Sustainability and Ongoing Successes in the Smart Policing Initiative

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SMART POLICING INITIATIVE QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO. XX SUMMER 2016

Sustainability and Ongoing Successes in the Smart

Policing Initiative The Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) welcomed the seventh cohort of sites to our community of practice during our Phase VII National Meeting in June 2016. Looking back on what SPI has accomplished, we focus this issue on the organizational impacts, positive outcomes, and sustainability successes of our SPI sites. Since sustainability is a key principle of SPI, sites are encouraged to INSIDE... develop plans for sustainability at the beginning of their program Page 1 implementation. So, as you read the updates and about the sustainability initiatives from our SPI sites, we invite you to consider how sustainability ONGOING SUCCESS STORIES th principles can inform the development of programs and policies in your agency! Our 20 issue of the SPI Newsletter will focus on updates and sustainability in the smart Update on Portland Community Engagement policing community of practice. The Portland, Oregon, SPI focuses on community engagement through use of Pages 2–3 Neighborhood Involvement Location (NILoc) teams. Below is a photo from a SPI NATIONAL MEETING recent event that allowed neighborhood children to meet K9 Jingo along with Read about the Phase VII Portland Police Bureau Officers Mendoza, Ortiz, and Butcher. National Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona. Page 3 SPI SME SPOTLIGHT Read about SPI Subject Matter Expert, John Skinner. Pages 4–6 SUSTAINABILITY SPOTLIGHTS: GLENDALE, AZ and SHAWNEE, KS Learn about the Glendale and Shawnee SPIs’ sustained successes. Pages 6–7 VIEWS FROM THE FRONTLINES Learn about the Boston SPI’s About Us changes in homicide investigations practices. SPI is a collaborative effort among the Bureau of Justice Assistance, CNA, state and local law enforcement agencies, and researchers. It is designed to assist Page 7 agencies with identifying innovative and evidence-based solutions to effectively RECENT ACTIVITIES and efficiently tackle chronic crime problems in their jurisdictions. Page 8 As always, feel free to share your thoughts and experiences with us at READER’S CORNER [email protected]. Learn about the history of You can sign up for the SPI mailing list online at: http://bit.ly/1M6qLhP. reform movements in policing.

This project was supported by Grant No. 2013-DP-BX-K006, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the SMART Office. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Page 1

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Photos from the SPI Phase VII National Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona Assistant Chief Kurtenbach discussed his agency’s Smart Policing Initiative Phase VII challenges, the importance of strong community National Meeting relations, and his personal experiences from the field By Kamya Raja (SPI Analyst) when transitioning to the new technology. SPI welcomed the seventh cohort of sites to our Another presentation from the first day was community of practice during our Phase VII National “Sustainability Practices in SPI.” ASU’s Dr. Michael Meeting. The sites convened June 15–16 in downtown White presented about the Glendale, Arizona, Smart Phoenix, Arizona. Hosted by Arizona State University Policing Initiative. Dr. White described how his team (ASU), the meeting brought together our six newest SPI used problem-oriented policing (POP) and the sites, including the Phoenix, Arizona, Police Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment (SARA) Department, Shoreline, Washington, Police model to emphasize sustainable recommendations Department, Pinellas County, Florida, Sheriff’s Office, during the early phases of research and project Miami Beach, Florida, Police Department, Milwaukee, implementation. Results show that 2.5 years after Wisconsin, Police Department, and Roanoke County, project completion, crime reduction in the immediate Virginia, Police Department. Site representatives were and surrounding areas was not only sustained but accompanied by their assigned CNA subject matter continued to decline. experts (SMEs) and respective research partners: ASU, In addition to speaker presentations, attendees George Mason University, the Urban Institute, and the participated in panel discussions and roundtable University of South Florida. sessions, which were interspersed with time for peer-to- Assistant Chief Michael Kurtenbach of the Phoenix peer networking. Each site (including the research Police Department (PD) kicked off the meeting with a partners) had the opportunity to present its SPI project dynamic keynote address. Touching on the Phoenix and share news about its progress, challenges, and PD’s experience implementing body-worn cameras, successes in planning and implementation to date. For

