ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

1989-1990

PRESIDENT Edward Latessa, University of Cincinnati

1st VICE PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT ELECf Vincent Webb, University of Nebraska at Omaha

2nd VICE PRESIDENT Ben Menke, University of Massachusetts-Boston

SECRETARY/TREASURER Deborah Wilson, University of Louisville

IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Larry Gaines, Eastern Kentucky University

TRUSTEES

William Tafoya, FBI Academy Robert Bohm, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Donna Hale, Shippensburg University

REGIONAL TRUSTEES

REGION 1 - NORTHEAST Alida Merlo, Westfield State College

REGION 2 - SOUTH Ronald Vogel, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

REGION 3 - MIDWEST Allen Sapp, Central Missouri State University

REGION 4 - SOUTHWEST Charles Chastain, University of Arkansas-Little Rock

REGION 5 - WESTERN AND PACIFIC John Angell, University of Alaska Anchorage

PAST PRESIDENTS

1963-1964 Donald F McCall 1976-1977 Gordon E Misner 1964-1965 Felix M Fabian 1977-1978 Richard Ward 1965-1966 Arthur F Brandstatter 1978-1979 Richter M Moore Jr 1966-1967 Richard 0 Hankey 1979-1980 Larry Bassi 1967-1968 Robert Sheehan 1980-1981 Harry More J r 1968-1969 Robert F Borkenstein 1981-1982 Robert G Culbertson 1969-1970 B Earl Lewis 1982-1983 Larry Hoover 1970-1971 Donald H Riddle 1983-1984 Gilbert Bruns 1971-1972 Gordon E Misner 1984-1985 Dorothy Bracey 1972-1973 Richard A Myren 1985-1986 R Paul McCauley 1973-1974 William J Mathias 1986-1987 Robert Regoli 1974-1975 Felix M Fabian 1987-1988 Thomas Barker 1975-1976 George T Felkenes 1989-1990 Larry Gaines ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

1990

ANNUAL MEETING

MARCH 13-17, 1990

RADISSON HOTEL DENVER

DENVER, COLORADO

PROGRAM

THEME:

WHAT WORKS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE? ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

Dear Colleagues:

Welcome to Denver, Colorado and the 1990 Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. With the numerous local attractions and in the height of the ski season, we hope that you will not be too distracted to participate in the excellent program we have organized for you. This year we have a total of 209 panels, workshops, roundtables, and workshops, as well as two didactic sessions. We have attempted to schedule certain panels dealing with specific topical areas in back-to-back sessions in the same breakout rooms, an innovation for this year. Due to the hotel's layout, we have also managed to centralize registration, exhibits, information, and the luncheon on the same floor. All meeting rooms are held in the same area of the hotel on three contiguous floors. Please be sure to visit the exhibit area for coffee and solutions to your search for course textbooks and support our exhibitors. The awards luncheon is scheduled for Friday and will feature a speech by the Honorable Stanley Morris, Deputy Director, Office of National Drug Control Policy. Michigan State University is sponsoring a reception Tuesday night and the participants' reception is scheduled for Thursday evening. The business meeting willbe held on Thursday at 5:15 p.m. in the Beverly room. Finally, the program chairperson would like to call your attention to Panels 22 (Biocriminology in the 1990's) and 37 (Psychobiological Aspects of Criminal Behavior), as well as the excellent Plenary Sessions on Thursday and Friday, both from 10:15 a.m.-l1:45 a.m. We hope that you find the program to be both exciting and enjoyable.

THE 1990 ACJS PROGRAM COMMfrI'EE

Todd Clear Leon Pettiway Rutgers University University of Delaware

Gary Cordner Robert Taylor Eastern Kentucky University University of Texas at Tyler

Patricia Hardyman Patricia Van Voorhis Rutgers University University of Cincinnati

Louis Holscher Gennaro Vito San Jose State University University of Louisville

C Ray Jeffery Ralph Weisheit Florida State University Western Illinois University

Imogene Moyer John Whitehead Indiana University of Pennsylvania East Tennessee State University

William Parsonage Linda Zupan Pennsylvania State University University of Alabama

1990 Program Committee Chairman Harry Allen San Jose State University

Local Arrangements Coordinator Philip Reichel University of Northern Colorado

2 CONTENTS

PAGE

Al.PHA PIll SIGMA ...... 5

MEE11N"G ROOMS ...... 6

ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM ...... 7

INDEX OF ADVERTISERS ...... 119

ABSlRACI'S ...... 123

INDEX OF PARTICIPANTS ...... 192

MAlllNG ADDRESSES OF PARTICIPANTS ...... 198

3 Available for Spring 1990 ...

ANDERSON'S DIRE T of Criminal Justice Education

1990 - 91

CHARLES � NEMETH

Information about each program includes: Here is a new and updated direc­ tory that details important infor­ • Department and chair names, mation about Criminal Justice addresses, phone numbers Education at all academic levels, using data furnished by over • Faculty characteristics eleven hundred colleges and universities. • Year program established

Order today to assure that you and • Degree information your department receive an ade­ quate supply of this important direc­ tory. • Program course characteristics

This edition is now available in both • Course offerings book form and on IBM compatible disks. For a limited time, you can save • Enrollment by ordering both at the special com­ bination price. • Number of graduates at each level

• Alphabetical listing of chairpersons and institutions

Book Form $49.95

IBM or compatible diskette $29.95 anderson publishing co . (specify 51/4" or 3 1/2") � P.O. Box 1576 ._ ••, I I Cincinnati, I OH 45201-1576 Combination price $67.92 -a 15% savings!

4 ALPHA PHI SIGMA

NATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE HONOR SOCIETY

1990 CONVENTION AGENDA

MARCH 13-17, 1990

TUESDAY, MARCH13, 1990

11:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m. Registration JR BALLROOM and ASSEMBLY 1

WEDNESDAY, MARCH14, 1990

9:30 a.m.-11:30 a.m. Take Roll BEVERLY Officer Reports New Business Constitutional Amendments Nominate Candidates for National Office Old Business Announcements Social Sponsored by National Office

THURSDAY, MARCH15, 1990

9:30 a.m.-11:30 a.m. Vote on Constitutional Amendments BEVERLY Speeches of Candidates for National Office Questions and Answer for Candidates FLETC Presentation Presentation of Paper and Chapter Awards Announcements National Officers Meet Candidates

FRIDAY, MARCH16, 1990

9:30 a.m.-l1:30 a.m. Vote on National Officer Candidates BEVERLY Guest Speaker Announce New National Officers Swear-in New National Officers Present Scholarships Parting Statements Announcements National Officers Meet With New National Officers

5 MEETING ROOMS

6 ACADEMY OF

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM

RADISSON HOTEL DENVER DENVER,CO

MARCH 13-17,1990

THEME:

WHAT WORKS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE?

TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990

8:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Workshop: Computers in Criminal Justice Education and Training CAPITOL 10:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m. Registration JUNIOR BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 1 1:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m. Workshop: Teaching About Women and Crime BILTMORE 2:00 p.m.-8:00 p.m. ACJS Executive Board Meeting SAVOY 5:30 p.m.-7:00 p.m. Reception Sponsored by Michigan State University SOUTH CONVENTION LOBBY

TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 12:00 p.m.- 1:30 p.m.

PANEL 1 COLORADO

Correctional Systems' Response to Geriatric Offenders

Chair: JOANNMORTON, University of South Carolina

Papers:

"T BA," JUDyANDERSON

"TBA," JUUA GLOVER-HALL, Drexel University

"TBA," JOANN MORTON, University of South Carolina

Discussant: JOANNMORTON, University of South Carolina 7 WAVELAND PRESS, INC.

, CRIMINAL JUSTICE I CRIMINOLOGY ,

THE ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ORGANIZATIONS: A Book of Readings

Stan Stojkovic, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee John Klofas, Illinois State University David Kalinich, Michigan State University The first collection of its kind, this new reader containing thirty articles examines the chief topics in organizational theory, management, and administration and their application to all areas of the criminal justice system. Available Winter 1990

CASES IN CORRECTIONS, Second Edition

Michael Braswell, East Tennessee State University Larry Miller, East Tennessee State University Tyler fletcher, University of Southern Mississippi With text and 49 sample cases, this newly updated edition provides readers with the opportunity to identify with various roles involved iA the correctional process (e.g., inmate, correctional officer, law enforcement officer, prison administrator, and others). Includes brief introductions, chapter summaries, and chapter questions. Available Spring 1990

CORRECTIONAL COUNSELING AND TREATMENT, Second Edition

Peter C. Kratcoski, Kent State University

This updated edition, containing twenty-five articles, provides readers with material on a number of treatment techniques currently being used in American corrections and describes and demonstrates the applicability of these treatment techniques in correctional settings. 423 pages, $18.95; ISBN 0-88133-448-0

CRITICAL ISSUES IN POLICING: Contemporary Readings

Roger G. Dunham, University of Miami Geoffrey P. Alpert, University of South Carolina This new collection represents contemporary trends in research on police. Thirty-one articles cover such subject areas as selection, training and socialization; management and organization; police deviance; minorities in policing; community­ based policing; use of force; hazards of police work. 530 pages, $17.95; ISBN 0-88133-390-5

EXPLAINING CRIMINAL JUSTICE: Community Theory and Criminal Justice Reform

David t. Duffee, State University of New York at Albany

Now available from Waveland Press, this text provides a systematic and comprehensive theory of criminal justice, offering significant advances over previous attempts to analyze criminal justice as a facet of American SOciety. The Waveland reissue is enhanced and updated by the inclusion of a new concluding chapter. est. 280 pages, $14.95; ISBN 0-88133-472-3

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: A Justice Perspective, Second Edition

Ralph Weisheit, Illinois State University Robert G. Culbertson, Arkansas State University This newly updated anthology reflects the changing nature of the study of juvenile delinquency and society's response to it. An ideal supplemental text for undergraduate courses in both juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice. 246 pages, $12.95; ISBN 0-88133-481-2

P.O. Box 400 Prospect Heights, Illinois 60070 708/634·0081 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 2 SILVER DomesticViolence and Child Abuse: Current Issues

Chair: ROBIN RUSSEL, University of Nebraska at Omaha

Papers:

"Physicians Involvement in the Investigation and Prosecution of Child Abuse Cases: Exploring Areas of Collaboration and Conflict," ROBIN RUSSEL, University of Nebraska at Omaha and MARK HORTON, Boys Town Institute

"Domestic Violence Restraining Orders: A Study of 200 Case Filings in Orange County, California," JUDy KACI, California State University, Long Beach

"The Forensic Investigation of Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse," JOHNPODBOY

"Prosecutorial Perceptions of the 'Battered Women Syndrome': Toward 'A Definition of the Situation'," GLENDA JURKE and ROBERT MENDELSOHN, South Dakota State University

Discussant: ELIZABETH VICfOR, Tiffin University

PANEL 3 GOW

National and International Management Issues: Law Enforcement

Chair /Discussant: DONAL Mac NAMARA, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Papers:

"Police and Public in Finland," DILIP DAS, Ministry of Justice (FINLAND)

"Management Implications of Civilianization for Police Forces in England and Wales," BARRY WVEDAY, Birmingham Polytechnic (ENGLAND)

"Physical Fitness Requirements and Workman's Compensation Claims," STANLEY CUNNINGHAM and JOHN DANIELS, Western Illinois University and DENNIS BINGHEIM, Quincy Police Department (IL)

"Hearing Requirements for Police Selection," ROGER PENNEL, Central Missouri State University

PANEL 4 CENTURY

Struchl�ing Police Services

Chair: JAY BERMAN, Jersey City State College

Papers:

"Consolidation of Police Services: A Comparison of Two Jurisdictions," PETER PHILLIPS, Utica College of Syracuse University

"County Law Enforcement," JOHN O'BRIEN

"Organizing the Delivery of Policing Services to Rural Alaska: The Village Public Safety Officer (VPSO) Program," OTWINMARENIN, University of Alaska Fairbanks

Discussant: JAY BERMAN, Jersey City State College

9 Look to Nelson-Hall� for leadership •___ �_.--�

Thxts by Howard Abadinsky Jack D. Fitzgerald and Steven M. Cox, Research Methods in Criminal Justice .. An Introduction. In this n�______text a step-by-step approach is used to introduce students Organized Crim e, Third Edition. This analysis of orga­ to the basics of criminal justice research. The authors nized crime provides a theoretical basis for understanding proceed from relatively simple research methodologies how criminal organizations are structured and how they to relatively complicated ones, constantly showing the function, and presents a history of organized crime with connections between different approaches. They describe detailed coverage of the period from the late nineteenth basic research techniques, elementary descriptive and century to the present. Abadinsky presents two models inferential statistics, research design, sampling, and of criminal hierarchies-the bureaucratic model and the the various scientific perspectives used in research. patron-client model-and applies these models to a variety Papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1099-6. of crime organizations. This new edition of Abadinsky's widely-acclaimed work is substantially revised and nevv.______enlarged. Papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1234-4. (Hardcover Gary S. Green, Occupational Crime. In this new study also available, ISBN 0-8304-1223-9.) of the problem of occupational or white collar crime, the author provides a careful and precise definition of what Cri me and Justice: An Introduction. This lively introduc­ constitutes occupational crime, and di vides occupational tory text provides a balanced treatment of the history, offenses into four types: organizational, state authority, theory, and practice of criminal justice in America. professional, and individual. The book analyzes each of Throughout the text, Abadinsky takes care to develop the four types in detail, probing the causes and the results the historical background of his various subjects, and the for society. Possible means of controlling occupational detailed look at federal law enforcement is an addition not crime are discussed, and the methods of gathering usually found in such books. Each chapter concludes with information on the topic are explained. Paperback, a series of review questions designed to reinforce learning. ISBN 0-8304-1196-8. Based on the latest research data, trends in the field, and relevant legal changes, it is a most comprehensive examina­ Jon R. Waltz, Introduction to Criminal Ev idence, Second tion of criminal justice. Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304-1134-8. Edition. This illustrated, introductory text thoroughly Instructor's Resource Manual available. explores all of the important evidentiary rules that apply to criminal cases. It is written in plain English and avoids, Drug Abuse: An Introduction. This is the only single­ whenever possible or desirable, the use of jargon and volume source for information on all aspects of the drug "legalese." Hardcover, ISBN 0-88229-130-0� papercover, problem. The author covers the medical, legal, and social ISBN 0-8304-1062 -7. dimensions of drug abuse and offers helpful review ques­ tions at the end of each chapter. Abadinsky puts it all nevv.______together: the major drug families, the pharmacology of different drugs, the business of drugs and drug traffic. Frank E. Hagan, Introduction to Criminology, Second Timely and unique. Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304-1195-X. Edition. While offering full coverage of legal and adminis­ trative issues, Hagan devotes seven chapters to the com­ Law andJustice. Examines the law, the courts, and the plete range of criminal behavior-from violent street crime judicial process in their historical context. The classroom­ to the more subtle organizational and corporate crime tested format provides the instructor with a book appro­ found in white collar settings. Hagan also thoroughly priate for law-related courses in both criminal justice and assesses current research methods and examines the political science. Law and justice are treated both instru­ classical and current criminological and sociological mentally and functionally in order to convey a thorough theories that deal with crime. Thoroughly updated and understanding of the major legal issues of the day. An timely. Hardcover, ISBN 0-8304-1068-6. Instructor's examination of the policy implications of law is also resource manual and computerized test bank available. included. This is the first book to cover the entire legal system. Papercover, ISBN 0-8304-1188-7. FORTHCOMING

We want to talk about your writing plans. Steven M. Cox, Introduction to Policing. Cynthia Combs, Please see the Ne lson-Hall editor at our booth. Terrorism. William Hyatt, Ethics and Criminal Justice. HnIIMichael J. Palmiotto, Criminal Investigation. Inger J. Sagatun and Leonard P. Edwards, Child Abuse and the ��- Leg�l System. Ronald J. Berger, The Sociology ofJuvenile ��. V, r j Delmquency. 111 N. Canal / Chicago 60606

10 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 5 SPRUCE

Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice

Chair: PETRITA HERNANDEZ-ROJAS, New York State Department of Correctional Services

Papers:

"The Congress, the Courts, and an Emerging Dual Standard of Justice Under the Indian Civil Rights Act," KENNETH REESE, Georgia Southern College

"Do the Right Thing: Racism and Criminal Justice Implementation of Civil Rights Statutes," lLOYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College

"Selective Return of Criminal Law Activities to Alaska Native Villages: Neocolonialism or Revitalization of Tribal Sovereignty?" STEPHEN CONN, University of Alaska Anchorage

Discussant: PETRITAHERNANDEZ-ROJAS, New York State Department of Correctional Services

PANEL 6 DENVER Major Issues in Drug Policy

Chair: CLIFFORD SIMONSEN, Central Washington University

Papers:

"A IDS: Perceptions, Attitudes and Behaviors of IV Drug Users," JUDITH RILEY, Western Michigan University

"Decriminalizing Marijuana," KATHRINE JOHNSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and RALPH WEISHEIT, Illinois State University

"Street Gangs or Organized Crime? Narco Gangs inAmerica," CLIFFORDSIMONSEN, Central Washington University

"Crackdown on Cocaine Mothers: Legal, Medical and Ethical Implications of Prosecuting Substance-Abusing Pregnant Women," SALLY LAWRENCE, Gainesville Police Department and SUE MAHAN and DELLA PRES1WOOD, University of Central Florida at Daytona Beach

Discussant: CLIFFORD SIMONSEN, Central Washington University

PANEL 7 CEDAR

Community Colleges and Small Criminal Justice Programs

Chair: JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University

Papers:

"Community Colleges and Corrections - An Innovative Approach," LYNDA PINTRICH, Middlesex Community College

"A Criminal Justice Education in the Rio Grande Valley," MARK DANTZKER, Texas Southmost College

Discussant: JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University

11 POLICE LAW PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Stanley Cohen

UUpon reviewing your book, POLICE LA W PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS, we wish to incorporate your book as a requirement for the Administration of Justice Department. The book contains practicable solutions to legal problems which our students need. U Professor Rudolph C. Delatorre, Administration of Justice Department, los Angeles Valley College. uThe book is an education well worth the time spent reading it. U John F. McMahon, Editor, POLICE PITTSBURGH NEWS. uPOLlCE LA W PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS will become a permanent source of information in my library. uVernon D. Roof, District Attorney, Elk County, Pa.

