooting officers, and the Hassles Scale is a valid discriminator. "A Classical Approach to Reducing Police Assaults," RONAIJ) andHUNfER RANDALWOOD, Jacksonville State University Classical theory is founded upon the concept of deterrence. In recent years, the concept of deterrence has been applied toward the reduction of assaults upon police officers by the enactment in many states of legal sanctions specific to such assaults. This paper examines the effect of these sanctions upon the incidence of police assaults on a state-by-state basis in an attempt to answer the question "Do states which enact severe sanctions for assaulting policeofficers have fewer police assaults?" "Mortal Danger in Law Enforcement: A Statistical Comparison of Police Mortality Rates with Those of Other Occupations," RICHARDHOLDEN, Central Missouri State University Conventional wisdom states that law enforcement is a physically dangerous occupation. There is little research, however, supporting this conclusion. Thispaper examines existing data on death rates by occupational grouping. The conclusion reached is that law enforcement may not be as physically dangerous as many believe. PANEL 55 Prison Pe.rsonnel: Professionals, Disciplinarians, and VICtims "Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Professionalism Among State Correction Officers: A Comparison of Findings," ROBERT BlAIR and SfEPHEN McMILlAN, College of Wooster and PIITERKRATCOSKI, Kent State University Qualitative and quantitative data were collected for a sample of 300 officers from nine state prisons over a 12-month period. Participant observation findings and data for empirical measures of professionalism are compared. Empirical and conceptual differences are delineated and new models proposed for research on professionalism. "The Prison 'Hack': Is he Back in Town or Did he Ever Leave?" MARK HAMM, Indiana State University American penOlogy has traditionally viewed the prison guard as a 'hack'-or one who is incompetent, arbitrary, racist, and sadistically brutal in his/her control of prisoners. In recent years, however, a vast body of literature has emerged to suggest that the 'hack' is no longer a problem in United States prisons. Instead, a 'well-trained professional' has supposedly emerged on the scene to correct the prison brutality of bygone days. The present research examines two types of data. First, meta-analysis is applied to the quantitative evidence of criminology and it is discovered that severe forms discipline are routinely rendered in many United States maximum security prisons. Second, data are presented and examined on the levels of severe discipline experienced by a 1989 national sample of 605 maximum security prisoners. These stochastic meditations lead us to believe that the 'hack' never left town. "Rates of Assault on Staff in a Large State Prison System," SI'EPHEN L1GlIT, State Universityof New York at Plattsburgh This study analyzes aggregate-level and individual-level variables as predictors of variations in rates of assault on prison staff. Results suggest that maximum security rating is an important correlate of assault rates, along with percent white officers and number of program staff per prisoner. At the individual level, prisoner variables found to be associated with increased likelihood of assault involvement are those that cause offenders to be assigned to maximum security facilities in the first place. Security level, however, exhibits a contextual effect which acts in addition to the attributes of prisoners. "Correctional Officers' Attitudes Toward Treatment Programs: A Longitudinal Analysis," RAYMOND 'JESKEJR, Sam Houston State University; JEROME JACKSON, California State University, Fresno; and HAROLD WilLIAMSON, Northeast Louisiana University This paper presents the results of a longitudinal analysis of the attitudes of correctional officers in Texas toward treatment programs in the state prison system. The original study was carried out in 1975 and replicated in 1990. Significant changes in the sociodemographic composition of the correctional officers, including an increase in the proportion of females, blacks, and hispanics, as well as officers reared in metropolitan areas of the state were examined in order to determine the effects these changes have had on attitudes. PANEL 57 Patterns of Criminality "Integration and Juvenile Delinquency Among Turkish Youth in West Berlin: A Pre- and Post-Reunification Study," ALEXIS ARONOwnz, Central Texas College A combination of field and empirical research utilizing a self-report study and measuring the relationship between assimilation, acculturation and 134 delinquent behavior among a populationof 160male Turkish adolescents was conducted in West Berlin in 1985. These results are compared to the preliminary findings of a pilot study examining gang behavioramong Turkish youth in Berlin after the fall of the Wall and Gennany's reunification. "Female Criminality in Korea: A Cross-Cultural Approach," DAE CHANG, Wichita State University This study focuses on the Korean female adult offenders and Korean female juvenile delinquents. Although female crime and delinquency is not a major social problem in Korea, recent statistics indicate a trend toward higher rates of crime and delinquency. This study focuses on the nature of female offenses, their family, educational, occupation, and other relevant variables. The Korean data will be compared to that of Japanese, the Republic of China in Taiwan, and the United States. "A Comparison Between United States and Mexican Jail Inmates: Knowledge of AIDS and AIDS-Related Behavior," ARMINDAMORGADO, J MICHAEL OUVERO, JORGELOPEZ, J V TREVINO, and MUHAMMAD MIAH, University of Texas-Pan American This paper provides a comparative analysis between prisoners in United States jails and prisoners in a Mexican jail. Analysis is made on differences regarding risk behavior for AIDS and knowledge of AIDS. PANEL58 Assessments ofCriminal Justice Reforms "The Impact of Michigan Sentencing Guidelines as Perceived by Courtroom Workgroups in Detroit Recorder's Court," FLORENCE FERGUSON, Glassboro State College This study was conducted to assess the perceptions of judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and probation officers employed at Detroit Recorder's Court to detennine if the policy objectives of the Michigan Sentencing Guidelines have been met. A survey methodology using questionnaires, observations, and interviews was employed to collect the data for this study. Using descriptive statistics, the results of this study indicated that respondents perceived guidelines have created consistency in sentencing; however, the reduction in the use of offender-related characteristics and discrimination remain questionable. "Failures to Appear: A Cost of System Survival?" ROGER HANDBERG, University of Central Florida Refonn efforts in criminal justice have focused upon pretrial release of defendants. One consequence has been an escalation in the number of the failures to appear (FfA). Efforts to reduce the FfA rate have floundered upon the reality that many local criminal justice systems build into their operational expectations an assumption that a higher percentage of defendants will not appear. The effects of that assumption are explored in some detail. This paper is based upon personal interviews and court records in three Florida counties. "The Florida Supreme Court Gender Bias Commission Report: A Critique," Ha HARPER, University of South Florida The culmination of two years of work, this recent commission report found gendel bias across the state's criminal justice system: mishandling of domestic disputes, sexism in the treatment of female attorneys appearing before the court, unfair penalization of prostitutes, disparities in the way male and female prisoners are handled, etc. Methodology and conclusions are critiqued, and the legislation being introduced in Florida to remedy this bias is discussed. "A System's Approach to a Policy Assessment of the Allegheny County Bail Agency," JUNE WATKINS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper examines the effectiveness of a county bail agency policy. It addresses if such a policy should become a standard option in the criminal justice field. "Delinquency Case Management in Florida: A Case Study in the Early Implementation of a Statewide Refonn," GORDON BAZEMORE, Florida Atlantic University As part of an effort to revitalize juvenile justice and preserve the mission of the juvenile court, a number of states and localjur isdictions are adopting case management policies and practices. Among the most often cited goals of case management are to bring about continuity and consistency in services and supervisionfor delinquents by designating a case manager as the single point of accountability for a case as it moves through the system. This paper is a case study of the background and early implementation of a case management system in an agency with statewide jurisdiction for delinquency services. PANEL59 Legal PotpourriI "The Exclusionary and Miranda Rules are Alive and Well," FRED BENSON, Wichita State University At the 1990 ACJS meeting in Denver, there was a panel which presented the view that the Miranda Rule and the Exclusionary Rule were due to be tenninated. A review of recent cases and legal arguments which suggest that these two rules will continue to exist is presented. Also discussed is evidence which stresses the merit of retaining the Miranda and Exclusionary Rules. "Criminal Courts and AIDS: Bias and Deference in Decision-Making," PETERGREGWARE, New Mexico State University This study reviews all United States written and published court decisions between 1985 and 1989 which involve both criminal proceedingsand AIDS 135 issues. It describes the interactive impact on these decisions of factors indicative of both potentialjudicial bias and a deference to governmentaland medical authority. To do this it uses the relatively new technique of Boolean analysis to mirror the decision-making process by simultaneously combining factors into operative configurations or typologies. "Strickland Standards for Ineffectual Counsel in Michigan and Ohio," J MICHAEL 'IHOMSON and FRED RHYNHART, Northern Kentucky University After reviewing the Strickland standards for ineffective counsel, this paper looks at the Sixth Circuit progeny and the specific translation of Strickland in Michigan and Ohio. It each state, case law, procedures to invoke Strickland, the burden of proof, evidentiary standards and specific lawyer conduct are reviewed. The paper concludes by contrasting the O'Connor approach with the 'new federalism' practices of Ohio, Michigan, and the Sixth Circuit. Wide variation in how Strickland is applied across the Sixth Circuit was found. "Legal, Illegal, Quasilegal: Ticket Broker, Ticket Scalper," ROBERT JERIN and PATRICIA OULD, Salem State College Entertainment and sports are multi-billion industries. The public's access to sporting and entertainment events is limited by availability of tickets. Limited access provides opportunities for creative entrepreneurs, both regulated and unregulated. This study examines the legal, illegal, and quasi legal distribution of tickets and the major participants in these processes. "The Concept of 'Special Needs' in Criminal Justice: An Evolving Exception to the Fourth Amendment Warrant and Probable Cause Requirements," ROLANDO del CARMENand MICHAEL VAUGHN, Sam Houston State University The Fourth Amendment requires that, in general, searches and seizures be made by virtue of a warrant and with probable cause. Of late, the United States Supreme Court has resorted more frequently to the concept of 'special needs' to carveout an exception to Fourth Amendment requirements. While the exception is used more frequently in law enforcement, the Court has extended it to other areas of criminal justice, including probation and the juvenile process. This paper traces the evolution of the 'special needs' concept and its growing use by the Court. It concludes with an analysis of the rationale behind the more current cases and what the future holds for the 'special needs' exception. PANEL60 Race and Justice: Research and its Utilization "Race and Police Use of Deadly Force," DOMINIC LEONE, Wauwatosa Police Department (WI) and JOHN CONLEY, State University of New York College at Buffalo No abstract available. "Race and Juvenile Processing: Research and Policy in California,"WILLIAM FEYERHERM, Portland State University and CARLPOPE, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee No abstract available. "Race and Juvenile Processing: Research and Policy in Missouri," KIMBERLY KEMPF, University of Missouri at St Louis No abstract available. "Race and Juvenile Justice: Policy and Research Implications," RICKLOVElL and CARLPOPE, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee No abstract available. PANEL 61 Theory andon Research White-Collar Crime "Gender-Based Differences in White-Collar Offending," KEVIN BRYANT, University of Tennessee, Knoxvi11e This paper presents apartial replication and extension of Daly'S (1989) examination of gender-based differentials among white-collar offenders. The present study examines the robustness of Daly's results using different data. To extend Daly's work, the gender distributions of street crimes (burglary, bank robbery, and narcotics violations) to white-collar crimes is compared. Similarly, the motives for street criminals and white-collar criminals, to ascertain whether gender-based differences exist are examined. "Co11ateral Consequences of White-Co11ar Crime," ELIZABEIH MOORE, University of Tennessee, Knoxvi11e Researchers have investigated the stigmatizing consequences of legal punishments for white-co11ar offenders but few empirical studies exist on the collateral consequences of convictions. One exception, Benson's 1984 study, examined the collateral consequence of loss of occupational status for convicted white-collar offenders and found that loss of occupation status was determined by the offender's position in society. The present study replicates and extends Benson's study and examines how many white-collar offenders experience collateral consequences. "Do all Theories of White-Collar Crime Come to This?" JAY ALBANESE, Niagara University Explanations of white-collar crime, like all theories of crime, are based on the positivism vs classicism dichotomy. They emphasize either the 136 'influences' that result in crime, or the rational, hedonistic choices of offenders. An alternative explanation is proposed that argues biographical or external influences cannot cause crime, and that there is no 'tendency' to engage in crime through a simple hedonistic decision. Instead, many individuals have not learned to make ethical, non-criminal, decisions when faced with the opportunityto commit crimes. This approach is distinguished from others in its focus on responsibilityfor decision-making and the 'pleasure' portion of the pain-pleasure principle. "The Professional Criminal' in the Nineties," FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College No abstract available. "'Rehabilitating' White-Collar Criminals," GEORGE HARRIS, Washburn University of Topeka White-collar crime has been an important topic in criminology since publication of Sutherland's seminal work on the topic in 1949. White-collar crime is commonly viewed in contradistinction to street crime and is associated with crimes committed by middle and upper income persons for financial gain. It is not clear whether the causes of white-collar crime are fundamentally different from the causes of street crime. It is also not clear whether psychological characteristics can be used to explain white-collar crimes. This article explores theories and research on these questions. PANEL 62 TheState of Criminal Justice in Indian Country: Canada and the United States "The State of Criminal Justice in the Indian Country of the United States: Trends and Issues," JOE MEYERS, Native Indian Justice Center No abstract available. "The State of Criminal Justice in the Indian Country of Canada: Trends and Issues," BRADFORD MORSE, University of Ottawa No abstract available. PANEL 63 Roundtable: Copsand Copers: Kill A Deadly Contrast An overview of cop killer interviews conducted is presented. A contrast of the reactions, training, and policy constraints of the law enforcement officer is analyzed in comparison to the reaction of the convicted police killers. The ultimate goals are to review lessons learned from these interviews and research projects, and to suggest appropriate training and policy issues. A review of police psychological servicesprograms employed by major law enforcement departments is presented. The officers' preparation and responses with that of the cop killer is contrasted. Law enforcement must critically examine the differences and learnfrom those differences. PANEL 64 Police Pre-Employment Screening I "Polygraphic Screening of Candidates for Police Work in Large Police Agencies in the United States: A Survey of Practices, Policies, and Evaluative Comments," FRANK HORVATII, Michigan State University Though prohibited in the private sector, polygraphic screening of applicants in the public sector, particularly in police agencies, is reportedly widely used but very controversial. The purpose of this surveyresearch was to assess the extent of and circumstances of use of this method. A questionnaire sent to the largest 699 police agencies in the United States produced a usable responserate of 90%. The results showed that the majority (62%) of these agencies use polygraphic pre-employment screening. Departmental policy, practices and views on the method varied considerably among user agencies; differences between agencies who used the method and those who did not were generally not statistically significant. "Hearing Requirements for Police Selection," ROGER PENNEL, Central Missouri State University This research examines the hearing requirement as a factor of the police selection process. Measuring the applicants level of hearing has typically been imprecise, and has existed primarily as a result of tradition, with little or no logical justification for the requirement. Major issues related to this requirement are examined, including the levels of the hearing standards, whether corrected hearing is permitted, and projected trends. "Reading is Fundamental? A Readability Study in North Carolina," JERRY MOOREFIELD and TAIPING HO, Florida State University and BRENDA MOORE, North Carolina Justice Academy This paper explores and analyzes a readability study conducted by the North Carolina Justice Academy (1989). The purpose was to measure police candidates reading, english, and math skills to determine if a relationship existed between the scores and successfully passing the state certification exam. The sample consists of 352 full-time police recruits from local enforcement academies and the North Carolina Justice Academy (n = 12). The recruits were tested using the College Guidance and Placement Tests. Multivariate analysis are applied to determine if reading skills level is a good predictor of trainability or the forecasting of success in training. "Development and Administration of Infectious Disease Policies by Criminal Justice Personnel," WILLIAMMcCAMEY, Western Illinois University and JODY McCAMEY, Spoon River College This paper explores the development of infectious disease policies (AIDS-related) for criminal justice employees and others. Legal aspects concerning pre-employment and personnel administration of these policies are discussed. It makes various recommendations as to modelpolicies for criminal justice administrators. 137 PANEL 6S Private Sector andPublic Policing "Public Employment of Private Security: Some Issues and Concerns," MAGNUS SENG, Loyola University of Chicago There are two key factorsof importance to criminal justice: the sharp increase in the number of private security agencies and personnel and their use by government,private industry,and individuals often without a correspondingincrease in quality control and the second is the increase in demand for police services particularly in urban areas at a time of shrinking law enforcement resources with a resultant decline in police service to the community. On the one hand, we have an over supply of private security and on the other, an undersupply of public police. It is quite useful to use one problem to solve the other. That is for urban and suburban municipalities to employ private security to perform selectedpolice functions on a broader scale than is presently used. "Private Testing and Screeningof Police Candidates: A Case Study," DAVID WHElAN, Western Connecticut State University For approximately two years,several policedepartments in Fairfield County (CT)have adopted the concept of having all pre-employment screening and certification of applicants done by a private company. A private, NYC-based company executes the process. The company tests, screens, and certifies prospective police officer candidates and generates a list of qualified persons. This paper followsa candidate through the complete process, including placement on the list and subsequent employment opportunity. "Federal Assistance to Law Enf 'cement Today,"11M0011Y CAPRON, Universityof New Mexico and RHONDACAPRON With the cessation of the massive Soviet threat appearing daily to be reality, our national laboratories and many federal agencies can redirect some efforts towards domestic problems. This paper discusses who these agencies are, how they are organized, and how they can help. Emphasis is on the transfer of technology and how professionals in the criminal justice area must identify the appropriate agencies, labs, and articulate needs. The future of law enforcement appears to be challenging. Using the resources of some of our best and brightest to solve some of the complex problems is a hopeful approach. PANEL66 Youth Gangs "Lost in the Melting Pot? The Causes of Asian Gangs in the United States," JOHN SONG, State University College at Buffalo No abstract available. "Evaluation of GA.P.P.-Gang Alternative Prevention Project in the Los Angeles Probation Department," MICHAELAGOPIAN, Bureau of Justice Statistics The majority of recent efforts to deal with juvenile gang activity has focusedon law enforcement suppression. Research regarding interventiontactics to reduce gang involvement and recruitment is rare. This paper reports on a one-year experimental program for juvenile probationers "at risk" of gang involvement in the Los Angeles area. The study reports on 250ju veniles and a matched comparison group who were studied for six months. The data indicated the effectiveness of an intensive supervision program for juveniles to reduce gang involvement. "Students' Perceptions of Some Selected Conditions that Might Lead to Gang Membership: An ExploratoryInvestig ation," HAMPTONWILLIAMS and REXNARD LEO , University of Southern Mississippi and PHILLIP JERRElL, West End Elementary School This research sought to discover reasons why teenagers join youth gangs. Seven circumstances were hypothesized to contribute to teenagers' decisions to join in gang activities. Three groups of students (gang members, recruits, and uninvolved) responded to an original survey instrument that quantified their opinions regarding the circumstances that might contribute to gang membership. Of the seven circumstances that were investigated, there were significant differences between the groups in regard to family structure and religious exposure. Implications are discussed. PANEL 67 Alternatives in Institutional Corrections "Boot Camp: A Viable Alternative to Prison for the Male Hispanic Offender," LINDAO'DANIEL and BRENDAWELLS, Universityof Texas-Pan American On September 11, 1990, Hidalgo County (TX) received funds from the State of Texas to assist in building a boot camp for non-violent offenders. The boot camp will go beyond the traditional camp by implementing two unique programs: volunteer mentors and family participation. This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the Hidalgo County boot camp concept and the offender target group. Specific attention is given to the socioeconomic characteristics that make the boot camp a viable alternative to imprisonment for the male Hispanic offender. "A Comparative Evaluation of the Alabama Department of Corrections Boot Camp Program," JERAlD BURNS, Alabama State University This papercompares the recidivism rate after one year for a group of bootcamp graduates to a group of regular prison inmates released on probation and a group of offenders granted probation directly by the courts. It explores the effectiveness of the boot camp in comparison to its alternatives and offers some reasons for its success or failure as a rehabilitative approach. 138 "Trends in the Privatization of Corrections," BYRON JOHNSON, Memphis State University This paper explores several of the more recent trends in the privatization of corrections. A brief historical picture of this movement is presented through a chronological review of the empirical literature. Trends in policyand practices areexamined and future prospectsfor the privatization of corrections are also reviewed. "To Punish or Rehabilitate: The Goal of State Correctional Departments as Defined by State Legal Codes," RENEE KOPACHE, University of Cincinnati and VELMER BURTON JR, Illinois State University Many criminal justice researchers have documented the attack on rehabilitative efforts spent on criminal offenders. The repudiation of the rehabilitative ideal is found in public attitudes, harshlegislator ideologies, and increasingly punitive policiesin corrections. One void in the research, however, has been in the purpose or goal of state correctional departments as defined by each state's legal codes. Thus, this paper surveys all 50 state legal codes to determine whether correctional departments are, in fact, following the intent of their state's statutes governing their purpose for existence. "Corrections Today and Tomorrow: Old People, New Problems," JUliA � Drexel University A relatively small cohort, the older inmates, are one of the most rapidly increasing components in the nation's prison populations. All demographic data and sentencing policies indicate a continuing increase in this group well into the middle of the next century. Older inmates present different environmental, medical, security, programmatic and supervision needs than their younger counterparts. Data are presented from needs assessments, interviews,observations and official records to support recommendations for minimal, cost/beneficial, modifications and additions to the correctional system. These adaptations would accommodate the legal, ethical treatment of older offenderswhile maintaining the integrityof the system. PANEL68 VtoI ent Crime I "The Impact of Situational Contingencies on the Processing of Homicide Cases with Child Victims," N PRABHA UNNfIHAN, Colorado State University Despite expressions of horror and outrage when cases of homicide with child victims are reported, relatively little attention has been paid to the socia legal processing of these cases. In this study, official reactions to cases of children as victims of homicide are contrasted for two counties; one with high rates of such crimes, and another with historically low rates. Intensive interviews with those participating in the decision-making is the method used. Situational contingencies, many of which have little to do with the offending behavior itself, emerge as important determinants of the final outcomes. "Reaching Out to Underserved Victims of Violent Crimes," ROBERT McCORMACK, Trenton State College Under Title VII of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Congress amended and reauthorized the original Victims of Crime Act of 1984 thereby granting additional funds to the Federal Office for Victims of Crime. One of the most significant changes mandated in the reauthorization was that states identify and provide funding for "underserved victims of violent crime". The current study identifies two major groups of underserved victims: 1) victims of violent crime whose cases were not cleared by arrest, and 2) victims whose cases were originally reported as felonies or indictable offenses and were subsequently downgraded and remanded to municipal courts. In neither of these cases are victims routinely afforded the services of the victim/witness assistance provided at the county level. "Surviving Violent Crime in Canada: The Contribution of Social Support," WALlER DeKESEREDY and HYMAN BURSHTYN, Carleton University Violent assaults have major adverse effects on the victims' physical and psychological well-being. Social support can, however, "buffer" people from many negative consequences of violent crimes. Nevertheless, not all support functions are useful. In fact, some may amplify and prolong victims' pain and suffering. Only assistance that adequately matches the particular outcome of an assault will be most effective. Using data from the third cycle of the General Social Survey, this study assesses the helpfulness of support provided by medical personnel, lawyers,victims' services, insurance companies, and criminal justice officials. PANEL70 Substance Abuse and Criminal Justice Intervention "The Emerging Profile of the Criminal Offender: Policy Implications of Substance Abuse on Probation Services," DONALD COCHRAN, Massachusetts Office of the Commissioner of Probation and CONsrANI1NE SOURIS, University of Massachusetts, Boston Substance abuse is emerging as a significant characteristic in the profile of the criminal offender. The criminal justice system is increasingly confronting the challenge of providingprogr ammatic alternatives for those individuals who have a history of criminal behavior which is often associated with substance abuse. This paper provides a review and analysis of the emerging criminal offender and discusses the policyimplications associated with the development and implementation of probation services that are responsive to the particular needs of this population. "Serviceand Policy Issues in Provision of Drug Treatment Services forProba tioners," BONNIECARLSON and DAVID DUFF'EE, State University of New York at Albany No abstract available. 139 "Perspectives on and Policy Implications of the Prosecution of Pregnant Women," AlIDA MERLO, Westfield State College There has been considerable discussion about the involvement of governmentin the protection of the fetus. In some states, new legislation has been adopted. In others, legislation previously intended to deal with child abuse, parental neglect, and drug distribution has been utilized to prosecute women for activities looselycategorized as fetal endangerment. Although the public is attuned to the drug problem in America, attention has just recently focused on the small number of treatment programs for drug abusers. Thiscrisis is especiallyacute for pregnantwomen. This paper attempts to analyze the prosecution of women under these statutes and to determine the policyimplications of official intervention. PANEL71 Legal Potpourrin "Juror Ability and its Relationship to Cognitive Processing and Decision-Making in Complex Litigation," ELlZABElHVIcroR, Tiffin University An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of juror ability level on evidentiaryprocessing and verdict decision-making under complex trial conditions. Sixty jurors of different ability levels were assigned to one of six experimental conditions that were classified as high or low evidentiary complexity. This paper discusses the current research on competency, and the relationship between intellectual ability and task performance. It also highlights the ways in which ability level influences cognitive processing, decision-making, and verdict choices when trials become complex. Potential ramifications for the current jury system are examined. "A Supreme Court Without Brennan: The Impact Upon Criminal Law," wnLIAM NIXON, Eastern Kentucky University What will be the impact of the retirement of Justice William Brennan from the Supreme Court? This paper explores the significant criminal law decisions of Justice Brennan and reviews the actions of the United States Supreme Court since his retirement. It attempts to project future developments. "The Right to Counsel Under Siege: Is Gideon Still Viable?" ALFREDOCIA, GAR St Thomas University School of Law The right to counsel may be viewed as the touchstone of the Sixth Amendment. The United States Supreme Court construed the right to counsel as a mechanism to ensure a criminal defendant a fair trial in the 1960s and 1970s. However, a countertrend has emerged in which the efficiency rationale has taken precedence over the right to counsel. This outlook has been manifest in decisions that have adversely impacted upon the right of the defendant to select counsel of choice and that have allowed the government to strip defendants of the right to choose private counsel. "Drugs and Death: The Authorization of the Death Penalty as a Sanction for Certain Federal Drug-Related Crimes," PEGGY TOBOWWSKY, University of North Texas In the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Congress authorized the use of the death penalty as a permissible sanction for a federal offender who intentionally causes death in connection with his participation in a continuing drug-related criminal enterprise or other major drug offense. In this legislation, Congress also authorized capital punishment for a federal offender who intentionally causes the death of a law enforcement officer in connection with the offender's felony drug violation. This paper examines the evolution and operation of these drug-related capital punishment provisions and their potential impact on the current "War on Drugs." "The Fallibility of First Impression Identifications," JAMES MONEYMAKER, Memphis State University Juries are generally eager to bring to a close a case in which they have heard many eyewitness testimonies of the sequence of events that led to the criminal act. All too often, however, defendants are wrongly accused of being in the right place at the wrong time and are summarily punished on the sole basis of overbelief of the witness' testimony. This can be most crucial when an individual's life is at stake. Thus, cautionary instructions to the jurists should be made before all trials in which eyewitness identification is one of the chief methods of establiShing proof of the defendant's whereabouts on the date of the incident. PANEL72 MinorityIssues I "Minority Police Selection in Small Towns," DIANE BAXIER, Muskingum Area Technical College This paper explores the factors that contribute to minority exclusion from policing in small towns. Tentative findings indicate that testing bias is not the only aspect of selection processes that removes minority candidates from further employment consideration. Findings also indicate the selection/deselection processes for minority males differ from that for females. "Race and Ethical Decision-Making: The Impact of Law-Related Educational Programming on Institutionalized Boys," SUSANWRIGIIT, R DFAN WRIGIIT, and TIMO'I1IY B� Drake University During the past two decades a variety of programs that attempt to socialize youth to traditional definitions of acceptable rules and behavior have been introduced into institutional settings for juveniles. During a period in history when we are seeing increasing disparity in the proportions of various racial groups who are arrested, convicted and institutionalized, it has become important that an effort be made to better understand possible racial differences in acceptance of such ethical definitions. This paper tests the hypothesis that over time institutionalized boys will change their attitudes about drug behavior and come more into agreement with the goals of law-related education, and that race will serve as a key variable explaining differences that occur among students. 140 "The Racism-Oppression Thesis for Gang Analysis," GEORGE KNOX, Chicago State University Race and racism are conceptual and historical continuities in the study of American gangs. Developed here are the essential elements of this thesis. It includes ethnic homogeneity in gang membership and rivalries. Bias crime itself is well documented in this tradition, as are racial and ethnic slurs as precipitants in gang violence. Adult participation in gangs has associated with urban racial conflict. Rumors, the rural/urban difference, provide the background for gangs as vehicles of ethnic conflict. PANEL73 Corporate Crime "Banks as White-Collar Criminals: Now you see it, Now you see Something Else," R CURISIUPHER PERRY, Indiana State University During the early 1980's, major banks of the eastern United States were accused of objectionable and/or criminal behavior in matters of: 1) the "float" on monies deposited with them by consumers; 2) money laundering; 3) primary capital reserves; and 4) international operations. How these topics have more recently been negotiated with criminal definitions largely kept at bay, is one topic of this writing. This paper also reviews other "tampering" and predatory behaviors by America's financial institutions and establishment-behaviors which have consistently escaped any "criminal" label. "Escrow Fraud: A New Wave in a Sea of Scams," J H DOOCY, CaliforniaDepartment of Corporations and DAVID SIDCUOR, California State University, San Bernardino This paper explores current problems related to violations of escrow law in California. It briefly analyses the function of escrow law, mechanisms of regulation, and enforcement practices using cases currently under investigation in California as an empirical base. The type of offenses, offender characteristics, nature of harm, and victims are discussed. An attempt to describe the increasingly criminogenic nature of escrow activity and implications for white collar criminality is made. "Corporate Crime: The Raping of Labor by Eastern Air Lines," CAROLAIKEN and JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University This paper explores the concept of corporate crime as evidenced by Eastern Airlines under the leadership of Frank Lorenzo. It will be shown that the policies of Eastern Air Lines clearly conform to the definitions of corporate crime. PANEL 74 Issues in Organized Crime and Deviance "The Mafia and the Devil: What They Have in Common," JOSEPH ALBINI, Wayne State University The recent process of the surge in interest among law enforcement agencies and the media concerning the epidemic of devil cult killings has origins similar to the birth of the Mafia. This paper analyzes the historical and social psychological variables that are common to the development and continuation of both belief systems. "The EI Rukns: Are These Types of Organizations the Future of Organized Crime?" KIMBERLY TESrER, Sam Houston State University A look at the Chicago-based EI Rukins with an emphasis on their role as one of the "new mafia" whose rise to prominence in recent years has generated a revamping of traditional views of organized crime is made. "The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act: An Agent of Organized Crime Control or Excessive Social Control," MARK JONES, Sam Houston State University The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) Act was passed in 1970 in an effort to combat organized crime. In particular, the Act's founders sought to combat the spread of organized crime into the realm of legitimate business. During the 1970's, critics charged that the Act was being underutilized. Since then, however, critics have charged that RICO is being abused, and that it is not serving its intended purpose. This paper provides an overview of the history and usage of RICO. It addresses the issue of whether or not RICO is succeeding in controlling organized crime, or if it is being improperly used as an agent of excessive social control. "Jamaican Organized Crime Posses," BRUCEWAY, Sam Houston State University This paper documents the historical development of Jamaican organized crime and the emergence of Jamaican posses in the United States. Posse configuration, methodsof operation, and illegal and geographic areas of activity are discussed. The data for this paper was collected from the files of the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force. This paper concludes that Jamaican posses have grown faster, infiltrated more cities, and demonstrated a greater proclivityfor violence than any other organized crime group to emerge in the United States. Lawenforcement implications are discussed along with suggested interdiction strategies. PANEL 75 Workshop: Towers of Babels: Law Enforcement Information Systems The diversity of contemporary approaches to the development of law enforcement information systems has produced "Towers of Babels." This is due, in large part, to the dependence on "old" technOlogies and technical personnel. This workshop examines the approaches to system development. The major focus addresses the feasibility of these alternative strategies using the results of the research and development efforts of contemporary systems development including the Crime Information Consortium of Central Florida. 