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SMART POLICING INITIATIVE QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO. XX SUMMER 2016 information on each site, visit the Smart Policing The dynamic sessions described above, coupled with Initiative website. additional networking and breakout opportunities for The second day of the national meeting opened with a the researcher partners and practitioners, set a new compelling Police-Community Collaboration Panel, precedent for peer-to-peer networking at SPI meetings. hosted by Senior SME Hildy Saizow. Ms. Saizow We encourage our sites to continue engaging with peer introduced local community collaborators Shawn partners as they progress through their SPI initiatives. Pearson and Franz Beasley to speak about their close relationships with the Phoenix Police Department and SPI SME SPOTLIGHT the advantages brought to their communities through John Skinner their collaborations. Working with faith-based community groups, Mr. Pearson engages church Mr. John P. Skinner is the former members to improve coordination between community Deputy Police Commissioner and a members and police initiatives. Mr. Beasley is President 21-year veteran of the Baltimore, and Co-founder of Arizona Common Ground, an Maryland, Police Department. As organization dedicated to support and mentor Deputy Commissioner, he was responsible for the day- previously incarcerated youth and adults to become to-day management of the Operations Bureau, which servant leaders within Maricopa County. After spending included criminal investigations and tactical and patrol fourteen-and-a-half of his adult years incarcerated, he operations. During his tenure, Deputy Commissioner returned to his community to improve prisoner re- Skinner implemented operational crime-reduction entry. Both presenters noted that the relationships they strategies that led to a historic 30-year low in homicides have developed with the Phoenix Police Department and nonfatal shootings. and its officers have been critical to the ongoing success Prior to his assignment as Deputy Commissioner, Mr. of police-community collaboration in Phoenix. Skinner oversaw the Administrative Bureau. He also Unique to this year’s meeting were the two distinct served in multiple investigative and patrol-related project types. Three sites are working on body-worn positions, including Commanding Officer of the camera implementation programs, while another three Western and Central Districts, which encompass are focused on police response to calls involving mental Baltimore’s downtown and Inner Harbor areas. In health crises. The sites engaged in productive 2008, he was appointed Chief of the Patrol Division. In discussions about Smart Technology and Mental addition, he served as the department’s Chief Health. By talking with peers working in similar areas, Intelligence Officer and was instrumental in the post- site participants were able to share challenges and give 9/11 planning of the city’s security infrastructure and feedback from varying experiences and project stages. establishment of a state-of-the-art crime watch center. The final speakers on Day 2 were Major Joseph McHale Mr. Skinner was named Police Officer of the Year in from the Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department and 2010 by the National Alliance on Mental Illness. In Chief William Taylor of the Lowell, Massachusetts, 2009, he was recognized by the U.S. Department of Police Department. Both speakers discussed the Justice for the development of the Patrol Response continuing successes of their respective SPI sites. Major Survey, an evaluation program that measures a McHale spoke about Kansas City’s “No Violence community’s perception of police performance. He was Alliance” as well as its joint use of focused deterrence also named “Baltimorean of the Year” by Baltimore strategies and social network mapping to reduce Kansas Magazine for the creation of the Safe Zone Project, a City’s staggering homicide rates. Chief Taylor shared nationally recognized community stabilization strategy. Lowell PD’s approach to sustainable SPI practices. In August 2014, Mr. Skinner retired from the Baltimore Chief Taylor’s philosophy has been to incorporate SPI Police Department and joined the full-time faculty of principles into all aspects of the department, allowing the Criminal Justice Program at Towson University. Mr. for a more holistic approach to Smart Policing and Skinner is currently serving as a SME for the Roanoke sustainability. County SPI.