The living, working law. This text is unique in that it states sixty-six different questions that working police offic�rs submitted to the author to answer. Each question is answered by applying relevant rules of constitutional law to the facts in the situation stated in the question that show why the officer's action was or was not lawful. The text would be ideal for undergraduates in better understanding the rules of law and their underlying rationale that govern the legality of actions taken by police officers in various situations. 249 pages, $24.95; ISBN 0-9624173-0-0.

Contents Arrest Interrogation Search and Seizure Probable Cause Underage Drinking and Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol Auto Search Use of Force, Civil liability Stop and Frisk lineups and Photographic Identification Search Warrants (Quantity discounts for classroom orders.)

THE PENNSYLVANIA POLICE CRIMINAL LAW BULLETIN 2579 Warren Road Indiana, PA 15701 (412) 465-5165

12 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 8 BIRCH

Prediction of Special Problems

Chair: SHEIA VAN NESS, Indiana State University

Papers:

"Prediction of Dishonesty from Youthful and Adult Experience," PHILIP ASH, London House Inc

"Recognizing Eating Disorders in Prisons: When Should You Worry," JAMIEMOORHEAD, Horizon Recovery Center; V SCOTT JOHNSON, Eastern New Mexico University; and WENDELL BARBER

Discussant: SHEIA VAN NESS, Indiana State University

PANEL 9 COLUMBIA

DiscretionaryJustice: The Decision to Prosecute and Fmdingthe Appropriate Sentence

Chair: FRANCES COLES, California State University, San Bernardino

Papers:

"The Criminality of Economic Punishment of Indigent Criminals," WILUAM DAVIS JR, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

"Regional and Judicial Effects of Sentencing Decisions," MARVIN, ZALMAN JOHN KINKEL, and KENNETH CHE LST, Wayne State University

"Federal Prosecution of Obstruction of Justice," GORDON MISNER, University of Illinois at Chicago

Discussant: FRANCES COLES, California State University, San Bernardino

PANEL 10 TERRACE

Explanations of Crimes by Women: From Prostitution to Violence

Chair: SUE REID, Florida State University

Papers:

"The Prostitution of Sexuality," KATHLEEN BARRY, Pennsylvania State University

"Crimes by Women: A Theoretical Perspective," KATHLEEN GALE, Elmira College

"A laska Women and Crime," NANCY SCHAFER and EMll..Y, READ University of Alaska Anchorage

"A Discussion of Battered Women as Political Prisoners," SHELLYBANNI STER, Northern Illinois University

Discussant: SUE REID, Florida State University

13 EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

Master's Degree Program in Criminal Justice Options:

**GENERAL **POLICE ADMINISTRATION **CORRECTIONS **LOSS PREVENTION

Undergraduate Degrees Available in: *POLICE ADMINISTRATION *CORRECTIONS *FIRE AND SAFETY TECHNOLOGY *SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION *MINORS IN TRAFFIC SAFETY

Financial Aid: Financial aid Is available through Graduate ASSistantships and the financial aid office.

Graduates: Many graduates are employed as administrators and teachers in various types of agencies throughout the world.

Faculty: Members of the faculty hold terminal academic degrees and have wide backgrounds in Criminal Justice.

Applications or inquiries may be made at any time by contacting:

DR. TRUETT A. RICKS, DEAN EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT STRATTON 467 RICHMOND, KENTUCKY 40475-3131 PHONE: (606) 622-3565

14 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 11 BEVERLY

Issues in Policing

Chair: VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

Papers:

"The 'New' Minority and the Police: Law Enforcement Needs of New Oriental Immigrants," VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

"Life Without the Exclusionary Rule: The British Experience," JAN DARGEL, University of Tampa

"Who Was Truly the Father of Modern Policing?" RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University

Discussant: VINCENTHOFFMAN, Michigan State University

TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 12 COWRADO

The Methodology of Prediction

Chair: ZAID ANSARI, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"Development of a Risk Assessment Scale for Child Molesters," ROBERT PRENTKY, Boston University School of Medicine

"A Regression Model for the Two-Binomial Case," LEONEL CAMPOS, Chicago State University

"Adult Intensive Probation Client Selection Scale," DAVID WHEATON, Tennessee State University

Discussant: ZAIDANSARI, University of Cincinnati

PANEL 13 GOLD

Police/Citizen Contacts and Public Attitudes

Chair: SCOTT DECKER, University of Missouri-St Louis

Papers:

"Extent and Nature of Citizen Contact With Police," lARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University

"Effects of Police Use of Profanity on a Receiver's Perception of Police Credibility," TERRY COx, Eastern Kentucky University and JOHN BASEHFART, University of Kentucky

"Attitudes Toward the Police: An Assessment of Criminological and Sociological Factors Within the Community," KEITH PARKER, University of Nebraska at Lincoln

Discussant: SCOTT DECKER, University of Missouri at St Louis

15 ... and justicefo r all. West Publishing's 1990 list of Criminal Justice titles offers something for everyone. Whatever your area of expertise, we publish a criminal justice textbook that meets your students' needs and adapts to your personal teaching style. But don't take our word for H. Stop by the West Publishing booth and judge for yourself.

Constitutional and Criminal Law jargon and includes pedagogydesigned to stimu­ Samaha late student interest. Highly visual format with Criminal Law,3E a strong photo package. Introduces undergraduates to criminal law prin­ ciples, defenses, doctrines, and major categories Samaha of crime. Offers a unique text and case presen­ Criminal Procedure tation (60% text and 40% carefullyedited cases). Introduces undergraduates to the law and prac­ Samaha uses current issues (Close-Ups) and tice of criminal procedure. Offers a unique, cases to show how the law adapts well-estab­ almost equal blend of text and cases. Four basic lished principles, doctrines, and rules to meet themes integrated throughout the text help stu­ new problems. dents understand the process, how judges and lawyers think, and how to evaluate the system. Criminal Justice System Senna and Siegel Juvenile Justice Introduction to Criminal Justice, SE Drowns and Hess Offers comprehensive coverage of criminal Juvenile Justice justice topics with the most current policy deci­ Designed for introductory courses in juvenile sions, research studies, data, and legal cases. justice, the text presents a comprehensive over­ Covers issues of increasing concern including view including discussions of delinquency, the rights of victims, electronic surveillanceand profilesof delinquent youths, and current juve­ the control of drug trade, and preventive deten­ nile delinquency treatment programs. Incorpo­ tion and bail reform. rates practical and comprehensive information, especially geared for the future police or proba­ Siegel tion officer. Places current practice in historical American Justice: Research of the National perspective. Institute of Justice This reader supplements any introduction to Law Enforcement criminal justice or criminology course. Wrobleski and Hess Includes the best of recent research from the Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal National Institute of Justice, with introduc­ Justice,3E tions and discussion questions for each This comprehensive and authoritative introduc­ chapter by Larry Siegel. tory third edition provides an overview of the entire field of law enforcement. This edition Criminal Procedure adds new chapters on drugs and gangs and other Harr and Hess important new topics. Criminal Procedure This text bridges the gap between a "how-to" law enforecment and a "casebook-type" crimi­ nal procedure text. Includes case law and the­ WEST PUBLISHING COMPANY ory, but is written in a way that encourages == College Division students to apply the information to real-life - 50 W. Kellogg Blvd. situations. Avoids confusing legal theory and II-==-™ St. Paul, MN 55164·1003

16 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 1:45 p.m .-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 14 CENTURY

Economics and Crime

Chair: R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Papers:

"Social and Economic Impacts on Rural Crime," JOHNWADE and WILUAM McCAMEY, Western Illinois University

"The Structure and Function of Smuggling in a Developing Country: A Case Study of Belize, Central America," BRUCE WIEGAND and JAMES CUNNINGHAM, American University

"Economic Development and Crime: Assessing the Criminogenic Nature of Modernization," ClAUSTJADEN, Colorado Division of Youth Services

Discussant: R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

SPRUCE PANEL 15

Racism and Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System

Chair: LWYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College

Papers:

"Racism in Criminal Justice: Problems and Solutions," BAHRAM HAGmGHI, University of Dayton and GREGORY CLARK, McNeese State University

"Disparity, Discrimination and the Coming Crises in Criminal Justice," CARL POPE and WILUAM FEYERHERM, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

"The Direct and Indirect Effects of Race on Sentencing," CASSIA SPOHN, University of Nebraska at Omaha

Discussant: LWYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College

PANEL 16 DENVER

Justice and the Bill of Rights: Recent Supreme Court Decisions

Chair/Discussant: WUIS HOLSCHER, San Jose State University

Papers:

"The Compulsory Process Clause and the 'Sporting Theory of Justice'," ALFREDO GARCIA, St Thomas University School of Law

"The U S Supreme Court and Recent Criminal Justice Cases," WALTER POWELL, Slippery Rock University

"What Has Michigan v. Long Wrought? The Supreme Court, Criminal Procedure, and Justice John Paul Stevens," KATHLEEN SIMON, Appalachian State University

"The Flag Burning Controversy: The Protection of a Venerated Object as Social Control," MICHAELWELCH, St John's University

17 M A / Ph.D. In Criminology

Graduate Faculty and Specialization

W. Timothy Austin, Ph.D. Comparative Justice; Theory; Ethnography Bruce L. Berg, Ph.D. Juvenile Justice; Law Enforcement Systems Joseph A. Bogan, Jr., Ed.D. Law Enforcement; Substance Abuse Stanley Cohen, J.D. Legal Issues; Justice Systems Iohn I. Gibbs, Ph.D. Quantitative Methods; Corrections Randy L. Martin, Ph.D. Psycho-Criminology; Offender Behavior; Methodology R. Paul McCauley, Ph.D. Criminal Justice Systems; Policy Imogene L. Moyer, Ph.D. Theory; Victimology; Women and Crime Robert I. Mutchnick, Ph.D. Theory; Juve"nile Justice; History of Criminology Edward R. Melodini, Ph.D. Criminal Personality; Community Treatment Iohn C. Thomas, Ir., 1.0. Legal Ethics; Comparative Justice; Judicial Policy W. Fred Wegener, D.P.A. Justice Systems; Policy; Police Quality Nanci Koser Wilson, Ph.D. Feminist Criminology; Theory; Violence Sherwood E. Zimmerman, Ph.D. Justice Policy; Methodology

For more information, contact: Director of Graduate Studies Department of Criminology Indiana University of Pennsylvania 210 Walsh Hall Indiana, PA 15705

18 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 17 CEDAR Drug Abuse Treatment in Correctional Settings

Chair /Discussant: JAMES INCIARDI, University of Delaware

Papers:

"Developing a Drug-Using Offender Classification Procedure: The Offender Profile Index," DUANE McBRIDE, Andrews University

"Managing the Drug Dependent Offender," BETH WEINMAN, National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors

"Cocaine, Violence, and Treatability," JAMES SCHWARTZ, Cook County TASC Program (IL)

PA NEL 18 BIRCH

Workshop: Officer Safety/Defensive Tactics: A New Perspective

Convener: NFAL TYLER, Pueblo Community College

PA NEL 19 COLUMBINE Issues in Security and Crime Prevention

Chair /Discussant: ALFRED HEFFERNAN, University of Dayton

Papers:

"Emerging Standards: A Dilemma for Security," NORMAN BOTTOM JR, Journal of Security Administration

"Self Reports From Retail Employees Who Steal From Their Employers, Continued," LEONARD DOBRIN, Old Dominion University

"Management's Responsibility to Learn About Loss Prevention," JOHN CHUVAIAIII, Western Illinois University

"Victim Rights Versus Extortion-The Thin Green Line," JAMES HAlSTED, University of South Florida

PANEL 20 TERRACE

Rough Justice? Prosecutorial Discretion and Plea Bargaining

Chair/Discussant: J MICHAEL THOMSON, Northern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Prosecutor Discretion in Domestic Assaults," B KEITH CREW and KRISTINANDERSON, University of Northern Iowa

"The Impact of Proposition 8 on Felony Plea Bargaining in Santa Clara County," TIANNA NELSON, San Jose State University

"The State of Plea-Bargaining in Alaska," OTWIN MARENIN, University of Alaska Fairbanks

"Court Referral Programs for Drinking Drivers: For Whom Do They Work?" JUUA LEE and RICHARD SPEIGLMAN, Marin Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Other Drug Problems

19 JUST PUBLISHED! A Timely, New Edition of a Best-Seller From HBJ.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE III Third Edition JAMES A. INCIARDI Ulliuersity of Dclmuarc Hardcover, 1990 AZJai/ah/c }IOLl' for �priJ/g cl17��c�.

Give your students an inside look at crime today and a real grasp of the current issues and latest knowl­ edge and techniques in crin1inal justice with today's most highly acclaimed introductory textbook in the field. CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Third Editio1l, incorporates data on the latest Supre.meCourt decisions on crime; expanded discussion of the nationalization of the Bill of Rights and the criminal law revolu­ tion of the 1960s; new information Also Available From HBJ on prisoner labor unions, shock incarceration, prison labor in the VIOLENCE IN AMERICA post-Civil War south, and the Rehn­ III quist Court; plus these current Patterns, Causes, issues: and Public Policy Crack-Cocaine NEIL ALAN WEINER The Medellin Cartel UllizJersity of PC1l11syl'uallia The Impact of Bail Reform MARGARET A. ZAHN Intensive Probation Supervision Norther1l Arizo1la U1liuersity Temporary Release from Prison RITA J. SAGI Privacy Rights of AIDS-Infected Temple U1liuersity Inmates The Death Penalty for Minors Paperbound, 1990 just PuNished! CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Third Editio1l, retains the overall organization and extensive use of boxed exhibits, intriguing photographs, and practi­ IHIIffi] cal pedagogy that have made this HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH, INC. book a perennial classroom favor­ College Sales Office ite. A complete array of ancillaries 7555 Caldwell Avenue, Chicago, IL 60648 is available to support the textbook. (312) 647-8822

20 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL21 BEVERLY Research on Prison Inmate Programs

Chair/Discussant: GERALD GARRETI, University of Massachusetts/Boston

Papers:

"Beyond Custodial Management of Maximum Security Inmates: An Assessment of Inmate Management in a Southern Texas Prison," MARYPELZ, University of Houston Downtown and C TERRY PELZ, Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division

"Perspectives on Long-Term Confinement: Problems and Potential Management Strategies," ERNEST COWLES, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and MICHAEL SABATH, Indiana Criminal Justice Institute

"More Than Just a Number: The Personal Characteristics of Inmates Participating in Programs," FAITH LUTZE and LYNNE GOODSTEIN, Pennsylvania State University

"A Rationale for Providing Services in the Christian Community of the Prison," SWAN LETMAN, Chicago State University

TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 22 Sll..VER Biocriminology in the 1990's

Chair /Discussant: C R JEFFERY, Florida State University

Papers:

"The Use of Neuropsychology by the Canadian Criminal Justice System," WRNE YEUDALL, Alberta Hospital (CANADA)

"Biochemical Diagnosis and Treatment of Addictions, Including Cocaine Addiction," DIANA FISHBEIN, University of Baltimore

"The Use of Hair Analysis in the Diagnosis of Violent and Abnormal Behaviors," PAUL CROMWELL, University of Texas at Permian Basin

"Drug Testing by Hair Analysis," BERNARD GROPPER, National Institute of Justice

TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL23 COWRADO

Roundtable: Pushing on a Rope: Shaping Health Care Policy for Inmates with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in New York State's Correctional System

Convener: ROSEMARY GIDO, Social Research and Evaluation

Participants:

JAMES lAWRENCE, New York State Commission of Correction VICTORIA SHARPE, St Claire's Hospital CATHERINE POTLER, Correctional Association of New York BILL ROLD, New York City Legal Aid Society

21 Graduate Education in Criminal Justice at the University of Nebraska at Omaha

Th Mast r's Degree In Criminal Justice

Th criminal Justice Master's degree offers a program of full-time and part-time study designed to produce criminal Justice profeaslonals with competence In the areas of criminal Justice research, theory, planning, and admlnl tratlon. The Interdisciplinary, problem-orlented nature of the program prepares students for leadership positions In Justice-related agencies. Th Master of Arts In Criminal Justice requires 30 semester hours of course work and a thesis; the Master of Sci nc In Criminal Justice requires 38 hours of course work without a thesis. A written comprehensive exam Is also required. Th Master's program blends together a variety of required and elective courses through which students may xamlne specific lasues In their specialized areas as well as problems In criminal Justice as a whole. The student may select a course of study from a range of options, Including Public Administration, Counseling, and Social Work.

Faculty

Th multidisciplinary faculty, from such fields as law, psychology, sociology, and history, brings both scholarly understanding and criminal Justice experience to the program. In addition to teaching, the program contributes to criminal Justice through the faculty's efforts In research and community service. The faculty partlclpat In a variety of loles within regional and national profesalonal criminal Justice organizations as well as In the community. A favorable faculty-student ratio permits graduate students In the criminal justice program to w rk closely with faculty.

Admission

Applicants for the Master's degree In Criminal Justice must possess a Bachelor's degree from an accredited Institution, must have maintained an undergraduate G.P.A. of 3.0 or above, and must present und rgraduate courae work In Criminal Justice. Applicants who do not meet these criteria may be considered f r prov'" nal admlsalon to the program. Applications are accepted continuously.

Financial Assistance

The University of Nebraska at Omaha administers several programs for financial assistance. Criminal Justice graduate students may al80 qualify for a graduate assistantship that provides a stipend and full waiver of tuition.