141 PANEL76 Police Pre-Employmentning Scree n "Building a Predictive Validity Model for Police Officer Selection From a Psychological Test Battery," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State Universityand MICHAEL McMAINS, San Antonio Police Department All police officer applicants are required to undergo a psychological examination before being hired. Historically, the tests used in the psychological examination have not been validated to the job of police officer. The present study was conducted to establish the predictive validity of a psychological written test battery for entry-level police officers. The psychological tests included the Nelson-Denny, MMPI, MAT, and the Shipley-Hartford. Performance measures included training academy test scores and final exam, a state licensing exam, and quantitative performance measures obtained from a field training program. Results showed that a predictive validity model could be built and are discussed in terms of the utility of this model. "Legal Issues - In Law Enforcement Applicant Investigation," JOHNHARLAN and JR PATRICK MUELLER, Stephen F Austin State University This paper examines relevant legal issues in the applicant pre-employment investigation process. What can an applicant be required to reveal about themselves? What criteria may a law enforcement agency utilize to screen out applicants? Furthermore, what is the legal rational for this screening process? "The Proof is in the Test: Essential Ingredients of a Standardized Peace Officer Certification Exam," KEITH HALEY, Ohio Peace Officer Training Council This paper discusses essential elements of a reliable certification exam with focus on two years of experiences in Ohio. Also discussed are considerations related to the development of such exams in light of the findings of the National Commission on Testing and Public Policy and EfS' conference on the "The Uses of Standardized Tests in American Eduction." A comparative look at the exam from the perspectives of student, the employing agency executive, and the state POSTagency are included. "A College Degree and Policing: An Examination of the Research-A Status Report," MARK DANIZKER, Texas Southmost CoIlege Although the concept of college-educated police officers first appeared in the early 1900's, it has only been during the past 20 years that it has received much attention. Several commissions have recommended that police officers posses a college degree. Yet, less than 5 percent of all police agencies require a degree. This paper examines the current literature in an effort to offer a plausible explanation as to the lack of police agencies which require their recruits to have a college degree. PANEL 71 ContendingWith Police Misconduct "Police Officer Higher Education, Citizen Complaints and Departmental Rule Violations," VIcroRKAPPELER and ALLENSAPP, Central Missouri State University and DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University This study compares the performance of police officers, measured by use of the number of founded citizen complaints and departmental generated complaints, with a number of demographic variables, including officer higher education. It was conducted in a midwestern city with a sworn police force of 98 officers. Data were collected from the personnel, officer performance, and internal affairs records of the department. Significant differences were found in the number and types of founded complaints by level of higher education. "The Deterrent Effect of Civil Liability on Police Misconduct," RONALD KIDD, Memphis State University Municipalities and governments are responsible for deterring police misconduct because of the vicarious liability they incur as a result of law enforcement misbehavior. As a result, programs designed to improve police conduct are instituted thereby influencing future civil liability and police conduct in handling sensitive areas. However, are police officers deterred from any affirmative misconduct because of a personal fear of reprisal from civil lawsuits? An examination of available research, literature, and judicial history is made. "The Impact of Section 1983 Litigation on Police Misconduct," FRED MEYERJR and RALPH BAKER, Ball State University No abstract available. "Community Oriented Policing: The Implications for InternalDiscipline and Public Complaints Processes," KARAMJITSINGH, University of Illinois at Chicago The current interest in community-oriented policingraises a number of important issues for police department. How is effective civilian participation in the policing process possible? What and how do police departments internalize lessons when they are initiating changes as a result of adopting these philosophies and practices? It is suggested that the implications of changes in values, working practices, and decentralization of structures can be assessed by considering the dimensions relating to internaldiscipline and public complaints processes. The fieldwork for this study was undertaken in four large police departments with additional study of another 10 departments through the use of survey techniques. The findings are presented. 142 PANEL 78 Justice JU\/enile andunity Comm Corrections "luvenile Parole in Texas from a Legal Perspective," BErSY wrrr, Sam Houston State University This paper examines the juvenile parole system in Texas with a legal emphasis. Relevant juvenile case law and its effect on the system is analyzed along with a comparison between the adult and juvenile systems. The future of juvenile parole in Texas is also discussed. "Acting Out and Saving Face: Coping Strategies of luveniles in Group Home Settings," ROSSTODD, University of Northern Iowa This participant observation study examines the oehaviors, actions, and communication demonstrated by adolescent males living in a group home. The role of the token economy and the existence of an inmate code are first discussed to help one understand the atmosphere of the group home. Categories of "acting out" are examined in conjunction with methods used by juveniles to demonstrate defiance. Residential counselors' typifications of residents are identified and discussed. "The Relationship of Cynicism to Role Conflict Among Alabama Juvenile Probation Officers," JEFFREY RUSH, lacksonville State University Are Alabama juvenile probation officers cynical? What is the relationship between their cynicism and their role conflict? This paperexplores these questions in an attempt to assess whether a relationship exists between the cynicism of juvenile probation officers and their role conflict. "Correctional and luvenile lustice Training: Establishing a Baseline," BRUCEWOLFORD and BEllIHOLBROOK, Eastern Kentucky University The authors review the findings of a telephone survey of correctional and juvenile justice staff trainersin the United States and Canada. The survey results provide baseline data regarding the delivery of staff training in various correctional settings. The authors also discuss the Correctional and Juvenile lustice Training Directory of North America and plans for the 1991 survey. PANEL 79 Prison Overcrowdingand New Prison Construction "Prison Crowding: Impacts of the Great Conservative Experiment," HARRY AlLEN, Sam lose State University Since 1968, the conservative movement has swept prison policy, contributing significantly to contemporary prison over-crowding. An analysis of conservatism and political ideologyconcludes that imprisonment policies reflect racist ideologies, treats offendersas morally inferior, conceptualizes crime as emerging from the underclass, and denies the contributions of conservatism in creating the overcrowding. Prescriptive solutions to prison overcrowding are offered. "Prison Overcrowding: When Solutions Precede Problem Analysis-Putting the Proverbial Cart Before the Horse," ROBERT MARSH,Boise State University This paper examines the approach to long-range planning by the Idaho Department of Corrections over a 12-year period. Special emphasis is devoted to the work of the Governor's Blue Ribbon Task Force on prison overcrowding. The dynamics of a group of state experts that rush to provide costly construction solutions to problems that have not been adequately defined is discussed. The history and dynamics of this particular committee is presented from an insider's point of view. "Do New Prisons Affect Crime Rates in Rural Areas?" WULIAM DANIEL, Humboldt State University For various reasons, prisons in many states have become overcrowded. Many states have pursued a policy of new prison construction, particularly in rural areas. Often these efforts have encountered resistance from those who, among other things, argue that a new prison will increase the crime rate, especially drug-related crimes, in their area. This paper involves a case study conducted over time, to help determine whether there is a relationship between prison construction and crime rates. "A Methodological Critique of Prison Impact Studies," MARILYNMcSHANE, IAMS FRANKWllL ill, and CARLWAGONER, California State University, San Bernardino This paper presents a critique of the methodological and research design problems of previous studies of prison impact. It also explores the potential for influence from funding sources and vested interests and the media. Issues affecting public and private sector concerns are also addressed. A research model based on an appropriate methodologyis proposed for conducting impact studies in targeted construction areas. By individualizing the model to account for unique community characteristics, communities and prison personnel may be better informed in their decision-making about the siting of prison facilities. "System Assessment of Jail Overcrowding Assumptions," GEORGE WILSON and HARVEY McMURRAY, North Carolina Central University Jail overcrowding is regarded by criminal justice administrators as one of the most important problems experienced by the criminal justice system; Durham (NC) is no exception. Findings from the lail Population Management Project are presented. The Project is funded by the NC Governor's Crime Commission through Durham County and is comprised of key criminal justice administrators such as judges, police chief, sheriff, district attorney, etc. Collectively, the group compiled a list of 32 jail overcrowding assumptions which were prioritized and reduced to seven. Specificfindings in the areas of inability to make bond, system delay factors, access to vital information, use of citations and summonses, system capacity, defense attorney practices and mandatory sentences are discussed as well as their policy implications. 143 PANEL 80 VIOle nt Crime II "Victimization in the Workplace: A Test of Routine Activities Theory,"JOHN WOOLDREDGE, FRANCES CULLEN, and EDWARD IA'IESSA, University of Cincinnati Routine activities theoryhas been a major explanationof victimization across time, ecologicalunits, and socio-demographicgroups. Recently, however, the perspective has been applied to victimization in the domain of work settings. Building on this emerging line of inquiry, the current study assesses the utility of routine activities theory in explaining various forms of victimization on a college campus. The data are drawn from a 1990 survey of faculty at a midwestern, urban campus. "Rational Criminality. A Theoretical Analysis of Victim Selection Among Robbers," DONAlD BLAZICEK, Wichita State University This paper represents an analysis of robber's perception of relevant cognitive elements related to victim or target selection in the act of robbery. Descriptive data is provided which supports previous research that the potential gain may not be the most crucial element in site selection. A proposed model is presented within this framework. "The Relationship Between Offenders and Victims in Cases of Justifiable Homicide," JONA'I1IANSORENSEN, Central Missouri State University and JAMES MARQUART, Sam Houston State University Homicide is not always classified as a crime. In some instances, this extreme form of self-help is legally justified. While many studies have examined the relationship of offenders and victims in homicide cases, none have focused on justifiable homicides. Using Supplemental Homicide Report data for the United States during 1976-86, the relationship between offenders and victims, their characteristics, and circumstances involved in the homicide situation are examined. The pool of non-justifiable homicides serves as a comparison group to illuminate some of the differences between cases classified as justifiable and non-justifiable homicide paying particular attention to the relational distance between offenders and victims. "Victimization of Probation/Parole Officers in the Line of Duty," WllLIAM PARSONAGE, Pennsylvania State University The victimization of probation and parole workers in the line of duty is an area that has only recently been subjected to investigation. Research conducted in Pennsylvania (Parsonage and Bushey, 1988, Parsonage and Miller 1989) and in the seven-state Middle Atlantic Region (Parsonage and Miller, 1990) has been the basis of the only published research on the topic. Based on data gathered from 7,000 respondents, this paper explores the correlates, dynamics, and aftermaths of worker victimization. Attention is also given to the relationship between worker supervisory style and victimization. PANEL 81 TheQuestion ofPlural Court Systems: Racism and Native Justice in Canada and the United States "The Development of USTribal Courts," RUSSELL BARSH, University of Washington No abstract available. "The Alberta Native Justice Inquiry," PAUL CHARTRAND, University of Manitoba at Winnipeg No abstract available. "Native Justice in Canadian and U S Legal Systems," MICHAEL JACKSON, University of British Columbia No abstract available. "The Donald Marshall Inquiry in Nova Scotia," JOY MANEITE, University College of Cape Breton at Sydney No abstract available. "Traditional Justice Systems," PATRICIA MONIURE, Dalhousie University No abstract available. PANEL 82 Paradigms of Crime Control: Crimes, CriminaJs, and Policy "Crime in the Twenty-First Century," WILLIAM HYATI, Western Carolina University All available data suggests that the face of criminal activity will radically change in the next 20-30 years. This paperdiscusses the likely changes and some of the alternations in current law enforcement approaches that will be required to meet the challenge of the "new criminal". "Focusing on the Crime Not the Criminal," BENJORDAN, Georgia Police Academy The criminal justice system has broken down. New ideas and solutions to reduce the crime problem are needed. The concept applied to highway 144 safety to control the crime issue can be used. Highway deaths and injuries were reaching epidemic proportions in the early 60's. The focus was on the driver as the "nut behind the wheel causing the problem". Everyone was tryingto correct the driver's behavior without results. In 1966, there was a national program concentrating on the crash scene to reduce deaths and injuries. It worked .. .it was successful. Today the focus must be on the crime ... not the criminal. PANEL83 Legal Potpourri m "Mere Presence, Mandatory Minimums, and Trafficking in Cocaine: A Recipe for Injustice," JAMESHALSTED, University of South Florida New, radical statutory schemes enacted to assist the state in its fight on "the war on drugs" are incarcerating marginally culpable defendants with sentences in which their "actual time served" in prison is longer than others convicted of violent crimes like rape, aggravated battery, and attempted murder. Trafficking is just being in constructive possession of a large amount of the substance, but the actual time servedfor trafficking is in excess of 80 percent of the time sentenced while it is about 30 percent for other criminal sentences. This paper focuses on the injustice of the inflexibility of these new laws. "Juvenile Detention Laws in Illinois," JULIE GILMERE, Western Illinois University The federal Juvenile Justice Act and Illinois compliance efforts, the role of police, probation and social servicesunder the Illinois Act, and the current status of detention facilities in the state are addressed. Alternatives to detention on a national level and feasibility in Illinois are explored. "Responding to Driving While Intoxicated Arrests in New York City: Deterrence and Problem Drinkers," MARTINROUSE, New York City Criminal Justice Agency Previous studies have shown that, although tough laws may be sufficient to deter the general population from drinking and driving, problem drinkers may not be so impressed. Using defendant and court processing data for 1983-1987 DWI arrests in New York City, this paper examines arrest population trends, the deterrent effect of traditional punishment on problem drinkers, and alternative responses involving informal relationships between courts and treatment agencies. "Report Card on RICO, Featuring Manuel Noriega, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Claus von Bulow, John DeLorean, and Jim Baker and the PTL Gang," ROBERT HOAGlAND, University of North Carolina at Charlotte This paper describes the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). It covers state RICO laws and their relationship to federal RICO; civil and criminal application of RICO; the standard of proof required in each, and the significance of the difference in the standard of proof; use of RICO in arbitration proceedings; and major Supreme Court interpretations of RICO. Descriptions and examples are given of typical, and atypical applications of RICO, and its use against prominent people. Forfeitures and current legislative proposals to modify RICO are treated. This study examines the argument made by many, including Supreme Court Justices, that RICO should be modified or repealed. PANEL 84 Minority Issues n "The Black Female Teenager and Crime," REGINAIAMS WllL Capital University This work concerns the issue of the black female teenager and crime in the United States. It addresses the importance and influence of education, as well as individual and community involvement. Two cities are used as models: Washington DC and Chicago. Additionally, current statistics regarding black teen crime in general are discussed. "Minorities and Females: Their Cause is Similar," ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University This paper deals with an historical analysis of how the plight of blacks and females parallel each other. Historically, both blacks and females were considered chattel. In the area of criminal justice, this paper demonstrates how the strugglesof both equal each other with accusations of both having childlike natures, greater emotionalism, limited abilities, and receiving less respect than white males. One cannot study one group nor teach about one group to the exclusion of the other. The conclusion reached is that each one's struggle has some very striking similarities, similarities that we pay little attention to, but similarities that deserve our attention. "Introductory Textbooks: A Sexist/Racist Introduction to Criminal Justice?" VICKY DORWOR'IH and MARIE HENRY, Montgomery College Almost a decade has passed since the findings of the Project on the Status and Education of Women were published. The report suggests the COllege climate is "chilly" for women, especially in male dominate fields such as criminal justice. Textbooks are an integral part of the classroom experience. Arguably, if women and black students fail to see themselves represented or if they see themselves in a negative light, the "chilling" effect may deter entry into the field. A review of 22 introductorytexts in print in 1989 revealed women and blacks are underrepresented in photographs as authorities; women were overrepresented as victims; and blacks overrepresented as offenders. "The Tearoom Revisited: Observationson ImpersonalHomosexual Encounters in a Public Setting," JANE GRAY, Capital University Male homosexual encounters in public settingsconstitute a persistentand significant social prOblem-more significant today than ever before as a result of the AIDS crisis. In the late 1960s, Laud Humphreys conducted his infamous, yet definitive, study on impersonalsex in public places. It revealed that a sequential, value-added pattern of interaction was evident among tearoom patrons. This pattern was found to provide the basis for the 145 nonverbal communication which served to establish not only a mutuality of consent, but also the intimate details of the sexual exchange being negotiated. This paperreports the findings of a more recent study of tearoombehavior and compares these fir\dingswith those of Humphreys'. PANEL8S Research on Structural and Ecological Approachesto Crime "Hot Spots or Concentric Rings: The Human Ecology of Delinquency in the 90's," JEFFERY WALKER, Universityof Arkansas at Little Rock In the 1930's and 1940's, Shaw and McKay sparked an abundance of research involving the concentric ring pattern of delinquency in industrialized cities. There is some question, however, concerningthe continued application of the concentric ring theoryin a societychanging from an industrialized to a service economy. This paper addresses the replication and expansion of Shaw and McKay's work in one of the cities involved in the original research, Little Rock (AR). Preliminary results using 1980 census data suggest that, while a pattern of delinquency still exists in America's urban cities, the pattern may be moving more to "hot spots" of delinquency rather than rings surrounding the central city. "Ecology of Crime in New Orleans," DEE HARPER, Loyola University Arrests for index crimes are analyzed longitudinally over five years for patterns of persistent criminality in selected New Orleans neighborhoods. Variables that account for high and low rate offender neighborhoods are studied. Offense neighborhoodsand offense locations are analyzed by type of offense. High offense neighborhoods tend to reflect the presence of traditions of criminality independent of certain ecological factors. "The Diffusion of Burglaries Across Neighborhoods: The Case of Norfolk, Virginia 1987-1989," GARlANDWHITE, Old Dominion University Thisstudy examines the effects of residential stability, economic status, and burglaryrates of adjacent neighborhoods on the variation in neighborhood burglary rates over time. The direction of influence of burglaries across neighborhoodswith different demographic levels within seasons is investigated using a cross-sectional time series analysis. The data set consists of all burglaries occurring in Norfolk (VA) during January 1987-December 1989. "Structural Inequality, Individual Strain, and Delinquency," MARGAREf FARNWOR'I1I, Sam Houston State University and ALAN LIZOTIE and 'IERENCErnORNBERRY, State University of New York at Albany Debate continues about the appropriate level of analysis to specify modelsof strain and crime. Some theorists hold that Merton's theory of structural inequality requires macro-level data, while others propose that social-psychological responsesto inequality require individual-level data. The authors subscribe to a theoretical interpretation that implicates both structural and individual-level concepts: Inequality on a structural level leads to class differences in strain; and greater strain among lower class juveniles increases the probability of their delinquency relative to others. This hypothesis with aggregate and individual-level data is tested. Structural inequality is operationalized using census tract data for Rochester (NY). Class differences, strain, and delinquency are measured with individual-level data collected for the Rochester Youth Development Study. PANEL 86 Drug Useand the Community: Patterns, Responses, and Policies "Drinking, Drug Use, and Camaraderie Among the Homeless in Boston," KEVIN MULVEY, Northeastern University This paper discusses drinking, drug-taking, and bonding surrounding the use of these substances by the homeless in Boston. A comparison is attempted between shelter users and non-users. The patterns of use by the homeless of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and heroin are examined. Finally, a discussion of the findings and a reinterpretation of their use of the substances is suggested. "Drug Sales, Property Crime and Neighborhood Viability," GEORGE RENGERT, Temple University This study demonstrated the process through which drug sale locations act as anchor points for criminals who support their drug habits through property crime. The localizationof property crime around drug sale locations leadsto community disorganization as residents abandon this high-crime area. This allows the street sale of drugs to expand into disrupted communities surrounding the original drug sale location. This spatial dynamic to the expansion of drug sales is supported by ethnographic and record data on the crime sites and drug purchasing locationsof Philadelphia burglars. "Gunfire in the Ghetto Corral: Drugs and the Legacy of Violence in the Inner City," ll.OYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College The drug problem continually menaces innocent victims living in lower class neighborhoods. Gunfire between rival gangsor drug dealers exacts tragic results and demonstrates the toll that drug use places upon American society. These problems are exacerbated by intractable poverty and a strain upon criminal justice services. Budgetary constraints on law enforcement expansion and the emphasis upon media exploitation of criminal violence seemingly intensifies the situation. This paperexamines the development of the drug problem within the inner city, societal reaction toward innocent victims of these violent confrontations and impact of the war on drugs. "Substance Abuse, Violence, and Community Response: A Boston Experience," CONSfANI1NE SOURIS and SlEVEN EVANS, University of Massachusetts, Boston Recent research has shown that gang activities, street violence, and substance abuse problems have been escalating in the urban areas of the United States and that traditional methodsof dealing with these problems are showing themselves to be inefficient, inadequate, and noneffective. This paper identifies community efforts dealing with substance abuse and/or violence in Boston. From these endeavors, the pro-active concept of community self-empowerment, coupled with community/police action, in prevention and protection programs, are examined for long-term remedies to the underlying social problems, in order for rational recommendations for policy modification. 146 PANELg] Problem-Oriented Policing: Problem or Solution? "The Problems with Problem-Oriented Policing," ROBERT TAYLOR, University of Texas at Tyler and DENNISKENNEY, University of Nebraska at Omaha One of the most controversial issues in police management and operations today is the implementation of problem-oriented policing. Numerous agencies have departed from traditional police methods and embarked on a journeyinvolving the radical restructuring of the police organization and society's perception of 'what' police do. This paper focuses on the problems associated with this new concept. "Problem-Oriented Policing as a Drug Control Strategy: Opportunities and Limitations," GARY CORDNER, DAVIDSfRIEGEL, and lARRY GAINES, Eastern Kentucky University This paper reviews the applicability of problem-oriented policing to local level drug control. Particular attention is focused on responses that do not depend upon arrest and criminal justice processing. Discussion centers on the desirability of encouraging the policeto adopt and implement powerful tactics that are not subject to routine judicial review. "Keeping the Peace in Dodge City: An Analysis of the Impact of Neighborhood Policing on Crime," MICHAEL NEUsrROM, University of Southwestern Louisiana No abstract available. "Innovative Ideas for Community Policing," SIDNEYSNEU... ENBURG, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Utilizing Cyberquest, a computer aided problem-solving system, the community policing team of the Wilmington (NC) Police Department developed ideas to: (1) improve police/community relations; (2) identify projects that could be initiated by the Wilmington Police Department; and (3) personal goals for each member of the community policing team. A total of 50 ideas were generated during the day-long session. A subsequent session with community leaders was held to generate ideas which will facilitate improved policy/community relations. PANEL 88 VICtim Assistance "Job Stress and Psychological, Behavioral, and SocialProblems Among Police, Correctional, and Probation/Parole Officers," BERNIE PA1TERSON, Valdosta State College A surveyof nearly 4,500peace officers was conducted using a 129-item questionnaire which included a modified version of Spielberger's Police Stress Survey and items which identified psychological, behavioral, or social problems. As perceived, as job stress increased for each group, so did the tendency to report such problems, e.g., alcohol and marital problems. The value of gamma for the police group ranged from .29 to .64, seven of which were greater than .40. Similar results were found for correctional officers and probation/parole officers. While a strong association was discovered between stress level and the reporting of such problems, caution was expressed about attributing causality to this linkage. "Incorporating Victim Assistance Programs into Police Policy," JOHNWICOCK and C JACQUELINESCHULTZ., Eastlake (OH) Police Department This paper discusses how several police departments have incorporated police-based victim assistance groups into their departments as a result of the recommendations of President Reagan's Task Force on Victims of Crime in 1982. Specifically, it discusses the policyform ulated by Eastlake Police Department, the purpose of which was to establish a uniform and consistent method by which all officers can reasonably provide a service-oriented support system for victims of crime through Eastlake Victim Assistance Program advocates. "Delivering the Death Notice: Theoretical and Practical Applications Within Criminal Justice," JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University and BRYAN BYERS, St Mary's University The theory and practice of informing survivors of a death has been an important criminal justice function. Traditionally, this task has rested with the social service role of law enforcement. Criminal justice professionals continually encounter crisis situations, and the death notification is one such interaction. This paper focuses on the theoretical and practical aspects of delivering a death notice. Special emphasis is given to the criminal justice role as this task relates to the effective treatment of this crisis situation. Attention is given to applicable socialand interpersonalcrisis theory, practical aspects of crisis and grief, and effective and efficient steps which may assist the notifier with this most difficult task. PANEL89 Social,Political, and Legal Forces Shaping JuvenilePolicy Justice "Socio-Political Factors and Young Offenders," ARNOLD BINDER, University of California, Irvine and WRIEFRID ELL, Florida State University The type of attention that young offenders have received in a given era of United States history has been an excellent barometer of the socio-political climate of that era. To illustrate, the founding of the juvenile court and its rapid proliferation occurred during the "progressive era", a periodof social reform that followed the depression ending in 1897. This paper focuses on the Kennedy-Johnson years and the intense level of activity in the realm of delinquency prevention and control during those years. The emphasis of the Kennedy-Johnson era was contrasted with those of the present, a more conservative era. 147 "Oregon's Juvenile Services: Confusion and Contention," KENNEI1I VIEGAS, University of Oregon Major contemporary youthpolicy initiati ves in Oregon are identified. The development of policiesover time are traced and concludes that two major thrusts are now primary-youth development and the balanced approach. This paper examines the legal, social, theoretical, and philosophical basis of the two movements. This comparison leads to identification of areas of agreement, disagreement, and confusion in the legal framework, social orientation, theoretical, and philosophical underpinnings. It concludes with predictions and recommendations for policy and practice in juvenile services. "Juvenile Detention: Emerging Issues for Public Policy Consideration, " DAVID ROUSE, National Juvenile Detention Association Juvenile detention may be the most overlooked component of the criminal justice system. In recent years, litigation and overcrowding have drawn attention to juvenile detention. A rejuvenated professional community of practitioners has added greater clarity to an institutional process which has historically been shrouded by the confidentiality of the juvenile court since the first detention center appeared in 1907. What are the public policy issues for this new found phenomenon? Are criminal justice programs and academicians ready to address these issues? This paper discusses the emerging issues and the role of criminal justice programs in shaping public policy. PANEL90 Probation:A Form ofCommunity Corrections "Probation Officer Supervisors: An Analysis of a Helping Relationship," EDWARD SIEH, Niagara University The role of the probation officer has been discussed frequently but not very much is known about the role of the probation officer's supervisor. This paper offersan analysis of this person's role in the agency by comparing it to the role of the supervisor in a socialwork agency. Particular attention focuses on the person's recruitment, the task they perform, the problems they face, and the responses they make to these problems. "The Social-Psychological Effects of Probation on Probationers in Four Areas: Emotions, Family, Peer, Work Relations, Self-Concept and Stigma," JAMES DAVIS, New York City Department of Probation No abstract available. "A Preliminary Evaluation of the Probation Mentor Home Program: An Alternative to Institutionalization for Juvenile Offenders," CHINITA HFARD, Indiana University The number of young people appearing before Allen Superior Court has rapidly increased within the last decade. In many cases these individuals bring with them a variety of social and behavioral problems, including an increase in dysfunctional family structures. These concerns, coupled with enormous budget constraints, prompted officials at Allen County Juvenile Probation Department (Ft Wayne, IN) to implement a new community based corrections program for non-violent youthful offenders. This study, therefore, evaluates the effectiveness of the Probation Mentor Home Program, short-term foster care for adolescents aged 10-17 in Allen County. "HIV Testing in Probation and Parole Agencies," DENNY LANGSIUN, Central Missouri State University One of the many problems facing probation and parole agencies today is the growing threat that AIDS presents. One response that such agencies may consider is the testing of their population for HIV. This paper addresses the controversies that exist with regard to HIV testing in probation and parole agencies. Specifically, such issues as costs of tests, whom to test, the purpose of testing, and the use of test results are examined. PANEL91 Teaching Strategies andTechniques ''Teaching Organized and White Collar Crime Through Fiction," BEVERLY SMrI1I, Illinois State University This paper explores how fictional presentations of organized and white-collar crime can be used in criminal justice classes. The works recommended for use include popularfiction (E Leonard, Killshot, 1989; R B Parker, Playmates, 1989) and acknowledged masterworks of modern fiction (T Wolfe, Bonfire of the Vanities, 1987; E L Doctorow, Billy Bathgate, 1989; W Kennedy, Legs, 1975). These novels deal with witness protection programs, corruption on college campuses, insider trading on Wall Street, initiation into gangs, and the operations of organized crime families. "A Strategy for Teaching Theoretical Criminology," JAMES QUINN and JOHNHOLMAN, University of North Texas This paper presents an inductive case study approach for teaching theoretical criminology. Theory is presented as a form of problem-solving that is based on the rigorous use of scientific logic. A classification system for facts associated with criminal cases is developed. This system facilitates their integration with levels of social organization and theoretical assumptions. Theories are then employed to analyze and evaluate this integration. The strategy presented has been found to assist students in focusing on the construction of the theory and is consistent with the most recent methods for theoryadvancement in the social sciences. "Criminal Justice Studies: A Structuralist Analysis," DAVID FA RMER, Virginia Commonwealth University This research analyzes the field of criminal justice studies in structuralist terms. It uses a derivative of the method suggested by Saussure's model of linguistic analysis, the approach applied by others to a variety of fields, e.g., by Foucault to some criminological and other issues, by Lacan to psychoanalysis. This analysis is intended to shed light on the scope, nature, and method of criminal justice studies. 