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documented statistically significant reductions in calls Sustainability Spotlight: Glendale, for service at five of the six target stores, representing Arizona, Smart Policing Initiative an overall 42 percent decline. This reduction occurred at a time when calls at nearly all other convenience New Results Demonstrate the Sustainability of Crime stores in the city remained flat. More information about Reductions at Glendale Circle K Convenience Stores the Glendale SPI can be found in the Glendale SPI By Michael D. White (SPI Senior SME) Spotlight Report. Keep reading below for updates on its The Glendale, Arizona, Police Department and its continued successes! research partners at Arizona State University (ASU) were among the inaugural SPI sites selected in late 2009. The Glendale SPI team included approximately 25 officers, civilian crime-prevention specialists, a crime analyst, two sergeants, one lieutenant, and two professors from ASU. They sought to implement a robust problem-oriented policing (POP) initiative that reflected the true spirit of Herman Goldstein’s original vision1 and would overcome the traditional weaknesses identified in prior POP projects.2 The Glendale SPI began with POP training delivered by the ASU researchers. The officers and crime analysts A Circle K store prior to the SPI implementation (above), identified convenience store crime as the target compared with a store after implementation of CPTED problem, because it was chronic, placed a significant principles (below) burden on police resources, and threatened the safety of both customers and employees. The SPI team conducted an in-depth analysis, and the results suggested that (1) crime and disorder were disproportionately occurring at Circle K stores, and (2) Circle K management practices were largely responsible for the problem (i.e., ignorance of basic Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design [CPTED] principles). The Glendale SPI team pinpointed the six top generators of calls for service as Circle K stores, several of which averaged more than 500 calls per year.

The team developed a three-pronged response plan that Dr. Lisa Dario, a former graduate student at ASU, included engagement with Circle K leadership, recently completed an extended analysis of the Glendale prevention, and suppression. The ensuing SPI SPI that included additional data, more sophisticated evaluation, conducted by the Glendale SPI team, analyses, and an examination of crime displacement. Dr. Dario’s analysis examined the impact of the 1 Goldstein, H. (1979). Improving police: A problem-oriented approach. Crime & Delinquency, 236-258. Glendale SPI for 15 months beyond the original 2 Braga, A.A. & Weisburd, D. (2006). Problem-oriented assessment by White and Katz (2013) and 2.5 years policing: The disconnect between principles and practice. In after the SPI intervention ended. Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. Weisburd, D. & Braga, A.A. (eds). 133-152. New York: Cambridge University Dr. Dario’s updated analysis shows that significant Press. crime reductions continued at four of the six target Weisburd, D., Telep, C., Hinkle, J., & Eck, J. (2010). Is Circle K stores for more than two years after the problem-oriented policing effective in reducing crime and intervention (reductions of nearly 20 percent in calls for disorder? Findings from a Campbell systematic review. Criminology and Public Policy 9(1), 139-172. service overall). The analysis also shows no evidence of This project was supported by Grant No. 2013-DP-BX-K006, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the SMART Office. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Page 4