For more Information, call (402) 554-2810, or write: University of Nebraska-Omaha Criminal Justice Department 80th and Dodg Streets Omaha, NE 88182-0149

22 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL24 GOLD

Factors Affecting Incarceration Rates

Chair: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Papers:

"Explaining Variation in Prison Commitment Rates," TIMOTHY BYNUM and JAMES FRANK, Michigan State University

"Plea Bargaining: Reducing Violent Offenses to Non-Violent Offenses," ROBERT KELLER, University of Southern Colorado

"Decision-Making in Criminal Appeal Cases," JIMMY WlLUAMS, University of Alabama

Discussant: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

PANEL15 CENTURY

Group Offending and Juvenile Victimi7.alion

Chair: KATHRINE JOHNSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Papers:

"The Context and Consequences of Juvenile Victimization," EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University

"Chinese Street Gangs and Extortion," KO-LINCIDN, New York Criminal Justice Agency; ROBERT KELLY, Brooklyn College; and JEFFREY FAGAN, Rutgers University

"Metropolitan Gang Influence and the Emergence of Group Delinquency in Regional Communities," RICHARD ZEVITZ, Marquette University and SUSAN TAKATA, University of Wisconsin, Parkside

"Juvenile Gang Activity in Texas-Research in Progress," MARY PELZ, University of Houston Downtown and ELIZABETH McCONNELL, Southwest Texas University

Discussant: KATHRINE JOHNSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

PANEL26 SPRUCE

Research on Terrorism

Chair /Discussant: FRANKLYNROBBINS, Community College of Rhode Island

Papers:

"Into the 1990s: Predictions of Terrorism in the United States for the Next Decade," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University

"The Terrorist Challenge to the Rule of Law: The British Experience," WILLIAMNELSON, James Madison University

"One Man's Terrorist... ," JEFFERYWALKER, Sam Houston State University

"Witches, Demons, and Communists: Conspiracy Theory and Terrorism," JONATHAN WIDTE, Grand Valley State University

23 5�Ual_ MIS Foundation Security Research Competition The ASIS Foundation funds research proposals that will make a contribution to the security body of knowledge. Theoretical and applied projects are eligible for consideration.

In 1989 the Foundation presented two cash awards of $6,000 each. These figures may be used as a guide line for 1990 requests, however larger grants may be possible due to the Foundation's fund raising success.

In support of President Bush's call for national support of the war on drugs, the 1990 ASIS Foundation Security Research Competition shall emphasize the President's challenge. Re­ search proposals in support of the anti-drug effort are earnestly solicited.

For applications call or write: Charles H. Davidson, Staff Director, ASIS Foundation, Inc. 1655 N. Fort Myer Drive, Suite 1200 Arlington, VA 22209 (703) 522�5800

Deadline: July 1, 1990, for awards to be distributed in the fall of 1990.

I The 5th Annual ASIS Foundation Security Research Competition is sponsored by the ASIS Foundation, Inc. I

I would like to thank all of the program committee for their efforts in

putting this program together. Particular recognition goes to Philip

Reichel for help with local arrangements. Additionally, the ACJS

staff at Northern Kentucky University (Pat DeLancey, Mary Jo

Hardcorn, Michael Thomson, and the student workers) is gratefully

acknowledged for their immense work in completing all of the

arrangements for this year's Annual Meeting, a complex and demanding task that few comprehend. To all, my sincere thanks.

Harry E Allen

1990 Program Chair TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANELZl DENVER Issues in Drug Education

Chair /Discussant: RALPHWEISHEIT, Illinois State University

Papers: "Social Learning and Deviance Abstention: Toward Understanding the Reasons for Initiating, Quitting, and Avoiding Drugs," L THOMAS WINFREE JR, New Mexico State University and CHRISTINE SELLERS, Northern Arizona University

"Substance Abuse Resistance Education Across the Curriculum: Strategies for Educators in the 90's," VERNON WHERRY, Mercyhurst College

"Program Evaluation: Victoria Police Drug Abuse Resistance Education-A First in Canada," SANDRA-GAILWALKER, Fairfield Community Police Station

PANEL28 CEDAR Revisiting the Antisocial Personality

Chair/Discussant: WILLIAM PARSONAGE, Pennsylvania State University

Papers: "Have We Gotten Anywhere? A Search for Consensus Regarding the Definition and Treatment of the Psychopathic Personality," JACQUELINE HELFGOTI, Pennsylvania State University and DALE SMITH,University of Washington

"The Use of the Diagnosis 'Antisocial Personality' With Inmates," GAILFLINT, Kent State University

PANEL19 BIRCH

Roundtable: The Impact of Blake v. City of Los Angeles on the Los Angeles Police Department

Convener: MICHAEL HOOPER, Los Angeles Police Department

Participants: GEORGE FELKENES, Claremont Graduate School JAMES lASLEY, California State University-Fullerton

PANEL30 TERRACE Student Panel: Sanctions

Chair/Discussant: JOHN CRANK, Washington State University

Papers: "Drug Laws in the United States Viewed as Reverse Social Controls," MICHELEFA HEY, University of Colorado

"The Combined Effect of Formal Sanctions, Informal Sanctions and Moral Commitment on Decisions to Drive After Drinking," CYNTHIA HAYES, California State University, Sacramento

"Does the Family Still Matter? The Effect of the Parent-Child Relationship on Middle-Class Delinquency," BRENDA HUEGEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

"Stop the Slaughter," KIMBERLY McLAUGHLIN and BILLY WNG, East Tennessee State University

"The Impact of Ethnicity on Sentencing Disparity: A North Dakota Case Study," LEWISPARRILL, Universityof North Dakota

25 Here are the answers to the police management problems you can expect to face today and tomorrow Police Practice in the '90s: Key Management Issues

Police department management is changing and these changes require new approaches and techniques. This book brings you new ideas on:

* What contributes to police leadership today * How problem-oriented policing is being implemented * Consolidation of services as an organizational option * Establishing written policies for your department * The debate on legalizing illicit drugs * What to expect from accreditation * Designing a sound program for training supervisors * Legal guidelines on employee drug testing

ORDER FORM Orders from Individuals must be prepaid; Police Practice in the 19Os: Key Management Issues ICMA will bill organizations only. D Enclosed is my check, payable in U.S. Yes! Please send me copy(ies) of Police Practice in dollars, to ICMA. o Please charge to my SA MC the '90s (40346) @ $21.95 ...... $ ___ D D VI D

Handling Charges $ 3.95 Acct. No ..______

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ACJS D Please bill my organization. Purchase order required for all credit orders in JurisJOrganiz.Title ______excess of $100. Purchase order # . Ifwritren P.O. is to Nrume ______follow, please mark it "confrrmation." Invoicesdue andpayable 30 days net. DeptJBldg. ______Pastdue balances will be charged inrerest

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Telephone (

Mall to: ICMA, 1120 G Street, N.W., Bookstores and distributors: Please contact Washington, D.C. 20005 leMA for applicable discount infonnation. Prices F.O.B. When orderingto retain membership quoted are Maryland. Prices guaranteed through June 30,1990. Returns accepted within15 information, please xerox this form. days, if in salable condition. Please allow 3-4 weeks for delivery. 3/90

26 TUESDAY, MARCH 13, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 31 BEVERLY Ethnicity and CrimePatterns

Chair/Discussant: VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

Papers:

"Drug-Related Homicides in Atlanta's Black Community," CYNTHIA FRANCIS, Atlanta University

"Analysis of Fear of Crime in Atlanta's Black Community," M R SHASlDKALA, Atlanta University

"Hispanic Women Offenders Under Custody in New York State," PETRITA HERNANDEZ-ROJAS and ROBERT FISHER, New York State Department of Correctional Services

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990

8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Registration JUNIOR BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 1 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Employment Exchange ASPEN 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Exhibits Open JUNIOR BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 1 4:30 p.m.-5:30 p.m. Police Section Meeting COLUMBINE 5:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. ACJS Regional Meetings Region 1 (NORTHEAST) DENVER Region 2 (SOUTHERN) SPRUCE Region 3 (MIDWEST) SILVER Region 4 (SOUTHWESTERN) CENTURY Region 5 (PACIFIC NORTHWEST) GOLD

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-lO:OO a.m.

PANEL 32 OOWRADO

Views of Crime and Its Control

Chair /Discussant: RICHARDKANIA, University of Louisville

Papers:

Crime and TV Crime in the 1970's-The Crime Wave Hits TV," RICHARD KANIA, University of Louisville

"Cover of Law and Order Campaign Themes in Presidential Races From 1956 to 1988 by News Magazines," JOHN WINDHAUSER, Louisiana State University

"Parental Responsibility for Juvenile Offenses: Historical and Constitutional Issues," GILBERT GElS and ARNOLD BINDER, University of California at Irvine

"New Developments in Terrorist Trials in Northern Ireland," Wll.LIAM NELSON, James Madison University

PANEL 33 SILVER

Workshop: Expert Systems in Law Enforcement

Convener: ROlAND REBOUSSIN, FBI Academy

Participants: ED RATLEDGE, University of Delaware JOAN JAOOBY, Jefferson Institute for Justice Studies JERRY CAMERON, Fernandina Beach Police Department (FL)

27 School of Justice Administration

Why a Degree in Criminal Justice? Our interest in criminal justice extends The criminal justice field is increasing in to continued education for professionals sophistication and technology along with as well: Our divisions, the Southern the rest of the business world; tomorrow's Police Institute and the National Crime criminal justice professionals need an edge Prevention Institute, are internationally to get ahead. At the University of known for quality advanced training of Louisville's School of Justice Admini­ criminal justice professionals. stration, our students gain the edge that doesn't diminish with time: a good edu­ The University of Louisville is located cation. in the heart of Louisville, Kentucky, home of the" Kentucky Derby. It has the charm Why the University of Louisville? and accessibility of a small city with the A prerequisite of good education is train­ amenities frequently found only in much ing with academicians of solid back­ larger cities. And the surrounding coun­ ground. At the School of Justice Admini­ tryside offers ample opportunity for skiing, stration, our 12 full-time faculty members hiking, bicycling and other sports. have terminal degrees in criminal justice, criminology, sociology and law from the Write Us For More Information most prestigious institutions in those dis­ To receive more information on the Uni­ ciplines. versity of Louisville and the School of The master's program is geared to in­ Justice Administration, please contact us: tensive education with emphasis on small School of Justice Administration classes and challenging subjects. Both College of Urban and Public Affairs thesis and comprehensive exam options University of Louisville are available for students who wish to Louisville, KY 40292 continue to the doctoral level or plan to (502) 588-6567 return immediately to the work force. Graduate assistantships offering tuition remission and stipends are also available to qualified students through the School of Justice Administration and the College of Urban and Public Affairs. lNlVERSI1Y of IOUISVILLE

28 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL 34 GOLD

Perspectives on the Death Penalty

Chair: LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University

Papers:

"An Unique History of the Death Sentence," LAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University and RONALD PATTERSON

"War and Capital Punishment," VICfORIA SCHNEIDER, University of Michigan and JOHNSMYKLA, Universityof Alabama

"Toward an Understanding of American Death Penalty Opinion: The Turning Point, 1966-67," ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Discussant: LAURENCEFRENCH, Western New Mexico University

PANEL 35 CENTURY

Special Needs Inmates and Problems

Chair: V SCOTT JOHNSON, Eastern New Mexico University

Papers:

"A Descriptive Study of Male Geriatric Inmates in State Prisons," ERIC BENNETT

"Adjustment of the Older Inmate: A Gender Comparison," PETER KRATCOSKI and SUSAN BABB, Kent State University

"Prison Hierarchies: A Statistical Analysis of the Status of Adult and Juvenile Sex Offenders," ALLEN SAPP and MICHAEL VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University

"Suggestions for Treatment and Case Management of Self-Injurious Behavior," V SCOTT JOHNSON, Eastern New Mexico University; JAMIE MOORHEAD, Horizon Recovery Center; and WENDELL BARBER

Discussant: V SCOTT JOHNSON, Eastern New Mexico University

PANEL 36 SPRUCE

The Prison Release Decision

Chair JDiscussant: LAWRENCE TRAVIS ill, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"Legislator Attitudes Toward Policies to Reduce Prison Crowding," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

"Executive Clemency, the Forgotten Child of the Criminal Justice System," DANIELMENNITI, Shippensburg University

"Who Should We Turn Lose?: Assessing Post-Release Criminal Activity of Florida Felons," WllLIAM BWUNT, University of South Florida; WNN LANZA-KADUCE, University of Florida; SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida at Daytona Beach; ED MANTANARO, Florida Department of Economic and Demographic Research; CLINTON TERRY, Florida International University; and GARY HOLTEN, University of Central Florida

29 YOU'VE CH OSEN THE RIGHT FIELD OF STUDy ..... NOW, CHOOSE TH E RIGHT UNIVERSITY !

%e Crimina{ Justice Center Sam !J{o ustonState f{1niversity !J{u ntsvi{{e, rre7(QS

1965-1990 The crimi nal justice program at Sam Houston State University is celebrating 25 years of improving the quality of justice through education and research.

The Cri minal Justice Center of Sam Houston State University is well known and highly respected nationwide for its eclectic faculty, excellence in research and continuing edu­ cation programs, and outstanding alumni who hold positions of leadership in criminal justice throughout the country.

The College of Criminal Justice offers the following degrees:

Bachelor of Arts or Science in Law Enforcement and Police Science or Criminology and Corrections Master of Arts In Criminal Justice and Criminology Master of Science in Criminal Justice Management Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice

Additional features: Access to mainframe and micro-computer labs, excellent criminal justice library holdings, access to large criminal justice data bases for research, 198,000 square foot facility which includes an operational courtro om, television production studio, continuing education complex and 95 room hotel and restaurant.

Sam Houston State University is located in Huntsville, Texas, a historic and colorful community less than an hour's drive north of Houston's Interconti nental Airport. The lakes of East Texas are nearby for sportsand outdoor enthusiasts.

For more info rmation, please call (409) 294-1 635 or write:

College of Criminal Justice Sam Houston State University Huntsville, Texas, 77341 -2296

30 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL 37 DENVER

PsychobiologicalAspects of Criminal Behavior

Chair: DIANAFISHBEIN, University of Baltimore

Papers:

"A Biocriminological Survey of Youth in a Georgia Detention Center," JAY STEPHENS, DAVID GILES, KELLY HOLBERT, KATHY MAKINEN, JULIE GOETZ, MARK HOGUE, and KENNETH CLONTZ, Florida State University

"The Impact of Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation on Intelligence and Brain Function," STEPHENSCHOENTHALER, S P AMOS, W E DORAZ, J PINTO, and J WAKEFIELD, California State University at Stanislaus; and M A KELLY, Oregon Trail Treatment Center

"A Survey of Therapies Used in Tallahassee for Drug and Alcohol Addictions," DINA WILLIAMS, Florida State University

"The Study of Violent and Non-Violent Criminals," GREGORY CORAM, Monmouth College and DEANNASHIELDS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Discussant: DIANA FISHBEIN, University of Baltimore

PANEL 38 CEDAR

Impacts of AIDS on Law Enforcement

Chair: DOUGlAS SHANNON, California State University, Fresno

Papers:

"The Impact of the AIDS Virus on Criminal Justice Agencies," MARK BLUMBERG and ANN EICHELBERGER, Central Missouri State University

"AIDS as a New Police Stressor," BRUCE BERG, Indiana University of Pennsylvania , "AIDS: Policy Development for Law Enforcement Administrators," WILLIAMMcCAMEY, Western Illinois University

Discussant: DOUGlAS SHANNON, California State University, Fresno

PANEL 39 BIRCH

Criminal Lawand the Duty to Act

Chair: J ROBERT LILLY, Northern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Expanding the Legal Duty to Act," JANET PORTER, University of Nebraska at Omaha

"The Relationship Between a Duty to Report Crime and Moral Reasoning," LOUIS VENEZIANO and CAROL VENEZIANO, Southeast Missouri State University

Discussant: J ROBERT LILLY, Northern Kentucky University

31 Sensing when to object. Thinking on one's feet. Knowing the right answer instantly when the judge VERALEX asks, "What is the basis for your objection?" Some skills can't be learned in the office or classroom. And learning in the courtroom can Interactive be learning too late.

Solution: VERALEX® Interactive Video Ubrary. It teaches legal skills by simulating real-life lawyering Video situations.

VERALEX I nteractive Video Ubrary makes teaching more effective and Library learning easier. It provides an opportunity to apply what has been learned, allowing participation in a robbery case ... in a fraud case ... in a OWl case ... in a personal injury case ... in a contract negotiation ... or in one of many other simulations now avai lable on interactive ANew videodisc lessons. I n the trial skills lessons, the participant assumes the role of Dimension counsel and, using a computer keyboard, may interrupt the in Legal proceedings at any time to object. When the judge asks counsel to cite grounds for the objection, the Training participant answers, the judge rules, the ruling is explained, and the video trial resumes. The computer keeps track of all objectionable questions that were overlooked.

Interactive video is an ideal instructional aid for law students and new associates. And seasoned professionals can use it for occasional "brushing up." For more 1!1 VERALEXINC Informadon, or to arrange a � demonstration, call Larry Garrett at the electronic affiliate of 716-546-5006, or write to VERALEX THE LAWYERS CO'OPERATIVE PUBLISHING co. INC., Department of Professional Rochester. New Yo rk t4694 Education, P.O. Box 92824, BANCROFT· WHITNEY co. San FranCISco. Cahfornla 94109 Rochester, NY 14692.

NEW ! ! A lesson in SEARCH & SEIZURE! Ideal fo r teaching students of CriminalJustice , Police Science and Law Enforcement.

32 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:OO a.m.