148 "A Critical Identity Schema for Criminal Justice Literacy," rnOMAS REED, Eastern Kentucky University This paper examines two issues related to the application of cultural literacy ideas to criminal justice education: (a) what are the implications of the scheme for the educational process? (b) although emphasis has been placed upon identifying a core of literature, is there also a need to identify important schemata? The paper uses learning theory principles and the concepts of paradigms and criticality to argue for such identification. A critical identity schema is proposed from a broad problem-solving frame of reference that takes into account events such as hate crime and various forms of human abuse. "Self Assessment for Criminal Justice Practitioners: Increasing Success Potential Through Multi-Dimensional Testing," R SCOTrDISTF.L, Tiffin University and NICHOLAS MEIER, Kalamazoo Valley Community College Because of the sensitive nature of the criminal justice profession, there is a distinct need to provide the field with candidates who are not only prepared academically, but who possess the emotional and intellectual stability to deal with the myriad of complex emotional and mental issues facing them. Self-assessment is another of the many resources available to aid in the holistic approach to the criminal justice selection and education process. The course can be used to increase self-awareness for the individual or be designed as an aid to the criminal justice selection process. PANEL92 Disputes.VIOle nce, and Crime in Indian Country "Culture, Violence and Substance Abuse Among American Indians," lAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University and JIM HORNBUCKLE, Cherokee Indian Reservation Federal health data indicates that American Indians have a violent rate higher than both the dominant society and other racial groups. Fetal alcoholism is highest among this group while the death rates for ages 15-44 are nearly twice that of the general United States population. Specifically, the death rate for American Indians exceed the total United States population 321 % for alcoholism and 80% for homicide and suicide. This paper looks at the relationship of culture (cultural marginality), self-medication (alcohol and substance abuse), and violence among this population and its impact upon the criminal justice system. "Preliminary Report of Incidents Reported in Eight Rural Alaskan Villages," NELlA LEE, Montana State University This paper reports data collected from Alaska State Troopers over a two-year period on all incidents reported in eight Yup'ik Eskimovillages. It's a preliminary report based on a five-year study of incidents reported in 16 Yup'ik villages. The data reflects very high rates of felonies, as well as misdemeanors, especially in areas such as protective custody and drunk in public. It supports a hypothesis of social disorganization related to erosion of culture due to exposure to western culture and alcohol. The complete five-year study shows statistically significant differences in rates of incidents between Yup'it nation villages and non-Yup'it nation villages. "Disputes and Crimes in Five Athabascan Villages in the Alaskan Interior," mwIN MARENIN, University of Alaska Fairbanks Patternsand trends of disputes and crimes in five Athabascan villages in the interior of Alaska are analyzed, as are the manner in which such incidents are brought to the attention of the formal legal system, in this case the Alaska State Troopers. Data were gathered from all incident files held in the Alaska State Troopers' sub-regional office. The files cover a five-year span for the five villages. PANEL93 Crime Preventionand the Community Context "Participation in Community Crime Prevention and World View: Thinking About More Effective Communication Approaches," JAMES GIlLHAM, Buffalo State College, and GEORGE A BARNEIT, State University of New York at Buffalo Previous findings on how residents' attitudes affect their participation in community crime prevention have been, at least to some extent, weak and inconsistent. They have provided correspondingly ambiguous direction to crime prevention organizers on what they should do to maximize participation. This paper reports on the use of ratio-level multidimensional scaling to develop such direction pertinent to home security survey. Self reported participation in the initial sample correlates -.99,by a procedurestandard in RMDS studies, with a measure of respondents' attitudes toward crime prevention activities. "Conflict Resolution As a Crime Prevention Strategy," KAREN 0Tr, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania This paper examines the police role in crime prevention and order maintenance. Specifically, it addresses how productive resolution of conflict (nonviolent methods that satisfy underlying concerns of all parties) assists in crime prevention and order maintenance. The examination begins with discussion of various strategies for resolving conflicts and how societysocializes people predominantly to rely on techniques of powerand avoidance to deal with conflict. Using a meta-ethnographic approach to create a lines-of-argument synthesis, this paper suggests state police are appropriate individuals to teach children in school settings how to resolve their conflicts productively. "Putting Crime Prevention To Work for Loss Prevention," WllLIAM PFLFREY, Western Carolina University This paper explores the recent developments in crime prevention activities and initiatives by police, especially those associated with community oriented policing and problem-oriented policing. These initiatives are then applied to loss prevention and security as an information asset which cannot be corrected. 149 PANEL94 Issues in JudicialProcessing "Aggregate Conditions Influencing Caseload Statistics: Exploratory Analysis of the Fifty States," MIa-IAELHAZl..EIT and JULIE GD..MERE, Western Illinois University It has been cited in the literature that political and demographic factors may influence state criminal caseloads. Factors such as local political and funding conditions, assembly-line justice, and workgroup formations are evident in the way cases are processed (Neubauer, 1988). Such conditions are difficult to document at the case level. As an exploratory replication of earlier research, this study explores aggregate patternsassociated with changes in criminal caseloads. Factors to be compared with court activity are: state demographics; processing pressures (crimes and arrests); prosecution and defense services; judicial personnel and resources; and sentencing and correctional capacities. "Crisis in the Criminal Trial Courts: The Pennsylvania Case," WALTER POWELL, Slippery Rock University Criminal courts have changed dramatically in the United States in the past 20 years; the criminal court system is a maze of congested dockets and costly delays. A sizeable number of criminal trial court judges feel there is more concernfor moving cases than for deciding them justly. Many judges are of the opinion that their pay and working conditions are comparatively poor. A vast majority of them believe that decisions of the higher courts are vague, conflicting, and of questionable value in guiding their own decisions. This paper details these problems and discusses interviews with Pennsylvania judges and attorneys. "Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Spectrum of Means to Resolve Disputes," DFANSPADER, University of SouthDakota Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) refersto a series of processes other than negotiation and adjudication to resolve disputes, including civil and criminal cases. This paper surveys processes and attempts to define, categorize, and evaluate them. The second major purpose is to footnote and cite all of the major resources available which research, legislate, and discuss these processes. Finally, it is hoped to develop a chart illustrating the characteristics along the spectrum in order to provide a more accurate understanding of each process, and its strengths and weaknesses. The processes discussed include mediation, arbitration, private judging, mini-trials, summaryjury trials, etc. "Plea Bargaining: Acquiescing for Consideration in an Organizational Environment," C ALLEN PIERCE., Youngstown State University and GORDON FRISSORA This paper is a report ofan empirical analysis of case resolution methods to test the hypothesis that 'plea bargaining' is caused by heavy case loads. The case resolution methods of all the municipal and county courts in Ohio during 1987 were identified. Several statistical analyses were used to test the hypothesis and none supported it. These analyses indicate that something other than caseload has influenced the use of plea bargaining as the major case resolution method. "Connecticut Caseload Data Revisited," STEPHEN WHfIE, Appalachian State University Analysts have begun to re-examine case pressure as a factor producing non-trial dispositions. Problems remain with assuming that case courts accurately reflect case pressure; similarly, assuming that non-trial dispositions measure non-adversariness is problematic. Nevertheless, due to the heavy reliance of the literature upon Milton Heumann's work on caseload, the primary focus of this paper is on collecting, displaying, and analyzing Connecticut data similar to those used by Heumann. The data and analysis parallels Heumann's work, except the data was viewed with a fresh perspective, and the data was updated with current official statistics. PANEL 95 Female CriminalJustice Policy Issues "Interviews with Female Police Officers: Perspectives on Policy," C LEE BENNEr, Springfield Police Department (MA) Interviews with a convenience sample of female police officers within the western Massachusetts area concerning current policy and procedures are examined. Approximately 25 percent of the total population of female officers presently working were interviewed over a period from September 1989-April 1990. The wide range of service and seniority of these officers offers a multi-faceted perspective on the problems facing law enforcement personneltoday. Frustrations concerningthe growing crime rate within the area because of increased drug trafficking are voiced succinctly and efforts to influence public policy are illustrated. "Women and Classification: A Feminist Perspective," FAmI LurzE, Pennsylvania State University Several recent reviews on feminism and criminologyhave highlighted the absence of feminist inquiry in rethinking problems of crime and justice. One area of research which has neglected women is research concerningprison classification systems. This paper reviews classification systems in general and their applicability to women in prison from a feminist perspective. The ramificationsof applying gender-biased classification systems in female, as well as male, institutions are discussed. "A Descriptive Study of Health Status and Women Detained in Jail," ROSE MARY srANFORD and L APRIL WOll..ET, University of South Florida at Fort Myers For several decades 'female problems,' particularly PMS, have been studied with inconsistent results. The studies to date have researched women in prison and women in society. No study has explored the correlation of health status and the instant offense during the first post-arrest week. Women arrested and detained in a southern jail were interviewed during their first week of incarceration to determine health status germane to a 150 variety of problems which may have some effect on their subsequent arrest. This project explores the value, and necessaryprocess, in determining the health problems of women at the time of arrest. PANEL96 Legal Issues and Controversies in DrugEnforcement "The 'Reversed Sting' and Entrapment: A Preliminary View," DAMON CAMP, Georgia State University As the war on drugs escalates, more attention is being paid to techniques used by law enforcement to interdict drug trafficking. One method which has garnered scrutiny from enforcement officials as well as civil libertarians is the reversed sting/reversed buy. Typically, this methodcalls for officers to pose as drug purchasers in order to affect arrests and to remove narcotics from the streets. This research presents a preliminary review of the utilization of this technique with an emphasis on judicial reactions to entrapment claims. "The Sokolow Decision: A Preamble to Non-Conventional Drug Control Policy," MICHAEL LYMAN, Columbia College Historically, drug enforcement practices such as undercover operations and the use of criminal informants has drawn critical attention from civil libertarians. With the 1989 Sokolow decision, trends toward more non-traditional drug control practices seem to be on the increase. This paper examines this trend in relation to the 'drug courier profile' decision by the United States Supreme Court. "Fetal Abuse: Can MaternalSubstance Abusersbe Legally Accountable for Fetal Harm?" SALLIEWATKINS, Bryce Hospital (fuscaloosa, AL) and JOHNWATKINS JR, University of Alabama The nation's legal system has recently been engaged in a wide-ranging assessment of the rights of the unborn,particularly in reference to maternal fetal abuse and neglect. These nascent rights have emerged from a combination of constitutional law doctrine and traditional criminal law concepts. This paper discusses the convergence of constitutional and penal law in the on-going development of a jurisprudence of drug-related fetal injury. With the tremendous increase in cocaine abuse in the United States in recent years, the legal system has been forced to address fetal abuse issues that were unforeseen a decade ago. PANELfJ7 Adolescent SubstanceAbuse: Patterns, Profiles,and Prevention The Shippensburg University Model for Drug and Alcohol Prevention Training," DONNA � Shippensburg University This paper describes the Shippensburg University Model for Drug and Alcohol Prevention Training sponsored by the United States Department of Education. The project (1989-1991) was developed by the University in collaboration with the Cumberland and Perry (PA) Drug and Alcohol Commission. The project's target area includes those individuals who have direct contact with youth (school, community, and criminal justice personnel) in the two-county area. The Shippensburg University model is based on a training-of-trainers (fOT) concept, and provides a structured drug and alcohol prevention curriculum developed by the project team. "Adolescent Drug Use and Attitude in Small Communities," WAYNE LUCAS and S1TVENGILHAM, Universityof Missouri at Kansas City While recent studies of urban high schoolyouth suggest that adolescent drug and alcOHol use has become more commonplace and engages younger populations, little work has assessed the degree to which this patternof drug use exist.s outside urban environments. This paperexamines surveydata from junior high school age youth living in six small communities (population 2,2(,JO to 35,000). Subjects' reported drug use, self-esteem, and other dimensions thought related to drug abuse are assessed to provide descriptive pr.ofiles of young adolescent drug use and related attitudes in small communities outside urban environments. "A Comparative Study of Drug-Use Patterns Among Black and White Institutionalized Delinquents in Georgia," GEORGE THOMAS, University of Delaware This study analyzes the drug-use patterns (self-reported data) among 297 blac k and 140 white institutionalized delinquents (all male) from four Youth Development Centers (YDCs) in Georgia. Using maximum likelihood late.nt structural analysis (MLLSA) three drug-user types (non-user, single user, and multiple user) was developed based on: (a) type of drug used and, (b) frequency of drug use in the past year. The above-mentioned drug user types were compared along several social, demographic, and psycholof6ical dimensions. "Underage Drinking and Driving Research Findings," ROBERT UITl.JE, University of North Carolina at Charlotte and KENNEI1-INrZ, CLO Florida State University This report provides social scientists and educators with an organize1d summary of major research findings concerning illegal alcohol use and intoxicated driving among American youth. The following questions ar :e raised and answered in this treatise: What does research tell us about the nature of underage drinking and driving? What health, social and legal problems are associated with drinking and driving? What are the characteristics and behavioral patterns of underage drinkers who drive ? PANEL98 Community-Orieillted Policing: What'sin a Name? "An Examination of Community Policing as an Operational Strategy," JMARI{LANIER, Michigan State University Community policing (CP), as an operational strategy, is being employed by increasing numbers of police departments. The theoretical justification 151 for CP is often predicated on enhancing informal social control. This study seeks to further define the theoretical basis for CP by transposing and testing elements of Hirschi'sControl Theory. Two experimentaland two control areas in Lansing (MI) are compared. Quantitative data is provided, in part, by three longitudinal, systematically administered surveys of community members (n = 1,(00). In addition, a panel study of 20 residents (including members of two competing gangs, prostitutes, police officers, and block club leaders) provide further insight. "Revolutions in Policing: Is Community Policing a Revolution?" MICHAEL WIATROWSKI, Florida Atlantic University This paperexamines the argument developed by George Kelling that community policing represents a quiet revolution in policing. It examines the professional model of policing from the perspective that it represents a paradigm in the sense developed by Thomas Kuhn, and then examines the nature of the "revolution" represented by community policing to determine the extent to which the revolution has succeeded or failed. "An Examination of Community Policing in McAllen, Texas," PHILIPE'lHRIDGE, Universityof Texas-Pan American During the 1980's a large number of police departments experimented with the concept of 'community policing.' This paper examines how the McAllen (TX) Police Department has implemented community policing. Included is a discussion of the officersattitudes toward community policing, how the department was reorganized to reflect a commitment toward community policing, some of the programs connected with community policing, and training officers receive pertaining to community policing. PANEL99 PoliceTraining "Police Training Revisited: An Andragogical Approach to Police Education," GREG DWYER, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and VICKY DORWOR'I1I, Montgomery College Problem-oriented policing, introduced in the 1980's, requires officers to analyze and offer creative solutions to various, and often complicated community problems. This paper evaluates current policepedagogical instructional models to determine if the same prepare the recruit and the in serviceofficer for the critical thinking necessaryfor proactive policing in the 1990's. It is suggestedandr agogical models would best prepare the police professional in this endeavor. "'The Status of Police Training in the United States," BARBARA COXand RICHIER MOOREJR, Appalachian State University All states now have some requirements for training in order for one to be certified as a law enforcement officer. The requirements range from no set number of hours to a two-year degree plus specialized training. A few states began mandated training in the 1960's, most began it in the 1970's, and a few waited until the 1980's. The beginnings, background, and changes of mandated police training and its current status are presented. Included is an examination of who is required to have training, the deliverysystem for training, and additional training requirements after basic. "An Evaluation of State Police Basic Training Progra:'1s,"mRRY EDWARDS, University of Louisville Most research regarding the policies,practices, and theorie ; of policetraining focuseson urban or metropolitan organizations. Verylittle is published about the training of state police officers. This paper e :jluates the basic training programs of the 49 state police agencies. Quantitative and qualitative analyses provide insight into the course content ';)f the various curricula. Unique trends and practices are identified and the curricula compared to recommended standards. Finally, individual and collective practices are evaluated in light of recent legal decisions regarding civil liability for negligent training. "1983 Liability for Inadequate Police Training: Vanishing in 1990,'�JOHN SIEVENS, North Carolina Wesleyan College The Rehnquist Court is limiting the liability of police for injuries caused by inadequate training in actions brought pursuant to Section 1983. With the addition of Justice Souter, it is likely that this trend will continue: during the current term. "Standards and Criteria for Police Academy Administrators and Instrucrorsin the United States," NICHOlASMEIER, Kalamazoo Valley Community College This paper presents the results of a study of standards and criteria for ,the certification and/or approval of law enforcement instructors and police academy administrators in the United States. Certification standards we:re found to range from nonexistent to comprehensive. PANEL100 Schools, Education, and Crime "Grades, Jobs and Drugs: When 'Two-Out-of-Three' is Bad," WILLIAM\ TOWNE, Illinois State University and CHERYL 'I1EMAN, Radford University Growing numbers of teens are taking jobs while in high school. Although they have more money to spend, they also have less time for a social life, and often less time for school work. Does having more money also increasce the chance of drug use? It is hypothesized that students who work will have lower gradeaverages, lower levels of social interaction with peers, and g;reater use of illicit drugs. The Monitoring the Future data set, a national, representative sample, was used to analyze the costs of jobs for high schoo l seniors. 152 "Illinois Judicial and Legislative Policy Responses to School-Connected Crime and Violence," WARD WELDON, EMANUEL HURwnz, and nrrrus MENACKER, Universityof Illinois at Chicago This presentation was organized into three parts: (1) conditions of school crime and violence, particularly in Chicago schools; (2) recent legislative enactments and judicial decisions respondingto these problems; and (3) an analysis and evaluation of the results of legislative and judicial measures to date. The emphasis was upon the Illinois Safe SchoolsAct and changes in the Illinois Juvenile Court Act, along with resultant adjudication of these enactments. "The Relationship Between Academic Performance, Attitudes Toward School, Educational Achievement, and Delinquency," SIEPHEN COx, TIMOTHY BYNUM, and WILUAM DAVIDSON, Michigan State University Previous research suggests a strong link between school-related factors and delinquent behavior. This link involves several components, including academic ability, academic performance, and attachment to school. This paper discusses the theoretical connection between school-related factors and delinquency while presenting research findingsconsisting of interviews, school records, and police records of 315 youths between the ages of 10-14 in a large metropolitan area. PANEL101 Using Probationin an Innovative Way "Improving Probation Effectiveness Through Innovative Techniques," BllL DAVIS and SIDRLEYDAVIS, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Research has shown that probation is an effective alternative to incarceration that should be maintained. This popularform of alternative to prison is bulging at its seams. In North Carolina, Superior Court Judge Robert Burroughs has devised a new technique to assist the probation officer in handling hiS/her overburdened caseload. Using a special form and acknowledgement, Judge Burroughs, imposing special sanctions, provides a 'last opportunity' for probation to an otherwise 'prison bound' convicted criminal. Judge Burroughs 'pink slip' plus the now developing 'community penalty program' may be seen as a solution to providing the assistance needed for the probation program to become more effective. "Philosophy and Strategy of Probation Officers in Attempting Offender Change," HARLEE HOLBROOK, Bemidji State University Probation officers, viewed as change agents, were surveyed to understand their philosophy of change in offenders, strategyfor bringing their change, and their methods for evaluating the effectiveness of their change strategy. "Explaining Community Supervision Rates," GEORGIA SMITH, University of Alabama at Birmingham Widespread problems with prison crowding during the past two decades have sparked interest in explanations of the increased use of incarceration as a correctional strategy. A growing body of research focuses on the relationship between social structural valuables and rates of imprisonment. Yet little is known about the impact of economic conditions on the utilization of non-penal sanctions. This study examines the relationships between variables derived from economic, crime control, and social disorganization perspectives and rates of probation and parole supervision. State level data for each state and multiple regression techniques are used to develop models to predict probation and parole supervision rates. PANEL102 Minorities and Criminal EducationJustice "The Gift of Wisdom: Mentoring or Sponsoring Minorities into the Academic Guild," BRUCE BERG, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and ROBERT BING Dl, University of Missouri at St Louis This paper examines academic mentoring, and the need to establish a viable sponsorship program for minority graduate students. To accomplish this examination, the nature of mentoring as represented in the literature was considered. As well, this paper considers several of the problems fa cing minority academics who have already entered the field, but not as fully indoctrinatedmembers of the 'academic guild.' Finally, in an effort to contrast it with sponsorship, this paperproposes a four-stage model for true mentoring by applying Marcel Mauss' concept of 'the gift.' "Agents of Change, Agents of Repression, Bureaucratic Insurgents, or Justice Functionaries? The Role of Criminal Justice Education at Predominantly Black Colleges and Universities," GREGG BARAK, Alabama State University The paper explores the role of criminal justice education at predominantly black colleges and universities. More specifically, it discusses the history and purpose of criminal justice practice and education in the context of the black experience in the United States. Finally, it provides a philosophical picture of the dial�ctics of criminal justice education and practice as it relates to the 'cultural literacy' of bourgeois, radical, and African-American criminology. "Gender Differences in the Perception of Criminal Justice Education," MICHAELMEYER, University of North Dakota Based on a surveyof undergraduate criminal justice and non-criminal justice majors, differences in attitudes and expectations of criminal justice majors toward criminal justice education are explored. This study explores explanations for observedgender differences in the rate of criminal justice related employment of male and female alumni of a medium-size state university criminal justice program. Comparison of attitudes and perceptions were done with a non-criminal justice sample of students at the university. 153 "Presetvice Student Views of Affirmative Action: Law Enforcement Student Attitudes at Western Illinois University," MICHAELHAZLE1T and BRUCEWILSON, Western Illinois University Affirmative action literature has focused upon the attitudes and current practices of criminal justice agencies. However, such literature has lacked a focus upon attitudes of presetvicepersonnel toward minority and women's issues. Because of the changing demography of the population,and the increased infusion of minorities and women into the criminal justice system, affirmative action attitudes become critical to setvicedel ivery in the future. This paper describes attitudes toward affirmative action issues of 330 law enforcement majors at Western Illinois University. Further, it explores differences in perceptions across gender, race, and perceptions of social distance from minorities. PANEL103 Native Cultures, Conflicting Laws "Public Law 280 - What Determines if a Behavior is Criminal or Civil," GARY COPUs, University of Alaska Fairbanks This is an important issue in the application of PL 280. The law says certain states have criminal jurisdiction over "Indian Country". This begs the definition of what is a criminal versus civil behavior. Some native institutions, for example Tanana Chiefs, are urging their constituents to decriminalize their codes so as to declare behaviors heretofore criminal as civil and thus retain jurisdiction exclusively. "The Death of Chief Crazy Horse: A Criminological Examination of Eyewitness Accounts Surrounding the Homicidal Events of September5, 1877," JAMES GnBERT, Kearney State College The circumstances, events, and eyewitness testimony pertaining to the death of Crazy Horse, aprinciple chief of the Oglala Sioux was examined. The circumstances of his death have been contradictory, suspect, and hotly debated. Many Native Americans believe he was murdered in a conspiratory fashion by elements of the United States government,others assume he was killed while violently resisting arrest. Yet a third view holds that his death resulted from a lethal combination of bureaucratic confusion and fear. Using contemporary methods of analysis, conclusions are drawn to objectively determine the nature of his death. "The Oglala Sioux Tribal Court: Termination to Self-Determination," GEORGE WATSON JR, Chadron State College This paper traces the historical development of the Oglala Sioux Tribal Court located on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation from pre-reservation periods to the present with special attention focused on federal policy toward tribal justice. It also examines the current court, its caseload, and current issues confronting the tribal court in the 1990's. "Norm Qualities and the Law: A Comparison of the Legal Attitudes of American Indian and Caucasian Youth," L TIlOMASNew WINFREE, Mexico State University, OIRISI1NE SELLERS, University of South Florida, and CURTGRIFFfI1-I S, Simon Fraser University The significance of the norm qualities of one's primarysocial group has been the focusof drug and alcohol research for nearly three decades. The current study examines the relative importance of the norm quality responses of two groups of American Indian youths for shaping their attitudes towards the "white man's" legal system and drug control laws. Group I consists of the youthful members of a single American Indian tribe; the members of Group II are multi-tribal youths attending a Job Core center on Group I's reservation; Group III, a comparison group of similarly aged caucasian youths, attend the same public school as the Group I youths. The theoretical and policy implications of the various comparisons are discussed. PANEL104 Community Crime Prevention: Risks and Responses "Changing Lifestyle Risk Factors for Crime Prevention," RICHARD KANIA, Guilford College A body of literature now exists on the social and demographic factors and lifestyles of sub-populations disproportionately victimized by criminal predictors. Some of the populations attributes cannot be changed (sex and race); some will change slowly of their own accord (age); and some can be modified through lifestyle risk management. Using data from the High Point (NC) Police Department Crime Prevention Program, this paper proposes some lifestyle changes which crime prevention advisors can employ with minimal cost to achieve genuine crime risk reduction. "Big Problems, Small Neighborhood Businesses: A Model of Their Reactions to Crime," BONNIEFISHER, Ohio State University Neighborhood businesses have been given little attention with respect to the effects crime has on their livelihood and the reactions of the business operators. Using survey data collected from neighborhood business operators, this paper examines how operators react to crime. A mod�l is developed for the reactions to crime that incorporates both the victimization and social control models. "Arming Private Police with High Capacity Weapons-The Risks Outweigh the Benefits," R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Private police security personnel, under some circumstances, have been and are armed with firearms. Public law enforcement is currently involved in the transition from revolvers to high capacity semi-automatic weapons. This paper addresses the basic arguments the police advance to acquire the high capacity weapons. It is offered that the public police arguments are not based on facts but more so on emotions. Nevertheless, there is no justifiable argument to arm private security with such weapons unless of course they argue they want high capacity weaponsbecause the public police have them. 154 "Firearms, Crime Prevention and Self-Protection: A North Carolina Citizen Survey,"E DUANE DAVISand LAURAMORIARlY, Western Car olina University Considerable attention in recent years has focused on the issue of firearms and the public's willingness to use those firearms to protect self, family, and property. Although this topic is beginning to receive the attention of methodologistsin social research, a lack of sophistication in research design and a lack of statewide surveys have proven to be major limitations in establishing an accurate knowledge base. This paperexplores citizens' attitudes in North Carolina concerning firearms and other crime prevention efforts. A random sample of North Carolina residents responded to an eight-page questionnaire by the authorswhich was designedto measure attitudes concerningthe possession and use of firearms, attitudes about the justice system and a variety of crime prevention efforts. PANEL lOS Issues inCriminal Processing "Effects on Processing Time of Guilty Pleas in Felony Cases in North Carolina," JAMES BRUNER, East Carolina University This paper reports on the results of a study concerning the effects of guilty pleas on processing time in felony cases. The study was conducted in 14 of the 36judicial districts in North Carolina. It covered 1984-85 until 1987-88. The research compares the total felony cases disposed of in each district during each year with the percent of those cases resulting in guilty pleas and the effect that this had on the overall mean and median age of the cases when the trials were held. "The Ecology of Criminal Processing: A Statewide Analysis of Felony Courts in California," MARGARET FARNWORTII, RAYMOND 'IESKE JR, JAMES GOLDEN, and SUSAN RI1TER, Sam Houston State University In analyzing the geography of crime and justice, Harries identified "interesting differences" in felony dispositions in 12 California counties in 1970. This study updates and elaborates that analysis with 1988 felony court data, complemented with census data for California's58 counties. The purpose of the analysis was to identify and explain intrastate differences in felony dispositions. Independent variables measure 1) aggregate-level county characteristics and 2) individual-level characteristics of cases and of defendants. Dependent variables consist of various disposition options, e.g., acquittal, dismissal, probation, jail, or prison. Results are discussed in the context of homogeneity assumptions in state-level analyses of criminal justice. "Assessing the Impact of Automation on the Intake Process of a Municipal Court in Dealing with OWl Offenders,"WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, LARRY GOULD, and DONAlD SCO'IT, Louisiana State University This paper presents the results of a two-phaseev aluation of the organizational and operational effects of automating the Baton Rouge CIA) City Court in terms of its ability to more effectively process DWI offenders. Among the findings were: 1) automation significantly reduced the amount of time between referral and disposition of OWl cases; 2) probation officers were able to spend more time with client centered activities and less time performing clerical tasks; 3) lower level clerical staff were able to perform intake information gathering and processingwhich had previously been a probation function, without loss of quality or accuracy; and 4) despite increased workloads during the phasing in of automation, court employees generally maintained a positive attitude toward the automation processes. "Misdemeanor Case Processing: Dynamics and Case Processing," ANTrA NEUBERGER and KA1HERINE JAMIESON, University of North Carolina at Charlotte The research presented focuses on understanding the dynamics behind case processing of misdemeanor offenses. While considerable research has examined the necessity and propriety of prosecutorial decision-making, most of this literature focuses attention on felony offenses. As a result, systematic knowledge of the operational realities of lower courts is limited. Approximately 1,700misdemeanor cases processedthrough an urban court system are examined. Specifically, a variety of legal, extra-legal, and procedural variables are considered in order to better understand the correlated associated with case outcomes. PANEL106 Rape I "Sociolegal Change and Patternsof Rape Reporting: An Empirical Study," ALANUZ01TE and K SPINK, State University of New York at Albany This research tests for changes in the reporting of rapes to law enforcement personnel during 1973-1983, inclusive. During the 1970's the fe minist movement resulted in an increased societal awareness of rapeand various rape law reforms. These changes may have produced a fairer treatment of female rape victims, in tum encouraging them to report the offenses to police. Data were obtained from the National Crime Survey, a randomly administered self-report survey. Subjects were females age 18 and older who reported being the victim of a completed or attempted rape Cn = 873). A logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of time on rape reporting by adult women. "Explaining UCR-NCS Disparity in Rape Trends," GARY JENSEN, Vanderbilt University Criminologists routinely note that U CR trends in rape may reflect the willingness of women to reportrape to police and cite a study of National Crime Survey data from 1973 through 1985 as support. A re-analysis of the issue shows that: 1) there is a slight but insignificant linear trend in female victims' reports of rapes; 2) the trend noted in earlier analysis was generated by one outlier; and 3) the greater the percentreported in any given year, the lower the victimization rate in the following year. In sum, disparate UCR-NCS trends in rape are not due to changes in inclinations to report. 