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SMART POLICING INITIATIVE QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO. XX SUMMER 2016 crime displacement. In fact, five of the six stores interrupted time-series analysis, dramatic impacts in experienced a diffusion of benefits in the surrounding crime and traffic crashes (decreases of over 80 percent 500-yard area; that is, a crime reduction was observed for robberies and commercial burglaries and over 20 at the five stores and in their surrounding areas. percent for vehicle crashes) were found in the target The new results demonstrate the sustainability of the area, compared to a comparable site.4 These findings Glendale SPI, which, arguably, represents one of the alone are cause for optimism, but there is more! most robust implementations of POP to date. The ASU In recent months, the National Institute of Justice researchers delivered the intensive POP training, selected the Shawnee SPI for inclusion in guided the officers through each stage of the Scanning, CrimeSolutions.gov, a repository of evidence-based Analysis, Response, and Assessment (SARA) model, justice system practices that are supported and and provided critical support during the difficult documented by rigorous scientific evidence. Shawnee analysis and assessment phases. The officers embraced was recently notified that its DDACTS evaluation has the research partnership and recognized the importance been posted on the CrimeSolutions website as a of a multi-pronged response that went beyond simple “Promising” practice. You can visit the CrimeSolutions crime suppression. The rigorous implementation of page on this initiative here. POP, anchored by the researcher-practitioner One of the seven guiding principles of DDACTS is the partnership, was in large part responsible for the importance of community partnerships and stakeholder significant, sustained reductions in crime and disorder engagement. Shawnee’s SPI placed particular focus on at the targeted Circle K convenience stores in Glendale. this element, and its proactive approach to community The Glendale SPI highlights how addressing systemic engagement has been sustained both through DDACTS problems, no matter the scale, can positively impact as well as other efforts such as participation in National crime and disorder. This update highlights the Night Out. These efforts have persisted several years importance of sustainability in maintaining gains from after the SPI funding from the Bureau of Justice crime-reduction programs over the long term. Assistance ended, and after a change in the chief For more information on the Glendale SPI executive at the department. The Shawnee Police Department Research and Analysis Dario, L. (2016). Crime at convenience stores: Assessing an in-depth problem-oriented policing initiative. Doctoral Manager, Greg Collins, noted, “DDACTS has been Dissertation, Arizona State University. inculcated into the culture of the department. It is an White, M.D. & Katz, C.M. (2013). Policing convenience store essential part of the training of new officers. DDACTS crime: Lessons from the Glendale, Arizona Smart retains this status in Shawnee even after a leadership Policing Initiative. Police Quarterly, 16 (3): 305-322. change in 2015 when Chief Larry Larimore retired and Rob Moser was installed as the new Chief of Police.” Sustainability Spotlight: Shawnee, He goes on to note, “DDACTS in Shawnee has not just Kansas, Smart Policing Initiative been sustained, but it has grown to include a third DDACTS location in January 2016. In addition, data is Sustaining DDACTS as a Promising Practice continually collected, and operational plans are 3 By Chip Coldren (SPI Project Director) adjusted according to the analysis.” Readers may recall information about the Shawnee, Shawnee’s SPI-related efforts have not stopped with Kansas, SPI using Data-Driven Approaches to Crime DDACTS, however. The department developed a Smart and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) from 2010-2013, Policing work group made up of staff from all ranks that discussed in several prior SPI quarterly newsletters. To works to sustain and develop innovative crime recap, after a quasi-experimental evaluation of reduction strategies. Evidence of continued efforts in DDACTS in Shawnee using pre-post comparisons and

4 Visit the Shawnee SPI Spotlight Report at: 3 The author thanks Greg Collins for his helpful contributions http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/tta/spotlight/shawn to this article. ee-ks-site-spotlight. This project was supported by Grant No. 2013-DP-BX-K006, awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the Office for Victims of Crime, and the SMART Office. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Page 5

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SMART POLICING INITIATIVE QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO. XX SUMMER 2016 this area include a focus on stakeholder and community The Smart Policing Initiative invites you to join engagement. Additionally, to deepen its connection to us in celebrating the release of this, our 20th the community, the department created a position in May 2016 known as the “Community Outreach issue of the SPI Quarterly Newsletter! Our first Relations and Engagement (CORE) officer”. The CORE issue in Spring 2011 announced the growth of officer’s responsibilities include holding community SPI to include 16 sites and our preliminary meetings, developing crime prevention programs, group of 7 subject matter experts. Today, the working with other city departments to solve problems SPI network includes over 40 sites and within the community, and coordinating with other engagements with over 20 SMEs. officers to work with multi-housing communities and elementary schools. View from the Frontlines: Boston, Massachusetts, SPI Improving and Sustaining Homicide Clearance Rates By CHIPS Stewart (SPI Senior Advisor) and Tom Woodmansee (SPI Subject Matter Expert) The Boston Police Department suffered a spike in homicides from 49 in 2009 to 72 in 2010 (a 47 percent increase), with a corresponding decline in clearance rates (from 56 percent to 43 percent). After some research, Boston selected a new approach to conducting homicide investigations. Police in the United Kingdom (UK) have boasted high clearance rates for homicides A Shawnee officer engages with community members during using a business process approach. Boston decided that National Night Out (photo credit: Mayor Michelle Distler) a hybrid of the UK model could be adapted to an The CORE officer also coordinated the department’s operational context here in the United States. Initially, participation in this year’s National Night Out. The it entertained the idea of duplicating the UK squad in event took place on August 2 from 5:30 to 8:30 p.m. It Boston, which includes one lieutenant, two sergeants, was an open community event held in the parking lot of four detectives, an investigative analyst, and a detective a shopping center found within the heart of the original advocate to work with the family of the victim, but DDACTS location known as the “75th Street Corridor.” discovered it was too resource intensive. Therefore, the Not having held an event like this in the past, the Boston hybrid model includes one sergeant, three department was pleased by the number of people from detectives, and an investigative analyst shared among the community who attended. The department had all squads. In addition, Boston developed new several officers available who community members intervention protocols, and training to assure proper could talk to and ask questions as well as vehicles and implementation of those protocols, as well as training gear to examine and explore. The community response for patrol supervisors and homicide detectives. was overwhelmingly positive and supportive. Initially, there was resistance from senior detectives to This is the evidence of SPI sustainability that we all changing the investigation model. Other challenges strive for. We commend Greg Collins at the Shawnee included labor negotiations, finding time to train all the Police Department, Kevin Bryant at Benedictine staff involved, and integration of the investigative College, and all those who implemented and supported analyst and forensic group into the new protocol. the Shawnee SPI through the development, research, Nevertheless, the Boston SPI grant supported these and expansion phases. efforts from concept to development, adaptation, and implementation. Deputy Chief of Staff Desiree Dusseault stated that the continuation grant funds

