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Understanding and Responding to Crime and Disorder Hotspots

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Understanding and Responding to Crime and Disorder Hotspots PROBLEM-ORIENTED GUIDES FOR POLICE PROBLEM-SOLVING TOOLS SERIES NO. 14 UNDERSTANDING AND RESPONDING TO CRIME AND DISORDER HOTSPOTS Cody W. Telep Julie Hibdon This project was supported by agreements #2013-DPBX- K006 and #2016-WY-BX-K001 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. References to specific agencies, companies, products, or services should not be considered an endorsement of the product by the author(s) or the U.S. Department of Justice. Rather, the references are illustrations to supplement discussion of the issues. The Internet references cited in this publication were valid as of the date of this publication. Given that URLs and websites are in constant flux, neither the author(s) nor the Bureau of Justice Assistance can vouch for their current validity. © 2019 Arizona Board of Regents. The U.S. Department of Justice reserves a royalty-free, nonexclusive, and irrevocable license to reproduce, publish, or otherwise use, and authorize others to use, this publication for Federal Government purposes. This publication may be freely distributed and used for noncommercial and educational purposes. May 2019 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THIS GUIDE............................................................................................................................................. 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................. 4 Hot Spots Policing and the SARA Model............................................................................................................................. 4 WHAT ARE HOT SPOTS AND WHY DO THEY MATTER?......................................................................................... 5 What Is a Hot Spot? .................................................................................................................................................................. …5 Crime Concentration and Stability....................................................................................................................... 5 Are Hot Spots All in One Neighborhood?........................................................................................................... 6 Why Is Crime Concentrated at Hot Spots? ........................................................................................................................ 6 HOT SPOT IDENTIFICATION: WHERE ARE THE PROBLEMS?................................................................................... 8 Identifying Hot Spots.................................................................................................................................................................. 9 HOT SPOT ANALYSIS: WHY ARE CRIME AND DISORDER PROBLEMS CONCENTRATED?........................................ 12 Preliminary Hot Spot Analysis: What Seems to Be the Problem?......................................................................... 12 Problem-Specific Analysis: Collecting Information for Action............................................................................... 14 RESPONDING TO HOT SPOTS.............................................................................................................................. 15 Increasing Presence.................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Example: Increasing Presence in Hot Spots in Sacramento, California............................................ 16 Problem-Oriented Responses from Preliminary Analysis....................................................................................... 16 Example: Problem-Oriented Policing with Preliminary Analysis in Hot Spots in Boston ....... 17 Problem-Oriented Responses from Problem-Specific Analysis............................................................................ 17 Example: Problem-Oriented Policing with Problem-Specific Analysis in Convenience Stores in Glendale, Arizona……………………………………………………………………………………………….................. 18 Example: Offender-focused Hot Spot Policing in Philadelphia…......................................................... 18 ASSESSING RESPONSES TO HOT SPOTS............................................................................................................... 20 Summary of Results from Previous Studies.................................................................................................................... 20 Displacement.............................................................................................................................................................. 21 Effects on Perceptions of Legitimacy................................................................................................................................. 21 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................................... 22 APPENDIX A: DATA PREPARATION..................................................................................................................... 23 Cleaning the Data....................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Mapping Crime and Disorder................................................................................................................................................ 23 Joining/Associating Incident Data..................................................................................................................... 24 APPENDIX B: HOT SPOT GENERATION................................................................................................................ 25 APPENDIX C: HOT SPOTS STUDIES FOCUSED ON INCREASING PRESENCE............................................................ 28 APPENDIX D: HOT SPOTS STUDIES FOCUSED ON PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING............................................... 29 REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................... 30 ABOUT THE AUTHORS........................................................................................................................................ 35 ENDNOTES......................................................................................................................................................... 36 iii ABOUT THIS GUIDE ABOUT THE RESPONSE GUIDES SERIES Research and practice have further demonstrated The Response Guides are one of three series of the that, in most cases, the most effective overall Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, along with approach to a problem is one that incorporates the Problem-Specific Guides and Problem-Solving several different responses. A single response Tools Guides. guide is unlikely to provide a police department with sufficient information on which to base a The Problem-Oriented Guides for Police coherent plan for addressing crime and disorder summarize knowledge about how police can problems. Some combinations of responses work reduce the harm caused by specific crime and better than others. Thus, how effective a particular disorder problems. They are guides to preventing response is depends partly on what other problems and improving overall incident responses police use to address the problem. response, not to investigating offenses or handling specific incidents. They do not cover all of the The Response Guides summarize technical details about how to implement specific knowledge about whether police should responses. The guides are written for police—of use certain responses to address various any rank or assignment—who must address the crime and disorder problems, and about specific problems the guides cover. The guides what effects they might expect. Each will be most useful to officers with the following guide includes the following steps: attributes: • Understand basic problem-oriented policing principles and methods • Describes the response • Can look at problems in depth • Are willing to consider new ways of conducting police business • Understand the value and the limits of research • Discusses the various ways in which knowledge police might apply the response • Are willing to work with other community and government agencies to find effective solutions to • Explains how the response is designed to problems reduce crime and disorder The Response Guides are intended to be used differently from the Problem-Specific Guides. • Examines the research knowledge Ideally, police should begin all strategic decision about the response making by first analyzing the specific crime and disorder problems they are confronting and then using the results to devise particular responses. • Addresses potential criticisms of and Certain responses, however, are so commonly negative consequences that might flow considered and have such potential to help from the response address a range of specific crime and disorder • Describes how police have applied the problems that it makes
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