155 "The Ignored Victim: Male Rape Revisited," mOMAS S,W1LLIAM California State University, San Bernardino Earlier male rapestudies focused on sexual assaults in male prisons and jails. However, a few dealt with male rape in the community. In this study, a random sample of males and females in Texas were asked in a crime survey: 1) were you the victim of rape or an attempted rape during the year, and 2) were you the victim of rape or an attempted rape during your lifetime. Male respondentswho said yes established the rape variable. About 2 percent of the males reported rape (interasexual assaults). An analysis of the data and discussion are presented. PANEL107 Workshop: Approaches to Drug Control as Employed bySelected Government Agencies This workshop identifies and discusses the methods used, and philosophies governing the involvement with controlled substances by employees of the United State Military, Metro-Dade Police Department, City of Miami (FL) Police Department, Dade County (FL) Corrections Department, and the Southeast Florida Institute of Criminal Justice. It focuses on detection, treatment, counselling, education, and penaltiesfor drug involvement as they apply to these agencies' personnel. PANEL1� IntravenousDrug Use and IllY Disease "Educating Probationers About HIV," ARmuR LURIGIO, Loyola University of Chicago Intravenous drug users (IVDUs) are one of the fastest growing groups with HIV disease. Such persons present an enormous challenge to those working to stem the spread of the virus: they are usually not privy to public health messages, are often difficult to reach with preventative interventions,and have problems accessing primaryhealth care. This study describes an education program for adult probation offenders and focuses on the IVDUs who participated in the sessions. The investigation employed a pretest-posttest,quasi-experimental design. Preliminary results showed that educated offenders reported fewer intentions to engage in high risk behaviors. "AIDS Risk Among Intravenous Drug-Using Offenders," SIEPHEN MAGURA.ANDREW ROSENBLUM, and HERMANJOSEPH, Narcotic and Drug Research Inc This study interviewed a sample of criminally-involved intravenous drug users (IVDUs) to learn their types and frequencies of AIDS risk behaviors as well as the obstacles to enrolling in drug abuse treatment, considered the most effective way of reducing AIDS risk. The subjects were 281 narcotics addicts (76% men, 24% women), not in drug abuse treatment at arrest, who were detained or serving sentences during 1989 in New City's central jail facility. Most were participating in a new in-jail methadone maintenance program. Eighty-nine percent were heroin and cocaine injectors. AIDS risk behaviors in the 6 months prior to incarceration included: share needles/works (54%) and have IVDU sexual partners (48%). "Shooting Galleries, Police Activity, and HIV Risk," ANIDNIO JIMINEZ, WENDAIL JOHNSON, and LAWRENCE OUELLIIT, University of Illinois at Chicago Shooting galleries-sites where intravenous drug users (IVDUs) gather to inject drugs-have been identified as a key component in the spread of HIV disease. Yet, until recently, little investigation has been done on the social character of shooting galleries and its relation to HIV's spread. Using ethnographic methodsand surveydata from a current Chicago sample of over 1,600active IVDUs not in treatment, this paper examines and compares shooting galleries in three distinct community areas. A typology of shooting galleries based upon sociological understandings of rules, norms and authority is presented, and differences in the level of HIV risk and the potential for risk reduction are assessed. "Stemming the Spread of HIV Among IV Drug Users, Their Sexual Partners and Children: Issues and Opportunities for Criminal Justice Agencies," WILLIAM RHODES, Abt Associates Inc In some urban areas of the United States, over 50 percent of all IV-drug users test positive for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. These infected IV drug users put at risk noninfected drug users with whom they share needles, sexual partners through unprotected sexual intercourse, and children through perinatal transmission. Many-perhaps a majority-of these IV drug users come into contact with the criminal justice system, which thus becomes a likely site for programs aimed at educating high-risk individuals about the threat of AIDS and programs that teach steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of exposure. These programs present an opportunity and a burden for the criminal justice system at all stages of contact with detainees and offenders; pretrial, incarceration, and community supervision. "Controlling HIV Transmission Among Intravenous Drug Users," MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University The AIDS virus (HIV) is spreading at an alarming rate among both intravenous drug users (IVDU) and among the sex partners of IVDUs. This paper reviews the various measures that have been implemented in an attempt to slow the spread of the virus among IVDUs. The pros and cons of each approach are examined. Special attention is devoted to the question of whether public officials should distribute sterile needles to IVDUs. This research explores the various needle exchange programs that have been initiated to date as well as the political controversy that has often surrounded this approach. PANEL 109 Qtizen Response to Policing "Citizen Satisfaction with Police and Police Response," LOUIS ALBERT, Kent State University This paper is an examination of satisfaction with police and their response as expressed by citizens who called police to report a felony crime. It will examine satisfaction based on the role of the caller to the incident, type of crime reported,and the demographics of the caller and victim, if different. 156 The study uses data gathered in Rochester (NY), Jacksonville (FL), Peoria (IL), and San Diego (CA). "'!be Citizen's 'Police Academy': The Lakewood Model," SHARON TAFOYA, Prometheus Consultants Law enforcement has shifted from "Give us the manpower and we can solve the crime problem", to "We can't do it alone and we need citizen cooperation and assistance to solve the crime problem." But the issue of how to integrate citizen volunteers with traditional policeoperations remains a troublesome issue as does the more global issue of making the public better informed about the nature of policing. A number of police departments have implemented a citizen's training program to give citizens a truncated version of the police academy. The Lakewood (CO) Police Department's experience is discussed. PANEL 110 Police Stress "'!be Production of Occupational Stress Among Police Officers," JOHN CRANK, University of Nevada at Las Vegas and MICHAEL CAlDERO, Washington State University The present research extends existing research on stress among police personnel by assessing respondents' self-reports of occupationalsources of stress. In a survey of eight municipal police departments in Illinois, police personnel were asked to identify their principal source of stress. Respondents identified five "domains of content": organization and administration, task environment, judiciary, personal concerns, and city government. Organizational issues, especially issues related to superior officers and shift-changes, were the most frequently selected stressors. Concerns over occupational danger, widely thought to be a source of stress among police, were among the least frequently identified. "Changes in the Social Support Sources of New Law Enforcement Officers," VIVIAN WRD, North Carolina Justice Academy Social support has been found to be a possible moderator of the stress and strain relationship; however, the social support literature is deficient in some areas. One of these deficiencies is the lack of longitudinal research that could examine changes in the variables: stressors, strain, and social support. Also there has been little exploration of the role of social support acquisition in the stress and strain relationship, nor little examination of the characteristics necessary for the acquisition of new social support sources. This paper examines the changes in social support of law enforcement recruits as they complete formal and field training and the effect this change has on their perceived stress. "Job Stress and Policing: An Inter-City Comparison of Geographical Differences," DARRElLCOOK, Benedictine College Occupational job stress in policingcontinues to draw considerable attention from researchers and administrators of public agencies. Thedetrimental effects from "police stress" are numerous: high divorce rates, alcoholism, and high rates of suicide characterize the risk to police officers. Thispaper makes an inter-city comparison of the stressors that police officers feel are bothersome or harmful to them. The findings reveal there are inter-area differences in those items perceived as stressful to officers. "Police Cynicism: A Cohort Analysis Interim Report," ALBERT GORMAN, Monmouth College Neiderhoffer's Scale of Police Cynicism was administered to a group of 100 police recruits during the first week and again during the last week of a 15 week training program. Cynicism scores during the last week of training appear to be significantly higher, but tending towards a common-sense middle-of-the-road approach to police work. The second stage of this study was a follow-up after one year of active policeservice. Results indicate that increases in cynicism levels among police officers is a process directly related to the function of policing. These similar findings tend to confirm the Neiderhoffer cross-sectional study. PANEL111 Juvenile Court Policy and Practice "'!be Right to a Public/JuryTrial in Juvenile Court: An Issue Whose Time Has Come, Again," JOSEPH SANBORNJR, Glassboro State College This study was designed to examine the juvenile defendant's right to a public/jury trail in juvenile court. In the first phase of the research, the history and philosophy of the issue was analyzed. Phase Two involved examining the statutes, court rules, and case decisions from all 50 states to see what the country has decided about the topic. Finally, in Phase Three, 100 court workers were interviewed to discover what these individuals have discerned as to the need for and problems resulting from the absence of a publicfjury trail in juvenile court. "An Examination of Differential Decision-Making in the Juvenile Court," MICHAEL BROWN, Western Michigan University This paper examines the decision-making processesin the juvenile court system. Numerous aspects and consequences of decisions made from intake to disposition are focused upon. Particular attention is paid to whether (or to what extent) differential decision-making exists on the basis of race/ethnicity. The theory of status characteristics and expectation states is utilized to frame the analysis and logistic regression is the statistical design used to analyze the data. Both theory and method assume nonlinear and nonadditive decision-making processes within the court. "Demographic and Legal Variables Associated with Transferring Juveniles to Adult Court in New Mexico," G lARRY MAYS, New Mexico State University and MARILYN HOUGlITALIN, Texas Tech University During the past two decades a great deal of attention has been paid to the "get-tough" movement in regard to juvenile justice processes. One particular manifestation of this more punitive orientation has been the increased emphasis on transferring juveniles to adult court. This paper examines the case files of 49 juveniles transferred to adult court in New Mexico between 1981-1989 in terms of their demographic profile and legal 157 factors such as present offense and offense history. "The Effects of Court Structure on Juvenile Court Decision-Making," PIllLIP SECRET and JAMESJOHNSON, Universityof Nebraska at Omaha This research examines the impact of court structure on case dispositions in juvenile court systems. The study examines seven years (1982-1988) of Nebraska juvenile court data compiled by the Nebraska Crime Commission. Dispositions made in specialized juvenile courts are compared to those made in court which combine a juvenile court jurisdiction with a misdemeanor and small civil case jurisdiction. The study focuseson the adjudication decision of guilt or innocence while controlling for other legal and extra-legal variables. The findings are discussed within the framework of the theory of parens patriae. Relevant policy issues are discussed. PANEL112 Probation andIntensive Supervision: A Form of Community Corrections "Project Muster: An Experimental Evaluation of a Probation Program, " DAVIDWEISBURD, Rutgers University and KARENGOIDsrEIN, AOe Project MUSTER was developed by the New JerseyAdministr ative Office of the Courts (AOC) as a means of increasing the level of payment of court ordered financial obligations. The MUSTER program begins with a violation of probation, and then utilizes intensive probation and community serviceto enforce financial payments. With assistance from the State Justice Institute (S1I), the AOC is evaluating this program using a randomized experimental design. Three groups were compared: a MUSTER group, a group that was violated but not placed in MUSTER, and a group that received no violation (due to financial obligations) during the period of study. This paper presents initial findings developed from the experiment. "Overriding Classification: Placement of Offenders in an Intensive Supervision Program," J ARTI-IURBEYER, Washington State University Capricious and arbitrary overrides of classification instruments can result in a loss of validity for the process and provide ground for client/offender litigation and judicial intervention. The decision to place selected offenders, or deny participation, in an Intensive Supervision Program (ISP) may sometimes necessitate use of established and objective override criteria; a study of one ISP reveals that 19-25 year old probationers convicted of theft, fraud or forgery have a higher rate of failure when supervised on an SIP than do offenders convicted of other offenses. "Electronic Monitoring: What is, What Could Be," MARCRENZE MA, Kutztown University and DAVID SKELTON, Indiana State University Responses from mail survey sent to all electronic monitoring sites in 1989 and 1990 suggest that electronically monitored house arrest is being used primarily as a control measure and is not being integrated into efforts to rehabilitate offenders. This paper describes existing practices and contrasts them with the dictates of psychological theories about inducing behavior change. PANEL 113 Police Training and Education "Criminal Justice Education and the Police Training Career," LARRYHOOVER, Sam Houston State University and WILLIAMPELFREY, Western Carolina University There is an important distinction between a training curriculum and training in a curriculum. Because of the prevalence of training curricula, strong biases against any training content in baccalaureate programs have been developed. While baccalaureate degree in other social professions include numerous training elements, criminal justice educators react to training as if it were a malignant cancer, bound to consume the entire program if just one cell is allowed to exist. It is possible to integrate important training components without destroying the integrity of analytical degree programming. "A Two-Part Study of the Reserve Police Officer Program at the University of South CarOlina," GORDONCREWS, Sumter Area Technical College This paper deals with the Reserve Police Officer Program at the University of South Carolina. This is an extremely unique program for criminal justice students who are interested in a career in law enforcement. These students are given full arrest powers as well as having the option to be armed. This paper serves as a "blueprint" for other colleges to follow in implementing this type of program at their institutions. It also examines the benefits that can be derived by institutions using this type of program as well as an examination of the areas of possible civil liability which are involved. "The Role of Higher Education in Law Enforcement: Preliminary Survey Findings," RICHARD ZEVfIZ, Marquette University This study examines the attitudes of law enforcement agency administrators on a wide range of issues relating to the quality of criminal justice education provided by four-year colleges and universities. A survey of city police chiefs, county sheriffs, and state police executives reveals that most find little fault with the performance of college-educated officers and believe that criminal justice programs of higher education are doing an adequate job in preparing students. However, many believe that current four-year programs need to be re-evaluated or restructured and prefer that more emphasis be placed on operational considerations as well as on interpersonal skills necessary to work effectively within an organization. "Criminal Justice and Critical Thinking," MICHAEL FBROWN, Southeast Missouri State University Professional programs such as criminal justice are criticized as being narrow, focusing on job skills and professional requirements without sufficient concern for expanding the student's depth and breadth of knowledge. Criminal justice as a discipline provides a vehicle to teach a number of higher order skills including critical thinking and valuing. This paper offers ideas on how criminal justice can be used to enhance the goals of general education with emphasis on critical thinking. 158 PANEL114 Native Americansin the Correctional System "Indigenous Peoples in the Canadian Correctional System: Critical Issues and the Prospects for 'Localized' Corrections," CURT GRIFFI1lIS and ALLAN PA'TENAUDE, Simon Fraser University Research findings have revealed that Canada's indigenous peoples are incarcerated in federal and provincial/territorial correctional facilities in numbers far in excess of their representation in the general population. Only recently, however, has attention been given to the development of policies and programs to address the special needs of incarcerated indigenous offenders during confinement and uponrelease. Concurrent with this has been an increasing involvement by indigenous communities, bands and organizations to develop alternative correctional strategies which are community-based and designed to better address the needs of offenders, victims and communities. "Sentencing Disparity: A Study Involving Whites and Native Americans in North Dakota," LEWIS PARRllL JR,Universityof North Dakota This paper is an empirical examination of sentencing disparity between whites and Native Americans in North Dakota. It is based on a sample of approximately 950 individuals; 825 whites and 125 Native Americans. Utilizing secondary data analysis, this study examines the relationship between sentence severity and race, variables important in determining sentence severity, the different weight of variables relative to sentencing whites as opposed to Native Americans, and whether Native Americans as a group receive disparately more severe sentences than whites. "Native American Religion in the Prisons: The Effort and the Elusive Truth," Z G srANDING BPAR, Valdosta State College The work of the Native American Prisoners Rehabilitation Research Project (NAPRRP), founded in 1989 by two prisoners and one non-prisoner, is examined from the standpoint of the promotion of Native American religious freedom in the prison setting. Project efforts, including journal articles, a forthcoming book, a newsletter, and data collection and outreach systems from and to prisoners and prisons on Native American religious issues are summarized. A content analysis of the efforts of the project is presented and compared with other efforts to address Native American religious issues in the prisons. The difficulties of reconciling Native American spiritual traditions with dominant society "rehabilitation" programs and values are addressed. "Rehabilitation: Contrasting Cultural Perspectives and the Imposition of Church and State," urILEROCK REED and BOBGAUCHER, University of Ottawa No abstract available. PANEL115 EmployeeTheft Pronen ess "The Employee Theft Proneness Construct," PIllLIPASH, Ash, Blackstone, and Cates Fifty years of research on the usefulness of multivariate personality inventories for the description and prediction of criminal behavior has yielded meager, inconsistent returns. Efficient prediction depends upon both careful specification of target behaviors of interest and tailoring of assessment procedures specific to those behaviors. Drawing upon cross-disciplinary research, a construct of employee theft proneness is advanced. It is designed to focus upon highly specific behaviors and to provide a rationale for the design of measuring instruments. Data showing that instruments so designed in fact predict employee theft at high levels of confidence are presented. "Theft Proneness Prediction: Legal Considerations, " DAVID ARNOLD, Reid Psychological Systems Legal considerations associatedwith the prediction of employee theft proneness and how its assessment may be used to minimize employer liability is discussed. The discussion also includes a focus on countervailing employee rights established by legal and judicial action. Salient cases are examined, as well as expanding legal doctrines such as 'negligent hiring' that place employers at increased risk for employee actions. ''Theft Proneness Prediction: Attitude Specific vs General Personality Tests," MICHAEL CUNNINGHAM, University of Louisville This paper focuses on the distinction between attitude-specific measures of theft-proneness, and general personality tests employed to predict dishonesty. A review of the literature suggests that attitude-specific measures are more effective in predicting dishonesty than general personality tests. To further address this question, an experimentwas conducted to predict monetarytheft by employees using the Reid Report Integrity Attitude Inventory, and the Machiavellianism scale, a personality test measuring negativism and acceptance of duplicity. The Reid Report was found to be a significant predictor of monetary theft, whereas Machiavellianism was not. Implications for criminal justice research are discussed. PANEL 116 Sentencing, Punishment, and Discretion "Punishing the Indigent: The Procedural and Practical Dilemmas Continue," DAVID PERKINS, Southwest Texas State University Since the Tate v Short case, incarceration for non-payment of court-imposed financial sanctions (particularly punishment by fine only statutes) has caused courts to struggle betweenthe prohibited "debtor's prison", the need for effective non-discriminatory law enforcement, and avoidance of abuses of the claim of indigency, and implementation of permissible alternative punishments. This paper explores the developments in the law and examines both procedural and practical issues and limitations inherent in this struggle, particularly from the perspectives of the lower courts. Suggestions are also offered for resolving the dilemma. 159 "'The Impact of Social-Structural Factors on Judicial Decisions," BENJAMIN WRIGIIT, Louisiana State University Numerous sentencing studies have been undertaken that attempt to explain sentence disparity. Despite extensive research on sentence disparity, there is still a great deal of supposition concerningthe relationship between judicial decision-making and criminal punishment. One way to obtain a better understanding of the processof judicial decision-making is to examine that processin the context of community social structure factors. In light of lingering questions concerning the processof judicial decision-making, the present study attempts to determine how certain social structure factors influence judicial decision-making. The study relies on a nation-wide survey of state felony court case dispositions. "Punishment or Political Intimidation? The Case of the Shari'a Courts in the Islamic Republic of Iran," HAMID KUSHA, Northern Kentucky University Since the 1979 Revolution in Iran, modern court system has been replaced by the traditional Shari'a court system in this country. Under Ayatollah Khomeini's directives, every effort has been made to "Islamize" the Iranian criminal justice system in everyconceivable aspect. Ironically, this effort to "Islamize" every aspect of the system has led to ironic results, especially to the manner in which punishment is carried against the opponents of the Ayatollah's regime. Time and again, the opposition to the regime has charged that the notorious duality of the Shah's criminal justice system has crept to the Islamic justice system of present Iran to the effect that many cruel and unusual punishments are inflicted against the regime's political opponents forpolitical intimidation. "The Effects of Prosecutorial Plea Bargaining Policies on Criminal Sanctions," RICHARD PRIEHS, Michigan State University This study examines the relationship between various prosecutorial policyobjectives regarding plea-bargaining and the resultant sanctions. Structured interviews were conducted with 25 highly experienced criminal defense attorneys in a tri-county section of mid-Michigan, all of whom practiced extensively with a wide variety of prosecutors, assistant prosecutors, and policies related to prosecutorial discretion regarding plea-bargaining. Findings suggest that prosecutors' offices with more stringent policies achieve enhanced convictions and sentences. "Sentencing: Sexual Discrimination," PAUlA DRACH-BRILLINGER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and ZAID ANSARI, University of Cincinnati No abstract available. PANEL118 Roundtable: Legalizing Drugs, Arguments Pro and Con This roundtable presents the various arguments for and against legalization of drugs as a method of fighting drug abuse and drug-related crime. The participants also present facts and figures relating to the costs of the "war on drugs" and program results where drugs have been legalized. PANEL119 Environmental, Individual, and Family Factors in SubstanceAbuse and Antisocial Behaviors "Assessing Substance Abuse Among Reception Inmates Using the Computerized Lifestyle Assessment Instrument, " DAVID ROBINSON, FRANK PORPORINO, ELlZABIITH FABIANO, and BART MILLSON, Correctional Service of Canada The Computerized Lifestyle Assessment Instrument is being piloted by the Correctional Service of Canada as a front-end method of screening for substance abuse problems. Reception inmates sit at a micro-computer terminal and respond to a variety of questions concerningtheir substance abuse. A large component of the computerized interviewfocuses on the relationship between alcohol/drug use and criminal activities. Using pilot data from approximately 600 offenders, this unique method was discussed in terms of its utility for substance abuse treatment assessment and in research on the link between substance abuse and criminal behavior. "Stress-Related Factors Associated with Driving While Intoxicated," CAROL VENEZIANO, LOUIS VENEZIANO, and MICHAELHarrER, Southeast Missouri State University Although alcohol abuse can not be reliably predicted, numerous studies have indicated that among alcohol abusers, increased exposure to stressors results in increased alcohol consumption. One potentialcomplication of increased alcohol consumption is being arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI). The present study investigated the types of psychosocial stressors that over 400 DWI offenders had been exposed to prior to their arrest. The results indicated that increased alcohol consumption represented a maladaptive coping device that these offenders had learned to employ in an attempt to reduce the tension induced by the stressors to which they had been exposed. "Alcoholism and Related Family System Correlates of Criminality," JOHNNYMcGAHA, Southeast Missouri State University At least 22 million individuals have been raised in alcoholic and drug addicted homes. Many studies have documented the relationships that exist between being raised in such an environment and a variety of emotional and deviant characteristics. Children raised in such homes tend to have low self-esteem, a tremendous amount of suppressed anger and exhibit a variety of acting out behaviors that result in contact with the juvenile and criminal justice system. This study investigates the relationships between parental addiction, family violence, child abuse and juvenile and adult criminality. Researchers compared groupsof college students, adult probationers, incarcerated delinquents and incarcerated adult felons on several family system variables and found significant differences in several key areas. 160 "Relationship Between Inmate Drug Usage and American Prison Riots," REID MONTGOMERY JR, Universityof South Carolina Since 1774 America has experiencedprison riots. This paper examines the relationship between inmate drug usage and prison riots. A prime example is the Santa Fe (NM) prison riot (1980) in which 33 inmates were killed. The inmates who started this riot had been drinking for several hours before the riot started. Rioting inmates continued drug usage during the extent of the riot. PANEL120 Student Panel: Juvenile Processesand Issues I "Judicial Intervention of Juvenile Corrections: Morales v Turman," FRANCFS REDDINGroN, Sam Houston State University This study examines the impact of judicial reform on the Texas Training School System. The goals of the Texas Youth Council (since renamed the Texas Youth Commission) with regards to client control and rehabilitative treatment as achieved through administrative cooperation and initiative are examined before, during and after the reform measure mandated in the landmark case, Morales v. Turman. What is unique to the Morales case and what was the focus of this study was the cooperation eventually achieved between the two parties involved in this litigation. Thirteen issues are pinpointed as the motivating factors behind this achieved cooperation and as catalysts to successful change. "Parens Patriae: A Changing Trend," RAY HAGER, Sauk Valley Community College Throughout the system of juvenile justice, there appears to be a changing trend in the use of the parens patriae Doctrine. This paper attempts to illustrate a shift in the ideology from the original application of the parens patriae by the Childsavers, toward the present-day use of legalistic principles associated with parens patriae. A discussion of future trends in the doctrine's application serves as a conclusion. "Alternatives to the Predispositional Detention of Juveniles: An Examination of the In-Home Detention Program of Camden County, New Jersey," FRANCFS FINA, St Joseph's University New Jersey's juvenile justice system is suffering from the effects of the changes in the criminal code as well as the enactment of the Comprehensive Drug Act of 1987. Increasing numbers of juveniles are being admitted to county detention facilities resulting in a population that far exceeds intended capacity. As an alternative to secure detention, Camden County has established an Intensive In-Home Detention Supervision Program (ISP) at the predispositional phase of the court process. This paper examines the In-Home Detention program and offers recommendations for future intervention. "Fear of Victimization at School and its Impact," PHllLIP BROWN, North Carolina Central University The victimization of students at school has been of particular concern since the early 1970's. School crime is not only a threat to the individual student but to the integrity of the learningenvir onment. Due to a concern about school crime, the National Institute of Education (1976) and the United States Justice Department (1974) sponsored national surveys to better understand school crime. Findings from a secondary analysis of School Crime Supplement Survey of the National Crime Survey are discussed. Specifically, an assessment is made of the relation between fear of victimization at school (dependent variable) and school security, school discipline, location and prior victimization (independent variables). An assessment between fear and behavior at school is made. PANEL121 PoliceAttitudes and Behavior "Attitudes Toward the Police of Japanese High School Seniors," NOBUHO TOMITA, Tokiwa University This paper examines the attitudes which high school seniors in Japan have toward the police and the determinants of these attitudes. The sample consists of 1,200 high school seniors from a medium-sized city of the eastern part of Japan. To assess the attitude and determinants, series of questions eliciting social and experimental information were employed. Comparison with findings of many American studies were included. "Developmental Aspects of Gang Behavior," ROGER DAVIS, Federal Bureau of Investigation People associate with criminal gangs experience inferiority, role confusion, purposelessness, and are unable to foresee the consequences of continued gang involvement. Communication is lacking, relationships poorly developed and self esteem is sought through enforced respect. As gang members mature, they develop a fragile self identity, lack job skills, and are uncommitted to adulthood which hinders dissociation from the group. Gang membership supports and clarifies a confused life role. The consequences of members staying in gangs longer as adults, and becoming increasingly alienated from their communities, portend serious crime problems as gang members mature and their crimes become more organized. "The Effects of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior and Officer Gender on Ratings of Police Credibility," JOHNBASEHFART, Universityof Kentucky and TERRY COx, Eastern Kentucky University This study is designed to experimentally test the effects of police use of profanity on ratings of a police officer's source credibility during an interaction with a citizen. Using a video taped re-enactment of a traffic citation scenario, the effects of officer gender, profanity usage, and displays of anger on the perceived credibility of the police officer are tested. 161 PANEL 122 Police Patrol "An Analysis of Patrol Officer's Investigative Reports," CHARLES MYERS n, Aims College Patrol officersare agents of social control. As such, they are expected to conduct criminal investigations, make arrests and write investigative reports. All of this must be conducted in compliance with substantive and proceduralcriminal law. When a warrantless arrest is made, the investigative report is the functional equivalent of an arrest warrant affidavit. Therefore, for a warrantless arrest to be legal, the investigative report must contain all articulable facts used to establish crime and suspect probably cause. This study examined investigative reports where a patrol officer had made a warrantless arrest for burglary to determine if the narrative contained enough articulable facts to satisfy crime and suspect probable cause. "Canines, Cops, and Crimes: The Police Dog and Due Process," FRANK PRASSEL, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville Recent decades have witnessed an explosion in the utilization and specialization of dogs by law enforcement agencies. This presentation explores the development and variety of these controversial canines, with consideration of the social, legal, and practical issues related to their employment. PANEL 123 SecureSettings for Juveniles: Policy, Programs, and Populations "The Decision to Institutionalize Youthful Offenders: A Statistical Analysis," JOSEPH ROGERS and JAMES WILLIAMS, New Mexico State University Few decisions are more important in the courseof juvenile justice than those involving institutionalization of youthful offenders. Utilizing broad-based theoretical undergirding, this paper examines that contingency point in terms of a limited group of variables drawn from an original set of over 70 items. These data, extracted from juvenile probation officers' predisposition reports, provide a comparison of 81 institutionalized boys with 81 randomly drawn cases (over the same time period) of boys processed by the juvenile court without training school incarceration. Statistical analyses offer considerable insights into this crucial disposition. "Development of Juvenile Detention Facilities in Arkansas," FRED WILSON, University of Arkansas at Little Rock With the advent of "sight and sound" removal of juveniles from adult jail facilities came the technical and political wrangling necessary to place such removals into action. This paper explores the "new" Arkansas system and the efforts to create one such facility. "Treatment Within a Treatment Program: A Process Evaluation of the Partial Hospitalization Program at St Gabriel's Hall," DONNA KOClllS, Glassboro State College The Partial Hospitalization Program (PHP) operating at St Gabriel's Hall provides an example of intensive therapeutic treatment in a young delinquent institutionalized population. This exploratory study examined the PHP program design, implementation, target population reached, and, essentially attempted to close the gap between "intention" and "actualization" in this seemingly successful juvenile correctional program. The research data were collected through participant observation methods. Many hours of obseIVation in conjunction with taped interviews from key parties within the PHP provided the basis for an overall assessment of the operational process. "Pathological Self-Esteem: The TSCS for Delinquents," ROBERT EVANS, Valdosta State College; TOM SUlLENBERGER, Southeast Louisiana State University; GARY COPUS, University of Alaska Fairbanks; and PEI'ERHODGKINSON, Polytechnic of Central London The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS) was administered to 250 incarcerated delinquents to measure for clinical psychopathology as categorized in the revised, third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R). Subjects' scores revealed a higher-than anticipated levels of maladjustment with numerous scores representing patternscharacteristic of neuroses, personalitydisorders, and disturbed ideation. The authors speculate as to whether the high incidence of psychopathology is the cause or the result of institutionalization. PANEL l1A Community Corrections: WhatWorks - Studiesin Depth "Strategies in Organizing VocationalRehab ilitation Networks for Community-Based Offenders," rnOMASTOMLINSON,Western Illinois University Using funds from the Illinois State Board of Education, four projects were set up throughout the state to determine the best strategies to use in developing vocational rehabilitation networks. The goal of these projects was to provide vocational training and jobs to offenders in the community by providing ways to network the current community resources and people. The projects show different degrees of success; but all have helped offenders secure jobs. Successful strategies are described and the impacts of these projects on communities and on institutional corrections are discussed using current data from all four projects. "Survival Analysis: A Five-Year Study Comparing Florida's Community Control Program with a Sample of Prisoners," LINDA SMfI1I, University of South Florida and RONALD AKERS, University of Florida In 1983 Florida implemented an intermediate punishment program for felony offenders titled Community Control. Despite the paucity of evidence to support the program's continued expansion, it has continued to grow, making it the largest intermediate punishment program in the nation. This 5-year study comparing community control with a matched sample of prisoners has shown that re-arrest and reconviction survival are not significantly different for these two groups. This is the longest study conducted thus far which uses both national and state criminal histories to measure recidivism. 