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SMART POLICING INITIATIVE QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO. XX SUMMER 2016 helped Boston fully benefit from the necessary changes that the new model resulted in consistently more police to its model. resources devoted to homicide investigations. Veteran Sergeant Detective Sean Doherty reported, Dr. Braga analyzed the impacts of this new concept and “The training that we received as a result of SPI reported, “The SPI intervention was associated with a dramatically improved our Detectives[’] abilities and 10 percent increase in the base homicide clearance rate progress with technology… We learned what to do and and an 18 percent increase when cases awaiting grand who to reach out to for electronic evidentiary analysis.” jury consideration were considered above and beyond The homicide detective toolkit is novel due to its use of the standard homicide clearance rate measures.” He tools, including social media and relationship added, “The improvement in the Boston homicide networking. Doherty said, “The social media analysis clearance rate remained statistically significant when has been extremely important, especially for our more existing trends, seasons, case characteristics, veteran Detectives.” When asked if restructuring the neighborhood characteristics, and other factors were homicide protocol along business processes made any considered… Boston homicide clearance trends were difference in outcomes, Doherty added, “Yes, in my distinct when compared to homicide clearance trends in opinion, I have no doubt that it [SPI] helped us with other Massachusetts cities and towns.” improving our homicide clearance rate.” This “view from the frontlines” suggests that Boston But what do the data and analysis tell us? Dr. Anthony detectives feel use of these new investigative resources Braga, Director of the School of Criminology and and a business-like model helped them improve their Criminal Justice at Northeastern University and a homicide responses and investigations. The detectives Harvard Fellow, conducted statistical analyses of appreciate the additional resources, most notably the Boston’s homicide clearance rates since 2011. He stated, use of an investigative analyst, who checks multiple “The SPI intervention was associated with statistically databases, performs network analysis, and tracks gang significant increases in the number of homicide associates. Homicide detectives in other U.S. cities may detectives assigned to cases, the number of crime scene want to consider learning more about this model for response unit officers deployed to homicide scenes, concrete help in working to cope with changing trends increased evidence submitted to the Crime Lab, and falling clearance rates. To read more about the increased DNA testing of evidence, and other Boston, Massachusetts, SPI, visit its SPI site page. improvements to investigative activity.” This confirms Recent SPI Activities • Collaboration Workshop. On August 3–4, 2016, the Smart Policing Initiative delivered its third and final workshop on police-community collaboration. This workshop involved a number of SPI sites and Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation sites, including Boston, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Columbia, South Carolina, Lowell, Massachusetts, Miami, Florida, Norwalk, Connecticut, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Providence, Rhode Island, Somerville, Massachusetts, Tampa, Florida, Worcester, Massachusetts, York, Maine, and Youngstown, Ohio. The goals of the workshop were to demonstrate the centrality of collaboration and community policing in 21st-century policing, identify promising practices for soliciting community input, discuss strategies for successful police-community collaborations, and provide networking and learning opportunities for participants. Following this workshop, CNA will develop and disseminate information on collaboration practices and lessons learned. • Smart Suite Summit. BJA hosted a Smart Suite Summit on September 7–9, 2016 in Arlington, Virginia. The summit, “Transforming Criminal Justice through Research and Innovation,” gathered Smart Suite grantees, researchers, national experts, federal representatives, and thought leaders to discuss and promote data-informed criminal justice projects and programs. The summit focused on key issues related to practitioner-research partnerships under BJA’s Smart Suite portfolio.