PANEL 40 COLUMBINE

The Effectiveness of Community-Based Corrections

Chair: JAMES QUINN, University of North Texas

Papers:

"Efficacy of Probation vs. Imprisonment in Reducing Recidivism of Serious Offenders in Israel," BEN-ZION COHEN, University of Haifa and RUTH EDEN, Adult Probation Service (Haifa, ISRAEL)

"Inmate Behavior as a Predictor of Recidivism," HENNESSEY HAYES, Tulane University

"Brief Report on the Analysis of 1985 Recidivism Data for the Alternative House of Beloit, Wisconsin," RICHARD SALEM, JODI VAN lANKVELT, and RONALD FAWCEIT, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

"Community Service Centers in Pennsylvania: An Assessment of Post-Release Outcomes for Female Offenders," TERESA YUSLUM and DAVID RICHWINE, Dauphin County Juvenile Probation Department and JAMES JENGELESKI, Shippensburg University

Discussant: JOHN HOLMAN, University of North Texas

PANEL41 TERRACE

Roundtable: Policing in the European Economic Community: Effects on American Law Enforcement

Convener: GERALD LYNCH, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Participants:

CHARLES BAlIN, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

DOROTHY BRACEY, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

PETER STRAWBRIDGE, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

PANEL 42 CAPITOL

Roundtable: Institutional Corrections From a Cross-Cultural Perspective

Convener: WILLIAM WILKINSON, University of Texas-Pan American-Brownsville

Participants:

DAE CHANG, Wichita State University

ELMER JOHNSON, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

WILLIAM PARSONAGE, Pennsylvania State University

WILLIAM WILKINSON, University of Texas-Pan American-Brownsville

33 10's, Security Badges, Passes, Name Badges, Tickets, Parking Permits that Control Themselves - AUTOMATICALLY

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34 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PANEL 43 COWRADO

AIDS and the Criminal Justice System

Chair: MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University

Papers:

"AIDS in Criminal Justice: Legal Issues," ROlANDO DEL CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

"Policy Implications of AIDS Testing," DENNY lANGSTON, Central Missouri State University

"Criminal Liability in the Transmission of AIDS," JOAN LUXENBURG and THOMAS GUILD, Central State University and ROBIN DUBNER

"AIDS in the Courtroom," DONALD WALlACE, Central Missouri State University

Discussant: MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University

PANEL 44 saVER

Police Education: Status and Future

Chair: WILUAM TAFOYA, Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future

Papers:

"Higher Education Perceptions Among Colorado Law Enforcement Agencies," W H COPLEY, Metropolitan State College

"The Effects of Education on Patrol Officer Satisfaction and Level of Development," MTITIE SOUTHERlAND, Eastern Kentucky University

"The Future of Police Education," CHRIS ESKRIDGE, University of Nebraska at Omaha

Discussant: BRUCE GlASSCOCK, Ft Collins Police Department

PANEL 45 GOLD

Prediction of Dangerousness/Violencc

Chair/Discussant: PATRICIA VAN VOORHIS, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"The Diagnosis is Violence," SUSAN CRIMMINS, Mount Sinai Medical Center and MICHAEL FOLEY, New York Police Department

"Validating a Taxonomic Construct for Rapists Using Survival Analysis," ROBERT PRENTKY, Boston University School of Medicine; AUSTIN LEE, Boston U niversity; RAYMOND KNIGHT, Brandeis University; and DAVID CERCE, Massachusetts Treatment Center

"Prediction of Rapist Type and Violence in Serial Rape From Offender and Victim Statements," ROlANDREBOUSSIN and ROBERT HAZELWOOD, FBI Academy and JANET WARREN, Blue Ridge Hospital

"New Issues in the Concept of Dangerousness," JAMES DAVIS, New York City Department of Probation

35 The Department of Criminal Justice The University of Baltimore

M.S. DEGREE IN CRIMI NAL JUSTICE

� The Department invites you to apply for admis­ councils and agencies located in or near to Baltimore. .. sion to the Master of Science Program in The Program's core courses include Administration Criminal Justice. The Program focuses on the of Justice, Criminal Justice Planning/Systems Applica­ fram work and substance of crime and justice as well tion, Advanced Criminology, and ResearchTechniques.

88 the analytical toolsneeded by criminaljustice leaders. These are supplemented by electives within the The Program utilizes as resources the major fe deral, specializations of Law Enforcement, Courts and Law, state, and metropolitan criminal justice departments, and Corrections.

Our program Is for you If • You are a criminal justice professional or preprofes­ sional with a Bachelor's Degree

• You want to develop or enhance your criminal justice planning and analysis skills.

• You seek a program with flexible day and evening. fu ll-time and part-time scheduling.

In addition to the .M.S. Program, The • Graduate CertUlCatel!l in PoHce Administration and

Department of Criminal Justice offers Correctional Admini stration - programs with specializatol18 in Personnel Administration. Labor Rela­ tions, Program Analysis and Evaluation, -and �neral Administration.

• A J.D./M.S. in Criminal JUltice-a joint program with the University's School of Law.

• A B.S. Degree in Criminal Justice- an inter­ disciplinary programgrounded in a traditional liberal arts perspective.

for more Information regarding these Dr. Kathleen J. Block. Chair pr grams. please contact: Department of Criminal Justice University of Baltimore 1420 N. Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21201 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PA NEL 46 CENTURY

Alcoholism, Recovery and Drunk Driving

Chair: EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"The Proletarian Ethic and the Protestant Ethic: Comparative Ideologies in Recovery From Alcoholism in the USSR and the USA," TIMOTHY ROUSE, Colorado State University

"The Arkansas Omnibus DWI Act," FRED WILSON, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

"Evaluation of a Multiple DUI Program," EDWARD LATESSA and ROBERT LANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

"DWI Offender Education-Central Texas," J D JAMIESON, Southwest Texas State University

Discussant: EDWARD LATESSA, University of Cincinnati

PA NEL 47 SPRUCE

Issues in Criminal Justice Policy and Decision Making

Chair: STAN STOJKOVIC, University of Wisconsin

Papers:

"Risk Classification in Probation and Parole: Issues and Trends," LAWRENCE TRAVIS Ill, University of Cincinnati

"Florida Sentencing Guidelines: A Death of a Thousand Cuts," ROGER HANDBERG and N GARY HOLTEN, University of Central Florida

"Media, Public Opinion and Criminal Justice Decision-Making," LYNETTE LEE-SAMMONS, Washington State University

"Factors Involved in Judicial Release Decisions at Arraignment," SHELAROYO, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

Discussant: STAN STOJKOVIC, University of Wisconsin

PA NEL � DEmfflR

New Applications of the Community/Problem-Oriented Policing Philosophy

Chair: DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University

Papers:

"Problem-Oriented Policing as a Means of Addressing Drug Problems in the Community," DARREL STEPHENS, Police Executive Research Forum

"Community Policing and Group Violence," ROBERTTROJANOWICZ and MARKLANIER, Michigan State University

"Holistic Community Policing: The Aurora, Colorado Experience," GERALD WILLIAMS, Aurora Police Department

Discussant: DAVID CARTER, Michigan State University

37 Criminal Justice Institute

• What IS the Criminal Justice Institute? BCC's Criminal Justice Institute offers comprehensive education programs for training members of all pu blic agencies dealing with crime and the criminal. This includes police, crime detection, prosecution, courts, confinement, rehabil itation, probation, parole, fire science, crime prevention, secu rity, and polygraph.

The Institute views these units and their operations as an integrated system with individuals needing both specialized training in their respective areas plus educa­ tional programs covering the entire system. In this way, the individuals effectiveness in dealing with crime, the criminal and crime prevention is increased.

Broward The Criminal Justice I nstitute works closely with Broward County Police Chiefs to provide workshops Community and seminars drawing on the expertise available through­ out the United States to meet the needs of a changing College society.

CENTRAL CAMPUS SOUTH CAMPUS NORTH CAMPUS 3501 Southwest Davie Road 7200 W. Hol lywood Boulevard 1000 Coconut Creek Boulevard Fort Lauderdale, (Davie) Florida 33314 Hollywood, Florida 33024 Pompano Beach, Florida 33066 (305) 475-6790 (305) 963-8835 (305) 973-2218

Programs in Degrees in Degrees in Police Basic Training Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Corrections Basic Training Corrections Law Enforcement Police Career Development Law Enforcement Corrections Ch emical Te sts Security Seminars & Workshops WED NESDA Y, MARCH 14, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m.

PANEL 49 CEDAR

Drug Enforcement and Education

Chair: MICHAEL BROWN, Southeast Missouri State University

Papers:

"The Untapped Resource: Enlisting Part-Time Patrol Personnel in the War on Drugs," W FRED WEGNER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"The Expanded Role of the Military in Federal and State Drug Interdiction Operations," THOMAS FOSTER, Ohio State University at Mansfield

"The Police Counselor Program: Drugs and Violence in Schools," RONALD CARTER m, University Park Police Department (IL)

Discussant: MICHAEL BROWN, Southeast Missouri State University

PANEL 50 BIRCH

Roundtable: Managing Direct Supervision Jails

Convener: KEN KERLE, American Jail Association

Participants:

JAMES BlACK, Larimer County Sheriffs Office

VINCENT SWINNEY, Washoe County Sheriffs Office

BERNARD BARRY, EI Paso County Sheriffs Office

PA NEL S1 COLUMBINE

Workshop: Publishing inPolice Periodicals

Convener: GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University

Participants:

DOROTHY BRACEY, Police Studies

GARY CORDNER, American Journal of Police

PETER DODENHOFF, Law Enforcement News

STEPHEN GlADIS, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin

CHARLES IDGGINBOTHAM, The Police Chief and Journal of Police Science and Administration

WAYMAN MULLINS, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology

39 The School of CrimInal JustIce The University at Albany announces the MIchael J. Hindelang FellowshIp fo r Doctoral Studies

With an annual value exceeding $13,000, Hindelang Fellowships are available to outstanding students pursuing doctoral studies in criminal justice. Each award carries an academic year stipend of $11,000, plus full tuition and fees. There is no work assignment associated with these fellowships so students are free to pursue their course work on a full-time basis.

The School of Criminal Justice at Albany offers a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to the study of crime and, since its inception in 1968, has been viewed as the premiere program in the field. The faculty of the School and the Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Center are committed to scholarship and research of the highest level and to the education of doctoral students to carry on this tradition. A fu ll range of courses, as well as teaching and research opportunities, are available at the School.

Michael 1. Hindelang was a member of this faculty from 1970 until his death in 1982. During his brilliant career as a researcher and teacher, he pioneered new areas of criminological research, advanced theoretical and methodological frontiers of our field, and helped educate a generation of students who shared his zeal and enthusiasm for criminal justice research. This Fellowship program is established to continue the tradition of excellence he began by providing financial support for outstanding new doctoral students.

Further infonnation about the Hindelang Fellowship and the School can be obtained from:

Office of the Dean Application Deadline School of Criminal Justice April The University at Albany 15 135 We stern Avenue Albany, New York 12222 (5 18) 442-5210 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PANEL 52 TERRACE

Debate on the Effectiveness of Arrests as Responses to Domestic Violence

Chair: EVE BUZAW A, University of Lowell

Papers:

"The Ineffectiveness of Arrests for Domestic Violence," ARNOLD BINDER, University of California at Irvine

"The Effectiveness of Arrests for Domestic Violence," lAWRENCE SHERMAN, Crime Control Institute

Discussant: EVE BUZAW A, University of Lowell

PANEL 53 CAPITOL

Crime and Corrections in Japan

Chair: ELMER JOHNSON, _S outhern Illinois University at Carbondale

Papers:

"Yakuza (Criminal Gangs) in Japanese Prisons: Their Characteristics and How They are Managed," ELMER JOHNSON, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

"Exploring Relationships Between Economic Factors and Criminality in Japan," MICHAEL VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University

"A Comparative Analysis of Female Policing in India, Japan, and the United States of America," MANGAI NATARAJAN, Rutgers University

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 54 COWRADO

AIDS: Corrections and Service Networks

Chair: TOM COOK, Southeastern Oklahoma State University

Papers:

"From Volunteerism to Bureaucracy: The Development of the AIDS Service Network," SUSAN REED, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

"AIDS-Related Policies and Procedures in Probation," ARTHURL URIGIO and JOHN PETRAITIS, Loyola University of Chicago and BRUCE JOHNSON, Northwestern University

"Knowledge of and Attitudes Towards AIDS Among Prisoners," M MIZANUR MIAH and J MICHAEL OLIVERO, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

Discussant: TOM COOK, Southeastern Oklahoma State University

41 ILL

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42 THE SOURCE FOR SUCCESS IN EVERY COURSE!

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RANDY MARTIN, ROBERT J. MUTCHNICK, & W. TIMOTHY AUSTIN CRIMINOLOGICAL THOUGHT traces the major theoretical controversies and developments in criminology, illustrating the interactive and dynamic nature of the field. In addition to such early theorists as Beccaria, Lombroso, and Durkheim, the book also includes Freud, Robert E. Park, William Sheldon, and other pioneers in criminological thought who have not traditionally been recog­ nized in textbooks.

THE RICH GET RICHER AND THE POOR GET PRISON Ideology, Class, and Criminal Justice 21e , 1990 JEFFREY REIMAN Proposing that the criminal justice system is biased against the poor in its very definitions of crime, this book argues that many acts not treated as serious crimes pose as great a danger as those acts that are so defined. This new edition brings all discussions up to date, and includes extensive documentation, chapter summaries, and study questions.

CRIMINAL LAW 1989 SUE TITUS REID

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RESEARCH METHODS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2/e, 1989 FRANK E. HAGAN

OR CONTACT MACMILLAN PUBLISHING COMPANY COLLEGE DIVISION 866 THIRD AV ENUE • NEW YO RK, NY 10022 • (800) 428-3750 Collier Macmillan Canada, Inc.: (4 16) 449-6030 43 PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FROM THE OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE

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D Terrorism and Political Violence: An Egyptian Perspective hr General Ahmed Galal Ezeldin 511.00 D I �ternational Terrorism: The Domestic Response Editors: Richard H. Ward and Harold E. Smith $11.00 D International Terrorism: Operational Issues Editors: Richard H. Wa rd and Harold E. Smith $15.00 D International Terrorism: The Decade Ahead Editor: Jane Rae Buckwalter $7.50 D International Drug Trafficking Editor: Dennis Rowe $15.00 D Transnational Crime: Investigative Responses Editor: Harold E. Smith 57.50 D On Doing Less Harm: Western European Alternatives to Incarceration $19.00 (Cloth) by David Fogel $14.00 (Paper) D Justice in Israel: A Survey of Criminal Justice by Gad Bensinger $9.50 D Managing Police Corruption: International Perspectives Editors: Richard H. Wa rd, Roben McConnack. Dorothy Bracey $9.00

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44 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 55 SILVER

Management Issues

Chair/Discussant: JOHN BURGE, California State University, Fresno

Papers:

"Flattening the Organization: An Alternative Approach to Police Management," JOHN BURGE, California State University, Fresno

"Reflective Examination of the 1980 New Mexico Prison Riot," REID MONTGOMERYJR, University of South Carolina

"Managing Sexual Harassment Issues and Complaints," MARSON JOHNSON, CARMEN MYERS, and JAMES HALSTED, University of South Florida at Lakeland and DAVID GEARY, Virginia Commonwealth University

"A Comparative Analysis of Job Stress Among Police, Correctional, and Probation/Parole Officers," BERNIE PATfERSON, Valdosta State College

PANEL 56 GOLD

Issues ConTronting Women Entering the Law Enforcement and Corrections Arena

Chair/Discussant: SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida at Daytona Beach

Papers:

"Suggestions for the Greater Integration of Female Police Officers into Law Enforcement," PEARL JACOBS, Sacred Heart University

"A Case Study of Black and White Women in an Urban Department," NATALIE SOKOWFF, BARBARA PRICE, and IRKA KULESHNYK, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

"An Examination of Issues and Department Policies Relating to Women in Law Enforcement and Corrections that Arise From the Condition of Being Pregnant: A National Study," PATRICIA WATSON, University of South Carolina

"Conflicts for Women Working in a Jail Facility," JOANNE BELKNAP and JULIEJODARSKI, University of Cincinnati

PANEL 57 CENTURY

Issues and Orientations in Correctional Treatment

Chair/Discussant: DEBORAH WILSON, University of Louisville

Papers:

"The Impact of Robert Martinson's Work on the Treatment of Offenders on American Correctional Theory and Policy," JOSE SANCHEZ, Kean College of New Jersey

"To Punish or Rehabilitate?: The Goal of State Correctional Departments as Defined by State Legal Codes," RENEE KOPACHE and VELMER BURTON JR, University of Cincinnati

"The Correctional Orientation of Bermuda Prison Guards: Attitudes Toward Custody and Rehabilitation," VELMER BURTON JR and XING JU, University of Cincinnati and NANCY WOLFE, University of South Carolina

"Maryland's Patuxent Institution: What Future for Correctional Treatment?" THOMAS COURTLESS, George Washington University

45 Considering a Graduate Degree in Criminal Justice? Here are some important things to think about. A major international university Located two miles from the birthplace of the U. S. Constitution Situated in the center of Greater Metropolitan Philadelphia Centered at theheart of the New York to Washington, D.C. megalopolis Diverse research opportunities Part-time and full-time criminal justice job opportunities Teaching and research aSSistantships Fi nancial assistance 1[1 A distinguished, multidiSciplinary faculty - A large graduate and undergraduate department in the College of Arts and Sciences TEMPLE UNIVERSITY

The Criminal Justice Program at Temple Ph.D. Program Anticipated Fall 1990 As one of the nation's largest and most diversified TheDepartment of Criminal Justice antidpates criminal justice education, training and research offering an outstanding research oriented program for centers, the Criminal Justice Deparbnent at Temple students seeking the Ph.D. Pending final approval, offers graduate students a unique opportunity for the program will begin accepting students for the Fall professional development Themultidisciplinaty Term 1990. The doctoral degree in criminal justice is faculty provides opportunities for study in police, designed for students seeking to enter or continue courts, corrections and juvenile justice as well as careers in research, teaching and policy analysis. specialized courses in research, planning, evaluation, Interested students should inquire at theearli est administration and policy making. The key word is possible date. flexibility. You can design your program to emphasizeyour individual interests. Templ e University and Philadelphia The Department houses an undergraduate Temple enrolls more than 32,000 students and program with more than 600 students, a Criminal employs a faculty of 2500 in 16 schools and colleges Justice Training Center, an International Study on six domestic and five international campuses. The Program in London and a variety of faculty directed graduate Criminal Justice program is located on the research projects. Theseprograms offer the graduate University's main campus in downtown Philadelphia. student a number of teaching, research and part-time Philadelphia is the key city in a greater job opportunities. Federal, state and local metropolitan area of approXimately six million practitioners supportthe program by offering persons and it is centrally located in the eastern additional research and job opportunities. Practical, megalopolis. It is a richly diverse cultural, social and hands-on opportunitiesare available to help you economic environment that provides students with start your career even while continuingyour studies. the opportunity to enjoy a variety of activities including theater, sports, concerts, ballet, opera, art Financial Aid and Applications and historical museums, jazz and other musical Several financial aid programs are available for entertainment, fine dining and a rich night life. graduate students and criminal justice students are eligible for teaching and research assistantships. Applications for theMaster of Arts program are Consider a Graduate Degree accepted continuously. Students interested in in Criminal Justice from Temple finandal aid should submittheir applications for the Fall Semester by May 1 and the Spring Semester by Call (215) 787-1375 Or, writeto: September 1. Department of Criminal Justice. Temple University. Gladfelter Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122

------�------�-� -��---��------WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 58 SPRUCE

Patterns of Crime I

Chair /Discussant: LEON PEITIWA Y, University of Delaware

Papers:

"Routine Time Use of Working and Nonworking Residential Burglars," GEORGE RENGERT, Temple University

"A High Resolution View of Micro-Ecological and Contextual Patterns of Homicide in Black Neighborhoods," ALLEN BARRETT, Virginia Commonwealth University

"The Incidence of Violence Crime: A Multiple Community Comparison," KEITH PARKER, University of Nebraska at Lincoln

"Patterns of Mass Murder 10 California: Analysis and Trends," JAMES POlAND, California State University, Sacramento

PANEL 59 DENVER

Police Work, Function, and Social Control

Chair /Discussant: ROBERT lANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

Papers:

"The Pyramid of Policing: An Analysis of the Theoretical and Structural Articulation of Policework in the U.S.," JAMES ALBRITTON, Mercer University

"Spatial Patterns and Temporal Rhythms of Police Calls for Service," JAMES LeBEAU, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

"Social Control on Campus: The Structure and Function of Campus Police Agencies," JOHN SWAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham

"Police Growth and Social Control: An Examination of Three Perspectives, Phoenix 1948-1988," MAHESH NALlA, Northern Arizona University and MICHAEL LEIBER, University of Northern Iowa

PANEL 60 CEDAR

Perceptions and LossesVictims of

Chair /Discussant: DONALD ANSPACH, University of Southern Maine

Papers:

"Installment Plan Mutual Fund and Corporate Crime: The Case of First Investors," DONALD ANSPACH, University of Southern Maine

"The Danger of Viewing Addicts as Victims," WILLIAM WILBANKS, Florida International University

"Mass Murder and Attempted Mass Murder: An Exploratory Study," SUSANNA CORNETT, Rutgers University

"Effects of Criminal Justice System Intervention in Domestic Violence Cases: The Next Step-The Courts," JAN MICKISH, Colorado Domestic Violence Coalition and SUSAN CALHOUN-STUBER, Gateway Battered Women's Shelter (Aurora, CO)

47 THE FOUNDATION PRESS, INC. COLLEGE DEPARTMENT THE FOUNDATION PRESS, INC. 615 MERRICK AVENUE I I WESTBURY, NY 11590-6607 516-832-6950

Pioneers in top-flight teaching materials Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement and Police Science programs.