162 "Classification, Work Assignment, and Prison Adjustment in Japanese Prisons," TIIEODORE FERDINAND, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Evidence gathered systematically on the characteristics of Japanese prisoners in 1989 suggests that the classification of young adult prisoners in Japan and their work assignment contribute independently to their adjustment in prison. These results suggest that work performance depends not simply on the inmate's qualities but also on the quality of the Japanese supervisory staff in prison industry. "Shock Incarceration: Different Program Models," DORISMac KENZIE, National Institute of Justice and JAMES SHAW, Universityof Maryland The implementation of shock incarceration in seven states taking part in a multi-site study are compared. Program goals, selection of participants, and characteristics of inmates are contrasted among sites. PANEL125 Publications and CriticalThinking Skills "Gender and Publication Patterns in Criminal Justice," HELEN EIGENBERG and GLORIA LESSAN, Old Dominion University The sociology-of-science literature points at gender as an influential factor in academic productivity. Studies indicate that differences in socio demographic characteristics of students and graduate training explain the emergency of the lower productivity of female scholars at the completion of their doctorate. It seems plausible that conditions of academic work account for additional gender differences in post-doctoral productivity. This paper reports the results of a survey administered to academicians who specialize in criminal justice. Respondents were surveyed to determine if gender, teaching loads, work environment, servicecommitments, or other academia-related variables impact upon publication records. "Correlates of Publishing Productivity: An Analysis of Criminology and Criminal Justice Educators," ALANWIDMAYER, Minot State University and JONA'IHANSORENSEN, Central Missouri State University This study examines publishing patternsfor a random sample of members of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences and the American Society of Criminology. Explanations of variance center on personal differences, institutional/departmental differences, and the processual accumulation of publishing advantages. "Developing Critical Thinking Skills in the Criminal Justice Classroom," BERNARD McCARTIIY, University of Central Florida This paper provides an overview of the critical thinking perspective and discusses how it can be introduced into the criminal justice classroom. PANEL 126 Culture, Crime, and Policy: Historicaland Comparative Perspectives "Altruism and Village Security in the Philippine Barrio: A Field Study," TIMOTIIY AUSIlN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Building upon field research conducted in Luzon and Mindaneo, two predictably allied features of Philippine society are explored. These are the time honored qualities of altruism long associated with Filipino culture and character and the continued emergency of citizen volunteer security organizations. A variety of seemingly endemic and informal patterns of altruism are described along with more formalized official village self-help networks. How their security activities fluctuate but persist in a turbulent socio-political setting are discussed. "Cliobernetics, Christianity, and the Common Law Crime of Blasphemy," BRADLEY CIllLTON, Washington State University How was the advent of the printing press instrumental in the incorporation of the crime of blasphemy into the Common Law? From both new and previous historical evidence, this paper discusses the incorporation of Christianity into the Common Law by a 16th century mistranslation and its widespread dissemination with the advent of the printing press in 17th century England. Focusing on the common law crime of blasphemy that resulted from this mistranslation, it then overviews the development of blasphemy laws from renaissance England to present day America. It is argued that technological improvements in information control legitimated the widespread endorsement of common laws incorporating Christian doctrines. "Japanese Organized Crime in a Cultural and Historical Context," FRANK HUANG and MICHAEL VAUGHN, Sam Houston State University Even though Japan has modernized at an unprecedented rate, Japan's crime rate is relatively low compared to western industrialized democracies. Be that as it may, Japan does not have a crime free society. Indeed, a recent increase in the activities of organized crime gangs is creating a debate in Japanese society. This article traces the development of organized crime gangs in Japanese society, offering a historical examination within the broader context of the social fabric. Analysis of the character and nature of Japanese organized crime gangs is presented in light of Japan's culture and tradition. In conclusion, the article explores the level and degree to which the government and the National Police Agency are combating organized crime in Japan. "Economic Growth and Crime Trends," CH.ARLOTrE WANG, San Jose State University The rapid economic growth in Taiwan provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the hypothesis that rapid economic growthleads to an increase in crime. This paper conducts a time series analysis to examine the crime trends in Taiwan based on the police records. Gross national product and per capita consumption are used as the measures of economic growth. Unemployment rate and population growth are also included in the model. The time lags of the effects were investigated. Theoretical and policy implications of the findings were discussed. 163 PANEL 127 The Security-Risk Management Response "Disaster Management-Third Wave," NORMAN BOTTOM, Journal of Security Administration Most corporations and institutions are ill prepared to handle disasters. Their 1950's "NRC" plans are out of date and mistitled. The same applies to the 1970's "anti-terrorist" crises management plans. This is the third wave and neither the governmentnor industryknows quite what to do. The third wave includes man-made disasters, fa miliar to all. Tylenol, Perrier, Exxon Valdez, Three Mile Island, etc., are analyzed to show success and failure. "It's a Matter of Security: Employee Assistance Programs Versus the Industrial Security Manual," HARVEY MORLEY, California State University, Long Beach Federal law provides for the protection of information contained within patient records associatedwith Employee Assistance Programs (EAP's) while certain contractual relationships between government agencies and private contractors require the disclosure of information which is deemed vital to the security posture of the United States. This paper identifies the sources of conflict between the two sets of requirements, potential security, and legal problems associated with compliance and non-compliance and some possible solutions to the apparent confrontation. "Security Administration Discipline Looking for a Home," ROMINE DEMING, State University of New York at Brockport The thesis is presented that security administration is a discipline and inserting the term "private" needlessly limits the boundaryof the discipline. This excludes many people from identifying with the discipline and makes it unattractive to existing criminal justice academic programs. The distinction between security administration and law enforcement/police administration should not be on the basis of private verses public, but rather on emphasis of function, responsibility, and power of arrest. Both functions are theoretically joined by their roots in criminologywhich is defined as the study of crime. Security administration emphasizes crime prevention. Criminal justice administration emphasizes crime control. "Security Administration: Criminal Justice Discipline with Business Administration Input," DONALD BECKER, University of Central Florida Though historically included within the "criminal justice family", security administration, particularly in its modern competitive setting, must necessarily incorporate sound business administration principles. This paper examines how important those principles are given the importance of a security director projecting first the image of a business executive and secondly that of a "security expert". The paper goes on to identify those management skills/strategies that must be integrated by today's security director into the "corporate image". "Exposure Management Systems: A Loss Containment Strategy," LUCIANSPATARO, Ohio University and JOHN NIPPS II, Safety Management Resources Increasing workman's compensation and health care costs dictate that the criminal justice system focuses more attention on workplace safety. The suggested model is a proactive posture that generates detailed exposure information. This information can be used in risk management strategies which impact job design, selection activities, the training function, etc. Efficient use of the model in law enforcement units are illustrated. PANEL 128 Trends and Issues in Sentencing "Reducing Sentencing Disparity in Maine and the New Appellate Review Process," DONALD ANSPACH and S HENRY MONSEN, University of Southern Maine Research findings are presented assessing the impact of Maine's new law (L.D. 44) intended to enhance the appellate review of sentences. Enacted in 1989, this new law authorizes justices of the Law Court to reduce sentences of incarceration. Despite over 150 sentencing appeals, no sentences have been reduced. It is argued that the new sentencing policy is defective because it fails to provide judges sentencing standards or guidelines. "The Perceived Severity of Criminal Court Dispositions: The Use of a Weighted Measure in the Analysis of Sentence Length," LAURAMYERS, East Tennessee State University To show the importance of using a weighted sentencing variable, a weighted sentence severity scale, based on the perceived severity of different penalties, is used to develop a measure of sentence length. An analysis of 1986 felony cases is three Florida counties is conducted using this variable. The results are compared with another analysis using an unweighted dependent variable. "Sanctioning Recidivists: The Use and Misuse of Habitual Offender Statutes," JOHNSLOAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham During the last decade, many states revised their sentencing policies. In an attempt to deter 'recidivist' or 'habitual' offenders, states enhanced punishments for these kinds of felons. This paper analyzes the use and misuse of such statutes by judges in a southern state during 1980-1989. The results indicate that a large number of those eligible for enhanced sentences do not receive them, and that variation in the use of enhanced sentences is accounted for in part, by location of the court (urban versus non-urban). Legal and social implications of misuse of these statutes are discussed. "The Two Truths About Public Views on Sanctions, " LAWRENCE BENNEIT Social reforms decry the oversimplification of public attitudes toward sanctions for criminal offenders and refer to public officials as suffering from 'pluralistic ignorance' when they indicate that their actions are in response to public wishes. These concerns are supported to a great extent by 164 research findings that strongly suggest that large segments of the public are often interested in more rehabilitative and less punitive approaches to the management of offenders than the press or public officials loudly state. In global terms, the public demands harsher sentences, longer terms, and higher percentages placed in prison. "Determinacy v Indeterminacy: Criminal Sentencing in Four States," MICHAELKAUNE, Radford University This research explores the sentencing patterns of four states (CA, NY, PA, and VA) during 1985 for defendants arrested for aggravated assault. The data are drawn from the OBTS data set as compiled by the BJS. The research seeks to assess the impact of statewide sentencing structure on sentencing practices. A brief review of the current sentencing reform movement in this country is presented. PANEL130 Workshop: The Lawand Child Pornography This workshop discusses the law on child pornography and asks the question if it's too repressive. PANEL 131 The War on Drugs: Strategies, Typologies, and Programs "Interjurisdictional Dynamics of Narcotics Task Forces," PAMElA SCHRAM and 'I1M One of the most popular strategies of drug control has been the formation of multi-jurisdictional task forces. These efforts were intended to foster increasing communication and cooperation among law enforcement agencies within specific geographical areas. This paper presents the results of interviews with the supervisors of 14 such task forces and explores cooperation and competitive among participating agencies, the handling of asset seizures and forfeitures and other organizational issues. "Cops and Dealers: Enforcement Strategies Against the Street-Level Drug Trade," MICHAELBUERGER, Crime Control Institute This paper proposes a preliminary typology of street-level drug markets. Based on participant observation of enforcement activities in two major cities (Kansas City, MO and Minneapolis, MN), it also describes intelligence and tactical considerations employed by police narcotic units in their target selection processes. Known tactical responses by street-level dealers are also discussed. "Preliminary Results of an Evaluation of Baltimore County (MD) Police Department's Community-Oriented Drug Enforcement Program," DAVID HAYESLIP, National Institute of Justice; JAM! WNG-ONNEN, University of Maryland; and MARGO DeVOE, University of Baltimore Preliminary results of an innovative drug enforcement program were developed with significant input from citizens. Four different intervention strategies were developed and the development process is discussed. Impacts of these strategies on crime, citizen fears, and market displacement are also discussed. "Defining Drug Markets: Findings From the Jersey City Drug Markets Analysis Project," DAVID WEISBURD, WRRAINE GREEN, and TA MRYN EITEN, Rutgers University; FRANK GAJEWSKI, and CHARLIEBELLUCa, Jersey City Police Department With National Institute of Justice support, the Jersey City Police Department and the Center for Crime Prevention Studies at Rutgers University are developing a computerized mapping system for identifying drug markets. The system draws from a number of data sources including a community survey, tiplines, arrest reports, interviews with narcotic detectives, offender interviews and narcotics squad activity reports. Overall, the data are providing both operational and research knowledge about the distribution of drug activities in Jersey City and the effects of enforcement strategies upon the drug problem. This paper focuses upon the efforts to define the geographic structure of drug markets, and analyses that identify the different forms they take. PANEL 132 Police Culture and its Impact on Behavior "Police Supervision: Current Trends Future Effects," WILlJAM WALSH, Pennsylvania State University Police officers have been the subject of intense analysis for the last 30 years but little if any attention has been paid to the police supervisor. The police supervisor functions in a world of changing administrative leadership and organizational patterns, more educated police officers, department employees that reflect the changing demographics of society and an often less than favorable economic climate in many municipalities. However, there exists little consensus regarding the type of person suited to be a supervisor and the preparation required for the role. This paper examines current and future trends that relate to police supervision and suggests changes that should be undertaken to prepare supervisors for the demands of their role. "Police Patrol Supervision: A View From the Street," MITI1E SOUI1IERLAND, Eastern Kentucky University A profile of police patrol supervisory behavior is examined from the street officer's perspective. This paper presents the survey responses of patrol officers from several police agencies throughout the south. Perceived supervisory behaviors in assignment and control situations are examined for consistency within and between survey sites. 165 "Values and Culture in Two American Police Departments: Lessons from King Arthur," JACK GREENE, Temple University and GEOFFREY ALPERT, University of South Carolina This paper combines two qualitative assessments of value transmission in law enforcement agencies; one in a large, urban police department in Philadelphia and the other in a medium-sized police department in Columbia (SC). Of particular concern in this assessment is the importance of organizational culture and its modifying or structuring affect in shaping internal organizational values. Also examined is the presumption that smaller police organizations have less value conflicts than larger ones. The results of this assessment are reviewed in light of issues of organizational change. "The 'Subculture of Police': Autopsy of a Concept," JAMES ALBRITIDN, Marquette University One of the most pervasive paradigms in contemporarypolice studies involves what numerous researchers in a variety of formulations have referred to as the 'subculture of police.' Traditionally, this subcultural conception of policing has been used to define the police as an occupational group, and to describe both the origins of police deviance and corruption and the source of their insularity and resistance to change. Whatever value this conceptualization may have had historically, it is now time to evaluate critically its contribution to our understandingof the development of policing and its continued validity as an accurate paradigm for future police studies. PANEL133 Police Use ofTechnology "The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Alarm and Domestic Dispute Calls for Service," JAMES LeBFAU and RICHARD COULSON, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Responding to activated alarms and intervening into domestic disputes are two of the most frequent types of calls for service made to the police. Both types of calls are particularly troublesome to the police. While the police usually assign a rapid response to an alarm call, in all likelihood the call will probably be false. Domestic dispute calls are numerous and require the expenditure of considerable patrol resources but one of the major problems with dispute calls is finding an appropriate disposition that will prevent a repeat call to the same address. This paper examines the spatial and temporal distributions of alarm and domestic dispute calls for service in a medium-size city in the south. "Police and Videotaping of Drunk Drivers," WILLIAMHOLMES, Statistical AnalysisCenter and TERESAMAYORS, Committee on Criminal Justice (MA) The impact of police video-taping drunk drivers was examined using a pre-post design for a demonstration project of video-taping drunk drivers in police custody. Data were collected on 1,818 arrestees on 49 police departments in Massachusetts before and after video-taping was introduced. Results indicate that video-taping increased guilty please and reduced court disposition time for some, but not all, offenders. The impact varied by police procedure and type of offender. "Video Recording of Field Sobriety Tests," MICHAEL WIGGINS and ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University Increasing ease of use of video technology and recent court rulings favorable to the use of this technology in criminal justice have prompted law enforcement agencies to use video-taping as a means of preserving evidence in driving while intoxicated and driving under the influence cases. A nationwide surveyof state highway patrol and state police organizations was conducted to determine the extent and methods of application of video taping of field sobriety tests. This paper presents the survey results. "The Effect of Weather and Temporal Variation on Calls for Police Service," ELLEN COHN, University of Cambridge This study examines the relationship between physical and temporal variables and changes in the daily number of calls for police service in Minneapolis (MN). The influence of physical phenomena on human behavior is a subject that has interested criminologists for centuries. Quantifying these influences may assist in forecasting the direction and intensity of short-term fluctuations in criminal behavior and thus be of use to both police departments and the general public. A wide variety of predictor variables are available for study, including temperature, rainfall, wind, day of the week, major holidays, welfare check arrival day, and lunar phases. PANEL134 Workshop: Emerging Developments and Trends in the Instruction of Comparative Criminal Justice This roundtable presents selected cases of comparative criminal justice course offerings in the United States for purposes of identifying common as well as unique developments and trends. PANEL 135 Personnel Issues in LocalJails "Demographic Overview of Local Correctional Officers at the Sheriffs Department Level," ROY WALKER, RICHARDAVNER, CHRISTOPHER FLAMMANG, University of Illinois Relationships are examined for selected personal and background characteristics, and selected violence attitude measures of 388 local correctional officers in sheriffs departments. The impulsivity, social recognition, and defendence scales of Jackson's 1965 Personality Research Form were used to measure the attitudes of a subject toward accepting violence as a way of solving problems. The findings indicate there is some evidence the impulsivity scale scores are related to attitudes toward violence of sheriffs correctional officers. Scores showed an adequate range and were consistent with other findings in the literature. 166 "Patterns in the Employment of Women in Jails," LINDA ZUPAN, Illinois State University The employment of women in non-traditional criminal justice occupationshas received considerable attention in the last two decades. Unfortunately, little scholarly attention has been focused on the employment role of women in local jails. Using the 1988 National Jail Census, this study investigates the extent to which women are employed in jails and the effect of organizational and environmental variables on their employment and promotional opportunities. "Developing a Jail OperationsTr aining Curriculum: Meeting the Needs of Local Confinement Facilities," JAMES NESSand ElLYNNFSS, Barton County Community College This paper addresses the problems and concerns of tailoring a curriculum to fit the needs of local sheriffs in the training of their jail personnel. The primary objective of this curriculum was to expose the student to the basic fundamental concepts of jail operations by focusingon the role, duties, and responsibilities of the local corrections officer and familiarize the student with tactics for individual safety and security in the workplace. "Staff Turnover in New Generation Jails: An Investigation of Its Causes and Prevention," MARYSIUHR-GH.MORE, New Mexico State University and RUIH SELF and NICHOlAS WVRICH, Washington State University A high turnover rate among carefully selected and monitored personnel signifies that the long term return on selection and training resources invested in staff is being lost. Despite the suspected scale of this problem, however, there is little direct evidence available as to the extent or likely causes of staff turnover in such jails. Using survey and organizational profile data from six new generation jails, the extent of turnover occurring in podular/direct supervisionjails, likely causes, and preliminary recommendations for its reduction are examined. PANEL136 Program StudiesConcerned withVarious Aspects of Corrections "Accessibility to Programs and Facilities for Physically Disabled Inmates in State Prisons," DONAL Mac NAMARA, John Jay College This article reports the results of a 1990 national surveyof state correctional systems on the accessibility of prison facilities and programs for physically disabled inmates. The results suggest that less than one percent of the female and male population in state prisons are identified and classified as physically disabled. Access to programs and facilities is limited as indicated by an accessibility scale based on reports from prison administrators. Specific recommendations are included to improve accessibility and to avoid litigation. "A Comparison of Cognitive, Behavioral, and Psychodynamic Assessments of Psychopathy-Cumulative Measures of Understanding the Unconscious/Conscious Relationship in Offender Populations," JACQUELINE HELFGaIT, Pennsylvania State University An integrative construct of psychopathy is supported to clarify confusion over Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)/psychopathy overlap by establishing homogeneity within the concept of psychopathy. Three psychometric tests are compared-the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (representing the personality-behavioral component of psychopathy), the Rorschach Test (representing the psychodynamic component), and a Cognitive Checklist based on Yochelson and Samenow's "Criminal Personality" model (representing the cognitive component). Eighty inmates diagnosed as APD selected from Pennsylvania federal and state correctional institutions, and 30 university students were tested. "The St Anthony Work Camp-A New Philosophy for Rehabilitation," MARION ROBINSON, Idaho Department of Correction Late in 1989 the Idaho Department of Correction investigated the possibility of leasing the Fremont General Hospital for use as a work camp. In 1990, a lease was signed and the St Anthony Work Camp became reality. This paper deals with the work camp as a primary tool in rehabilitation of minimum security inmates. It focuses on agreements with the Forest Service for labor and services. It dwells on training and public service opportunities. It also describes the evolution and successes of the "heatseakers" inmate firefightersfor the Targhee National Forest. The brief history of the St Anthony Work Camp is colorful and interesting. "Minnesota Community Corrections Act: Past and Present," MARK MO'I1VANS, Nexus Adult and Juvenile Treatment Program The state of Minnesota has been considered a pioneer in the wide-spread implementation of community corrections programs. Subsequent to the Community Corrections Act of 1973, the range of correctional alternatives significantly expanded. Commitments to prison, especially property offenders, dropped and the Act was generally credited for this decrease. This paper examines the effect the Community Corrections Act had on decentralizing the Minnesota prison system and identify forces which are affecting a growing resistance to the expansion of existing community correction programs. PANEL 137 Roundtable: Exploring NewFrontiers in paraCom tive Criminal Justice: Reflections on Legal Delegations to Tibet. Inner Mongolia, and Eastern China Before and After 'Ttanam en Square' This roundtable revisits recent experiences of legal delegations to the People's Republic of China. Representatives from both pre- and post "Tianamen Square" delegations discuss observations and interpretations of encounters at Beijing Prison, Shanghai District Court, Tibet Bureau of Justice, and similar crime control agencies in the "Middle Kingdom." The central theme focuses upon images of law, crime, and justice projected by Chinese officials, messages they are transmitting about regional autonomy and legitimated dissent, and apparent commonalities and differences between our respective legal systems. 167 PANEL 138 Socio-Political Forces,Social Control, and the Criminal Justice System "Berlin in Transition: Changing Crime Rates and Police Reform," ALEXIS ARONOwrrz., Central Texas College; BELINDA COOPER; and BRUCE WIMMER The most revolutionary of the changes sweeping Eastern Europe in 1989 came on November 9th with the opening of the Berlin Wall. This paper examines the impact the political changes have had upon the crime rate in the formerly divided city. Discussionalso focuses on the resulting structural reforms within the East and West German policedepartments and those that will follow as the East German policeare absorbedby the West German police after Germany's reunification on October 3, 1990. "The Birth of the Prison: A Durkheimian Account," BRUCE DiCRISI1NA, State University of New York at Albany This paper applies Durkheim's theory of socialdevelopment to explain the birth of the prison. Theprison is viewed as a productof "organic" society. The division of labor in society is held to be central. Its antecedents (e.g., individualism) and consequences (e.g., mutual dependence) are used to explain the fall of corporal punishment and the rise of imprisonment. Increasing humanitarianism and rationalization, two of the most common reasons given for the birth of the prison, are also explained from this perspective. "Developing Social Control Measures," W WESLEY JOHNSON, Florida State University Previous research has relied upon the use of composite measures to determine the levels of formal controls. This paperextends the use of composite measures to 50 states and evaluates the utility of those measures for 1982 and 1986. It is hypothesized that levels of unemployment, welfare, poverty, correctional spending, violent crime, selected demographic compositions and types of employment determine levels of formal control. The analysis indicates that composite control measures possess limited explanatory and predictive power. Separate analysis of prison, probation and parole, and juvenile prison populations indicate that these measures of social control are differentially impacted by various combinations of independent variables. "Explaining Variance in Illinois County Justice Expenditures," DAVID OLSON, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Although there have been numerous studies exploring variance in municipal police expenditures, analyses focused on county criminal justice expenditures have been lacking. This paper investigates the variance in per-capita expenditures made by county law enforcement, court, and correctional agencies in 101 Illinois counties (excluding Cook). The analysis considersthe effects and roles of various workload indicators, the effect of state financial assistance, and economic and social conditions within the counties. PANEL 139 Assessing the Impactof Sentencing Decisions "The Impact of Sentencing Guidelines on Corrections," RICHARD lAWRENCE., St Cloud State University Determinate sentencing and sentencing guidelines have caused prison population increases in several states, and the same is expected of the United States Sentencing Guidelines. Initial results of the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines showed no significant prison population increases. This study examines effects of 1989 legislative changes to the Guidelines, to determine the impact on prison admissions. It reports on sentencing data and results of a survey of correctional personnel. "Evaluating Pretrial Services: A Local Endeavor," BARBARA HART, University of Texas at Tyler Pretrial services of the United States Probation Agency is a relatively recent addition to the justice process and is rapidly expanding. The original pretrial service sites were the result of a favorable pilot study, but, since that time little study or evaluation has been conducted. A graduate class in program evaluation at the University of Texas at Tyler was invited by the Chief of United States Probation in the Texas Eastern District to evaluate the localpretrial services. This paper addresses the results of that evaluation plus the benefits for class experience of conducting a "live" evaluation. "Lay Punishment Preferences in Opinion Polls: Cognitive Processing," LOREITA srALANS, American Bar Foundation Policy-makers often justify severe sentencing laws by citing opinion polls that show that the majority of respondentsprefer longer prison terms. This 'paper examines how laypersonsform punishment preferences in a surveycontext. Both experimental and surveydata reveal that an accessibility bias for violent, more severe crimes and individual differences in crime stereotypes shape the severity of the preferred punishment. Other data is used to examine how the mass media and informal conversations shape beliefs about crime and punishment, and whether these beliefs represent the cases that come through the court. Policy implications and research directions are discussed. "Research on Drug-Crime Causality: A Guide for Future Research and the Issue of Classification," SIEPHENSMITH, Temple University Research on the drug-crime relationship has not adequately addressed the assumption of causality that is often cited in policy statements. More specifically, the possibility that target groups (based on a typology of both drugs used and offense patterns) could differ, which could lead to a need for greater classification, has not been sufficiently examined. In short, research has not progressed as the scope of the drugs-crime relationship has expanded. This paper explores the need for an expanded classification system based on type of drug used, frequency of use, and offense patterns. 168 PANEL 140 Rape n "Incidence of Date Rape on a College Campus," ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama and MARIEWENSrROM This paper reports data from two studies conducted on a college campus. The first measured the incidence of date rape as part of an overall study of victimization. The second focused on date rape and measured both incidence and subject evaluations of factors motivating male behavior for a full range of bi-sexual behavior. The results indicate that rape is more likely to occur off campus and that respondents tend to hold the male accountable for his behavior. "The Intensity of Date Rape Among University Students in Ohio," BAHRAM HAGlDGlD and SUSAN JOHNSON, University of Dayton This paperexplores the intensity of date rape among college students. Through survey questionnaire, data was collected from a sample of private and public higher educational institutions in Ohio. It is anticipated that those enrolled in the criminal justice education and/or attending private institutions are subject to lower rate of date rape victimization. "Marital Rape-Date Rape Are They the Same: Explorations into the Response of Victims on Sexual Assault," DIANEDAANE and DENISSIFAD, Ball State University This paper explores the impact on rape victims of two differing forms of rape: marital and date rape. Although these two forms of rape are often considered in a similar light, as in both cases the victim is acquainted with her assailant, little has been done to investigate whether the emotional impact on the victim is indeed similar in both cases and whether recoverypatterns for victims are alike. It is our belief that there are some differences in the traumatizing impact of these two contrasting forms of assault, and perhaps differences in the treatment of victims by social service professionals. The paper is a literature survey of findings in the areas of victims' perceptions of marital and date rape, and serves as the basis for a future investigative inquiry into this area. PANEL141 Special Considerations for Women WhoAbuse Drugs "Treatment and Prevention Issues for Cocaine Abusing Mothers," SUE MAHANand DELLAPRESIWOOD, University of Central Florida - Daytona Beach Preliminary findings indicate an increase in the number of cases of pregnant cocaine users and a probability of continuing increases. It appears that pregnant women who abuse cocaine are either unaware of available services or are avoiding treatment when it is available. However, at the present time, services are inadequate. This study addresses the two issues of treatment and prevention. It is based on interviews with cocaine abusing mothers, a case study of a residential treatment program for cocaine users with infants, and an in-depth review of the literature concerning this topic of intense social concern. "Compulsory Treatment of Drug-Addicted Pregnancy: Issues and Complications," ROCCO D'ANGELOand RUDOLPHALEXANDER, Ohio State University The prosecution of women who abuse drugswhile pregnant increased dramatically during the last couple of years. Militancy in prosecuting addicted pregnant women expresses public outrage over the serious neurological, developmental, and behavioral problems suffered by innocentchildren born to female drug addicts. States have three legal tools to aggressively address this drug-dependent population: criminal liability, dependency proceedings, and civil commitment. Various practical options for addressing this problem are considered; however, it focuses primarily on civil commitment in dealing with drug-addicted pregnant women. The conflicting rights of women, fetuses and society are evaluated in tum. "Treatment Experiences of Women Drug Users in New York City," PENELOPE HANKE and CHARLES FAUPEL, Auburn University This paper focuses upon the treatment experiences of women drug users in New York City. Historically, drug treatment programs have been based upon the concerns of men and most of this research has used male samples. It has been argued that women confront unique needs thereby not addressed by these past strategies. Treatment counselors, for example, are typically men. Child care provision is not a standard feature of most programs. Many women find themselves in dysfunctional families and thereby may require special counseling. Utilizing data from 459 women drug users,this paper examines the extent to which drug treatment programs incorporatesuch distinctive concernsand the characteristics of women involved in these programs. "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Criminal Liability," lANA WACHNIAK and DAWN SCHAFFER, Kennesaw State College This research focuses on a form of fetal endangerment, alcohol, and the justice system response to the emerging issue of criminal liability. Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effect are forms of prenatal hazard caused by the introduction of alcohol to the brain and other developing organs of a fetus. These syndromes, which are characterized by various physical and psychological disorders, affect individuals across class lines. The question of maternal criminal liability is examined in terms of the interpretation of existing law and the assumptions that underlie criminal prosecutions. PANEL 142 Drug Control Policy: Past, Present, and Future "An Historical Perspective on the 'Drug Problem'," ROBERT REINERTSEN, Western Illinois University Drug enforcement policy in the United States is firmly anchored on a strict law enforcement, or punitive approaCh. How does it compare with drug 169 polices of past eras? What lessons can we learn from the past? This paper demonstrates that United States drug enforcement policy has evolved from one of tolerance in the post-Civil War era to an unenforceable punitive approach. "Locking Up the Drug Problem: The Impact of Omnibus Criminal Justice Anti-Drug Policies," lLOYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College The celebrated anti-drug speech delivered by President George Bush was the latest in a long series of widesweeping policyinit iatives. Policy makers can chronicle these efforts in a continuum stretching from the late 19th century up through recent years. Thispaper examines the impact of anti-drug legislative proposals from the now famous "Rockefeller Laws" to the present. The overall analysis will consider: 1) similarities and differences between the various initiatives; 2) impact of these policies upon the intractable drug problem; 3) relationship between these policiesand the realities of the crime problem; and 4) whether criminal justice efforts can effectively deal with the drug problem. "Drugs, Crime and Public Policy: New Approaches to the 21st Century," GENE SIEPHENS, Universityof South Carolina Current policiesof the war on drugs and control of crime are re-evaluated in light of sUlVeyand policy research combined with futures research on the 21st century American society. Current policies are projected into this 21st century world and examined for efficacy. New policydirections more in harmony with the emerging society are suggested. "'The Sociology of Reefer Madness: How Marijuana Became Criminalized in the United States," MICHAEL ELSNER, American University The social origin of the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, the federal legislation whereby cannabis became criminalized in the United States, remain a mystery. Historians and sociologists have claimed that passage of the Act came about due to two competing theories. The "Anslinger Hypotheses" posits that a federal bureaucrat's sense of moral outrage against marijuana became manifested as a legislative crusade. The "Mexican Hypotheses" asserts that the federal marijuana prohibition was enacted due to anti-Mexican pressure exerted by southwestern localities. While scant evidence exists to support either theory, a synthesis of the two views are presented in this paper as the "Ideological Hypothesis." "Is the War on Drugs an Example of a Runaway Cultural Process?" BRYAN VILA, Universityof California, Irvine The war on drugs does not appear to be working. Some even argue that the "war" threatens public safety and individual freedom more than the behaviors it seeks to control. In spite of this, many are reluctant to reassess the policies, laws, and public interests underlying this massive governmental effort. This conundrum is evaluated as a runaway cultural process in which behaviors are performed even when maladaptive after becoming delinked from the goals which originally motivated them. This approach to understanding the cultural dynamics which can confuse and confound policy analysis may facilitate development of more salubrious policies. PANEL 143 Student Panel: Drugs I "Drug Enforcement and the 'Drug War': A SUlVey of Alumni Attitudes Toward the 'Drug War,'" ROBINROGERS, Western Carolina University This paper focuses on the role of drug enforcement in the "Drug War", and includes attitudes of a select sample of Western Carolina University's criminal justice alumni towards the "Drug War" and the part that they personally play in it. It also covers the debate concerning legalization of certain illegal drugs. Finally, the topic of drug control policy is addressed. "Are We Controlling the Right Drugs?" TIlERESE DONAWELL, University of Texas at El Paso Cocaine, heroin, morphine, and marijuana are all drugs controlled by law; alcohol and tobacco products are not. Far more deaths, however, are related to alcohol and tobacco products than to the other four substance combined. This paperraises the argument that we are controlling the wrong drugs; that drug policy in the United States should be restructured in such a way to encompass all the substances mentioned here. For a better understandingwhy drug policyshould be restructured in this manner, further research into all possible correlationsconcerning thesesubstances and the harm they cause are also proposed. "Drug Use and Help-Seeking Behaviors of University Students," PAULVAND ERGRIFI' m, North Carolina Central University College and universitystudents often use alcohol and drugs. As a result of alcohol and drug consumption many students become addicted and are affected in various ways. However, there has been little research with regard to modes of help-seeking once encountering obstacles as a result of continued drug use. Research findings will be presented with focus on informal and formal help-seeking. Also discussed are 1) a general overview of drug use on a college campus, 2) use of existing support services, and 3) frequency of drug use and help seeking. The research is being supported by the National Institute of Justice. PANEL 144 Student Panel: Law Enforcement Issues "Identifying a Model DWI Task Force Program," MICHElLETHIESEN, Washington State University This paper describes evaluation procedures and results from a recent study which documented progress of 16 DWI task forces in the state of Washington. This close-up of unique features of individual programs across communities confirms results from an earlier report which detailed substantial savingsin cost and lives to the state. Additionally, these programs devote simultaneous attention to and appearto be equally successful in targeting drug prevention. Such efforts are shown here to closely parallel efforts to influence decisions to drink and drive. Accordingly, these data provide a model for drunk driving/drug task force programs in other states. 