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THE READER’S CORNER – A RETROSPECTIVE ON POLICE REFORM By Zoë Thorkildsen (SPI Outreach Coordinator and CNA Research Analyst) Police reform is much on the minds of the American public, as well as that of policymakers, as a new wave of law enforcement reform takes hold focused on transparency and accountability of agencies and officers. Efforts like the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services’ Collaborative Reform Initiative, the White House’s Police Data Initiative, and the newly announced Advancing 21st Century Policing Initiative are aimed at helping law enforcement agencies improve their strategies for engaging with the community and conducting the day-to-day business of policing through voluntary reform and disclosure of data. Current efforts toward police reform, however, are far from the first time that the policing profession has been challenged to improve practices. Modern municipal policing in the United States emerged in the mid-1800s, with Boston and New York City establishing the first formal police departments with paid, full-time officers. This first era of policing is typically referred to as “the political era” as early officers were less public servants than they were political agents who served the goals of local political leaders over those of the community. While police in this era were closely tied to the communities they served and provided social services, in addition to crime control, these same close ties resulted in perceptions of corrupt and discriminatory practices. Officers were political appointees with little job security who were largely unsupervised and untrained, and who enjoyed little popularity with the public due in no small part to rampant police brutality. The political era of policing led to the first major reform movement in law enforcement in the early 20th century, which aimed at professionalizing the police. The emergence of professionalism in policing characterized its professional status along three key dimensions: professional knowledge, professional autonomy, and service-oriented performance. One major push in this reform era was the implementation of business management techniques and reform at the organizational level. Another important element of the professionalism movement involved the desire to improve the quality of individual police officer performance through training and the establishment of standards. In the 1960s, the next reform era of policing began in the wake of the civil rights movement and associated police- community distress. Law enforcement entered what is now referred to as “the community problem-solving era,” focused on reducing disorder, fear, and crime, utilizing foot patrols, and implementing problem-oriented policing strategies. In the 1970s and 1980s, community policing emerged as a major outcome from police reform efforts. Community policing (also called “community-oriented policing”) has remained a key aspect of policing strategy to this day, and problem- oriented policing and other policing approaches (e.g., intelligence-led policing and evidence-based policing) are still core tenets of crime-reduction strategies. Many of these strategies require officers to strive for positive community engagement, as well as to perform analytical and problem-solving tasks or to rely more heavily on crime analysts. Officers are required to be more adaptive and innovative in their approach to their day-to-day responsibilities. Today’s era of reform in policing merges ideals and goals of both the early professionalism reform movement and more recent community-policing efforts. As calls for policing reform at the national level gain momentum, understanding past reform movements in terms of their goals, challenges, and successes can help us move forward as a discipline and a profession. Some key themes of today’s reform efforts echo those of past movements, including professionalism, community engagement, and accountability. Others, like transparency and data sharing, are relatively new topics in the national conversation. To learn more about the history of police reform, please refer to the resources below. Resources Kelling, G. L., & Moore, M. H. (1988). The evolving strategy of policing. Perspectives on Policing, 4, 1–16. Retrieved from http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/114213.pdf Sklansky, D. A. (2011). The Persistent Pull of Police Professionalism. New Perspectives in Policing. National Institute of Justice. Walker, S. (1977). A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism. Lexington Books.

BJA Senior Policy Advisor SPI TTA Project Director SPI TTA Project Manager Kate McNamee James R. “Chip” Coldren, Jr. Vivian Elliott [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

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