Brand new -- for courses fully devoted to business crime & white collar crime... Harry First Cases & Materials on BUSINESS CRIME 1990 PROBLEMS OF SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LA W. Business Crime. Principles of Liability Sanctions. PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. Corporation Privileges. The Grand Jury. Government Evidence Gathering Interplay between Civil and Criminal Proceedings.

New edition -- for courses emphasizing the law of criminal procedure ...

Lloyd L. Weinreb LEADING CONSTITUTIONAL CASES ON CRMINAL JUSTICE, 1989 Edition Soft-cover. Supreme Court opinions, without editorial comentary. The Constitution of the U.S.: Selected Provisions. Due Process of Law. The Fourth Ammendment: Arrest & Search & Seizure. Electronic Surveillance. Agents & Informers & Entrapment. The Right to Counsel. The Privilege Against Self­ Incrimination. Lineups. Preliminary Examination. Bail. The Right to a Speedy Trial. Plea-Bargaining. Trial by Jury. Trial. Double Jeopardy. Sentence. Collateral Attack.

New editions - for courses combining substantive & procedural criminal law ... Ronald M. Boyce & Rollin M. Perkins Cases & Materials on CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE, 7th 1989 The Substantive Criminal Law. Procedure and Enforcement.

Fred E. Inbau, James R. Thompson, James B. Zagel & James P. Manak CRIMINAL LAW AND ITS ADMINISTRATION, 4th 1990 Substantive Ciminal Law. Basic Legal Concepts Regarding Proof of Guilt. Legal Limitations upon Law Enfo rcement Practices and Procedures.

New edition -- the use of social scientific methods & findings in the law ... John Monahan & Laurens Walker Cases & Materials on SOCIAL SCIENCE IN LAW, 2nd 1990

Other proven coursebooks for classes on criminal law & criminal justice... James B. Haddad, James B. Zagel, Gary L. Starkman & William Bauer Cases & Materials on CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 3rd 1987 with 1989 Supplement

Fred E. Inbau, Andre A. Moenssens & James R. Thompson Cases & Comments on CRIMINAL LAW, 4th 1987

John Kaplan & Jerome H. Skolnick CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 4th: Introductory Cases & Materials 1987

V.A. Leonard & Harry W. More, Jr. POLICE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT, 7th 1987

Peter W. Low, John Calvin Jeffries, Jr. & Richard J. Bonnie THE TRIAL OF JOHN W. HINCKLEY, JR: A Case Study in the Insanity Defense 1986

Frank W. Miller, Robert O. Dawson, George E. Dix & Raymond I. Parnas Cases & Materials on CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION, 3rd 1986 with 1989 Supplement (for courses on the law of criminal procedure) Reprinted as THE POLICE FUNCTION, 4th and PROSECUTION & ADJUDICATION, 3rd Frank W. Miller, Robert O. Dawson, George E. Dix & Raymond I. Parnas THE JUVENILE JUSTICE PROCESS, 3rd {cases & materials} 1985 Andrew A. Moenssens, Fred E. Inbau & James E. Starrs SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL CASES, 3rd 1986

Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald M. Boyce CRIMINAL LAW, 3rd {text} 1982 Lloyd L. Weinreb CRIMINAL LAW, 4th: Cases, Comments, Questions 1986

Lloyd W. Weinreb CRIMINAL PROCESS, 4th: Cases, Comments, Questions 1987 with 1989 Supplement

Charles H. Whitebread & Christopher Slobogin CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 2nd: An Analysis of Cases and Concepts {text} 1986 with 1989 Supplement

48 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL61 BIRCH

Workshop: Classification of Self-Injurious Behavior: Guidelines for Treatment and Prediction of Prognosis in Correctional Settings

Convener: V SCOTT JOHNSON, Eastern New Mexico University

Participants:

JAMIE MOORHEAD, Horizon Recovery Center

WENDELl- BARBER

PANEL 62 COLUMBINE

Drug Enforcement in Public Housing

Chair: DAVID HAYESLIP, National Institute of Justice

Papers:

"Drug Enforcement in Public Housing: An Overview of What we Know," DAVID HAYESLIP, National Institute of Justice

"Problem Oriented Policing as an Approach to Drug Enforcement in Public Housing," JOHN ECK, Police Executive Research Forum

"Drug Enforcement in Public Housing: An Examination of Six Cities," TERRY DUNGWORTH, Rand Corporation

"Drugs and Public Housing: Toward the Development of an Effective Police Response," SAMPSON ANNAN, Police Foundation

Discussant: CRAIG UClDDA, National Institute of Justice

PANEL 63 TERRACE

Predicting, Preventing, and Treating Delinquency

Chair: MICHAELWIATROWSKI, Florida Atlantic University

Papers:

"Delinquency Prevention in a Youth Services Bureau," MICHAELWIATROWSKI and STEVENALEXANDER, Florida Atlantic University

"Effective Juvenile Services," KENNETH VIEGAS, University of Oregon

"Practitioner's Views of Causes of Delinquency," HARLEE HOLBROOK, Bemidji State University

"An Analysis Used to Predict Success of the First-Time Offender While Under Probation Supervision," MICHAEL LmERTON, MITCHELL SILVERMAN, and WILLIAM BWUNT, University of South Florida

Discussant: MICHAEL WIATROWSKI, Florida Atlantic University

49 ATTENTION MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES:

SUBSCRIBE AT The JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE is an international journal intended to fill the present need for the dissemination of new information, ideas and methods, to both A SPECIA L practitioners and academicians in the criminal justice system. The journal is MEMBERSHIP RATE: concerned with all aspects of the criminal justice system in terms of their relationships to each other. Although materials are presented relating to crime and the individual elements of the criminal justice system, the emphasis of the journal Journal of is to tie together the functioning of these elements and to illustrate the effects of their interactions. Emphasis is put on articles which reflect the application of new Criminal disciplines or analytical methodologies to the problems of criminal justice. Justice RECENT ARTICLES A.M. Durham, III (USA): Managing the Costs of Modern Corrections: Implications of An International Journal Nineteenth·Century Privatized Prison· Labor Programs. A.K. Lund, ,. Stuster and A. Fleming (USA): Special Publicity and Enforcement of Editor-in-Chief: California's Belt Use Law: Making a "Secondary" Law Work. Kent B. Joscelyn, B.R. McCarthy (USA): The Use of Jail Confinement in the Disposition of Felony Attorney, Joscelyn and Treat, P.c., Arrests. P.O. Box 1563, Ann Arbor, MI 481 06

FREE SAMPLE COPY SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST. Volume 18, 1990 Published 6 Issues Per Annum ISSN 0047-2352 One·year Subscription Rate (1 990) US$245.00 Two·year Rate (1 990/91) US$465.50 f!) Professional Rate (1 990) US$ 75.00 PERGAMON PRESS One-year Rate for members of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences US$ 40.00 us: Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523 USA UK Headington Hill Hall, Oxford Dollar prices quoted apply in North and South America only. For the rest of the world apply OX3 OBW England to the nearest Pergamon office. Journal prices include postage and insurance. Prices and Member of Maxwell Macmillan proposed publication date are subject to change without prior notice. Pergamon PublIshmg Corporation

ATTENTION

POLICY --- POLICY --- POLICY ALL MEETING SPACE IS NON-SMOKING ATTENDEES MUST WEAR NAMETAG:

-- IN EXHIBIT HALL

- - IN BREAKOUT ROOMS

-- TO ALL FOOD FUNCTIONS WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 64 BEVERLY

Historical Corrections

Chair/D iscussant: BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University

Papers:

"Escapes From Menard Penitentiary, 1878-1918," BEVERLY SMITH, Illinois State University

"Historical Review of the Basic Dimensions in Correctional Treatment," DAREK NIKlAS, Rhode Island College

"Women Prisoners in the Allegheny County Jail, 1892-1923," JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University and LYNNE ADRIAN, University of Alabama

PANEL 65 CAPITOL

What Works in Other Countries? Cross-National Comparisons of Reactions Towards Crime

Chair: RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University

Papers:

"Comparison of Community Corrections in the UK and the U S," JAMES BYRNE, University of Lowell

"Taking Off in Opposite Directions? Recent Trends in Juvenile Justice in the US and the Federal Republic of Germany," HElKE GRAMCKOW, Friedrich Naumann Foundation

"Cross-National Comparison of Time Served," JAMESLYNCH, American University

"Anticipatory Bail: A Comparison of Four Systems," FE DEVINE, University of Southern Mississippi

"Gun Control and People Control in Great Britain," DAVID KOPEL, CATO Institute

Discussant: RICHARD TERRILL, Georgia State University

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 66 COWRADO

Perspeclives on Homicide

Chair: PRABHA UNNITHAN, Colorado State University

Papers:

"The Problem of Child Homicide: Cross-National Patterns and Issues," PRABHA UNNITHAN, Colorado State University

"Homicide: Then and Now," OBIE ClAYTON JR and VINCENTWEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha

"Officer Deaths: An Examination of the St Louis Metropolitan Police Department," DAVID McELREATH, Southeast Missouri State University

Discussant: PRABHA UNNITHAN, Colorado State University

51 Programs and deadlines remaining for 1990: Punishment and Control of Offe nders Apprehension, Prosecution, and Voncile Gowdy, 202-724-2951 Adjudication of Criminal Offe nders Cy cle 2: June 1, 1990 Bernard Auchter, 202-724-2952 Cy cle 2: May 11, 1990 Victims of Crime Richard Ti tus, 202-724-7686 Drugs, Alcohol, and Crime Cycle 2: May 25, 1990 Bernard Gropp er, 202-724-7631 Cy cle 2: May 9, 1990 Violence Prevention and Control Drug Te sting in Community Richard Rau, 202-724-7631 Corrections Cycle 2: Ap ril 27, 1990 Doris MacKenzie, 202-724-7460 Single cycle: March 30, 1990 White Collar and Organized Crime Ethnographies of Property Lois Mock, 202-724-7684 Offe nders Cy cle 2: June 8, 1990 Winifred Reed, 202-724-763 6 Single cycle: Ap ril 20, 1990 The annual !lesearch Program Plan tells you how to apply fo r research grants in Public Safe ty and Security these programs, listed here with application George Shollenberger, 202-724-2956 deadlines and names and , telephone Cy cle May 2: 18, 1990 number of program managers. Fo r a free copy of the plan, write or call: Offe nder Classification and Natic!nal Institute of JusticelNCJRS Prediction of Criminal Behavior Box WOO Richard Layman, 202-724-7631 Rockville, MD 20850 Cy cle May 2: 2, 1990 800-85J-3420 or 301�25J-5500

Note: Fu nding of these Programs is contingent upon app ropriations by the US. Congress.

52 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 67 SILVER Police Officer Motivation and Satisfaction

Chair /Discussant: SCOTI CUNNINGHAM, Tampa Police Department

Papers: "Asian-American Police Officers' Work Motivations: San Francisco," YOUN-WOO JUNG, San Jose State University

"An Examination of Police Patrol Officer Level of Development," MfITIE SOUTHERlAND, Eastern Kentucky University

"Job Satisfaction and Work-Related Attitudes of Police Officers," JAMES FAGIN, Wichita State University

"Faded Blue: Oral History Project of Law Enforcement Officers Who Served, Circa 1920's, 30's, to Retirement," JOHN NEE, Mercyhurst College

PANEL 68 GOLD Workshop: Violence in America: Part I

Convener: JOHN CAMPBELL, FBI Academy

Participants:

ROBERT HAZELWOOD, F�I Academy KENNETH LANNING, FBI Academy

PANEL 69 CENTURY Racism and the Criminal Justice System

Chair/Discussant: BERNARD McCARTHY, Jacksonville State University

Papers: "Prosecuting Bias-Related Crime: A Survey Study of New York State District Attorneys," LYLE HALWWELL, St lohn's University and REBECCA HICKS, State University of New York-Stony Brook

"Police Shootings and Constructed Racism," ANN HOWELL, Suffolk University

"In Terms of Ethnicity: Whose Perceived Stress is Lower? White or Minority Patrol Officers," MARK DANTZKER, Texas Southmost College

PANEL 70 SPRUCE

Patterns of Crime n

Chair/Discussant: GEORGE RENGERT, Temple Universitv

Papers: "Crime and the Quality of Life in California," DONALD SCOTI, Louisiana State University

"Crime and the Immigrant," MARGARET GARCIA, Chicago Police Department

"United States: Profile of a War Zone," TADINI BACIGALUPI and DANIEL O'CONNOR, University of Northern Colorado

"Policing and Population Trends in the U S for the Year 2000: Some Issues and Strategies," JAGAN LINGAMNENI, Governors State University

53 ORGANIZED CRIME IN AMERICA: Concepts and Controversy edited by Timothy S. Bynum Issues in Crime and Justice, Volume I, Sponsored by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.

"1recommend that e.Jery serious studentof organized crime moretake than a casual look at Tim Bynum's book. " Robert M. Lombardo, Chicago Police Dept. (from review in IASOC's uCriminal Organizations")

Contents:

UIntroduction: Controversies in the Study of Organized Crime." Timothy S. Bynum uA Brief History of American Syndicate Crime." Humbert S. Nelli uNarcotics Activities of Organized Crime." Peter Lupsha uThe McDonald's.. ization of the Mafia." Howard Abadinski uViolence in Organized Crime: A Content Analysis of the DeCavalcante and DeCarlo Transcripts." Kip Schlegel uFollowing Dirty Money: The Kaufman Commission and Organized Crime." John Dombrink and Malone Melrose uTilting at Windmills: The Chicago Crime Commission v. Organized Crime, 1980-1984." Dennis Hoffman uPredicting the Incidence of Organized Crime: A Preliminary Model." Jay Albanese uAmerica's Toxic Waste Racket: Dimensions of the Environmental Crisis." Frank Scarpitti and Alan Block uUnusual Crime or Crime as Usual: Newspaper I�ages of Corruption at the Interstate Commerce Commission." Merry Morash and Donna Hale ISBN 0.. 9606960 .. 2--4 Published 1987. Single copies $25. (Quantity discounts available for classroom orders.)

Order from: CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRESS a division of Willow Tree Press, Inc. PO Box 249, Monsey, NY 10952, U.S.A. (phone information: 914/354.. 913 9) WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL ?1 DENVER White Collar Crime in Perspective

Chair/Discussant: RONALD HUNTER, Jacksonville State University

Papers:

"The Concept of White-Collar Crime: A Conflict Perspective," STEPHEN BROWN and BILLY LONG, East Tennessee State University

"The Great Savings and Loan Scandal: An Analysis of the Biggest Financial Fraud in American History," FRANK HAGAN and PETER BENEKOS, Mercyhurst College

"Fixing the Thrifts: Prosecution and Regulation in the Great Savings and Loan Scandal," PETER BENEKOS and FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College

"White Collar Crime: A Return to Theory and the Conflict Perspective," KENNETH AYERS, Kentucky Wesleyan College; JAMES FRANK, Michigan State University; and CHARLES FIELDS, Appalachian State University

PANEL 'n CEDAR Student Panel: Juvenile Issues

Chair/Discussant: MARSON JOHNSON, University of South Florida at Lakeland

Papers:

"Youth Gangs: An Historical Perspective," JANELLE DANESHNIA, Kearney State College

"Children's Perceptions and Attraction to Gang's and Selective Gang Related Behavior," LUCI RIVERA and ROSE CHACON', California State University, Los Angeles

"Stalking and Harassing Celebrities and Others: The Fatal Attraction," M CHRISTINA DOBROWOLSKI, University of Cincinnati

"The Use of Personal Recognizance Bonds for Felony Defendants," WENDY RICH-GOLDSCHMIDT

"Reasonable Efforts: Public Law 96-272 Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980," THERESEDONAWELL, University of Texas at EI Paso

PANEL 73 BIRCH Student Panel: Women's Issues

Chair/Discussant: DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University

Papers:

"Woman Battering v. Domestic: The Labeling of a Phenomenon," EliZABETH NEAL, University of Cincinnati

"Female Latino Inmates in the United States - An Historical State of the Art," SUSAN CAMACHO-JONES, University of South Florida at Ft Myers

"Women in Prison," ELIZABETH KNOST, University of Cincinnati

"What Works? Women Work: A Profile of Female Adult Corrections Officers," DOROTHY GOLDSBOROUGH, University of Hawaii, Manoa

"A Study of Female Police Officers in the Western Massachusetts Area," C LEE BENNETf, Westfield State College

55 INTERMEDIATE PUNISHMENTS: Intensive Supervision, Home Confinement and Electronic Surveillance

edited by Belinda R. McCarthy Issues in Crime and Justice, Volume 2, Sponsored by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.