170 "The Impact of the 65 Mile Per Hour Speed Limit on Enforcement Policy," SIEPHEN O'CONOR, Rutgers University In April of 1987, Congress authorized states to increase the national maximum speed limit (NMSL) to 65 mph along rural interstates. Traffic fatalities climbed between 16 and 36 percent on these roads during the next two years. This paper describes the history of the NMSL and the impact of the change to a 65 mph limit. Studies are cited which indicate that police tolerance is a significant factor in the attitude of motorists toward posted limits and their resultant behavior. A reduction of police tolerance is suggested to mitigate the effects of the higher limit. "Making a Run for the Border: Taco Bell as a Deviance-Generating Milieu," rnOMAS O'CONNOR, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Ecologically, the opening ofa Taco Bell restaurant on the edge of a typical, small-town, universitycampus implies both occupational deviance and an increase in college student alcohol consumption and related crimes. This piece of ethnographic research addresses which came first: deviant places or deviant people. Implications for further study are drawn with respect to the evolution of rule-braking and public response. "An Interactive Analysis of Uniformed Law Enforcement Officers and the Mentally Ill," JAMES RUIZ, Minot State University The paper is a summaryof research on how and why uniformed policeofficers interact with the mentally ill. It explores numerous policedepartmental procedures regarding the handling of mentally ill in the United States, Canada, and Australia. With the aid of police procedural textbooks and sociological and psychological abstracts, topics such as predicting violence in the mentally ill, faulty management procedures and police-hospital difficulties are addressed along with other related topics. The paper shows how police officers often evoke improper responses from the mentally ill, and suggests procedures to remedy these difficulties. "Role Differences Between State Police Officers and Highway Patrolmen," JIMMY ANDERSON, North Carolina Central University This paper examines the different roles of these organizations as well as the history and politics of each. A comparison and conclusion is also given. PANEL145 Policeand the Media "A Law. Enforcement Policy Perspective for Dealing with the Print and Electronic News Media in the 1990's," MARFA MANNION and WILLIAM WALSH, Pennsylvania State University The print and electronic news media relationship with law enforcement has evolved into an ever present and persistent problem for police administrators. This relationship is often an adversarial one in which police desire to protect case information and innocent victims conflict with the media's desire to obtain information. Many police executives have created administrative guidelines for their personnel in order to structure this relationship. This paper presents findings drawn from a survey of law enforcement managers designed to obtain information on the current state of police-media policy. Also presented is an examination of the law enforcement managers' perspective of their relationship with media personnel along with policy suggestions for structuring this relationship. "The Police and the Media: Proposals for Amelioration of Dysfunctional Conflict," JAMES GUFFEY, California State University, Hayward Dysfunctional conflicts between the police and the media are pejorative in that the two parties cease to cooperate with each other. These conflicts result in soured relations that can be long lasting or ephemeral. The purpose of this study was to research this relationship to learn the specific concerns of both sides so that a comprehensive list of proposals could be offered. This research was done by 1) a thorough literature search, b) 34 interviewswith San Francisco Bay area police administratorsand media executives and c) a national surveyof the policedepartments in the 50 largest cities. PANEL146 Police Personnel Issues "Human Resource Allocation in Small, Medium, and Large Police Departments," C ALLEN PIERCE, Youngstown State University The paper is a report of a study on the allocation of human resource in small, medium, and large police departments in 1990. Twenty agencies were sampled. The agencies were grouped into three groups: small, medium, and large and the methods and rationale for the human resource allocation were compared. The paperreports on the changes in personnelallocation that are the result of cut backs in both funding and personnel. It concludes with a summaryand recommendations for future personnel allocations. Maier and Breier: Coexistence in Milwaukee," MARTINGRUBERG, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh No abstract available. "The Police Subculture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective," DONALD WALKER, Kent State University This papercompares the results of a 14-page questionnaire administered to both recruit and veteran officersin three countries-Canada, United States, and England. The sample includes 333 recruits (Canada-130, United States-81, England-122). By analyzing responses to questions related to the occupation of policing, attitudes towards their communities, respective administrations, and fellow officers were given. The paper seeks to identify differences and similarities among officers serving in different cultural contexts and with different administrative structures. By comparing recruit and veteran officers on similar questions, some conclusions regarding police socialization can be drawn. 171 PANEL147 Community Interventions with Juveniles "Operation Involvement: A Model of University/AgencyCoopera tion in Helping Troubled Youth," JOHNNY McGAHA, Southeast Missouri State University The Missouri Division of Youth Services applied for and subsequently received a grant from the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation in the fall of 1989. The grant provided for consultant services to assist the Division in determining innovative methodsto expand community programs and decrease reliance on large group care facilities. One of the model programs that subsequently developedwas a unique youth service university based, intensive supervision program titled "Operation Involvement". The program relies on intensive, one-on-one involvement between delinquents and college students who act as both positive role models and intensive case monitors. In some cases delinquents actually reside with a college student. "Delinquency, Exercise, and Self-Esteem: A Lookat a New Program for High RiskYouth," BllLWAKEFIEIJ), University of Nebraska at Omaha Previous research on the relationship between self-esteem and exercise has been mostly concerned with exercise physiology programs and adults. It has generally been reported that peoplewho exercise tend to have higher self-esteem and feel good about themselves. This paper reports on an experiment to apply this general concept to high-risk youth through a combined program of health education, good nutrition, and a structured running program over time. Various measures of self-esteem were employed before, during, and after the program in order to address the question of the importanceof exercise when compared with other variables. In addition, several measures of behavioral changes were taken in order to assess change. "The Effects of Legal and Nonlegal Factorsand Diversionary Programs on the Likelihood ofSuccess Within A Juvenile Court Setting," MICHAEL LEIBER,JAYNE ARNElL,HOllY GRAVES,KA1HLEEN KAUI1I, Universityof Northern Iowa and SEANANDERSON, State University of New York at Albany A controversy surrounding the juvenile court system is the extent to which the system is effective in holding juveniles responsible for their actions and in preventing juvenile delinquents from committing further delinquent activity. Many juvenile courts have relied on a variety of diversionary programs in an effort to address both criticisms. The objective of this study is to empirically assess the extent to which legal and nonlegal factors and the use of diversionary programs reduce the likelihood of recidivism, as measured by violations of probation and involvement in further delinquent acts. Suggestive directions for policy are also discussed. "Private vs Public Operation: A Comparison of Two Juvenile Restitution Programs," SUDIPTO ROY, Delaware State College This study focused on the effectiveness of two juvenile restitution programs, one in Elkhart County (IN) and the other in Kalamazoo County (MI). Data were collected on juvenile participants for the years 1987-1988, and were followed through the end of 1989 for recidivism. Effectiveness refers to the impact of the two programs on offender restitution to their victims and on offender recidivism. The two programs were a privately operated VORP in Elkhart and a publicly operated non-VORP in Kalamazoo. Comparison of these two programs provided some interesting findings about juvenile restitution program participants. PANEL148 Issues in the Management ofJails and Jail Inmates "Institutional Conflict in Jails: The Crisis at Rikers Island During the Summer of 1990," MICHAELWELCH, St John's University In large urban jails, where insitutional problems are complicated by crowding and inadequate services,wide-scale conflict seems inevitable. However, institutional conflict goes beyond struggles between inmates and staff. There is ample evidence that discord also exists between staff and management. This paper addresses the range of institutional conflict in jails. Furthermore, a discussion on the crisis at Rikers Island during the summer 1990 encompasses the controversy surrounding the wildcat strike, the riot and charges of excessive force. "ManagingInmates: An Analysis of Conflict Resolution in an UrbanJail," JEFFREY SENESE, Universityof Baltimore and DAVID KALINICH, Michigan State University This study explores the nature and characteristics of the handling of inmate rule violations and inquiries in an urban jail. The method of study is both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitatively, the analysis is both descriptive and inferential. The hearing reports for 1988 (n = 1,235) are demographically summarized and the relative importance of these factors are examined. Qualitatively, a reading of the hearing reports produces several general themes in the handling of inmates. Although the findings and conclusions are preliminary at this point, it is anticipated that specific findings regarding the nature and content of inmate management are presented. "Solomon, the Sword and the Baby: Allocating Prison Beds in an Overburdened System," srEVEN CUVELIER, Sam Houston State University To alleviate prison overcrowding, Texas policy-makers have adopted scheduled admission, accepting a limited number of prisoners from each county. �e backlog of state prisoners in local jails has led some counties to charge the state with unfair allocation practices. The state has counter-charged some counties with excessive use of state prison facilities. This is a longitudinal examination of aggregate level data to establish an empirical basis for these claims. Findings show a high degree of similarity in jail population growth among counties of similar size and uniform changes in growth rates corresponding to state level policy initiatives. "Jail Audits, Policies, and Procedures: Stirring Up Muck For a Purpose," KEN KERLE, American Jail Association This paper covers 1981-1986, when 66jail audits in 19 states were completed by the author as the senior auditor. With the exception of one audit, 172 two people were on-site for three days to evaluate the jails in question against the guidelines of the National Sheriffs' Association Jail Audit Manual. These guidelines were pretty much a replication of the standards of the Commission on Accreditation of the American Correctional Association. The findings, the politics, and the conclusion of this audit peregrination are described. PANEL 149 Worksbop: Battered and Abused Women Who Kill This workshop is designed to highlight the personality characteristics of battered and abused women who are sentenced for murder. Characterisitcs of these women differ from males convicted for similar offences and is examined in light of public policies. PANEL150 Crime, Drugs, and Development flU S-Columbia Drug War: The Barry Case," NANCY UACH,LEE JOHNSON, and MARSHAlL LOUIS, United States Information Agency No abstract available. "Gender, Drugs and Development: A Cross-National Perspective," TAMMYAND ERSON, American University No abstract available. "Victimization, Nationalism and the U S War on Drugs," BRUCE WIEGAND, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater and RICHARD BENNEIT, American University No abstract available. "Comparative Methods and Findings From Two National Drug Use Surveys: Mexico and the USA," lANAHARRI SON, National Institute of Drug Abuse No abstract available. "Licit and Illicit Opium: Analysis of Problems Faces by Police in India," ANGElA BURGER, University of Wisconsin-Marathon Campus How does a country which produces licit opium, and whose people have customarily used the narcotic for recreational, ritual, and therapeutic purposes, control illicit trafficking and use? Analysis of the special problems of the police in dealing with opiates in India, from production and marketing, to the impact of Golden Crescent traffic through the country, to the characteristics of major illicit traffickers is made. It includes analysis of problems presented by federal system and fragmented police forces. PANEL 151 Public Opinionand Crime ControlPolicy "Retribution and Capital Punishment: Toward a Better Understanding of Death Penalty Opinion," ROBERT BOHM, Universityof North Carolina at Charlotte Although retribution appears to be the primary basis of support for the death penalty in the United States, the concept of retribution is ambiguous and, thus, it is unclear what people mean when they support capital punishment for retributive reasons. This study attempts to discern the meaning of retributive reasons. This study attempts to discern the meaning of retribution as it relates to the death penalty opinion. Two types of retribution are revealed: "revenge/repayment" and "revenge-utilitarianism." Subjects clearly subscribe to the revenge/repayment conception; one characterized by a strong emotional or visceral component. "Guns, Southerness, and Gun Control," PAULINE GASDON and AlAN UZOTIE, State University of New York at Albany and DAVID McDOWALL, University of Maryland Southerners have been found to have higher levels of gun ownership than persons of other regions. This may be due to the finding that defensive attitudes are more prevalent in the south. Whatever the reason, the differential in gun ownership has been linked to varying support or opposition to gun control. While this is the case, the relationship between specific types of guns and specific types of gun control has not been examined. With this in mind, how specific types of gun ownership interact with southerness, controlling for the effects of other variables, to determine preferences for four different types of gun control were investigated. Data from 1984 collected by DMI on a stratified random sample of 1,538 non institutionalized adults in the United States was used. "Correlation of Attitudes on Criminal Justice Issues," EDWARD LEDDY and ANDREW GIACOMAZZI, Washington State University This paper contains the results of a survey on the issues of respect for law-gun control-death penalty-severe sentencing-military preparedness liberalism/conservatism. It was found that respondents had a consistent set of attitudes on all but one of these subjects. If there is a clear preference for gun control then there is an opposition to militarypreparedness, death penalty, and severe sentencing. This held true even when sex, age and occupation were controlled for. Groups of police, prison inmates, and college students are compared in several states. Pro or con attitudes are consistent across the spectrum. This is an evaluation of consistency rather than numbers for or against the issues. 173 "Controlling Drunk Driving: The Relationship Between Public Opinion and Police Practice," SIEPHEN MASl'ROFSKIand R RICHARD RfITI, Pennsylvania State University This paper reports the results of public opinion and field research on drunk driving enforcement in six Pennsylvania communities: center CIties, suburbs, and small towns. The telephone survey(n = 1,266)finds considerable diversity among communities in residents' views on drunk driving and enforcement practices. The paper explores the extent to which these differences are reflected in police policies and practices in those communities. The paper discusses the implications of the findings for selecting from an array of policies to control drunk driving: increasing the severity of sanctions, enhancing rehabilitation, using sobriety checkpoints, and promoting public awareness. "An Indirect Assessment of Public Tolerance for Day Fines," SHERWOOD ZIMMERMAN, BEVERLY RIVERA, and MARK SEIS, Indiana Universityof Pennsylvania An objection to using fines for sentencing is that they do not provide sufficient punishment. Because they can be varied to impose punishment based on offense seriousness, day fines seem to meet this objection. One obstacle to adopting day fines is political: whether citizens will accept a monetary penalty as the sanction for serious criminal conduct. This political question is addressed through an analysis of National Punishment Surveyquestions concerning the tradeoffs between traditional punishments and a day fine. Results suggest there may be substantial public acceptance for day fines, even when serious criminal behavior is involved. PANEL 152 The Ultimate Penalty: Current Researchon Capital Punishment "Researching Capital Punishment: Problems and Possibilities," DONALD RANISH and RICHARD LOOFBOURROW, Antelope Valley College This paper explores the complexities of conducting research with California death row inmates for the purposes of developing new public policy and ethical perspectivesof capital punishment. The impediments encountered made completion of the project impossible. Difficulties involved corrections staff who have custodial care of the inmates who failed to implement Department of Corrections approval for the project, defense attorneys who wanted to shield clients from scrutiny and being put at risk during the appellate process, and inmate attempts to manipulate the research for their own goals. In essence, it has proven difficult to undertake a scholarly inquiry. "One Flew Over Death Row: Execution and the Chemically Competent Condemned," CLIFFORD DORNE, University of Southwestern Louisiana and KENNEIl-I GERWERTH, Saginaw Valley State University While the debate concerning the death penalty rages on, the mental state of the condemned inmate has also emerged as a controversial policy issue. Should a mental health professional be permitted to administer a psychotropic drug to a mentally ill condemned inmate with the goal of making the inmate fully conscious and lucid immediately prior to execution? After providing a background on the legal issues surrounding the death penalty, a discussion of prison forensic psychiatry is presented. The paper then addresses relevant ethical issues within the mental health profession and the broader Eighth Amendment constitutional issues. The conclusion comprises a pro-con policy comparison. "Education and the Death Penalty: Results of a Five-Year Study of Opinion Changes Among College Students," Z G srA NDING BEAR and D K SUMNER, Valdosta State College Between 1985 and 1990, 239 undergraduate college students were surveyed concerning their support of or opposition to the imposition of the death penalty as a part of a criminal justice program at two institutions. The students were surveyed before and after a lecture on death penalty issues, and the opinion changes, if any, noted. The issues presented in the lecture concerned cost, comparative murder rates, private revenge and justice, specific deterrence, general deterrence, arbitrariness and poverty, racism, and cultural acceptance and civilization. Of the polledstudents, 33.9 percent indicated that their opinion changed from support to opposition of the penalty, while no student changed from opposition to support. The population was also analyzed by geographical location, race, and gender. "Willing to Kill: An Analysis of the Growing Support for Capital Punishment," KAREN EHATI, American University Public opinion polls have reported dramatic increases in the support for capital punishment throughout the 1970's and 1980's This paper analyzes the effect of conservative idealogy on support for capital punishment. An explanatory model incorporatingclusters of variables such as demographic characteristics, crime-related concernsand social-politicalideology was designed and analyzed using data from the General SocialSurvey for 1973-1985. A logistic based trend analysis was performed, uncovering interesting relationships between conservative ideology and supportfor capital punishment. Policy implications are presented and discussed. "Capital Crimes: An Historical and ContemporaryExam ination," DENNIS WIECHMAN, University of Evansville; RONALD BAE; and DAVID SI1UEGEL, Eastern Kentucky University The paperexplores the many and varied capital crimes which have brought the penalty of death. The principle historical focus is upon "common law" nations and then the focus shifts to contemporary crimes which can result in death. PANEL 153 Violence Among Intimates I "Domestic Violence: Causation and Reduction Methods," FAYE GROJEAN, Southeast Missouri State University An evaluation approach was taken to study three specific typesof abuse: child abuse, spouse abuse, and elderly abuse. Testimony from witnesses, 174 victims, and perpetratorswere reviewed. Careful evaluation of the causes of abuse reveals criteria for one to deduce cause and effect relationships among the three types of abuse. The role of law enforcement officials, prosecutors and judges were also discussed. Public awareness programs, changes in legislation and educational programs for law enforcement officials were evaluated as possible methods for reduction in domestic violence offenses. Comparative legislation programs from seven other states were reviewed and discussed. "Adjudicating Domestic Violence Cases," RAYMOND ELLIS, Coppin State College Judicial intervention in domestic violence matters variesgreatly across and within jurisdictions, from no action, to informal action, to issuance of civil protection orders, to criminal prosecution. Reported in this paperare findings of a random sample of 250domestic violence cases. Data were derived from official documentsof police, court, state's attorney, and support agencies and from interviews and attitudinal questionnaires. Decision-making strategies and implications for policy are discussed. "Problems in Studying Elder Abuse: A Preliminary Report on an Ongoing Research Project," IDA JOHNSONand ROBERT SIGLER, University of Alabama Studying elder abuse presents special methodological problems particularly in the area of sampling. Thispaper discusses preliminaryresults from an ongoing research project designed to evaluate cross-perceptions between elders and their caregivers in regards to elder abuse with a focus on the problems in obtaining a representative sample. "Crime and the Family, 1985-1990," LEE DARLIN, University ofTennessee, Knoxville This paper reviews research on crime and family over the last five years. The theoretical approaches employed within the disciplines of psychology, family studies, and sociology are compared and contrasted. The current questions of interest in each discipline are examined. Ecological, social disorganization, control, social network, strain, social learning, symbolic interaction, systems, power-control, biological predispositions, and life stage theoretical frameworks are addressed. PANEL154 Multivariate Determinants ofSubstance Abuse and CriminalBehavior "Tempting Fate: Investigating the Determinants of Injected Drug Users' High Risk Behavior," JEANNE FlAVIN, American University Research of the past few years has identified a multitude of drug- and sex-related behaviors which place injected drug users' at risk for contracting the HIV. Identification of the modes of HIV transmission is not adequate to predict seroprevalence, since drug users engage in high-risk behaviors at differential rates. There remains a need to understand why injected drug users engage in different types and amounts of high-risk behaviors. Data were collected from over 300 drug users on probation and parole in a large, urban location. The effects of various cultural, pharmacological, and individualvariables suggestedin the literature were evaluated using a regression-based model. The findings indicate differential effects of the predictor variables on both type and level of high-risk behavior. "Personality, Nutrition, Drugs, and Violence: A Connection," ROBERT WARFIElD, University of Wisconsin-Platteville Social scientists argue that criminal behavior is learned. Biological scientists argue that brain function directs behavior. This paper examines the relationships among personality, social environment, food and drug ingestion, and behavior. The theoretical framework was based on the premise that behavior is a result of brain function which both selects and is affected by the environment, both physical and social. "The Early Identification of Youths at Risk for Violence and Drug Abuse," JAY srEPHENS and C RAY JEFFERY, Florida State University This paperreports on an ongoing research project at Thomasville and Albany (GA) involving youthful offenders. Medical histories of brain trauma, psychological profiles, hair testing, nutritional status, and a neurological screening of these subjects are discussed. The relationship between brain functioning, nutrition, and biochemistryto drug abuse and violence are studied. PANEL 155 The Impact ofDrug Control Policies "Evaluating Drug Enforcement Strategies," PEfER HAYNES, Arizona State University Evidence of success in the 'drug war' is sought by policy-makers and researchers alike. Yet the nature of the problem is not usually clearly defined. Trafficking, use, or the many associated social problems may be chosen. Multiple interventionstrategies based on various assumptions are directed at different groups. The development and use of quantitative performance measures, as toolsfor evaluating both individual projects and overall state strategies, is described. Results from Arizona and other states are utilized as illustrations. The typology of measures is derived and the feasibility of developing total or partial drug abuse indices are explored. "Strategies for Breaking the Drug Habit in Public Housing: The Chattanooga Experience," ROGER rnOMPSON, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga This paper identifies and describes efforts to address the drug problem in four large public housing developments located in a medium-sized southern city. Questions relating to public policyare raised for benefit of understandingcurrent conditions and available choices in setting future directions. 175 "An Examination of the Houston Police Department's Narcotics Division," OSWAlD GmBONs, University of Houston-Downtown This paperexamines the operations of the Houston Police Department Narcotic Squad. An overview of the selection process, training, and evaluation of personnelis discussed, along with the chain of command, operationsand structure of the various units within the Narcotic Division, such as crack squads, long-term investigation, and task force operation. "The Adverse Impact of Drug Legalization on Women and Minorities," ANGELYN FLOWERS, University of the District of Columbia This paper addresses the possibility that the only persons likely to benefit from the legalization of drugs are white male, middle and upper-class drug users. It explores the probable regulatoryschemes likely under a legalization scenario and analyzes the disparate impact these schemes would have on women and minorities. In this regard, it is necessary to address the fallacies inherent in arguments that legalization would be cost-effective and would reduce crime. PANEL156 Student Panel: Drugs n "The Addict: Criminal or Diseased," ADRIANA FERNANDFZ, Temple University This paper examines how the concept of the drug user, more specifically the 'addict,' has evolved over time and the policy implication of its conceptualization. The relationship between the 'addict' and the policies that have emerged is a multi-dimensional one. This paper begins with a chronological overview of the drug control milestones that have been implemented or proposed throughout history. It begins with the period before the introduction of the Harrison Act of 1914 up to the present, concluding with President Bush's National Drug Control Strategy of 1989. "From the Hills to the Fields, Kentucky's Homegrown: The Parallel of Moonshine and Marijuana," DEBRA scurr, Eastern Kentucky University This paper introduces the concept of the parallels of the boot-legging and marijuana industries in Kentucky. Based on the basic discrepancies used for the illicit activities, the two are similar at several points. This paper examines the proximal points such as production, clientele, distribution, and selling. The basis for the closeness of the trades stems from the reasoning that the same people primarily tend to have utilized both markets for making a profit. "Implications of the National Drug Control Strategy on the Criminal Justice System and Sentencing Philosophies," BARBARA KOONS, Temple University This paper examines the possible impact the 1989 National Drug Control Strategy and subsequent amendments have on the criminal justice system and sentencing philosophies. With this proposal by Bush, a presidential administration has once again called for yet another, 'war on drugs.' Instead of a reactive examination of the policy, this paper has chosen to take a proactive look at its potential impacts on the justice system. It focuses on Bush's recommendations for drug users and sellers and the possible response of the criminal justice system in processing the increasing number of drug cases. PANEL 157 Student Panel: Theories andSanctions "Does Social Control Theory Work: An Examination of the Empirical Research of the 1980's," KENNE11-I CLONIZ and J GAYLE MERICLE, Florida State University Since its originalpublication, various researchers have attempted to bolster or refute Travis Hirschi's social control theory. Initially, this paper outlines the major tenets of Hirschi's work and re-examines the theory in light of nine articles whose authors have tried to empirically test social control theory. After summarizing the new research, an assessment is given for future policy decisions based on an evaluation of these findings. "Applications of Role Theory in Victim Assistance," KAREN ARBOn' and BRYAN BYERS, St Mary's COllege The emphasis on crime victims has led to concernfor their plight. Advocacyprograms have emerged as a viable option for crime victims. This paper addresses victim advocacy from the advocate's perspective. Specifically, this involves an examination of role theory as applied to victim assistance. Discussion centerson role conflict, role strain, and application of these concepts in practice. Recommendations are offered for victim assistance which are consistent with role theory applications. "The Effect of Differential Experience of Legal Sanctions on Perceptions of Severity of Legal Sanctions," ELENI APOSPORI, University of Connecticut This research tests the hypothesis that one's experience with legal sanctions raises his perceptions of the severity of legal sanctions. Perceptions were measured among a group of arrestees after their arrest and after the imposition of the legal sanctions. The findings indicate that the respondents raised their perceptions of severity of legal sanctions after their experience with the criminal justice system. Furthermore, it was found that a significantly higher number of respondents who received more severe sanctions raised their perceptions as compared to those who lowered them. Among the respondentswho received lighter punishments, no significant difference was found between those who raised and those who lowered their perceptions. The implications of these findings forthe deterrence doctrine are discussed. 176 "A Brief History of Capital Punishment and Current Attitudes of Death Row Inmates," KETIH ASCIllNGER JR, University of Evansville A history of capital punishment from Biblical times until the present is discussed. An explanation of the current and historical methods of execution throughout the world but focusing on English and American methods of execution was made. A survey conducted among the death row inmates of Missouri concentrating on their views of the capital punishment system and on any early childhood factors which may have had an effect on their current situation are discussed. "Program Evaluation: An Historical Perspective," LYNNPHElAN, Sam Houston State University Summative evaluations have historically rejected the rehabilitative ideal. In some instances, the authors purport to be misunderstoodor miss-quoted. The rehabilitative ideal has also been influenced by the political climate and current public opinion. This paper attempts to follow the path of the rehabilitative ideal, through a critical analysis of summative evaluations, in an effort to better understand the rise and decline of its support. PANEL 158 Evolutionof Law Enforcement "Making History: Explaining the Development of the Police," lAWRENCETRAVIS m, University of Cincinnati Criticism of accepted historical explanations for the development of policing in America has recently been raised. This paper reviews depictions of police history in several leading texts to identify a 'mainstream' history. It then presents other historical treatments of the police to identify errors, omissions, and limitations of the mainstream history. It concludes with observations concerning the possible explanations and effects of uncritically accepting existing history, particularly the implications of acceptance for developing an understanding ofpolice evolution and change. "An Empirical Analysis of Sovereignty in the Institutional Environment of Police Organizations," JOHNCRANK, Universityof Nevada at Las Vegas; ROBERT IANGWORTIIY, University of Cincinnati; and ROBERT CULBERTSON, Northwest Missouri State University The present research investigates the institutional environment of police organizations. Using data provided by a national survey of police chiefs, actors in the institutional environment, called sovereigns, who are capable of affecting the flow of resources to the organization are identified. Sovereigns are classified as local (community-based interests) and centrists (regional or national interests). Findings provide a preliminary mapping of the police institutional environment, and suggest that local sovereigns are more influential among smaller agencies, while centrist sovereigns are more influential in larger departments. "Barriers to Change in Law Enforcement in a Developing Nation," LEE COLWELL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock Tradition, history, and evolution of law enforcement functions in a nation tend to institutionalize policies, practices, and behavior of both the institution and individuals. In North America law enforcement represents the status quo. For decades we have utilized, with little or no acknowledgement, police as the focal point of social, economic, and political change. Based on this, it would appear that the successes for change in North America would have utility in developing nations. The massive and unprecedented global Changes occurring in the past 12 months have massive implications on the criminal justice institutions of those nations. This paper looks at the process of change, resistance to change, and various techniques being utilized to effect a democratic policing function in a Latin American country. PANEL 159 Law Enforcement Accreditation "A Comparison of NYS and CALEA Law Enforcement Agency Accreditation," PETER PHILLIPS, Utica College of Syracuse University This paper compares the accreditation standards set by the Commission on Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies Inc (CALEA) (national standards) with those recently developed and implemented by the state of New York, Bureau for Municipal Police, for the purpose of accrediting police agencies within the state. Although New York is the first state to implement such a parallel program, several others are in some stage of developing programs that replicate the national program. This phenomenon is examined in detail and the impact on the CALEA program is assessed. "Law Enforcement Accreditation: Pros and Cons," JOSEPH GRAZIANO, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale This paper examines the number of law enforcement agencies which have been accredited since 1979 by the Commission on Law Enforcement Accreditation. Questions addressed are: What is the Commission on Law Enforcement Accreditation? How many policeagencies have been certified by the Commission? What criteria are involved in the accreditation process? Also, the results of a survey of law enforcement agencies which have been certified are discussed. Finally, the shortcomings of the accreditation process are examined. PANEL160 Juveniles, Adolescent SexOffenders, and DrugTreatment "Organizing and Conducting Life History Reviews of Criminals and Delinquents," NORMAN GREENBERG, Utica College of Syracuse University This paper describes and analyzes a technique for conducting a life history review of criminals and delinquents by means of an elaborate 70-page questionnaire that has been developed over eight years through exhaustive experimental trials with incarcerated criminals and delinquents. In addition to the questionnaire, a 3O-page instructional package for interviewers and an evaluation questionnaire was prepared; and these two aresummarized and analyzed. Evidence of attitudes towards the questionnaire and interview processby both interviewers and criminal respondentsalso are presented. Evidence of attitudinal and behavioral changes by respondents as well as the theory behind this approach are discussed. 