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Analyzing Crime Spatial Patterns Using Remote Sensing And Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2001 Analyzing Crime Spatial Patterns Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Technologies: Investigating the Urban Opportunity Structure Model of Jackson, Mississippi. Tian Wu Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Wu, Tian, "Analyzing Crime Spatial Patterns Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Technologies: Investigating the Urban Opportunity Structure Model of Jackson, Mississippi." (2001). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 255. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/255 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the-deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ANALYZING CRIME SPATIAL PATTERNS USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES: INVESTIGATING THE URBAN OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE MODEL OF JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty o f the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Tian Wu B. S., Nanjing Forestry University, China, 1985 M.S., Nanjing Forestry University, China, 1988 M.S., Louisiana State University, U.S.A. 1994 May, 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3010388 ___ ® UMI UMI Microform 3010388 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First o f all, special thanks go to Dr. A. J. Lewis, my major professor, for constantly encouraging and advising me throughout this study. I am very grateful to my graduate committee members, Dr. A. Curtis, Dr. W. V. Davidson, Dr. T. J. Durant Jr. and Dr. W. H. Hudnall, for their suggestions and comments, to Dr. G. Veeck and Dr. M. Leitner for the help on the layout and design of the study, especially on the subjects of sampling data and spatial analyses, and to my colleague, Mr. H. Stewart, a former Senior JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Scientist, for helping me with the statistical design and English writing. Also, I need to express my appreciation to the Jackson Police Department for allowing me access to information and data on crime incidents. Finally, my sincere gratitude are due to my family, wife, Li and son, Alex, for sacrificing family time on the weekends and holidays over the past 6 years to help and support me as I worked on this study. Also, I need to thank my parents in-law for their unselfish support and my Dad and Mom in China for their love and prayers throughout this research. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...............................................................................................ii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................x ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1 THE SPATIAL PHENOMENON OF CRIME................................... 1 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIME SPATIAL THEORIES............. 8 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Traditional Theory Development .............................................................12 2.2.1 Crime Concentric-circle Model .............................................. 12 2.2.1.1 Urban Spatial Land Use ............................................13 2.2.1.2 Crime Zoning Patterns ............................................. 14 2.2.2 Social Disorganization Theory ................................................ 16 2.2.3 Sub-culture Theory ................................................................... 19 2.3 Statistical Analyses ................................................................................... 22 2.4 Defense Space Theories ............................................................................24 2.5 Crime Spatial Theories in the 1980s and 1990s .................................... 28 2.5.1 Environmental Criminology ....................................................30 2.5.2 Crime Place Theories ...............................................................31 2.6 Fallacy o f Previous Studies ......................................................................33 2.7 Opportunity Approaches ...........................................................................35 3 URBAN OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE MODEL............................ 42 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................42 3.2 Urban Opportunity Structure ................................................................... 43 3.2.1 Targets...................................................................................... 43 3.2.2 Spatial Activities ......................................................................45 3.2.3 Urban Physical Settings .......................................................... 50 3.2.3.1 Transportation ........................................................... 51 3.2.3.2 Land Use Types .........................................................53 3.2.4 Predisposing Factors .............................................................. 55 3.3 Hypothesized Model ................................................................................. 58 4 CITY OF JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI......................................................64 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................64 4.2 A Brief History of Jackson ...................................................................... 6 6 4.2.1 Civil Rights Movement ............................................................ 67 4.2.2 Urban Development ................................................................. 69 4.3 The Urban Structure of Jackson .............................................................. 71 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.3.1 Demographic Structure .............................................................72 4.3.2 Urban Physical Setting/Structure ............................................ 78 4.3.2.1 Transportation.............................................................78 * 4.3.2.2 Land Use Appearance ............................................... 83 4.3.3 Law Enforcement Structure ..................................................... 83 5 DATA AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS............................................91 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................91 5.2 Base Image Data Acquisition ...................................................................91 5.2.1 Aerial Photography ....................................................................93 5.2.2 Photo Reproduction ................................................................... 94 5.2.3 Survey GCP ................................................................................94
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