"It is a needed publication that addresses systematically the general issue intensiveof

supervision and home confinement and electronic surveillance. " Vincent O'Leary President, Suny,Albany

Contents:

«Introduction:" Belinda R. McCarthy

Part I: Intensive Supervision

«Georgia's Intensive Probation: Will the Model Work Elsewhere?" Joan Petersilia

«Intensive Supervision in Probation: A Comparison of Three Projects." Todd R. Clear, Suzanne Flynn and Carol Shapiro

«Managing Change in Probation: Principles and Practice in the Implementation of an Intensive Probation Supervision Program." Ronald P. Corbett, Jr., Donald Cochran and James Byrne

«Intensive Supervision: Officer Perspectives." John T. Whitehead and Charles Lindquist

«Taking Qu ality into Account: Assessing the Benefits and Costs of New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program." Frank S. Pearson

«The Effectiveness of Intensive Supervision with High Risk Probationers." Edward J. Latessa

«A Reassessment of Intensive Service Probation." Lawrence A. Bennett

Part II: Home Confinement and Electronic Surveillance «Electronic Monitors." Annesley K. Schmidt and Christine E. Curtis

«Planning for Change: The Use of Electronic Monitoring as a Correctional Alternative." Joseph B. Vaughn

«Horne Confinement and Electronic Surveillance." Thomas G. Blomberg, Gordon P. Waldo and Lisa C. Burcroff

«Palm Beach County's In, House Arrest Work Release Program."

«Horne Incarceration with Electronic Monitoring in Kenton County, Kentucky: An Evaluation." ]. Robert Lilly, Richard A. Balland Jennifer Wright

ISBN 0,9606960,4,0 Published 1987. Single copies $25. (Quantity discounts for classroom orders.)

Order from: CRIMINAL JUSTICE PRESS a division of Willow Tree Press, Inc. PO Box 249, Monsey, NY 10952, U.S.A. (phone information: 914/354,9139) WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 74 COLUMBINE

Criminal Investigation

Chair /Discussant: MICHAEL PALMIOITO, Armstrong State College

Papers:

"Police Informants From A to Z," ROBERT REINERTSEN, Western Illinois University and TIMOTHY SHUMAKER

"Detecting Deception: Comments on the Accuracy of an Controversy About Polygraph Testing in Police Investigation," FRANK HORVATH, Michigan State University

"Context as Constraint: Toward a Framework for the Analysis of Investigative Police Work," STEVEN BRANDL, Michigan State University

"Has the War Against Organized Crime Really Been Won?" WILUAM HYAIT, Western Carolina University

PANEL 75 TERRACE

Program for Delinquents in Transition

Chair/Discussant: MICHAEL NORMAN, Weber State College

Papers:

"J uvenile Diversion Programs: An Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Hidalgo County (TX) Juvenile Court Conference Committee," PIDLIP EfHRIDGE and LINDA O'DANIEL, University of Texas at Pan American

"The Delinquency Reduction Effects of a Wilderness Stress Challenge Program," THOMAS CASTELLANO, THEODORE FERDINAND, IRINA SODERSTROM, and THOMAS WERLICH, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

"Young Parolees: An Assessment of Transitional Factors and Their Adjustment to Community Life," HARVEY McMURRAY, North Carolina Central University

PANEL 76 BEVERLY

Stress and Violence

Chair /Discussant: JEFFREY ROSS, University of Colorado

Papers:

"Violence on the Great Plains: 1865 to 1890," JAMES GILBERT, Kearney State College

"An Examination of Public Opinion, Reported Victimization and Rates of Crime During Economic 'Hard Times' in Texas," WENDELIN HUME and FRANCES REDDINGTON, Sam Houston State University

"An Historical Test of Disaster Theory: The Johnstown Flood of 1889," STEPHEN ARCONA, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Toward a Theory of Terrorism: The Philippine Model," TIMOTHYAUSTIN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

57 DRUGS, CRIME AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Edited by Ralph A. Weisheit Sp ring 1990

VIOLENT CRIME AND GUN CONTROL Issues, Public Policy and Developments Edited by Gerald Robin Fall 1990 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL TI CAPITOL

Criminal Justice Systems in Non-Western Societies

Chair: OBI EBBE, State University of New York-Brockport

Papers:

"Criminal Justice System in Kenya," OBE EBBE, State University of New York-Brockport

"The Rationalization of Crime Control in African Military Regimes in the 1960's Through the 1980's," JAMES OPOWT, Texas Southern University

"Crime by Africans," SAMPSON OLI, Bethune-Cookman College

"Methodological Issues Confronting the Use of Criminal Statistical Data: The Case of Africa," JOHN ARTHUR,Augusta College

Discussant: RICHARD FREY, State University of New York-Brockport

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 78 COWRADO

Crime Prevention and Environmental Design: Changing the Way We Do Business

Chair/Discussant: C R JEFFERY, Florida State University

Papers:

"An Experiment in CPTED," KELLY HOLBERT and DAVID GILES, Florida State University

"An Analysis of Criminal Activity in Commercial Settings," KELLY HOLBERT and DAVID GILES, Florida State University and DEBORAH PATTON and PATSY WILLIS, Tallahassee Police Department

"Convenience Store Robbery in Tallahassee: A Reassessment," RONALD HUNTER, Jacksonville State University

"The Effects of Crime on Small Businesses," BONNIE FISHER, SHAWN HENRY, and TODD PEETZ, Ohio State University

PANEL 79 SILVER Police Supervision and Management

Chair /Discussant: RICHARD HOLDEN, Central Missouri State University

Papers:

"Police Patrol Supervision: Organizational Performance and Officer Satisfaction," MITTIE SOUTHERLAND, Eastern Kentucky University

"An Overview of Field Training Programs," OSWALD GmBONS, University of Houston Downtown and MARK EISENMAN, Houston Police Department

"Real Cop Shows Hit TV: Early Reactions to LETN, the Law Enforcement Television Network," KEITH HALEY, Ohio Peace Officer Training Council

"Police Chief Tenure: Outdated or Coming of Age?" STEVEN EDWARDS, University of Louisville

59 NORTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

The Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences, a regional affiliate of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, was established in 1976. It is composed of educators, criminal justice professionals interested in education and training, and students pursuing careers in criminal justice education, who reside or work in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada.

The goals and objectives of this association are:

..•. To promote th e communication and dissemination of information of interest among members, other asso- ciations of education, and agencies of th e criminal justice system.

...• To develop an overall philosophy and standard of quality education in th e administration of justice•

•..• To encourage both lim ited and long-term planning and research in th e criminal justice system •

...• To establish a vehicle capable of providing technical assistance and evaluative services to agencies of th e

criminal justice system • .... To establish a center for the accumulation and dissemination of student placement information.

------MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION

Name Date Last First Middle Home Mailing Address Phone ( )

Zip City State College or Business Agency Affiliation Phone ( ------)

Academic Degree ------College/University

Area of Specialization

I hereby apply for membership in the NortheasternAssociation of Criminal Justice Sciences as follows:

1. Regular Membershipshall be open to those havingan academic appointment in an institution of higher education recognizedby a regional accrediting association, or a significant involvement in the field of criminal justice in the states of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia,Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec. Dues $15 annually.

2. Student Membership shall be open to those individuals pursuingacademic endeavors in an accredited institution of higher educa­ tion in the area of criminal justice education. Dues $7 annually.

3. Life Membershipshall be open tothose who qualify for Regular Membershipand who apply for and are accepted by the Boardas Life Members. Duesare $150which may be paid over a three year periodby payments ofnot less than $50per year.

Attention Canadian Members: Due to difficulties in exchanging Canadian bank cheques, please pay in cash, travellers checks, postal money orders made payable in US funds, or checks drawn on American accounts. Your cooperation is appreciated.

Membershipshall runfrom January1 to December 31. Forward application and fee to:

NORTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES Secretariat - Community College of Rhode Island * 1762 Louisquisset Pike * Lincoln, RI 02865-4585 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL BO GOLD

Workshop: Violence in America: Part II: Victims' Perspectives

Convener: JOHN CAMPBELL, FBI Academy

Participants:

DOUGLASWELLS

CHRIS WELLS

PANEL 81 DENVER

Issues in Theoretical Criminology

Chair: MARILYN McSHANE, California State University at San Bernardino

Papers:

"James Q Wilson's Work in Criminal Justice," IAURINWOLLAN, Florida State University

"Deconstruction and Radical Criminology: The Deconstruction and Critique of Language and Behavior and its Implications for Radical Theory," MICHAEL LYNCH, Florida State University and RICHARD LYNCH, New England College

"Conceptualizing Crime: Conventional and Nonconventional Violence," STEPHEN BROWN, East Tennessee State University

"Breakthrough Criminology: A Neo-Cognitive Theory of Crime," THOMAS KELLEY, Wayne State University

Discussant: FRANK WILLIAMS, California State University at San Bernardino

PANEL 82 CEDAR

Student Panel: Juveniles

Chair: CHARLES LINDQUIST, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Papers:

"The Treatment and Assessment of the Juvenile Sex Offender," LISA CHAPMAN, Eastern Kentucky University

"Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Child Abuse by Deception," DIANE HUNTER, Chadron State College

"Characteristics of Child Molesters: Those Who Meet the Characteristics Verses Those Who Do Not," JEANNIE PHILLIPS, Western Carolina University

Discussant: CHARLES LINDQUIST, University of Alabama at Birmingham

61 Call for Papers : 1990 Southern Criminal Justice Association

Annual Meeting Octo ber 3-6, 1990 New Orleans Bourbon Orleans Hotel corner of Bourbon and Orleans Streets

Theme: Criminal Justice in the 90's: Innovation and Change Deadline: June 15, 1990

Contact: Ken Ay ers SCJA 1990 Program Chair Criminal Justice Kentucky We sleyar� College Owensboro, KY 42302-1039 (502) 926-3 111 Ext. 207

62 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 83 BIRCH

Student Panel: Law Enforcement Issues

Chair: KATIllEEN GALE, Elmira College

Papers:

"Law Enforcement and AIDS: Knowledge, Risks and Fears in the Workplace," DOUGLAS YEARWOOD, North Carolina Central University

"Assessment Center in Police Selection," HARLEY ALLENJR, Eastern Kentucky University

"Small Town Community vs the Big Metropolitan City Community Input into Police Policy-Making Decisions," LEE MARTIE and RICK MIKESH, Bemidji State University

"Loss Prevention Managers: An Occupational Study," DAWN SAYNE, University of Cincinnati

Discussant: KATID.EEN GALE, Elmira College

PANEL 84 TERRACE

ManagingDelinquents

Chair /Discussant: THOMASCASTELLANO, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

Papers:

"Attitudes of Youth Corrections Professionals Toward Juvenile Justice Reform and Policy Alternatives-A Utah Study," MICHAEL NORMANand GEORGE BURBIDGE, Weber State College

"Florida Offenders Under the Age of 18 Sentenced to Adult Prisons," KIMBERLY BUDNICK and TED TOLLETT, Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services

"The Assessment of the Sentenced Juvenile Offender Using Multiple Constructs and Measures," KENNE1HW ANB ERG, ClAUS TJADEN, and CAROL GARRETf, Colorado Division of Youth Services

"Juvenile Offenders and Marginality in Dublin, Ireland," EOINMURP HY, East Wicklow Institute

PANEL 85 BEVERLY

The Future Through History

Chair/Discussant: JOHN McWILLIAMS, Pennsylvania State University-Dubois

Papers:

"Revisiting the Wickersham Commission After 60 Years: Measures of Good Intentions and Tests of Success," JAMES CALDER, University of Texas at San Antonio

"Cocaine Use in the 1980s in Historical Perspective," MAGNUS SENG, Loyola University of Chicago

"Social Control in Post-Organic Societies: A Theoretical Perspective," SHElA VANNESS, Indiana State University

"The West Virginia State Penitentiary at Moundsville," JOHN WARNER JR, West Virginia Wesleyan College

63 Midwestern

Criminal Justice Association

CALL FOR PAPERS

ANNUAL MEETING MID\\TESTERN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ASSOCIATION

OCTOBER 3-5, 1990

THE CONGRESS HOTEL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

Crime and Justice: Problems andprospects in the 1990's

The MC]A invites abstracts and proposals for panels, workshops and roundtable sessions for its 1990 Annual Meeting. Scholarly presentations are solicited in all areas of criminal justice including:

.....Hist orical, theoretical and methodological issues in the study of crime and the justice system, international perspectives ...... """'Police management, police science, technology and law enforcement, community policing, police operations, trends in policing ...... """The judicial process and trends, plea bargaining, preventive detention, alternatives to adjudication, adversary system and legal process ...... Corr ectional standards and practices, correctional philosophies, alternatives to prison, deterrence and incapacitation, private prisons...... Cri minal justice education and training, dissemination of kpowledge, evaluation of criminal justice policies, informing policy-makers, public opinion politics and trends in criminal justice ......

To be accepted for program placement abstracts and proposals for papers, panels, roundtables or workshops must be submitted to the program committee by May 31, 1990. Studentpapers are encouraged.

Please address all mailings to:

Frank Horvath, MCJA Program Chair School of Criminal Justice 512 Baker Hall Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (517-355.. 221 0/2197)

Individuals requesting audio visual equipment will be billed directly for fees associated with the use of these items. 64 WEDNESDAY, MARCH 14, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 86 CAPITOL Looking at Crime Control Througherent Diff Lenses

Chair/Discussant: MAHENDRASINGH, Grambling State University

Papers: "Crime Control in a Changing Context: Soviet Experience," MAHENDRA SINGH, Grambling State University

"Perestroika in Soviet Administration of Criminal Justice," STANLEY VANAGUNAS, Arkansas State University

"Long Term Recidivism in the German Democratic Republic," GUENTHER KRAEUPL, Friedrich-Schiller University

"Prostitution and the Law in the Netherlands," INEKE MARSHALLand CHRISTOPHERMARS HALL, University of Nebraska at Omaha

"A Description of the New Zealand Police Using the McKinsey 7-S Framework," DAVID BURNS, Massey University

PANEL 86A CENTURY Roundtable: Asian Immigrants and Crime

Convener: MARK POGREBIN, University of Colorado at Denver

Participants: GERALDWILLIAM S, Aurora Police Department (CO) MIKE THRAPP, Aurora Police Department (CO) JOEL HUMPHREY, Denver Police Department (CO)

THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990

8:00 a.m.-5:00p.m. Registration JUNIOR BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 1 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m. JCJE Editorial Board Breakfast ASSEMBLY 3 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m. 1991 ACJS Program Committee Meeting BILTMORE 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Employment Open ASPEN 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Exhibits Open JUNIOR BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 1 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m. Plenary Session I COLUMBINE 12:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m. ill Editorial Board Luncheon CEDAR 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m. Justice Professional Editorial Board Meeting BILTMORE 5:15 p.m.-6:15 p.m. ACJS Business Meeting BEVERLY 6:30 p.m.-8:00 p.m. Participant's Reception GRAND BALLROOM

THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m.

PANEL fr7 COWRADO Police Civil Liability

Chair /Discussant: VICfOR KAPPELER, Central Missouri State University

Papers: "Civil Liabilities of Police Supervisors," ROLANDO DEL CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

"The Impact of DeShaney on Police Civil Liability," ROBERT JERIN, Salem State College

"Liability of Police Officers for Negligence in the Use of Firearms," JEROME JACKSON and BETSY WITT, Sam Houston State University

"Liability and Police Use of Force: The Continued Expansion of a Fourth Amendment Standard," MICHAELKAUNE, Radford University

65 Midwestern Criminal Justice Association

STUDENT PAPERS AND ACTIVITIES

ANNUAL MEETING MIDWESTERN CRIMINAL JUSTICE ASSOCIATION

OcrOBER 3-5, 1990 THE CONGRESS HOTEL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

Crime and Justice: Problems and prospects in the 1990's

The MCJA encourages student participation in its annual meeting in 1990. Student papers are specifically solicited in all areas of criminal justice and criminology. Items of specific interest to students include:

.....Spe cial, very reasonable student room rates at the Congress Hotel .....Sp ecial student registration rates for the conference .....Panel androu ndtable sessions reserved for student presentations .....Awards for outstanding student paper .....Ride along with the Chicago Police "'''Tour of th e regional United States Customs Office .....Tour of the Cook County Jail .....Lunch/d iscussion with practicing judge .....Grad uate Student Forum--graduate programs in the Midwest .....Internship Roundtable--discussion of available internship programs **Employment Roundtable-employment strategies in criminal justice.

Abstracts and proposals for student papers and sessions must be submitted to the program commi ttee by May 31, 1990.

Please address all mailings to:

Frank Horvath, MCJA Program Chair School of Criminal Justice 512 Baker Hall Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (517-355-2210/2197)

Audio visual equipment fees will be billed directly to requesting individuals. 66 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL 88 SILVER

Procedural and Sentencing Issues in Death Penalty Cases

Chair: K C WONG, University of Louisville

Papers:

"The Supreme Court and the Death Penalty: The Evolution and Implications of the Law," PEGGY TOBOWWSKY, University of North Texas

"Patterns of Mitigating Factors in Juvenile Death Penalty Cases," DINAHROBINSON and OTIS STEPHENS, University of Tennessee

"Sociological Investigation of Penalty Phase Mitigation in Capital Cases: An Illustration," ANN-MARIE CHARVAT, Cumberland University

"Legal and Extra-Legal Factors in Sentencing Texas Capital Offenders," JONATHAN SORENSEN and JAMES MARQUART, Sam Houston State University

PANEL89 GOLD

Continuing Controversies Before the U.S. Supreme Court

Chair: GEORGE WATSON JR, Chadron State College

Papers:

"Miranda: Twenty Years of Clarification," GEORGE WATSON JR, Chadron State College

"Is Miranda on the Ropes?" JOHN DEMPSEY, Suffolk County Community College

"Distinguishing the Exclusionary Rule into Non-Existence," W RICHARD JANIKOWSKI, Memphis State University

"Death Penalty Litigation and the Powell Report: A Fair and Rational Approach?" JEFFERSON INGRAM,University of Dayton

Discussant: ALFREDO GARCIA, St Thomas University School of Law

PANEL 90 CENTURY

Potpourri I: Still More ThingsI've Wanted to Say (or Write) But Which Nobody Wanted to Hear (or Read) - A Continuation of the Last Six Years

Chair/Discussant: GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University

Papers:

"The Misconception of the American Citizens' Right to Keep and Bear Arms," MICHAEL PALMIO'ITO, Armstrong State College

"Academe and the Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: The Southern Violence Construct Apotheosized," F FREDERICK HAWLEY, Louisiana State University, Shreveport

"Theoretical Perspectives on Non-Lethal Use of Force and Police Training: A Preventive Approach," TERRY COx, Eastern Kentucky University and MERVIN WlDTE, Clemson University

67 SOUTHWESTERN ASSOCIATIO N OF CR IMINAL -JUST ICE EDUCATORS

CA LL FOR PAPERS

The annual meeting of the SWACJ E wi ll be he ld in El Paso , Texas , Octobe r 4-6 , 1990 . The 1990 conference theme is:

TH E FUTURE OF

CR IMIN AL JUST ICE

EDUCAT ION

Please send ideas for papers , panels, workshops and round tables to the Program Chai r by June 15, 1990 . For more info rmat ion please contact :

Mary Parke r Sam Souryal President 2nd Vic e Pres i dent/ Prog ram Chai r Uni v. of Arkansas Sam Houston at Little Rock State Uni v. (501 ) 569-3195 (409 ) 294-1643

68 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL 91 SPRUCE

Roundtable: Why Does Imprisonment So OftenFail to Deter Further Crime?