177 "Peer Counseling Strategies: An Alternative Approach to the Specialized Residential Treatment of Adolescent Sex Offenders,"JAMES BRANNON and RIKTROYER, Idaho Youth Services Center This study investigates the community adjustment of adolescent sex offenders released from a state residential group treatment facility. The results suggests: (1) large percentages of youth entering correctional care have committed sexual assaults; (2) the post-release behavior of these youth may not present the degree of personal risk assumed by the public; and (3) serving sex offenderswithin an agency's main campus peer group treatment program may produce recidivism rates comparable with those reported among specialized treatment models. The findings are discussed in relation to the current demand for specialized sex offender programs and the need for correctional agencies to develop strategies for this population of youthful offenders. "The Politics of Drug Treatment in Juvenile Corrections," PlllLIPS, HARRI Temple University In too many cases, resources drive policy. Resource allocation driven by federal policy can also shape the perception of resource need at the local level. A recent discussion among heads of juvenile corrections in 10 states revealed that their efforts to secure funding for drug treatment programs were propelled by the availability of drug-related funds rather than a genuine need for this type of program. Although drug use is common among their client populations, drug dependency is rare. Their ideal program development goals include drug use reduction as a component of programs with broader aims. PANEL161 Alternative Programs to Corrections: What Price Corrections? "Strange Bedfellows in South Carolina: State and Private Correctional Agencies," DONAlD BAILEY, Francis Marion College The Alston Wilkes Society in South Carolina, the nation's most comprehensive private correctional service, provides half-way houses, parole assistance, job development, etc. Its success derives from complementing rather than competing with state programs and from the unique relationship between Societyand corrections officials. Ellis MacDougall, corrections commissioner, originated the concept of the Society,and William Leeke, MacDougall's successor, helped recruit the Society's first executive director. MacDougall later became state president of the Society. When Leeke retired, the Society'S director became corrections commissioner. "Integrated Service Delivery," CARYHARKAWAY , Multnomah County Program Services Division The proliferation of special probation units, such as those for intensive or drug case supervision, has demonstrated the need for the integrated delivery of supervision, treatment, and sanction services. Integrated service delivery requires operational adjustments by all participating agencies. These adjustments are most efficiently implemented if all functional units are involved in program development from the beginning. Integrated service delivery demands shared goals at the organizational level and shared case planning at the client level. This paper suggests a planning process for service integration. "Theoretical Relevance of Congruence Between Correctional Treatment Practices and Reliable Therapeutic Principles of Rehabilitation in Reducing Recidivism," ARTIlUR CLAGEIT, Stephen F Austin State University This paper elaborates upon basic essentials required for developing integrative congruence between therapeutic principles, known to facilitate rehabilitation, and inmate-oriented correctional treatment operations. Documentedevidence indicates that correctional treatment instituted without reference to rehabilitation guidance will not alleviate recidivism. Instead, treatment devoid of guidance is more likely to increase recidivism, not reduce it. Similarly, well-planned, logical therapeuticguidance services remain ineffective, unless they are instituted and integrated with humanitarian, inmate oriented programs. "An Educational Partnership in Corrections: A Model Program," BECKY PANEfIZ, Pueblo Community College Canon City (CO) will become, upon completion of the Federal Complex being built in Florence, the city with the most correctional facilities in the United States. A state-wide Consortium on Correction Training, including representatives from the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the Colorado Department of Corrections, 2-year and 4-year higher education institutions, representatives from localand state job training partnership administration offices, the Division of Youth Services, and the Colorado Law Enforcement Training Academy, has been formed to address the problem of staffing the numerous facilities that are being built in Colorado. PANEL162 Workshop: 1be Manipulative Inmate: Strategies for Treatment and the Protection ofStaff Members In this workshop methodsfor managing manipulation are discussed and presented. The techniques are designed to be helpful to inmates and protect staff members at the same time. Manipulation that impacts treatment and management issues is addressed with methods that work. PANEL 163 CrimePrevention Research: linkages and Partnerships "Community Crime Prevention Programs and Neighborly Values," HOLLY DERSHEM, Washington State University Previous research has demonstrated that while community crime prevention programs tend to be favorably received by the public and police, they only infrequently reduce crime. An instrument is proposed and designed to facilitate the implementation of crime prevention programs based on the demographic characteristics of particular neighborhoods. The current instrument uses the value measurement scales of Flanagan, Inglehart, and 178 others as a way to determine the nature of values possessedby certain individuals within neighborhoods. The questions asked inquiries into the nature of materialists/postmaterialists and their willingness to participate/not participate in community crime prevention programs. "Public-Private Partnership: Impact on Crime Prevention," CIlFFORD VANMEIER, University of Illinois; wnLIAM CUNNINGHAM, Hallcrest Management Systems; and JOHN srRAUCHS, Systech Group Inc Since the PSTF Standards and Goals Report in the mid-1970's, there has been a growing trend toward closer cooperation and partnerships between public law enforcement and private security. Private Security Trends: 1970-2000 (fhe Hallcrest Report II) identifies many of these partnerships. National, state, and local programs have been successful in addressing the objective of crime prevention. This paperprovides a forum for discussion of the unique and innovative programs as reported by the authors of Private SecurityTrends: 1970-2000. ''The Effects of Crime Prevention Strategies on Criminal Victimization and the Fear of Crime: A Panel Study," KNOWLTON JOHNSON, University of Louisville Little is known about crime prevention practices and their effects on crime and the fear of crime. This paper examines these effects using three waves of data collected from a general population sample consisting of 175 victims of violence, 328 victims of property crime, and 304 non-victims. Crime prevention indices are constructed reflecting various strategies identified by a factor analysis of 16 precautionary practices. Criminal victimization is determined by a revised batteryof 18 items patterned after the National Crime Survey. Fear is measured with a composite latent variable based on 12 indicatorsreprese nting cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of fear. The analysis focused on the single and combined effects of crime prevention strategies on criminal victimization and fear of crime in the short-term and long-term. PANEL 164 DecisionTools for CriminalAdministration Justice "The Hofeld/Marsh Analysis: An Alternate Tool for Criminal Justice Decision-Making," ROBERT CHAIRESJR, University of Nevada, Reno The Hofeld/Marsh Analysis grows out of an adaptation of a rather obscure method of legal analysis premised on the concept that a change in power brings about a change in duty. Power and duty are terms with operational value in criminal justice decision-making and policy formulation. By comparing those to the power/duty relationships (pre-test) and then comparing those to the power/duty relationships (post-test) that occurafter the independent variable (inter or intra organizational change, new law or program, etc), an initial determination as to the IV validity can be made. The advantage of the method is that it can be done without actual program implementation, does not require complex or sophisticated research designs and statistics, and can indicate unintended consequences. "Quantitative Models in Criminal Justice," GALANJA NEKSELA and mOMAS FUlLER, Wichita State University This paper identifies a quantitative model approach to obtain comprehensive data oriented to a total systems focus, through the use of an unobtrusive systems analysis approach for the retrieval of data from criminal justice agencies to improve the decision-making process, provide a sound structure for research funding and programs, and to identify statistics for collection. Topical discussion includes, but is not limited to, examples of the system, the feedback nature of the presented models identifying crime trends and criminal careers, the role of computers within the systems framework and the use of the AFIS as an aid to the system. The objective of this approach is to create a more centralized and uniform data collection system. "Legal Processing and Risk Assessment," WNNLANlA-KADUCE, PATRICK GARTIN, and LAUREN DUNDES, University of Florida and N GARY HOL'IEN, University of Central Florida Risk assessment instruments are frequently developed from state corrections data gathered at the end of legal processing. Such data may need to be supplemented with local processing data if the goal is to enhance prediction. This study uses legal processing data collected from local records of four judicial districts to examine whether the local data could improve the accuracy of a risk assessment instrument developed from state records. The data are used to predict various kinds of re-arrest, returnto correctional supervision, and re-imprisonment. The legal processingvariable obtained from local records did not enhance prediction. Moreover, the local processingvariables showed differential predictive power across judicial districts but the predictors obtained from the state data were stable across jurisdictions. "Geographic Information System Applications in Criminal Justice," ROBERT ROGERS and DELORES CRAIG, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga A geographic information system is an internally referenced, automated database which stores, analyzes, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data. Geographic information systems take raw data and converts them into a digital format. The digital data are used to create a series of maps or layers of information. These layers of information are then stacked in the computer on top of one another, similar to transparent overlays. When the various layers of information, both spatial and non-spatial, are combined in this manner, a synergistic effect takes place. The resultis an extremely powerful analytical tool with criminal justice applications. PANEL 1605 Issues inResearch Methods "The Utility of Meta-Analysis in Criminal Justice Research," L EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University Research in criminal justice faces a persistent problem of accumulating data and empirical findings without a corresponding accumulation of knowledge. One remedy is the use of meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize and analyze a collection of existing studies. While impressive applications of meta-analysis has occurred in some fields, it is a recent development and remains generally unfamiliar to researchers in criminal justice. 179 This paper assesses the utility of meta-analysis for criminal justice research providing: a) a capsule review of the logic, methods, and statistical procedures for using meta-analysis, and b) an evaluation of the use of such procedures in recent criminal justice research. �Criminal Justice Evaluation as a Dangerous Business,� HUGH PHILLIPS and GARY GREEN, Albany State College This paper addresses the occupation hazards that arose as a result of an independent evaluation of a local rehabilitation program by two criminal justice academics. These hazards included threats of physical harm, threats to job security, accusations of professional incompetence published in the local newspaper, and being personallysued for libel. The implications of criminal justice evaluations as a dangerous business are discussed. PANEL166 VaoIe nceAmong Intimates n �Rethinking the Relationship Between Male Peer Support and Women Abuse,� WALmR DeKESEREDY, Carleton University and MAR'I1N SCHWARTZ, Ohio University Research shows that male social networks perpetuate and legitimate various forms of woman abuse in dating relationships. Recently, Walter DeKeseredy attempted to explain this problem by proposinga male peer support model. An exploratory test of this modelreveals that it has some explanatory value. However, the forces that influence men to encourage their friends to victimize women are not addressed. Other important factors, such as employment status, availability, and alcohol use are also ignored. The purpose of this paper is to provide a revised version of DeKeseredy's model, one which takes into account the influence of several key variables ignored in his earlier work. "The Correlation of Sibling Gender to Incestuous Victims in Dysfunctional Families,� DARRELDeGRAW, University of Central Texas Incest has been described as the �universal taboo.� It has been shown that by far the largest group of perpetrators/victims is father/step-father and daughter/step-daughter. The dysfunctional family has also been extensively researched. This study attempts to complete the topic by researching the factor of the number of female children as a possible indicator of father's sex drive, mother's passivity, and the victim's need for affection and acceptance. The hypotheses extends the previous factors to permit possible prediction. "Intimacy and Violence," DEE GRAHAM, University of Cincinnati No abstract available. "Violence and Intimacy," L OKUN No abstract available. PANEL167 Analysesof the Extentand Predictors ofDrug Abuse and Related Crime "Criminality Among Male Narcotic Addicts," KEfIH PARKER, University of Nebraska at Lincoln This study investigated the frequency of drug use among male narcotic addicts and the relationship of drug use to different types of criminal activity during periods of active addiction and non-addiction. "Repeat Offenders: Predicting Substance-Related Criminal Behavior," J D JAMIESON and VERNON FARRIS, Southwest Texas State University This research involves the identification of high-risk candidates for continuing substance related criminal behavior through the analysis of demographic, criminal history, case file, and initial custody data. "On the Extent of Drug Abuse: Emergency RoomAdmissions as an Alternative Source of Data," JURG GERBER and ROBERT HUNIER, Sam Houston State University The extent of drug abuse in the United States is an issue of great political and public controversy. According to official statistics, the frequency of drug consumption is at an all-time high, while self-reports indicate that consumption peaked in the early 1980's and has remained stable or declined since then. Victimization data, trends in emergency room admissions in metropolitan areas were analyzed to determine the"true" levels of drug use. Preliminary analysis indicates that drug consumption rates are relatively high, but the findings diverge from official statistics in several important ways. "Drug Use, Drug Dealing, and Drug-Related Crime: The Findings of the Nebraska Inmate Survey," INEKE MARSHALL and JULIE HORNEY, University of Nebraska at Omaha The Nebraska Inmate Surveyis a modified replication of the Second Rand Inmate Survey(Chaiken and Chaiken, 1982) consisting of 700 completed face-ta-face interviews with an in-take cohort of convicted Nebraska felons. Responses to questions concerning juvenile drug use, juvenile drug treatment, adult drug use, self-identification as a drug addict, drug use as a reason for committing crime, involvement in drug dealing, and perception of risk involved in drug dealing are analyzed to determine the interrelationship between self-reported drug use, drug dealing, and drug-related criminality. 180 PANEL 168 Law Enforcement Approaches to Drug Control "The War on Drugs: An Analysis of MEG Units," JAMES NESS, Barton County Community College and rnOMAS NESS, Stevens Point Police Department (WI) This paper addresses the formation of MEG (Metropolitan Enforcement Groups) to cope with the war on drugs. Local MEG operations in three states are analyzed and compared. Issues addressed are staffing, political decision-making, use of informants, and interagency cooperation. "Police Strategies for Controlling Drug Sales," KAnnEENHANRAHAN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania This paper concerns police efforts to control drug sales. The focus is police strategies aimed at control of street-level drug crimes. A typology of strategies was developed, and the available literature on these efforts are critically reviewed. "Displacement from Local Drug Enforcement: A Description of the Various Types of Displacement and Their Social Costs," JONA'IlIAN CAULKINS, Carnegie Mellon University In many cities, drug dealing is so widespread that there are insufficient resources to suppress even the most blatant dealing everywhere at once. One response is to focus efforts on particular markets with the city. Such strategies have succeeded in closing markets, but it is not clear whether the dealing was eliminated or simply displaced. This paper describes the many forms displacement can take and discusses their various societal costs. Distinctions are made, for example, between displacing dealing from one street corner to another and from a street corner to a bar or other indoor location. "Drug Law Enforcement 'Crackdowns': TNT, Drugs, and Politics in New York," JEFFREY KRAUS, Wagner College This paper examines the "Tactical Narcotics Teams" (TNT) program in New York City. Created as a response to the City's increasingly violent drug trade, it is contended that the program has been a political "success," while failing to stem drug traffic in New York. The program has generated large numbers of arrests of small-time dealers, burdening the other components of the criminal justice system, without having an impact on the major players. At the same time, rather than "stamping out drugs," the TNT squads have merely displaced them-as dealers move to communities not served by TNT. The suggestion: that such crackdowns generate arrests (good politics) without getting at the crux of the problem (the wholesale drug distribution network). PANEL 169 Workshop: Development of the Texas DWI Mobile Video Taping Project This presentation discusses the history, development and technology of DWI mobile taping in Texas. Information provided includes statistics on conviction rates for mobile video taping versus stationary jail videotaping of DWI defendants and possible reasons for mobile video taping success rates. Sample tapes of proper mobile video taping techniques are shown as well as a discussion of proper equipment and policy. Further information on how to start a similar program in other jurisdictions will be available. PANEL 170 Student Panel: Adult Correctional Institutions "The Impact of Bond on Jail Overcrowding in Durham, North Carolina," A lAIA FJIRE, North Carolina Central University Jail overcrowding in the United States has reached crisis proportions; Durham (NC) is no exception. Jail records indicate that 79 percent of the Durham jail population are pretrial detainees. The inmate's inability to make bond is a major factor to the overcrowding issue. Findings from a project (n = 292) are discussed relative to length of stay (the dependent variable) and bond amount, bond reductions, type of bond, offense severity, and prior criminal history. Interviews with bondsmen are discussed. Selected recommendations to help reduce jail overcrowding are also presented. "The Use of Citations and Summonses and Their Impact on Jail Overcrowding in Durham, North Carolina," TONYABENTON, North Carolina Central University Overcrowding is the most serious problem facing jail administrators. Findings are presented from a research project focusing on overcrowd ing at the Durham County Jail (NC). Policy issues and law enforcement's (sheriff and city police) use of citations as well as the magistrate's issuance of summonses are discussed. Jail records are examined to assess the type of offenses for a randomly selected sample of 439 jail inmates to determine whether or not citations and summonses could have been issued. Specific recommendations are made in the aforementioned areas. "Inmate Victimization, Routine Activity Theory: A Study of Prison Life in New Mexico," VICKI HUrCHlNGS, New Mexico State University This study examines the social structure of prison activities which may or may not allow for illegal activities to feed upon the legal activities of daily routines within the prison setting. Working from the theoretical base of "routine activity" theory, it hypothesizes that the more hours each week an inmate spends in counseling, vocational, and recreational programs, the less likely this inmate will be victimized by personal and property crime by another inmate. Additionally, participation in these legitimate activities reduces the likelihood that an inmate will victimize another while imprisoned. These legitimate activities may reduce the number of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and increase capable guardianship within the prison facility. "Behavior Modification in a Prison Environment: Fact or Fallacy?" CARMEN BRYANT, University of Louisville The information in this paper was obtained from seven correctional institutions. The main focus of the research is a mental health unit at the 181 Kentucky State Reformatory and an in-depth study of whether the behavior modification program that is available in this institution allows the participating inmates to better adjust to the general population in the prison environment uponsuccessful completion of the program and if they are released. The analysis concerns approximately 178 inmates in an experimental group and a matching number in a control group. Success or failure of the treatment are analyzed and policy recommendations are given. PANEL 171 Pariahs ofPolicing "Public Reaction to Women in Policing," PFARL JACOBS, Sacred Heart University Despite the fact that women have been involved in active patrol work for over 19 years, women still encounter resistance. If women are to be integrated into policing, this resistance must be alleviated if not eliminated. Speculation is that the primary resistance comes from male officers. This paper presents the results of a survey regarding citizen perceptions of female officers and suggests that programs designed to integrate women into policing must give serious consideration to citizen concerns regarding women in policing. "Utilization of African American Police Officers," LEONARD WllLIAMS SR, University of Akron This paper reports the results of a surveyof African American police officers. The sample was 127 police officers from five regions of the United States. Twenty-three (23) variables were discussed that were empirically and theoretically related to utilization. The police officers, through self selection of their responses to the survey, addressed the issue of present utilization. This study is a pilot for a long-term research effort to show that African American police officers are underutilized. An historical perspective of the utilization of male and female African American officers are presented through a literature review that assesses the degree of actual utilization of the officers. "An Analysis of the Unionization of a University Police Force," RICHARD BEE., Youngstown State University The security force employed at colleges and universities must address not only the challenges of a changing student population, but also their own personal and professional needs. The relatively small number in this group has been a hindrance to its collective strength in obtaining economic, career and professional goals. The security staff at Youngstown State University pursued an innovative course, unionization, in an attempt to achieve these desired goals. The question remains: "Was unionization the 'panacea' these professionals had envisioned it to be?" "Workplace Problems Experienced by Police Women and Minorities, and Their Coping Strategies," MERRY MORASH and ROBIN HAARR, Michigan State University The purposes of this project were to determine the degree to which police differing in race, ethnicity and sex had problems at the workplace and to describe their approaches to coping with these problems; to better understand the connection of work place problems to stress; and, to identify the influences on both the alleviation of workplace problems and the use of legal actions to resolve them. PANEL 172 Student Panel: Juvenile Processes and Issues II "Public. Reaction to a Child Molestation Case," KRISI1NE STEARNSand JIM FLYNN, University of Northern Colorado Within the last several years, there has been an increase in publicized child molestation cases, in which daycare centers, providers, and nurseries are charged with child pornography, molestation, rape, and sodomy. In the case involving a California daycare center, a mistrial was called. After viewing a summary regarding this case, this study reports the results of a public opinion survey to gauge the probably response of citizens as to whether they feel justice was served. "Age of Criminal Responsibility and Juvenile Waiver: Sweden v United States," JENNIFERJONES, Memphis State University The Swedish and American juvenile justice systems provide two different approaches for the issues of juvenile waiver and criminal age of responsibility. How these two elements relate to helping deviant youth in the American and Swedish juvenile justice systems are quite unique and distinct from one another. For instance, the United States, largely due to federalism, has provided for a juvenile justice system in each of the 50 states. In the Swedish juvenile justice system, there is no juvenile court as in the United States; instead a Child Welfare Board serves as a type of 'social welfare agency' for juveniles to receive rehabilitation instead of punishment. "Procedural Justice and Compliance in Illinois High Schools," LLOYD BABB, University of Illinois at Chicago In response to the recent publication by Tom Tyler, "What People Obey the Law," which suggests a causal link between perceptions of procedural justice, legitimacy and compliance, this study tests the relationship between procedural justice and compliance for a sample of students from 31 1Jlinois high schools statewide. It attempts to test Tyler's theory in a different environment and proceeds to ask whether Tyler's theory has a place in contempory theories of juvenile delinquency. PANEL 173 The Harford County Experiment: A Model for �Productive Police Research "Dimensions of Patrol Officer Area Knowledge," DEBRA HOF'F'MASrER, Pennsylvania State University No abstract available. 182 "The Production and Consumption of Research in American Police Agencies," WILLIAM HARVER,University of Delaware No abstract available. "Criminalizing and Decriminalizing Excessive False Alarms," ROBERT BENrSEN, University of Maryland No abstract available. PANEL 174 DrugTreatment Modelsand Corrections "A Cross-Classification of Prison Substance Abuse Program Models: The Relevance of Structural Fit," TIlOMAS CASIELlANO and RICHARD BECK, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale A cross-classification of substance abuse treatment models is presented. It is based on dimensions that have particularly salient consequences for the implementation, survival, and likely impact of such programs. The dimensions reflect how any substance abuse program may fit into the vertical and horizontal structures of a correctional organization. The consequences resulting from the structural arrangements in which a particular program is found are discussed and then illustrated by reference to the experience of existing substance abuse programs in a large Midwestern state's correctional system. "The Chemically Dependent Offender in Community Corrections: The Revolving Door of Treatment Failure," ZAn> ANSARI, University of Cincinnati This paper analyzes the pattern of treatment failure by comparing the treatment of chemically dependent minority offenders with non-minority chemically dependent offenders in a large halfway house treatment center in Cincinnati. A latent class analysis is employed to illustrate how diagnostic and an assessment error contributes to minority treatment failure. "Drug Testing and Recidivism: Second Year Results," GENNARO vrro, DEBORAHWILSON, and TIlOMASKEIL, University of Louisville This paper presents research results from a drug testing program for probationers and parolees in Jefferson County (KY). Multivariate analyses are conducted to determine the nature of the relationship between substance abuse, treatment, and recidivism. "The War on Drugs," W JAMESERD MANN, Presbytery of the Palisades No abstract available. "TBA," ROBERT FISHERand CHARLES NYGARD, New York State Department of Correctional Services This study looks at relationship between drug use patterns and background variables of program significance in a population of more than 50,000 inmates under custody in New York state correctional facilities on January 1, 1990. Of particular interest was determining if foreign-born inmates, an increasing part of the New York state inmate population, have different drug use patterns and programmatic needs than native-born inmates. PANEL 115 Workshop: Managing theSeductive Inmate Treatment Management: Problems and Prescriptions This workshop uses video tape and experiential material to discuss methodsof dealing with seductive behavior in a prison population and in treatment. Seductive behavior poses both institutional problems, as well as treatment blocks that can be effectively dealt with. It is designed to provide and stimulate ideas that work in management and treatment. PANEL 176 Issues inPrivate Security Law "The Fourth Amendment and 'Private' Searches," ALFREDO GARCIA, St Thomas University School of Law This paper examines the extent to which the Fourth Amendment's proscription against unreasonable searches and seizures is applicable to non-law enforcement personnel. The scope and reach of the Amendment is thoroughly analyzed within this context. Specifically, the paper analyzes and critiques the Supreme Court's latest pronouncements on this issue: United States vs. Jacobson and Walters vs. United States. "Negligent Retention, Supervision, and Training of Employees in Private Security," JULIE GllMERE and JOHN CHUVALA, Western Illinois University The legal liability of contractors of security servicesas well as the liability of the direct employers of security services is examined. Recent case law in this area is explored. Management's role in setting work standards, documentation and evaluation of employee behavior, discipline, and consequences of improper handling by employers are focuses for this paper. Recommendations are made for security employers regarding negligent retention, training, and supervision of employees. "Profiling Premises Liability Suits for Negligent Security: Issues and Implications," ROBERT MFADOWS, California Lutheran University This study examines 82 premises liability cases reported in the American Trial Lawyer Association Law Reporter, (from 1985 to 1989). The focus 183 of the research was to determine the prirnarysources of business litigation, types of business found negligent, and case outcornes. It revealed that rnost cases resulted in out-of-court settlernents resulting frorn inadequate hurnan and physical security practices. In a rnajorityof the prernises, there was evidence of prior crirnes and intrusions. Residential businesses (apartrnents) outnurnbered other businesses in the arnount of litigation. "Crirninal Attacks on Business Prernises: Toward Standards for Expert Evidence on Security Issues," JAMES CAlDERand DAPHNE SIPES, University of Texas at San Antonio This paper analyzed representative case decisions concerning expert evidence used to determine business invitors' liability for crirninal attacks on customers. While the legal standards are arguably predictable, the factors considered in expert testirnony/evidence vary frorn jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Variation has produced a significant level of unpredictability of outcomes. This paper reviews the variables that have been adrnitted into evidence, then proposes sorne precautions that business property ownersand their attorneys should consider in the assessrnent of security risks. PANEL ITl An Actbyany OtherName: ]be Role of EthicsinCriminal Justice "The End of Professionalisrn and the Beginning of Ethics in Crirninal Justice," SAM SOURY� Sarn Houston State University For the last 20 years, the crirninalju stice field has been duped into the pseudo-knowledgeof professionalisrn; an arnbivalent thought which is devoid of essence and is easy to rnanipulate. Consequently, the field has not progressed beyond elegant cliches and ernpt)T talk. Ethics, on the other hand, constitutes the rnorals of work and productivity. It is constant, everlasting, imrnutable, and undeniable. This paper explains the weaknesses of professionalisrn and the irnperative of ethics in criminal justice rnanagement. It presents a hierarchy of ethical concepts which should be adopted by criminal justice agencies and taught at everytraining institution. The outcorne is the civilization of the field and of those who are enlightened enough to learn it. "Ethics and Prosecutorial Discretion," VINCENrMAHER and JOSEPH FORD, Iona College The recent Cruzan case decided by the United States Suprerne Court highlights an ernergingproblern of national concern. As the population ages and an unreirnbursed and disproportionate strain is placed upon econornic and scarce rnedical resources, desperate farnilies will begin to resort to rnercy killing of those ravaged by chronic illnesses or of those in persistent vegetative states rnaintained by high technology. The economics of this problem and proposed ethical guidelines to assist prosecutors in their discretionarydecision-rnaking efforts are exarnined. "Ethical Issues in American LawEnforce rnent," MARSONJOHNSON, University of South Florida at Lakeland Discussion centers on an overview of the role ethics plays in the field of American law enforcernent. Emphasis is placed on viewing ethics from a theoretical standpoint to a present day pragmatic view with ernphasison ethical problerns and the inherent translation of ethical principals into action. PANEL 178 VICt im Perspectives I "Fear of Crime Among the Elderly," JANICE JOSEPH, Stockton State College This study exarnines the causes of crirne arnong the elderly by using Yin's person-environrnent theory. Variables examined included personal vulnerability, environmental peril, vicarious victirnization, and personal victirnization. The data, collected during the sumrner of 1990, are based on interviewswith 152 elderly personsliving in Atlantic City (NJ). Results showed that although only 17 percent of the sarnple were victirnized 12 rnonths prior to the study, 67 percent have a high fear of crime. The general findings indicate that fear of crirne is prirnarilyrelated to personal vulnerability rather than to personal victirnization. Irnplications for further research and public policy are examined. "AIDS: The Victirn's Right to Know," USAFAVRE', Auburn University at Montgomery The question of rnandatoryAIDS testing of sex offenders and the victirn'sright to know is not yet a subject of profound debate between victirn's rights advocates and defenders of the democratic process. However, as the incidence of AIDS escalates, so must the concern for the health, indeed life, of the victim. The issue of victirn's rights rnust be elevated above rnere consideration level. This paper argues the necessity of victirn access to test results over and above the offender's right to privacy, as well as the justice system's obligation to facilitate change. "Following Murder: Farnilies and the Crirninal Justice System," GREER FOX and TALIB BELL, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Societyhas a vested interest in the developrnentand rnaintenanceof a "sense of justice" arnong farniliesof hornicide victirns and farnilies of murderers. The experienceof farnilieswith the crirninalju stice systern following a homicide is of pararnount importance because the quality of those experiences affects a family's commitrnent to the social order. Despite increased sensitivity to the needs of victirns of crime, their satisfaction with the criminal justice systern rernains rnarkedly low. Uncovering aspects of the criminal justice system that generate high levels of dissatisfaction and resentment is necessary for the developrnent of more responsive, less alienating policies and procedures. PANEL179 ControllingWhite -Collar and Corporate Crime "White-Collar Crirne Investigation-A Low Priority," ROBERT HOlLAND, State Police Departrnent (Queensland, Australia) The scope and sophistication of many white-collar crimes overwhelm the limited resources available to most state law enforcernent authorities. Consequently, when decisions regarding the allocation of resources must be made, it is typical that white-collar investigations are given low priority 184 in relation to street crime. The investigation of anything other than selected individual offenders is generally considered to lie within the domain of the federal law enforcement agencies. In Australia, this attitude tends to mean that few significant offenders are arrested and prosecuted. Civil remedy is preferred policy, with the result that the extent of criminality goes unrecorded and hence unknown officially. These issues and their effects are discussed. "Multiple Employer Trusts: Potential Illegalities in the Health Care Benefits Industry," CAROL PONGand J H DOOCY, California Department of Corporations Multiple Employer Trusts (MET) have been used by employers to provide employee health care benefits. The attraction has been the reduced cost of premiums, the pooling of employer liability and the improved benefits. This paper briefly discusses applicable METlaws, the organization, and structural components of a MET, connected regulatory issues, benefiCiary problems and illegal practices. Due to increasing problems of mismanagement and maladministration, the future of METs is in jeopardy as alternative vehicle for arranging health care. "Garbage Crime: Waste, Waste Disposal and the Rise of Ecological Consciousness Among Western Pennsylvanians," NANCYWllSO N, Indiana University of Pennsylvania The paper reports on research in progress concerning the impact of Pennsylvania Act 1988-101, a law providing for disposal of municipal waste. Current environmental law is ineffective because it rests upon an inadequate ethical base. Such a base must be built up from an environmental consciousness. The guiding assumption of this study is that ethics come from actions people take in their own lives; confronting dilemmas and resolving them to their satisfaction. The research focuses on the development of ecological consciousness in the context of ordinary and extraordinary crimes embedded within the routine ground of everyday activities of Pennsylvanians. PANEL180 Innovative Approacbes in DrugCon trol "Prison Substance Abuse Treatment: A Biopsy of the Wallet," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University Although some prison treatment programs for drug and alcohol addicts have been found to produce positive results, others have been fo und to be nothing more than a mistake. This paper examines the economic contours of such a drug policy mistake. In 1987, the Indiana Department of Correction received a total of $777,878 in federal drug war money to enhance their treatment of hard-core drug and alcohol addicts. Cost-benefit analysis is applied to the expenditure of this public money, and it is found that the state wasted an extraordinary sum of resources at a time when the drug war was at its peak in public popularity. Hence, in strictly microeconomic terms, the state could have contributed more to the drug war effort had they simply sat back and done nothing at all. "Drug Stamp Tax Acts as a Crime Control Tool: Myth and Reality," JAMES BENSON, University of Houston, Clear Lake Fourteen states have enacted drug stamp tax laws that require drug dealers to purchase tax stamps for the purchase, acquisition, importation, manufacture, or production of illicit drugs. Under these statutes, a drug dealer commits an offense if the dealer possesses a taxable controlled substance on which the tax imposed by statute has not been paid. While at first appearing to be an innovative law enforcement tool, some of these statutes have been declared unconstitutional on the basis of self-incrimination. Those surviving constitutional challenge have been criticized for appearing to legitimatize illicit drugswithout any real crime control benefit. This paper addresses the evolution of the drug stamp tax act movement, its current status nationwide as well as its potential effectiveness as a weapon in combatting the nations drug problem. "Hawks Searching for New Prey: A Critical-Interpretive Analysis of the Military's Involvement in the Drug War," PIITER KRASKA, Kent State University This paper provides a critical-interpretive analysis of the United States military involvement in the war on drugs. From the perspective of politicians, civilian law enforcement agencies, the media, and the military itself, it uncovers the intentions, motives, rationales, meaning-structures and ideological framework in constructing the need for and employment of the military in the drug war. These are then contextualized within macro political, economic, and social issues; the most significant being the legitimation crisis of the United States military. The consensus building process of the military's involvement is replete with asymmetrical, and distorted communication patterns that are inhibiting alternative reality constructions. Developments in the mid-east, by providing at least temporary legitimacy, may impact the trend toward militarizing drug control efforts. "Drugs in the Workplace," ROBERT O'BLOCKand CHUCK FIELDS, Appalachian State University Some estimates place the use of drugs in the workplace as high as 12 percent. This is gaining wide attention in business and industry. A national survey was done to determine the current policy-making by corporations on their drug problem. The results are presented. "The Effects of Program Evaluation on Policy Decisions: Is D.A.R.E. Educationally Effective?" SANDRAWALKER The findings and recommendations of the program evaluation (1989) of the Drug Abusive Resistance Education Program (DARE) are highlighted. A description of the process that ensued between police and school personnel following these results are elaborated upon, stressing how evaluation can be utilized and make an impact on policy decisions. In conclusion, the findings of the subsequent program evaluation are highlighted, as well as a brief description of the research design ("Pre/Post-test Nonequivalent Control Group Design") and program evaluation 'logic.' 