Convener: BRUCE PERRY, Perry, Participants: Panl�I lARRY MEACHUM, Department of Corrections (CT)

PETER GREENWOOD, Rand DORIS Mac KENZIE, National cD.anIn\.J0 e ce IIed THOMAS COUGHLIN, New York State Department of Correctional Services

GLENN GOORD, New York State Department of Correctional Services

TOM ALBRECHT, National Institute of Justice

PANEL 92 DENVER

Shaping Criminal Justice Policy

Chair: CHARLES CHASTAIN, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

Paper:

"Shaping Criminal Justice Policy," LEE COLWELL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock; HONORABLE STANLEY MORRIS, Office of National Drug Control Policy; and ARISTEDES ZA ARIS,V Denver Police Department

Discussant: LEE COLWELL, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

PANEL 93 CEDAR

Female Gang Members, Cynics and Safety Belts

Chair: RICHARD BENNETT, American University

Papers:

"The Female Gang Member: Real Member or Sex Partner?" JILLROSENBAUM and JAMES lASLEY, California State University, Fullerton

"Are Juvenile Probation Officers Cynical?" JEFFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University

"Deterrence and Perception of Safety Factors Affecting Seat Belt Safety Belt Use After the Enactment of a Mandatory Safety Belt Use Law: The Case of Washington State," CRAIG CURTIS, Washington State University

Discussant: RICHARD BENNETT, American University

69 Western and Pacific Association of Criminal Justice Educators

1990 ANNUAL MEETING November 4-6, 1990

., CALL FOR PAPERS PACIFIC TERRITORIES & POSSESSIONS DISCUSSANT AND WORKSHOPS THEME Innovations in Criminal Justice-The War on Drugs and Beyond

Practitioners, faculty , researchers and students in the justice field are encouraged to submit abstracts, papers or proposals fo r organizing roundtable discussions. Although all papers dealing with developments in the field are encouraged, it is suggested that authors develop presentations re lated to:

• Drug Control Programs

• Innovations in Criminal Justice

• Contribution of Behavioral Science to Criminal Justice

• Comparative Criminal Justice

• Science and Technology in Criminal Justice

• Geographical Analysis in Criminal Justice

• Influence of the Courts in Criminal Justice

• Crime and Social Control

• Educational Strategies in Criminal Justice

• Other Pertinent Topics

Papers and Offers to Participate If you will present a paper or organize a roundtable discussion, panel, workshop or demonstration in any of the above areas, please submit a short abstract (250 words or less).

To ensure your proposal will receive adequate consideration, it should be submitted by September 1, 1990. Authors of proposals will be notified within fifteen days of the receipt of the abstracts. Those interested in being a chair or discussant on a panel should also submit such information. Student papers welcome. All presenters must pre-register.

Abstracts and other For questions or comments proposals should be sent to: call:

Lee Roy Black Paul Johnson (80l) 626-6152 Department of Criminal Justice Judy Hails Kaci (213) 985-4738 CSU Long Beach Christopher Walker (604) 370-3335 1250 Bellflower Blvd. Lee Roy Black (213) 985-4738 Long Beach, CA 90840 (213) 985-4738 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL 94 BIRCH

Affirmative Criminal Defenses

Chair: CHARLES JONES, Troy State University

Papers:

"Insanity as a Criminal Defense," CHARLES JONES, Troy State University

"The Law of Necessity-Self Defense and the Choice of Evils," RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University and DIANA MOORE, Judge Advocate General's School

"Evidence of the Battered Woman Syndrome Within the Defense of Self Defense," PATRICIA WATSON, University of South Carolina

Discussant: CAROlSUE HOLlAND, Troy State University-Europe

PANEL 95 COLUMBINE

Police Officer Safety Issues

Chair: DAVID WACHTEL, Lexington Community College

Papers:

"Off the Road Accidents of Police and Other Emergency Vehicles," DAVID FALCONE and MICHAEL CHARLES, Illinois State University and JOHN CRANK, Washington State University

"Potential for Danger From Domestic Disturbance Calls: Myth or Fact?" ROSE MARY STANFORD, University of South Florida at Ft Myers

"Factitious Officer Needs Assistance Calls: Munchausen's Syndrome in a Law Enforcement Setting," PErE DiVASTO, University of New Mexico

"Law Enforcement Attitudes Toward Soft Body Armor," HUGH MILLER, Tampa Police Department and WILUAM BWUNT, University of South Florida

Discussant: DAVIDWACHTEL, Lexington Community College

PANEL 96 TERRACE

An Historical Perspective of Women in Criminology

Chair: FRANCES BERNAT, Pennsylvania State University

Papers:

"Women in American Policing: A Review of the Literature From 1915-1989," DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University

"Margaret Mead's Impact on Criminological Thought," ANNAYDEWTIE, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Ruth Shonle Cavan: Contributions to Delinquency and the Family," IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Discussant: FRANCES BERNAT, Pennsylvania State University

71 CALL FOR PAPERS

The Official Publication

of the

Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences

Scholars are invited to submit manuscripts that meet the following criteria:

ISSUES: Criminal justice and related justice issues.

ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: Justice Quarterly is a multi-disciplinary journal and will publish articleswritten by scholars in all relevant disciplines.

METHODOLOGY: I n keeping with the multi-disciplinary approach, Justice Quarterly will publish articles employing a broad range of methodologies: quantitative, qualitative, historical, philosophical, etc.

SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: Manuscripts must be typed, double-spaced, and not to exceed 30 pages in length (including tables, charts, notes, etc.). Four copies ofthe manuscript should be submitted, accompanied by an abstract of 100 words and a brief biographical sketch of the author(s}, indicating affiliation, research interests, and recent publications. Manuscripts should follow the APA style for citations, notes, and references.

MANUSCRIPTS AND INQUIRIES SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO:

James Fyfe, Editor Justice Quarterly Department of Justice, Law & Society American University Washington, DC 20016 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL ffl CAPITOL

Roundtable: Think-Tank in ContemporaryCorrections

Convener: PETERWICKMAN, Potsdam College

Participants: ROSEMARY GIDO, Social Research and Evaluation

JAMES FOX, State University of New York-Buffalo

DAVID KALINICH, Michigan State University

PAUL EMBERT, Michigan State University

BO SAYWR, Federal Bureau of Prisons

KEVIN WRIGHT, Federal Bureau of Prisons

THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PANEL 98 COLORADO Issues in Theoretical Criminology and Social Power

Chair: JILL ROSENBAUM, California State University at Fullerton

Papers:

"Contributions to Criminology: The Year in Review," FRANKWILLIAMS and MARILYN McSHANE, California State University at San Bernardino

"Marxian Economic Theory and Criminal Behavior: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations," MICHAELLYNCH and J SANTIAGO NUNEZ, Florida State University

"Crimes of Style: Urban Graffiti and the Politics of Deviance," JEFFFERRELL, Regis College

"A Contribution to the Theory of Social Control," GIORA RAHAV and MIRA FREUND, Tel Aviv University

Discussant: JILL ROSENBAUM, California State University at Fullerton

PANEL 99 SILVER Controlling Corporate Crime

Chair /Discussant: JOHN DEMPSEY, Suffolk County Community College

Papers:

"Acceptance of Illegal Gratuities: The Lost Conflict-of-Interest Statute," ROBERT ROBERTS and MARIONDOSS JR, James Madison University

"Punishing Corporate Criminals: Are We Doing Enough?" K C WONG, University of Louisville

"The Social Movement Against Corporate Crime: Assessing the Role of Local Prosecutors," MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee; FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati; and WILLIAMMAAKES TAD, Western Illinois University

"Financial and Credit Personnel Security Research," HOWARD TIMM, PERSEREC

73 CALL FOR MANUSCRIPT REFEREES

Requirements: Demonstrated Research Expertise

Willingness to Complete Review Within Three Weeks

PI ase send this form and copy of vita to:

James Fyfe Department of Justice, Law & Society American University Washington, DC 2001 6

Areas of Research Expertise:

1.

2.

3.

Name:

Mailing Address: ------

Telephone No.: ( ) THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PANEL100 GOLD

Gender Biases: Differences Affecting Disaetion

Chair: KATIR.EEN GALE,Elmira College

Papers:

"We Have Come A Long Way Babe, But Where Are We Going Now?" ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University­ C W Post Campus

"To Charge or Not to Charge: Does Narcotic Offender's Gender Affect Prosecutorial Behavior?" CECllJASAULTER S­ TUBBS, University of Alabama at Birmingham

"A Meta-Analysis and Statistical Assessment of the Gender Convergence in Crime Hypothesis," ALLENBARR.E1T, Virginia Commonwealth University

Discussant: KA TIR.EEN GALE, Elmira College

PANEL101 CENTURY

Personnel Issues in Corrections

Chair: CAROL BAILEY, Virginia Polytechnic Institute

Papers:

"Selection Methods and Job Performance and Job Retention of Correctional Officers," MARILYN FORD, Volusia County Department of Corrections (FL)

"Staff Turnover in New Generation Jails: An Investigation of Its Extent and Causes," MARY STOHR-GILLMOREand RUTH SELF, Washington State University

"Stress and Job Dissatisfaction Among Correctional Officers,"ELIZAB ETHGROSSI, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Correctional Administrators: The Lost Tribe of Criminal Justice," PAUL THOMAS, Federal Bureau of Prisons

Discussant: CAROL BAILEY, Virginia Polytechnic Institute

PANEL 102 SPRUCE

Community-Based Corrections: Issues and Programs

Chair: HOWARD SAPERS, John Howard Society

Papers:

"Community Managed Corrections," ROGER LAVEN

"A Quarter Century of Leadership by the United States Parole Board," GEORGE REED, Point Lorna College

"An Introduction to the John Howard Society of Alberta," HOWARD SAPERS, John Howard Society

"Correctional Reform Movement," ELEANOR SEIDMAN, Community Service Program of Suffolk County (NY)

Discussant: HOWARD SAPERS, John Howard Society

75 LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION ORDER FORM

Dear Librarian:

JUSTICE QUARTERLY is the official publication of the Academy of Criminal justice Sciences. It is a multidisciplinary journal and will publish articles on criminal justice and related issues written by scholars in all relevant disciplines.

JUSTICE QUAKfERLY provides:

Invited reviews of research

Articles on criminal justice

Book review essays

For research purposes, JUSTICE QUAKfERLY is indexed in Criminology and PenologyAbstr acts, Police Science Abstracts, Criminal justice Periodical Index, and Criminal justice Abstracts.

------

Library Subscription: $75/one year

$1351two years

____ $200lthree years

Name ______Phone ______

Address ______Institution

street and number city state zip

check enclosed ______please send invoice

Return this fo rm to: ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES Northern Kentucky University 402 Nunn Hall Highland Heights, KY 41076

Make check payable to: Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences 76 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PANEL 103 DENVER

Roundtable: Substance Abuse Education and Treatment for the Correctional Client: Community-Based vs. Institutional Setting

Convener: R THOMAS DULL, California State University, Fresno

Participants:

STEVEN HOPSON-WALKER, California State University, Fresno

RUTH MASTERS, California State University, Fresno

SKIP MASTERS, Third Floor Treatment Program

LESTER PINCU, California State University, Fresno

CLIFF ROBERSON, California State University, Fresno

PANEL 104 BIRCH

Educating for Values

Chair: GEORGE COLE, University of Connecticut

"Attitudes Toward the Justice System: Does Criminal Justice Make a Difference?" DAVID GIACOPASSI and MICHAEL BLANKENSHIP, Memphis State University

"Shaping Student Opinion: The Effect of an Introductory Course in Criminal Justice," VICfOR KAPPELER and JOSEPH VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University

"Remove Justitia's Mythical Blindfold: She Needs Trifocals, Plus ... ," THOMAS REED, Eastern Kentucky University

"Of Mice and Men in Criminal Justice Education," SAM SOURYAL, Sam Houston State University

Discussant: GEORGE COLE, University of Connecticut

PANEL 105 TERRACE

Fear of Crime: Causes, Consequences, and Implications as it Relates to Minority Groups

Chair: DONALD BIAZICEK, Wichita State University

Papers:

"Film at Eleven: Fetishism and the Commodification of Crime," KENNETH TUNNELL, Eastern Kentucky University

"Psychological Factors and Fear of Crime," MONROE MILLER, University of Pittsburgh

"The Differentially Abled: An Analysis of the Fear of Crime Among Disabled Individuals," DELBERT ROUNDS JR, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Victimology and Persons With Visual Disabilities: An Exploratory Study," STEPHEN ARCONA, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Discussant: DONALD BIAZICEK, Wichita State University

77 JOURNAL OF CRI MINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CALL FOR PAPERS

A New Journal of the

Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences

Scholars are invited to submit manuscripts that meet the following criteria:

ISSUES: Criminal justice educationand teaching criminal justice.

ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: Journal of Criminal Justice Education is a multi-disciplinary journal and will publish articles written by scholars in all relevant disciplines.

SUBMISSION PROCEDURES: Manuscripts must be typed,double-spaced, and not to exceed 30 pages in length (includingtables, charts, notes, etc.). Four copies ofthe manuscript should be submitted,accompanied by an abstract of 100words anda brief biographical sketch ofthe author(s}, indicating affiliation, research interests, and recent publications. Manuscripts should follow the APA style for citations, notes, and references.

MANUSCRIPTS AND INQUIRIES SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO:

Timothy Flanagan, Editor Journalof Criminal Justice Education School of Criminal Justice State University of New York - Albany 135 Western Avenue Albany, NY 12222 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m.

PANEL 106 CAPITOL

Patterns in the Use of Incarceration

Chair: FAITH LUfZE, Pennsylvania State University

Papers:

"A Micro-Level Analysis of Social Structure and Social Control: Intrastate Use of Jail and Prison Confinement," BELINDA McCARTHY, University of Alabama at Birmingham

"An Historical and Quantitative Analysis of New York State Jail Admissions Rates, 1927-1965," ROSEMARY GIDO, Social Research and Evaluation

"Forecasting Models for Managing a Changing Inmate Population: Implications for Public Policy," ClDNITA HEARD, JESSYNA McDONALD, and WILUAM LUDWIN, Indiana University and NEIL MOORE, Fort Wayne Police Department

"The Relationship Between Employment, Incarceration, and Social Welfare: An Analysis of the Interrelationships," JEFFREY SENESE, Indiana University at South Bend

Discussant: FAITH LUfZE, Pennsylvania State University

THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PLENARY SESSION I COLUMBINE

The Kansasi C tyPreventive Patrol Experiment: A Hot Spots Replication

Co-Conveners: LAWRENCE SHERMAN, Crime Control Institute and DAVID WEISBURD,Rutgers University

Participants:

DAVID WEISBURD, Rutgers University GEORGE KEILING, Northeastern University JAMES STEWART, National Institute of Justice

THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-l:30p.m.

PANEL 107 COWRADO

Police Legal Issues and Problems

Chair/Discussant: ROlANDO DEL CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

Papers:

"Police Knowledge of Search, Seizure and Arrest Law," JAMES BRUNER, East Carolina University

"Probable Cause and the Search Warrant Requirement: An Empirical Examination," MICHAEL BROWN, Southeast Missouri State University

"The United States Supreme Court as an Ally of Police: The Court's Increase of Police Authority," STANLEY COHEN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

79 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

CALL FOR MANUSCRIPT REFEREES

Requirements: Demonstrated Research Expertise

Willingness to Complete Review Within Three Weeks

Please send this form and copy of vita to:

Timothy Flanagan School of Criminal Justice State University of New York-Albany 135 Western Avenue Albany, NY 12222

Areas of Research Expertise:

1.

2.

3.

Name:

Mailing Address:

Telephone: THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-l:30 p.m.

PANEL 108 SILVER

Police Personnel: Selection and Evaluation

Chair: DENNIS KENNEY, Police Foundation

Papers:

"Private Testing and Screening of Police Candidates in Fairfield County," DAVID WHELAN, Western Connecticut State University

"Fitness Screening for Police Personnel," ROLAND RYAN, Arapahoe Community College

"The Use of a Psychological Written Test Battery as a Predictor of Police Officer Job Performance," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University and MICHAEL McMAINS, San Antonio Police Department

"Anatomy of Peer Evaluations: What Do They Measure?" lARRYGAINES and STEVEN FALKENBERG, Eastern Kentucky University

Discussant: DENNIS KENNEY, Police Foundation

PANEL IW GOLD

Attitudes and Sentiments of Police Officers

Chair /Discussant: CARL KLOCKARS, University of Delaware

Papers:

"Professionalism, Craftsmanship, and Street Ethics: An Assessment of Police Attitudes in Eight Municipal Police Agencies," BETSY PAYNE, STANLEY JACKSON, and JOHN CRANK, Washington State University

"A Study of Police Cynicism in a Southern African Policing Context," P J POTGIETER, University of Zululand

"Attitudes of Police Officers and Others in a National Data Set," JOHN FOX and PHILIP REICHEL, University of Northern Colorado

"An Examination of Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, Organization Formalization, Demographic and Personality Traits in a Sheriffs Department," WUIS ALBERT, University of Akron

PANEL 110 CENTURY

Potpourri n: Still More Things I've Wanted to Say (or Write) But Which Nobody Wanted to Hear (or Read) - A ContinuationFrom the Last SixYears

Chair/Discussant: GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University

Papers:

"A General View of Suits Against the Police," JOSEPH SROKA, North Carolina Central University

"Police Injuries in Ohio: 1985-1988," HOWARD TRITT, Kent State University

"The Cost Effectiveness of Enforcing and Prosecuting Street Prostitution," ROBERT MFADOWS, Glendale College and lARRYTROSTLE, California State University at Long Beach

81 JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION ORDER FORM

Dear Librarian:

The Journal of Criminal Justice Education is a new publication of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. It is a multidisciplinary journal and will be published biannually and will include articles on criminal justice education and teaching criminal justice.