185 PANEL 181 Roundtable: The Changing Role ofthe Police: Seeking Balance Without Destroying Function The traditional police role has been to maintain order, enforce the law, and setve the public. With the arrival of the drug culture, increased criminal victimization, and violence, the public is demanding that the police do more to reduce the incidence of crime. Current perspectives on the role and function of the police include increasing their community involvement, greater accountability, implementing community policing concepts, and serving as the catalyst for safer communities. The validity of changing demands on the police are examined from the perspective of challenging role expectations in the 1990's. PANEL 182 Student Panel: Violent Crimes "Domestic Violence: Why Women Remain in Abuse Relationships," TONYA WOODARD and MARY JOHN, Coppin State College This paper discusses the nature of domestic violence from a batter-woman perspective. Empirical research suggests that victims of spousal abuse are subjected to a constant cycle of violence. Based on a number of theoretical frameworks, motives and salient factors related to spousal abuse which compel women to remain under violent circumstances are discussed. "Domestic Violence in Asian Communities: The Unspoken Truth," KIMBERLY HUISMAN, St Joseph's University Asian women are the most under-setved victims of domestic violence in Philadelphia. There are many contributing factors which need to be recognized and addressed to help rectify this problem; a problem which has far too long been ignored. This paper identifies these factors and helps to determine what must be done to meet the many different needs of Asian women. This was done through an analysis of interview data provided by a national sample of telephone interviews with domestic violence caseworkers. "Ritualistic Abuse of Children: The Ultimate Sacrifice," BRENDA BARRON, Auburn University at Montgomery An historical research of printed matter and ongoing court cases are presented, as will be interviews with adult survivors of Satanic abuse. Also presented is information gathered from individuals who are aware of, and/or affected by this practice. "Rape and the Criminal Justice System: A Victim's Perspective," SIEPHANIE SIIDHAM, University of Louisville Rape is a unique crime. It is underreported and difficult to process through the criminal justice system. For this paper, a self-administered questionnaire was given to rape victims at a local Rape Relief Center. The sutvey includes information on the victims' rape; their expectations and their actual treatment by the police and/or prosecutor; and their recommendations for changes in the handling of rape cases. The data analysis focuses on the relationship between the characteristics of the rapes, the victims' assessment of treatment, as well as their expectations. This paper also considers policy recommendations based on the victims' comments. ''The Characteristics and Behavior of Homicide Victims: A Case Study of Milwaukee, Wisconsin," KENNEmMEULER, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee This paper is the result of studying three consecutive years of homicides. It examines the extent to which victims contributed to their homicides and the patternof their involvement. A victim classification continuum, showing varying degrees of victim responsibility, was developed and each homicide victim was classified along the continuum. The results of the study revealed much about the behavioral dynamics between homicide victims and suspects. PANEL 183 Police Potpourri "Failure to Prepare Contingency Plans: Civil Liability of Police Organizations in Disaster Situations," STEPHEN PECORARO, Memphis State University This paper poses the question of what civil liabilities, if any, exist for municipal police organizations in the event of a local or area-wide disaster. The components of a typical police department, its basic services and personnel requirements are examined to determine which of these elements are critical in addressing disaster situations, and what possible civil liabilities may result from failure to implement adequate contingency plans. "Policing the Environment: A Convergence of Need and Opportunity," MICHAEL BlANKENSlllP and MARK FREillOl, Memphis State University Traditionally, the police have provided services that no other agency was capable of providing. This paper examines the opportunity for the police to engage in moral entrepreneurism as the need to have an agency capable of immediate response to environmental crimes emerges. "Assessment of New Jersey's Drivers' License Revocation Law for Drug Offenders," J THOMAS McEWENand EDWARD CONNORS, Institute for Law and Justice New Jersey's "Comprehensive Drug Refornl Act," which became law in July 1987, mandated forfeiture or postponement of driving privileges for all persons-adults as well as juveniles-who are convicted of any drug offense. The period of suspension is fixed by the court at not less than six months or more than two years, beginning on the day the sentence is imposed. This paper examines the characteristics of over 500persons whose licenses have been suspended under this law. The law's effectiveness as a specific deterrent measure is also discussed. 186 PANEL184 Roundtable: Issues inImplementing New EnforcementLaw Strategies No matter which new approach is taken to improve parts of the criminal justice system, the same or at least very similar problems arise with the implementation of changes. Obstacles within the targeted agencies have to be faced as same as the difficulties what come from outside. No maUer in which part of the justice system the innovation starts, it will influence other agencies and the environment it functions in. The dynamics of changes create basic problems that can often be identified even before new approaches are introduced to the criminal justice system. Successful implementation strategies have to consider and address issues like overall awareness of the problems and the new program, education, communication and cooperation, sources of support and opposition. PANEL185 Police Responses to Domestic Assault: 'The Minneapolis Replications "Police Responses to Domestic Assault: Colorado Springs," HOWARD BLACK, Colorado Springs Police Department and RICHARD BERK, University of California, Los Angeles No abstract available. "Police Responses to Domestic Assault: Omaha," FRANKDUNFORD, University of Colorado No abstract available. "Police Responses to Domestic Assault: Charlotte," J DAVID m� University of North Carolina at Charlotte No abstract available. "Police Responses to Domestic Assault: Milwaukee," LAWRENCE SHERMAN, Crime Control Institute No abstract available. PANEL 186 A Potpourriof Issues in Corrections "Female Correction Officers in Women and Men's Prisons," KAYLEEN RICHARDS-EKEH, California State Universityat Sacramento and ZELMA HENRIQUES, John Jay College This study compares the extent to which women correction officers are employed in prisons for men, and men are employed in prisons for women. It also examines the attitudes of prison personnel. In addition, interview data gathered from prisoners in two prisons was used to assess the cross gender supervision of both women and men in prisons. "Effects of Diversion: An Examination of Pretrial Diversion to Secondary Prevention Programs," FAYE TAXMAN, Montgomery County Criminal Justice Coordinating Commission (MD) Pretrial diversion programs are often modeled after intelVention and deterrent efforts for offenders. Diversion programs can be designed to: 1) involve offenders in the intelVention program shortly after the arrest; 2) use drug monitoring and intelVention techniques to deter offenders from substance abuse; and, 3) provide treatment for those who need an impetus for treatment. An evaluation has been conducted of a pretrial education and treatment diversion program to determine the effectiveness of the program in achieving these objectives. "Duty to Warn in Community-Based Corrections," JANET PORTER, University of Nebraska at Omaha The general rule is that one is not liable for the acts of another. However, in the landmark case, Tarasoff vs Regents of Universityof California, the California Supreme Court held that a psychotherapist can be civilly liable for failure to warn or protect third parties from violent clients. The affirmative duty imposedby the Court can have ramifications for professional relationships in general, including those in community-based corrections. This paper examines offender release and supervision decisions which may affect the duty to warn. "Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise? The Behavioral Effects of Home Incarceration with Electronic Monitoring," PATRICIA WVELESS, University of Delaware Home incarceration with electronic monitoring is a relatively new intermediate sentencing alternative. Little research has been conducted on its behavioral effects, although anecdotal evidence in the literature suggests that offenders sentenced to home incarceration report lifestyle improvements ranging from better health to accumulation of savings. This study compares a group of offenders sentenced to home incarceration in Franklin County (OH) with groups sentenced to jail, work release and probation, on dimensions of health, family and social relationships, time use, and attitudes toward deviant behavior and the criminal justice system, to determine whether home incarceration has any independent "therapeutic"behavioral effects. "The Michigan Corrections Officers' Stress SUlVey: Organizational Versus Individual Stressors," GEORGE GRoss, Northern Michigan University; TIIERESA CROSS; and JACKSMrI1I This paper focuses on the policy implications of a comprehensive sUlVey of stress among Michigan corrections officers (n= 1,000). It examines the impact of workplace versus individual level stressors on specific stress-related outcomes, while, simultaneously, considering the possible mitigating 187 effects of certain modifiers. Such organizational stressors as role conflict, inmate relations, institutional structure, and decision influence were compared with individual stressors such as Type A behavior, self image, and certain health behaviors. Stress outcomes included such subjective measures as perceived burnout, emotional distress, physical distress, and self-reported problems involving relationships with family and friends, job performance, and life satisfaction. PANEL188 Security Planning andtheCorporateEnvironment "Security Planning for the Recently Merged Convenience Store and Gasoline Station," JAMES VARDAUS, Florida International University and MICHAEL WIATROWSKI, Florida Atlantic University This paper examines the advent of the convenience store/gas station as an attractive location for the commission of crime and develops a comprehensive security plan to protect employees, customers, and assets of the store. The approach of this paper incorporates the elements of the environmental-systems approach to crime prevention. Three general security steps are examined: the assessment phase, security system development, and integration of personnel with technology. "Designing Security and Access Control into the Built Environment: The Role of Users and the 'Corporate Culture'," MICHAEL MOBERLY, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Various types and methodsof security and access control systems are becoming common place in the built environment. Most work conducted on the application of access control and security systems however, has been done after a system has been installed. This paper identifies and examines numerous issues to be considered by architects and security system planners during a project's design stage relative to anticipating user reactions and potential circumvention techniques. "SecurityCan Work: On Avoiding Hostage Situations," CHESlER QUARLES, University of Mississippi This researcher read more than 300 primary sources on the subject of terrorism and has personally interviewed 73 terrorism victims. Over half of these victims were former hostages. The research took place in the United States, the United Kingdom, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and the Philippines. Among the more notable of the hostage interviewees were General (and Mrs) James Dozier, Larry (and Sis) Levin, Moorehead Kennedy and John Testrake. The information gleaned from the literature and from these interviews will help security specialists learn applicable avoidance and prevention approaches, as well as survival methods when security fails in its primary mission. "ContemporaryAmerican Traitors: Have Secretswill Sell," HOWARD 11MM, PERSEREC This paper examines the relationship between money and spying. The subjects consist of Americans who committed espionage against the United States since 1980. After reporting the findings, some of the financial means that can be used to (a) screen applicants, (b) identify offenders, and (c) provide security-related employee assistance is described. Opportunities for researchers to obtain Department of Defense funds to conduct research within this sphere are noted. PANEL190 VICtim Perspectives II "Does Restitution to Victims and Witnesses of Crime Constitute a Violation of Ethics?" MARIAN wurrsoNand IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania Victims and witnesses are vital to the success of the defense and the prosecution in criminal cases. Moreover the rights and concerns of the victims have been accused of being neglected in favor of those of the offender. Whether restitution serves as a means of compensation for this oversight is proposed as an important issue regarding the implementation of the Victim and Witness Protection Act. The paper also raises the issue of does victim compensation serve as further punishment to a defendant or as means of absolution for an offender's criminal act. Other ethical concerns regarding responsibilities are also considered. "Victim's Perspectives of Criminal Justice Institutions and Procedures," KENSI'OCKHOLM, University of Alaska Fairbanks This paper addresses several questions concerning the extent to which serious criminal victimization influences individual and social disorganization. First, it identified the victim's opinions and attitudes in terms of major criminal justice institutions and procedures and contrasts them with those of the rest of the general public. Second, it determines the extent of any change in the victim's opinions and attitudes with a lapse of time since victimization. Finally, it seeks to identify any correlation between victim's attitudes toward the criminal justice system and the presence or absence of substantial victim's rights. The paper includes both theoretical and policy implications. "Crime Victims who use Guns in Self-Defense," CHRIS MARSHAlLand VINCENfWEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha In this paper, an analysis of the National Crime Survey (NCS) criminal incident data covering 1986-1989 was conducted. Unlike earlier NCS data which combined gun and knife self-defensive responses, the currently available victimization data disaggregates the gun responses making better analysis possible. The present analysis investigates the patterns of gun use in reported incidents of personal victimization. The focus is upon the victim and offender characteristics as well as environmental ones. 188 INDEX OF PARTICIPANTS The numbers after the names refer to panel numbers. Ackerman, Thomas, 039 Bassi, Larry, 134 Bryant, Kevin, 061 Agopian, Michael, PS I, Bauer, Garlena, 029 Buentello, Salvador, 019 66, 123 Baxter, Diana, 072 Buerger, Michael, 131 Aiken, Carol, 073 Bazemore, Gordon, 058 Burger, Angela, 150 Akers, Ronald, 124 Beck, Richard, 174 Burian, John, 013 Albanese, Jay, 061 Becker, Donald, 127 Burns, Jerald, 067 Albert, Louis, 109, 171 Bee, Richard, 016, 171 Burshtyn, Hyman, 068 Albini, Joseph, 074 Belbot, Barbara, 038 Burton Jr, Velmer, 067 Albrecht, Hans-J oerg, 009 Bell, Talib, 178 Butcher, Carl, 157 Albritton, James, 132 Bellucci, Charlie, 131 Buzzell, Timothy, 029, 072 Alexander, Rudolph, 141 Bennett, C Lee, 095 Byers, Bryan, 053, 088, 157 Ali, Sheik, 036 Bennett, Lawrence, 128 Bynum, Timothy, 100, 131 Allen, Harry, 079 Bennett, Richard, 150 Allen, Nola, 116 Benson, Fred, 059 Calder, James, 163, 176 Allen J r, Harley, 026 Benson, James, 180 Caldero, Michael, 110 Alpert, Geoffrey, 132 Benson, Michael, 061 Camp, Damon, 096 Anderson, Jimmy, 144 Benton, Tonya, 170 Campbell, John, 053, 063 Anderson, Sean, 147 Bentoski, Patricia, 107 Capron, Rhonda, 065 Anderson, Tammy, 150 Bentsen, Robert, 173 Capron, Timothy, 065, 110 Andrews, Larry, 172 Berg, Bruce, 102 Carlie, Mike, 044 Ansari, Zaid, 116, 174 Berk, Richard, 185 Carlson, Bonnie, 070 Anspach, Donald, 128 Bernat, Frances, 033 Carlson, Katherine, 030 Apospori, Eleni, 157 Beyer, J Arthur, 112 Carper, Gayle, 118 Arboit, Karen, 157 Binder, Arnold, 089, 100 Carter, David, 040, 051, 077 Arbuthnot, Jack, 046 Bing III, Robert, 102 Castellano, Thomas, 085, 174 Archambeault, William, Bishop, Donna, 047, 089 Caulkins, Jonathan, 155, 168 045, 094, 105 Black, Howard, 185 Cederblom, Jerry, 008 Ard, Larry, 187 Blair, Robert, 055 Chaires Jr, Robert, 164 Armstrong, David, 015 Blake, Antonette, 011 Champion, Dean, 011, 023, 111 Armstrong, Edward, 012, 013 Blankenship, Michael, 073, Chang, Dae, 057 Arneil, Jayne, 147 177, 183 Chapman, Tracy, 026 Arnold, David, 115 Blazicek, Donald, 080 Chartrand, Paul, 081 Aronowitz, Alexis, 057, 138 Blumberg, Mark, 108 Chilton, Bradley, 126 Aschinger J r, Keith, 157 Boaz, Todd, 010 Chuckman, Alex, 107 Ash, Philip, 115 Bohm, Robert, 138, 151 Chuvala, John, 176 Austin, Timothy, 126 Bottom, Mari, 127 Clagett, Arthur, 161 Auten, Joe, 037 Bottom, Norman, 127, 188 Clark, Mary, 007 Avner, Richard, 135 Bowe, Jess, 036 Clark Jr, Ronald, 015 Ayers, Kenneth, 191 Boyd, Shelley, 018 Clayton, Obie, 023 Brame, Robert, 034 Clontz, Kenneth, 097, 157 Babb, Lloyd, 172 Brandl, Steven, 045 Cochran, Donald, 070 Bae, Ronald, 152 Brannon, James, 160 Codd, Mark, 076 Bailey, Donald, 161 Brodt, Stephen, 012 Cohen, Stanley, 022 Baker, Ralph, 065, 077 Brooks, Joan, 007 Cohn, Ellen, 133 Barak, Gregg, 102 Brooks, John, 007 Collins, James, PS I Barker, Thomas, 077, 181 Brown, Michael, 111 Colwell, Lee, 109, 158 Barnes, Allan, 154 Brown, Michael F, 113 Conley, John, 044, 060 Barnett, George A, 093 Brown, Phillip, 120 Connors, Edward, 183 Barron, Brenda, 182 Brownfield, David, 041 Conser, James, 035 Barsh, Russell, 062, 081 Bruner, James, 094, 105 Cook, Darrell, 110 Baseheart, John, 121 Bryant, Carmen, 170 Coon, Eugene, 014 189 Cooper, Belinda, 138 Dillingham, Steven, PS I Fisher, Karen, 112 Copley, Walt, 076 Distel, R Scott, 091 Fisher, Robert, 174 Copus, Gary, 103, 123 Dix, Felecia, 019 Fitzgerald, Michael, 042 Cordner, Gary, 031, 056, 087 Dobrin, Leonard, 046 Flammang, Christopher, 135 Coulson, Richard, 133 Donawell, Therese, 143 Flanagan, Timothy, 007, 056 Courtless, Thomas, 017 Donohue, Donald, 052 Flavin, Jeanne, 045, 154 Cox, Barbara, 099 Doocy, J H, 073, 179 Flickinger, Honora, 024 Cox, Stephen, 100 Dorne, Clifford, 152 Flickinger, John, 035 Cox, Steven, 020 Dorworth, Vicky, 084, 099 Flowers, Angelyn, 155 Cox, Terry, 121 Dowling, Jerry, 022 Flynn, Jim, 172 Coyne, Ann, 018 Downs, William, 023 Fong, Carol, 179 Craig, Delores, 164 Drach-Brillinger, Paula, 116 Fong, Robert, 019, 055 Crank, John, 064, 110, 158 Duffee, David, 051, 070 Ford, Joseph, 177 Crew, B Keith, 020, 045 Dundes, Lauren, 164 Ford, Marilyn, 135 Crews, Gordon, 113 Dunford, Frank, 185 Forester, Charles, 049 Cross, Theresa, 186 Dunn, Margaret, 054 Fowler, Gary, 129 Crouch, Ben, 054 Dwyer, Greg, 099 Fox, Bette, 009 Crowley, Joan, 011, 034 Fox, Greer, 178 Culbertson, Robert, 158 Ebbe, Obi, 134 Frank, James, 151 Cullen, Francis, 080 Edvalson, Terry, 030 Frazier, Charles, 047 Cunningham, Michael, 115 Edwards, John, 048 Freilich, Mark, 183 Cunningham, William, 163 Edwards, Terry, 099, 145 French, Laurenc� 092, 114 Curran, Jeanne, 033 Ehatt, Karen, 152 Frey, Richard, 042 Cuvelier, Steven, 148, 187 Eigenberg, Helen, 125, 129 Fridell, Lorie, 051, 089 Ej ire, A Lala, 170 Friedrichs, David, 008 D'Angelo, Rocco, 141 Ellis, Desmond, 166 Frissora, Gordon, 094 Daane, Diane, 140 Ellis, Raymond, 153 Fuller, Thomas, 164 Dalton, Susan, 016 Elsner, Michael, 049, 142 Fyfe, James, 045, 056, 184 Dammer, Harry, 007 Emmons, David, 031 Daniel, William, 079 Erdmann, W James, 174 Gaines, Larry, 013, 049, 087 Dantzker, Mark, 076 Esbensen, Finn, 041 Gajewski, Frank, 131 Darlin, Lee, 153 Ethridge, Philip, 098 Garcia, Alfredo, 071, 176 Das, Dilip, 021 Etten, Tamryn, 131 Gartin, Patrick, 016, 164 Davidson, William, 100 Evans, Robert, 123, 170 Gasdow, Pauline, 151 Davis, Bill, 101 Evans, Steven, 086 Gaucher, Bob, 114 Davis, E Duane, 104 Gay, Bruce, 074 Davis, Edward, 063 Fabiano, Elizabeth, 119 Gerber, Jurg, 167 Davis, James, 090, 139 Farmer, David, 091 Gewerth, Kenneth, 152 Davis, Roger, 040, 121 Farnworth, Margaret, 085, 105 Giacomazzi, Andrew, 151 Davis, Shirley, 101 Farrington, Keith, 030 Gibbons, Oswald, 155 Dean, Charles, 016, 034 Farris, Vernon, 167 Gido, Rosemary, 187 Dearth, Daniel, 191 Faupel, Charles, 141 Giever, Dennis, 011 Debro, Julius, 048 Favre', Lisa, 130, 178 Gilbert, James, 103 Decker, Scott, 043 Feinberg, Gary, 137 Gilham, Steven, 097 DeGraw, Darrel, 166 Fellos, Susan, 033 Gillham, James, 093 DeKeseredy, Walter, 068, 166 Ferdinand, Theodore, 124, 161 Gilmere, Julie, 059, 083, del Carmen, Rolando, 046, Ferguson, Florence, 058 094, 176 059, 191 Fernandez, Adriana, 156 Goetting, Ann, 129 DelPriore, Rhonda, 004 Feyerherm, William, 060 Golden, James, 105 Deming, Romine, 127 Fichter, Michael, 119 Goldstein, Karen, 112 Dempsey, John, 183 Field, Harlee, 053 Gordon, Gary, 008 Dershem, Holly, 163 Fields, Chuck, 001, 180 Gorman, Albert, 110 DeVoe, Margo, 131 Fina, Frances, 120 Gould, Larry, 045, 105 Diaz, Jorge, 020 Fishbein, Diana, PS II, 154 Gouvis, Caterina, 028 DiCristina, Bruce, 138 Fisher, Bonnie, 104 Graham, Charlene, 034 190 Graham, Dee, 166 Heffernan, Alfred, 104 Jeffery, C Ray, 154 Gramckow, Heike, 184 Helfgott, Jacqueline, 136 Jensen, Gary, 106 Graves, Holly, 147 Hendricks, James, 003, 040, 088 J erin, Robert, 033, 059 Gray, Jane, 084 Henriques, Zelma, 072, 084, Jiminez, Antonio, 108 Gray, Rosemary, 029 186 John, Mary, 182 Graziano, Joseph, 159 Henry, Marie, 084 Johns, Christina, 036 Greek, Cecil, 012 Henry, Vincent, 004 Johnson, Brian, 039 Green, Gary, 165 Hirschel, J David, 016, 034, 185 Johnson, Bruce, PS III Green, Lorraine, 131 Histed, Cliff, 052 Johnson, Byron, 067 Greenberg, Norman, 160 Ho, Taiping, 040, 064 Johnson, Ida, 153 Greene, Jack, 098, 113, Hoagland, Robert, 083 Johnson, James, 111 132, 184 Hodgkinson, Peter, 123 Johnson, Kathrine, 006,047 Gregware, Peter, 059 Hoffmann, John, 029 Johnson, Knowlton, 163 Grennan, Sean, 004 Hoffmaster, Debra, 173 Johnson, Lee, 150 Griffiths, Curt, 062, 103, 114 Holbrook, Beth, 013, 078 Johnson, Marson, 156, 177 Griswold, David, 027 Holbrook, Harlee, 101 Johnson, Susan, 140 Grojean, Faye, 153 Holcombe, John, 053 Johnson, W Wesley, 138 Gross, George, 186 Holden, Richard, 053 Johnson, Wendall, 108 Grossi, Elizabeth, 006, 047 Holland, Robert, 179 J ones, David, 008 Gruberg, Martin, 070, 122, 146 Holman, John, 038, 091 Jones, Jennifer, 172 Guffey, James, 145 Holmes, William, 133 Jones, Mark, 074 Holten, N Gary, 164 Jordan, Ben, 082 Haarr, Robin, 171 Homa, John, 032 Joseph, Herman, 108 Hagan, Frank, 061 Honsbruch, Jill, 052 Joseph, Janice, 178, 190 Hager, Ray, 120 Hoover, Larry, 091, 113 Haghighi, Bahram, 140 Horn, James, 063 Kaci, Judy, 034 Hagmaier III, William, 002 Hornbuckle, Jim, 092 Kalinich, David, 148 Hale, Donna, 097, 141 Horney, Julie, 167 Kalkowski, Maggie, 011 Haley, Keith, 076 Horton, Mark, 011 Kania, Richard, 104, 163 Hall, Julia, 067 Horvath, Frank, 039, 064 Kappeler, Victor, 071, 077, 087 Halsted, James, 083 Houghtalin, Marilyn, 111 Kaune, Michael, 128 Hamm, Mark, 055, 148, 180 Houghton III, Arthur, 150 Kauth, Kathleen, 147 Handberg, Roger, 058 Huang, Frank, 126 Keil, Thomas, 174 Hanke, Penelope, 141 Huff, Ron, 054 Kelley, Thomas, 005 Hanrahan, Kathleen, 168 Huisman, Kimberly, 182 Kempf, Kimberly, 029, 060 Harkaway, Cary, 124, 161 Huizinga, David, 041 Kenney, Dennis, 066, 087 Harlan Jr, John, 076 Hume, Wendelin, 001 Kercher, Glen, 053 Harney, Russell, 026 Hunter, Robert, 167 Kerle, Ken, 148 Harper, Dee, 085 Hunter, Ronald, 053, 181 Kerrigan, Joyce, 016 Harper, Hil, 058 Hurwitz, Emanuel, 100 Kershenstein, R Kent, 026 Harris, George, 061 Hutchings, Fred, 107 Kethineni, Sesha, 041 Harris, Jean, 095 Hutchings, Vicki, 170 Kidd, Ronald, 077 Harris, Philip, 160 Hwang, Tsang-Ming, 021 Klein, Lloyd, 086, 142, 167 Harrison, Lana, 150 Hyatt, William, 082, 164 Klemke, Lloyd, 006 Hart, Barbara, 139 Klockars, Carl, 173, 184 Harver, William, 173 Jackson, Jerome, 055 Klofas, John, 044, 187 Havron, Linda, 137 Jackson, Michael, 081 Knepper, Paul, 005 Hawkins, Darnell, 047 Jackson, Phillip, 075 Knox, George, 036, 072 Hawkins, Michelle, 038 Jacobs, James, 001 Knudson, Dean, 129 Hayeslip, David, 131 Jacobs, Pearl, 171 Kochis, Donna, 123 Hayler, Barbara, 129 Jamieson, J D, 167 Koehler, Nancy, 006 Haynes, Peter, 155 Jamieson, Katherine, 105 Koelling, Preston, 015 Hazelwood, Roy, 050 Janeksela, Galan, 164 Koons, Barbara, 156 Hazlett, Michael, 094, 102 Janikowski, W Richard, 010, Kopache, Renee, 067 Heard, Chinita, 090 191 Kowalski, Matt, 112 191 Kraska, Peter, 180 Lund, Dennis, 015, 125 Middelburg, Patricia, 030 Kratcoski, Peter, 041, 055 Lurigio, Arthur, 108 Millay, John, 030 Kratz, Martin, 107 Lutze, Faith, 095 Miller, Brenda, 023 Kraus, Jeffrey, 168 Lyman, Michael, 096, 168 Millson, Bart, 119 Krause, J err aid, 030 Lynch, Michael, 047 Misener, Rev Donald, 007 Krepcho, Martin, 054 Moberly, Michael, 188 Kuboviak, James, 169 Mac Kenzie, Doris, 124 Moneymaker, James, 071 Kusha, Hamid, 116 Mac Namara, Donal, 009, 042, Monsen, S Henry, 128 Kushner, Harvey, 004 136 Montgomery Jr, Reid, 119 Maguire, Kathleen, 007 Monture, Patricia, 081 La Vigne, Nancy, 016 Magura, Stephen, 108 Moore, Brenda, 064 Lab, Steven, 028, 043 Mahan, Sue, 119, 141 Moore, David, 021 Langston, Denny, 090 Maher, Vincent, 177 Moore, Elizabeth, 061 Langworthy, Robert, 043, 158 Mallard, Bruce, 172 Moore Jr, Richter, 010, 099 Lanier, Mark, 016, 098 Manette, Joy, 081 Moorefield, Terry, 040, 064 Lanza-Kaduce, Lonn, 164 Mannion, Marea, 145 Morash, Merry, 171 Latessa, Edward, 001, 043, Marenin, Otwin, 032, 062, 092 Morgado, Arminda, 057 068, 080 Markey, John, 004 Moriarty, Laura, 104 Lauth, Scarlett, 020 Marquart, James, 054, 080 Morley, Harvey, 127, 176 Lawrence, Richard, 139 Marsh, Harry, 128 Morn, Frank, 009 LeBeau, James, 017, 039, 133 Marsh, Robert, 079 Morse, Bradford, 062 LeClair, Daniel, 019 Marshall, Chris, 190 Motivans, Mark, 136 Leddy, Edward, 151 Marshall, Ineke, 057, 167 Moyer, Imogene, 178, 190 Lee, Baik-Chul, 021 Mastrofski, Stephen, 151, 184 Mueller, Patrick, 076 Lee, Lois, 033 Mayors, Teresa, 133 Mullins, Wayman, 036, 076 Lee, Nella, 092 Mays, G Larry, 111, 187 Mulvey, Kevin, 086 Lee-Sammons, Lynette, 006, Mc Grath, Elizabeth, 008 M uraskin, Roslyn, 084, 160 018 McAnany, Patrick, 052, 191 Murty, K S, 134 Leiber, Michael, 020, 147 McAninch, Thomas, 027 Myers, Laura, 128, 152 Lentz, John, 149, 162, 175 McCamey, Jody, 064 Myers II, Charles, 122 Leonard, Rex, 066 McCamey, William, 064, 118 Leone, Dominic, 060 McCarthy, Belinda, 058 Natarajan, Mangai, 021 Lessan, Gloria, 125 McCarthy, Bernard, 125, 143 Neapolitan, Jerry, 017 Letman, Sloan, 079 McCauley, R Paul, 104 Ness, Ellyn, 135 Light, Stephen, 055 McClure, Gary, 048 Ness, James, 135, 168 Lilly, J Robert, 005 McConnell, Elizabeth, 054 Ness, Thomas, 168 Lingamneni, Jagan, 031 McCormack, Robert, 068 Neuberger, Anita, 020, 105 Little, Robert, 019, 097 McDowall, David, 151 Neustrom, Michael, 087 Liu, Weizheng, 036 McEwen, J Thomas, 183 Newman, Charles, 187 Lizotte, Alan, 085, 106, 151 McGaha, Johnny, 097, 119, 147 Newton, Janet, 009 Llach, Nancy, 150 McKenna Jr, James, 004 Nipps II, John, 127 Long, Lydia, 136 McMains, Michael, 076 Nixon, William, 071, 096 Long-Onnen, J ami, 131 McMillan, Stephen, 055 Noonan, Susan, 117 Longmire, Dennis, 051 McMurray, Harvey, 079 Nutt, Larry, 031 Loofbourrow, Richard, 152 McShane, Marilyn, 003, 079 Nygard, Charles, 174 Lopez, Jorge, 057 Meadows, Robert, 024, 176 Lord, Vivian, 110 Meier, Nicholas, 091, 099 O'Block, Robert, 180 Lorinskas, Robert, 027, 182 Menacker, Julius, 100 O'Connor, Thomas, 144 Louis, Marshall, 150 Mericle, J Gayle, 157 O'Conor, Stephen, 144 Loveless, Patricia, 186 Merlo, Alida, 070 O'Daniel, Linda, 007, 067 Loveless, Pauline, 020 Meuler, Kenneth, 182 Okun, L, 166 Lovell, Rick, 060 Meyer, Michael, 102, 144 Olivero, J Michael, 020, 057 Lovrich, Nicholas, 135 Meyer Jr, Fred, 065, 077 Olson, David, 138 Lucas, Wayne, 097 Meyers, Joe, 062 Opolot, James, 044, 134 Lumb, Richard, 181 Miah, Muhammad, 057 Orvis, Gregory, 022 192 Ott, Karen, 093 Rengert, George, 086 Shook, Lyle, 130 Ouellet, Lawrence, 108 Renzema, Marc, 112, 186 Siedschlaw, Kurt, 042, 187 Ould, Patricia, 059 Rhoades, Philip, 021, 032, 134 Sieh, Edward, 090, 101 Rhodes, William, 108 Sigler, Robert, 140, 153 Palmiotto, Michael, 024, 121 Rhynhart, Fred, 059 Singh, Karamjit, 077 Paneitz, Becky, 161 Rich, Leslie, 015 Sipes, Daphne, 176 Parker, Keith, 086, 167 Richards-Ekeh, Kaylene, 117, Situ, Yingyi, 028 Parker, Mary, 042 186 Skelton, David, 112 Parrill Jr, Lewis, 114 Rigby, Gerald, 024, 035 Slane, Alton, 010 Parsonage, William, 080 Rios, Eugene, 054 Sloan, John, 128 Partrich, Dan, 157 Ritter, Susan, 105 Smith, Beverly, 043, 091, 120 Patenaude, Allan, 114 Ritti, R Richard, 151 Smith, Donald, 046 Patterson, Bernie, 088 Rivera, Beverly, 151 Smith, Georgia, 101 Patterson, E Britt, 040, 047 Robinson, David, 119 Smith, Jack, 186 Pecoraro, Stephen, 183 Robinson, Marion, 136 Smith, Linda, 124 Pelfrey, William, 093, 113 Rogers, Joseph, 123 Smith, Lynn, 165 Pelz, C Terry, 054 Rogers, Robert, 164 Smith, Stephen, 139 Pelz, Mary, 054 Rogers, Robin, 143 Smykla, John, 032, 102 Pendleton, Michael, 051 Rosenblum, Andrew, 108 Snellenberg, Sidney, 025, 087 Pennel, Roger, 027, 064 Rouse, Martin, 083 Solomon, Jennifer, 129 Pepinsky, Hal, 034 Roush, David, 089 Song, John, 066 Perkins, David, 116 Roy, Sudipto, 147 Sorensen, Jonathan, 080, 125 Perry, R Christopher, 073 Ruiz, James, 144 Soskis, Joque, 133 Phelan, Lynn, 157 Rush, George, 056 Souris, Constantine, 070, 086 Phillips, Hugh, 165 Rush, Jeffrey, 073, 078, 147 Souryal, Sam, 177 Phillips, Peter, 131, 159 Russel, Robin, 011, 018 Southerland, Mittie, 132, 158 Pierce, CAllen, 094, 146, 159 Ryan, Patrick, 004 Spader, Dean, 094, 105 Pinizzoto, Anthony, 063 Spataro, Lucian, 127 Pogrebin, Mark, 039 Sagatun, Inger, 011, 023 Spink, K, 106 Pollock-Byrne, Joycelyn, 011 Salah, Mary Ben, 018 Spohn, Cassia, 008 Poole, Cindy, 046 Saltzman, Linda, 153 Stalans, Loretta, 139 Pope, Carl, 060 Sanborn Jr, Joseph, 111 Standing Bear, Z G, 092, 114, Porporino, Frank, 119 Sanders, Jeff, 027 152 Porter, Janet, 186 Sapp, Allen, 008, 040, 077, 133 Stanford, Rose Mary, 095 Potter, Gary, 013, 049, 074, Sargent Jr, John, 115 Stansbury, June, 014, 052 PS III Sasse, Scott, 026 Stark, Mary, 018 Powell, Walter, 094 Schaffer, Dawn, 141 Stead, Denis, 140 Prassel, Frank, 122 Schram, Pamela, 131 Stearns, Kristine, 172 Prestwood, Della, 141 Schultz, C Jacqueline, 088 Steinbock, Ivtarcia, 031 Price, Barbara, 187 Schwartz, Martin, 166 Steinmann, Rick, 042, 067 Priehs, Richard, 116 Scott, Debra, 156 Stephens, Darrel, 098 Scott, Donald, 105 Stephens, Gene, 142, 180 Quarles, Chester, 188 Sechrest, Dale, 030 Stephens, Jay, 154 Quinn, James, 091 Secret, Philip, 111 Stephenson, Judy, 003 Sedlak, Ursula, 018 Stevens, John, 099 Ralph, Paige, 054 Seis, Mark, 151 Stewart, Sandra, 032 Ranish, Donald, 152 Self, Ruth, 135 Stidham, Stephanie, 182 Reddington, Frances, 120 Sellers, Christine, 103 Stockholm, Ken, 190 R(!ed, Dallas, 030 Senese, Jeffrey, 148, 191 Stohr-Gillmore, Mary, 135 Reed, Little Rock, 114 Seng, Magnus, 065 Stone, William, 040 Reed, Mardy, 026 Shaw, James, 124 Strauchs, John, 163 Reed, Thomas, 091 Sherman, Lawrence, 185 Striegel, David, 087, 142, 152 Reese, Kenneth, 010 Shernock, Stan, 026, 093, 102 Sullenberger, Tom, 123 Reinertsen, Robert, 142 Shichor, David, 030, 073 Sumner, D K, 152 Reiss Jr, Albert, 185 Shintani, Heide, 045 Sun, Xiaoke, 017 193 Sutker, Patricia, PS II Victor, Elizabeth, 071 Williams Sr, Leonard, 171 Viegas, Kenneth, 089 Williams III, Frank, 079 Tafoya, Sharon, 088, 109 Vila, Bryan, 142 Williamson, Harold, 055 Tafoya, William, 099, 132 Vito, Gennaro, 056, 174 Wilson, Bruce, 102 Takata, Susan, 033 Vogel, Ron, 019 Wilson, Deborah, 174 Tarter, Ralph, PS II Wilson, Fred, 123 Taxman, Faye, 112, 186 Wachniak, Lana, 141 Wilson, George, 079 Taylor, Robert, 052, 087 Wachtel, David, 103 Wilson, N anci, 179 Terrell, Phillip, 066 Wacker, Mary, 020 Wimmer, Bruce, 138 Terrill, Richard, 021, 126 Wagoner, Carl, 079 Winfree, L Thomas, 103 Teske Jr, Raymond, 009, 055, Wakefield, Bill, 006, 147 Witt, Betsy, 078 105 Walker, Donald, 146 Wolfe, Nancy, 009 Testa, Maria, 023 Walker, Jeffery, 085 Wolford, Bruce, 078 Tester, Kimberly, 074 Walker, Roy, 135 Wollan Jr, Laurin, 005 Thibault, Edward, 005 Walker, Sandra, 180 Wollet, L April, 095 Thiesen, Michelle, 144 Wallace, Donald, 042, 191 Wood, Randal, 053, 083 Thomas, George, 097 Walsh, Bob, 005 Woodard, Tonya, 182 Thomas, Mike, 003 Walsh, William, 132, 145 Wooldredge, John, 080 Thompson, Benkole, 041 Walters, Dave, 038 Worden, Robert, 082, 184 Thompson, Jane, 149, 162, 175 Wang, Charlotte, 126 Wrenn, Mitchell, 003 Thornpson, Joel, 187 Ward, Richard, 137 Wright, Benjamin, 047, 116, 191 Thompson, Roger, 155 Warfield, Robert, 154 Wright, R Dean, 029, 072 Thompson, William, 137 Watkins, June, 058 Wright, Richard, 008 Thomson, J Michael, 022, 059 Watkins, Sallie, 096 Wright, Susan, 029, 072 Thornberry, Terence, 085 Watkins J r, John, 096, 106, 140 Tieman, Cheryl, 100 Watson J r, George, 032, 103 Yaworsky, Bohdan, 137 Timm, Howard, 188 Webb, Vincent, 190 Yonkers, Steven, 045 Tobolowsky, Peggy, 071 Wegener, W Fred, 052, 146 Young, Jeanne, 053 Todd, Ross, 078 Weiher, Anne, 041 Tolone, William, 100 Weisburd, David, 112, 131 Zalman, Marvin, 191 Tomita, Nobuho, 121 Weisheit, Ralph, 049 Zendzian, Craig, 090 Tomlinson, Thomas, 124 Welch, Michael, 148, 187 Zevitz, Richard, 113 Tracy, Sharon, 048 Weldon, Ward, 100 Zimmer, Lynn, 001 Travis III, Lawrence, 039, 158 Wells, Brenda, 067 Zimmerman, Sherwood, 151 Trebach, Arnold, PS III Wells, L Edward, 165 Zupan, Linda, 135 Trevino, J V, 057 Wenstrom, Marie, 140 Tritt, Howard, 024 Whelan, David, 013, 065 Tromanhauser, Edward, 032, White, Garland, 085 126 White, Helene, PS II Troyer, Rik, 160 White, Stephen, 094 Tunnell, Kenneth, 012, 036, 049 Whitehead, John, 028 Whitson, Marian, 190 Uchida, Craig, 185, PS III Wiatrowski, Michael, 098, 188 Unnithan, N Prabha, 068, 080 Wicock, John, 088 Urban, Gloria, 052 Widmayer, Alan, 125 Wiechman, Dennis, 152 Van Ness, Shela, 029 Wiegand, Bruce, 150 Van Meter, Clifford, 163 Wiggins, Michael, 052, 133 VanBuren, William, 107 Wilkinson, William, 019 Vandergrift III, Paul, 143 Williams, Hampton, 066, 078 Vardalis, James, 188 Williams, James, 123 Vaughn, Joseph, 174 Williams, Jimmy, 045 Vaughn, Michael, 059, 126 Williams, Lisa, 038 Veneziano, Carol, 119 Williams, Regina, 084 Veneziano, 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