The Journal of Criminal Justice Education provides:

*** Articles on teaching criminal justice and criminology

*** Articles on criminal justice education

*** Textbook and educational material reviews

Library Subscription: --- $45/ one year

--- $80/two years

___ $120/three years

Name ------Phone

Address Institution

Street and number City State Zip

------check enclosed ------please send invoice

Return this form to: ACADEMYOF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES Northern Kentucky University 402 Nunn Hall Highland Heights, KY 41076-1448

Make check payable to: ACADEMY OF CRIMINALJUSTICE SCIENCES THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-l:30 p.m.

PANEL 111 SPRUCE

Roundtable: Jail Management: Contemporary Issues and Ideas

Convener: STANSTOJKOVIC, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Participants:

DAVID KALINICH, Michigan State University

JOHN KLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

LARRYMAYS, New Mexico State University

JOEL THOMPSON, Appalachian State University

PANEL 112 DENVER

Power andPitf alls of Social Science Research

Chair: BARBARA HART, University of Texas at Tyler

Papers:

"Is There Research Malpractice in the Social Sciences?" BARBARA HART, University of Texas at Tyler

"The K-binomial as a Special Case of the Analysis of Variance," LEONEL CAMPOS, Chicago State University

"What the Data Tell Us: Then and Now," SHARON TAFOYA, Crime Control Research Corporation

"On Survey Research in Criminal Justice: How to Succeed With a Total Design Model," KENNEfH PEAK, University of Nevada at Reno

Discussant: BARBARA HART, University of Texas at Tyler

PANEL 113 COLUMBINE

Crime Control Trends: Different Measures, Shared Meanings

Chair: BONNIE BERRY, Indiana University at South Bend

Papers:

"Recent Trends Toward Increased Crime Control," BONNIEBERRY, Indiana University at South Bend

"The Myth of Increased Crime Control and the War on Drugs: Moral Panics and the Effectiveness of Crime Control Policies," SUSAN CAULFlELD, Indiana University Northwest

"Police Control of Mental Illness," JERRY MURPHY, Indiana University at Fort Wayne

"What Works-Questions and Answers About Intensive Supervision," JEFFREY SENESE, Indiana University at South Bend

Discussant: BONNIE BERRY, Indiana University at South Bend

83 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES PUBLICATIONS

The fo llowing publications are available from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences:

International Criminal .Iustice Systems II $10.00

Perspectives in Criminal .Iustice Series (some issues have limited copies):

Volume 1: Corrections at the Crossroads: DesilWing Policy paperback is Sold Out! (edited by Sherwood E Zimmermann and Harold D Miller) hardcover $5.00

Volume 3: Copina:With Imprisonment paperback $3.00 (edited by Nicolette Parisi) hardcover $5.00

Volume 6: Corporations as Criminals paperback $3.00 (edited by Ellen Hochstedler) hardcover $5.00

Volume 7: Juvenile Justice Policy: Analyzina:Tr ends and Outcomes paperback $3.00 (edited by Scott Decker) hardcover $5.00

Volume 8: The Politics of Crime and Criminal Justice paperback $3.00 (edited by Erika S Fairchild and Vincent J Webb) hardcover $5.00

Volume 9: Courts and Criminal .Iustice: Emera:ina: Issues paperback $3.00 (edited by Susette M Talarico) hardcover $5.00

TOTAL

NOTE: Some issues are low in paperback supply. If you want ACJS to substitute hardback and bill you fo r the difference, please check:

Volumes 1, 3, 7, 8, 9 can beordered fo r classroom use (cost Will be that noted above plus shipping). Bookstores may send their orders to:

Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Northern KentuckyUniversity 402 Nunn Hall Highland Heights, KY 41076 (606) 572-5634

Name

Affiliation

Mailing Address

Telephone: THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m.

PANEL 114 TERRACE Justice Policy and the Community

Chair /Discussant: ROOSEVELT SHEPHERD, Shippensburg University

Papers:

"Criminal Justice Policy: Doing the Right Thing vs Doing Things Right," ROOSEVELT SHEPHERD, Shippensburg University

"Local Crimes, Fear of Crime, and Community Empowerment," KATHLEENGALE and BONNIECAMPBELL, Elmira College

"Community Service: Benefits and Victims," EUGENE CZAJKOSKI, Florida State University

"The Quality of Interagency Relationships in Responses to Child Abuse," JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University

"Research Use and Criminal Justice Policymaking in the Local Level," RICK WVELL, University of Wisconsin­ Milwaukee

PANEL 115 BEVERLY Police Misconduct: The Effectiveness of Intervention Strategies

Chair /Discussant: FRED MEYER JR, Ball State University

Papers:

"Effective Police Intervention With the Mentally Disabled," DONNA TOWBERMAN and JAMES HAGUE, Virginia Commonwealth University

"Civil Rights Litigation and the Control of Police Misconduct," RALPH BAKER and FRED MEYER JR, Ball State University

"Education and the Reduction of Misconduct," MICHAEL HOOPER, Los Angeles Police Department

"Self-Regulation and Police Corruption," ROBERT CAN1WELL, Denver Police Department

"Police Drug Corruption: Officers Perceptions of Causes," ROBIN HAARR, Michigan State University

PANEL 116 CAPITOL Search and Seizure Issues in Private Security

Chair /Discussant: JEFF REIMER, Tennessee Technical University

Papers:

"Constitutional Issues in Airline Searches as They Relate to Private Security," DONALD BlAZICEK, Wichita State University

"A Constitutional Update of Search and Seizure Law in the 1990s," HONORABLE FRED BENSON, Wichita State University

"The Issue of Loss Prevention in Private Security: Trends for the 1990s," ROBERT O'BLOCK, Appalachian State University

"Security and Drug Testing in the Public and Private Sector," JOHNTHOMAS JR, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

85 RADISSON HOTEL DENVER

WINDOWS LOUNGE:

Location: Lobby level

Open: Monday through Saturday from 11:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. Sunday from 11:00 a.m. to 11:30 p.m.

WINDOWS RESTAURANT:

Location: Lobby level

Open: 7 days a week from 6:30 a.m. to 11:00 p.m.

Features a breakfast and luncheon buffet in addition to regular menu, Monday through Friday; serves American CUISIne

Sunday champagne brunch every Sunday from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.

KATIE'S ICE CREAM PARLOR:

Location: Lobby level across from guest elevators

Open: Monday through Saturday from 11:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.

FINNEGAN'S RESTAURANT AND LOUNGE:

Location: Street level on 16th Street Mall

Anticipated March 1990 Grand Opening! Hours of operation to be announced Will feature authentic Irish cuisine and entertainment

ROOM SERVICE:

Open 7 days a week from 6:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. Serving breakfast, lunch, and dinner THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 117 mwRADO

Teaching Security in the CriminalJustice Curriculum

Chair: FRANKER, SCHMALLEG Pembroke State University

Papers:

"Instructional Development for Criminology/Criminal Justice Courses," MARSON JOHNSON, CARMEN MYERS, PATRICIA GILL, JAMES HALSTED, and lULARY HARPER, University of South Florida

"Is Security Training Really Necessary, Aren't Academic Programs Sufficient?" MARl BOTIOM, Journal of Security Administration

"Expanding a Special Security Problems Course Within a Criminal Justice Curriculum," DONALDBECKER, University of Central Florida

"Computer Literacy: The Ethical Imperative," JOQUE SOSKIS, University of North Florida

Discussant: FRANK SCHMAU...EGER, Pembroke State University

PANEL 118 SILVER

Police Personnel: Legal and Ethical Issues

Chair: MARK BLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University

Papers:

"Quota Cops: Ethical Issues in Police Personnel Practices," PAUL MURPHY, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

"Police Selection AfterWards Cove Packing Co.: Legal and Psychometric Considerations," lARRYGAINES and TOM SCHNEID, Eastern Kentucky University and CHARLES SWANSON, University of Georgia

"Resolving Discrimination in the Promotion of Fort Wayne Police," MICHAEL CHARLES,Illinois State University

Discussant: MARKBLUMBERG, Central Missouri State University

PANEL 119 GOLD

Roundtable: Racketeering

Convener: CRAIG ZENDZIAN, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Participants:

ROBERT KEILY, Brooklyn College

WILLIAM Md"ARTHY, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

87 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 120 CENTURY

Delinquency and the Family

Chair: SHELA VAN NESS, Indiana State University

Papers:

"Families and Delinquency: A Comparative Study," EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University and JOSEPH RANKIN, Eastern Michigan University

"Family and Delinquency: A Preliminary Investigation of Factors Related to African-American Female-Headed Households and Juvenile Chronic Maladaptive Behavior," DOROTHYTAYWR, Dorothy L Taylor and Associates

"Parental Conflict: A Link Between Deviance and Broken Homes," PATRICIA HARDYMAN, National Council on Crime and Delinquency and GERALD GURIN, Fordham University

"Child Abuse and Delinquency: The Empirical and Theoretical Links," JOHN WODARSKI, PHYLLIS HOWING, P DAVID KURTZ, EMILYHERBST, and JAMES GAUDINJR, University of Akron

Discussant: SHELA VAN NESS, Indiana State University

PANEL 121 SPRUCE

Issues in the Sexual Integration of Prison and Jail Guard Force

Chair /Discussant: STEPHAN KAFTAN, Minot State University

Papers:

"The Employment of Women in Local Jails," LINDA ZUPAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham

"Factors Effecting the Acceptance of Female Prisons Guards by Their Male Counterparts," STEPHEN WALTERS, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

"Men Guarding Women: An Analysis of the Employment of Male Correction Officers in Prisons for Women," LINDA ZUPAN, CECllJA SAULTERS-TUBBS, and M JOYCE PIKE, University of Alabama at Birmingham

PANEL 122 DENVER

Confronting Issues Related to Acquaintance Rape: NewPerspectives

Chair/Discussant: LINDASALTZMAN , Centers for Disease Control

Papers:

"Acquaintance Rape," DARREL De GRAW, University of Central Texas and JEFFERSON INGRAM, University of Dayton

"Studying Acquaintance Rape," PAULINE HART, University of Illinois at Chicago

"Oh, That's Rape? A Study of College Age Women's and Men's Attitudes Toward Sex, Dating, and Rape," CARYN HORWITZ, California State University at Fresno

"Sexual Aggression in Dating Situations: An Analysis of Risk Factors Among a Sample of Pre-College Women," RONALD VOGELand MEUSSAHIMELEIN, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

88 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL tn COLUMBINE

Community Corrections Models: Conceptualization and Implementation

Chair: THOMAS ELLSWORTH, Illinois State University

Papers:

"The Actual and Preferred Goals of Adult Probation: A Study of Enforcement and Rehabilitation," THOMAS ELLSWORTH, Illinois State University

"Re-Examining Community Corrections Models," RICHARD LAWRENCE, St Cloud State University

Discussant: DEAN CHAMPION, University of Tennessee

PANEL 124 TERRACE

Criminal Justice Curricula I

Chair: WILLIAM TAYWR, University of Southern Mississippi

Papers:

"International Criminal Justice Education: A Case Study," WILLIAM TAYWR, University of Southern Mississippi

"Criminal Justice Education for the 90's: An Assessment of Criminal Justice Curriculum," RONALD IACOVEITA, Wichita State University

"Automated Criminal Justice Information Systems: The Absent Curriculum," JULIA VAN DUYN, California State University at Sacramento

"Training Modern Criminal Justice Professionals: An Argument for Broad Based Education," STEPHEN BROOKS, University of Akron

Discussant: WILLIAM TAYWR, University of Southern Mississippi

PANEL 115 BEVERLY

Roundtable: The Executive Sessions on Policing: What are its Contributions?

Convener: VINCENTWEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha

Participants:

JACK GREENE, Temple University

GEORGE KELLING, Northeastern University

DARREL STEPHENS, Police Executive Research Forum

CRAIGUCHIDA, National Institute of Justice

SAM WALKER, University of Nebraska at Omaha

89 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 1:45 p.m.-3:15 p.m.

PANEL 126 CAPITOL

Crime Prevention and the Community

Chair/Discussant: R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Papers:

"Which is Better, 1 or 2: Testing the Effectiveness of Different Types of Crime Prevention Strategies," BONNIE FISHER, Ohio State University

"Investigating the Fear-Crime Prevention Relationship," STEVEN lAB, Bowling Green State University and ROBERT lANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

"Integration Versus Connectedness: Interpersonal Influenceon Participation in Burglary Prevention," JAMES GILLHAM, Buffalo State College and GEORGE BARNETT, State University of New York at Buffalo

"Citizens' Attitudes Concerning Firearms, Self Protection and Crime Prevention," E DUANE DAVIS and lAURA MORIARTY, Western Carolina University

THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 1I1 COWRADO

Automation, Information, and Police Training

Chair/Discussant: GARY SYKES, Southwestern Law Enforcement Institute

Papers:

"Automation as a Stimulus for Criminal Justice System Change," MICHAELHOOPER, Los Angeles Police Department

"Unanticipated Consequences of the Provision of Information: The Experience of the L VMPD," KAREN lAYNE, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department

"Linear Homicide Modeling for Police Planning," DAVID FARMER and R MICHAEL McDONALD, Virginia Commonwealth University

PANEL 128 SILVER

Police Professionalism and Productivity

Chair/Discussant: WILUAM WALSH, Pennsylvania State University

Papers:

"Crisis in Police Ethics: Is Professionalism an Answer?" MICHAEL DONAHUE, Appalachian State University

"Police Professionalism and the Dilemma of Enforcement of Victimless Crime Laws," B GRANTSTITT and KENNETH PEAK, University of Nevada at Reno

"Professionalism and Police: A Critical Look," OWUSU-ANSAH AGYAPONG, Florida A & M University

"Measuring Police Productivity With Reported Crime Clearance Rates," BENJAMIN WRIGHT, Louisiana State University

90 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 129 GOLD

Self-Esteem, Self-Concept, and Delinquency

Chair: PETER KRATCOSKI, Kent State University

Papers:

"A Cross-Cultural Comparison of British and American Delinquents," ROBERTEVANS and TOM SULLENBERGER, Southeastern Louisiana University and PETER HODGKINSON, Polytechnic University (ENGlAND)

"Truancy and Its Relationship to Academic Achievement, Self-Esteem, and Other Selected Variables," STEPHEN BENIGNO, Stockton Unified School District, and HAMYfON WILLIAMS and REX LEONARD, University of Southern Mississippi

"Self-Esteem as a Function of Institutional Treatment," DONNA KocmS, Glassboro State College

PANEL 130 CENTURY

Responses to Prison and Jail Overcrowding

Chair: BERNARD McCARTHY, Jacksonville State University

Papers:

"Prison Overcrowding in Idaho: Responding to a Crisis," ROBERT MARSH, Boise State University

"Response to Prison Overcrowding: A Colorado Alternative," MARKMOTIV ANS, Buena Vista Correctional Institution

"Supervised Detention: A Case Study," HARVEY KUSHNER, Long Island University and ESTHER ROTHMAN, Correctional Education Consortium

"A Comparison of Jail Planning Techniques," RICHARDSIDGLEY and VICfOR WFGREEN, Stephen F Austin State University

Discussant: BERNARD McCARTHY, Jacksonville State University

PANEL 131 SPRUCE

Roundtable: Police Agency Accreditation: Major Reform or Paper ShuIDe?

Convener: GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University

Participants:

JAMES FYFE, American University

STEPHEN MASTROFSKI, Pennsylvania State University

DARREL STEPHENS, Police Executive Research Forum

GERALD WILLIAMS, Aurora Police Department

91 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 132 DENVER

Police Education: ContemporaryIssues and Trends

Chair: lARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University

Papers:

"Another Look at the Quality of Police Education," LAWRENCE SHERMAN, Crime Control Institute

"The Effect of Higher Education on Minorities in Law Enforcement: A Policy Perspective," DAVIDCARTER, Michigan State University

"Higher Education and Police Rank Structure," ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University

"Contemplating the Future for Criminal Justice Academic Programs," VINCENT WEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha

Discussant: lARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University

PANEL 133 CEDAR

Roundtable: Minorities in Criminal Justice: Myth or Reality

Co-Conveners: SWAN LETMAN, Chicago State University and AVON BURNS, Mott Community College

PANEL 134 COLUMBINE

Latent Victimization: New Perceptions of Victims by Society

Chair: ALLENBARRE1T, Virginia Commonwealth University ,

Papers:

"Victims' Reactions to Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence," BARBARA CARSON and DIANE DAANE, Ball State University

"No Time for Recovery: Multiple Stigmas and Significant Women of Prisoners' With AIDS," LAURA FISHMAN, Narcotic and Drug Research

"Babies Born With Drug Addiction: Background and Legal Response," INGERSAGATUN, San Jose State University

"The Dynamics of Probation/Parole Officer Victimization," WILLIAM PARSONAGE and JEFFREY SNIPES, Pennsylvania State University

Discussant: ALLEN BARREIT, Virginia Commonwealth University

92 THURSDAY, MARCH 15, 1990, 3:30 p.m.-5:00 p.m.

PANEL 135 TERRACE

Criminal Justice Curricula II

Chair/Discussant: WILLIAM CAIATHES, Jersey City State College

Papers:

"The Role of a Criminal Justice Institute in an Urban State College," WILLIAM CAIATHES, Jersey City State College

"A Tale of Two Campuses: Criminal Justice Education at Albany and John Jay, a History," FRANKMORN, Illinois State University

"From a Criminal Justice System Model to a Community Networking Model for Criminal Justice Education," RONALD BOOSTROM and CORINA DRAPER, San Diego State University

"Criminology-With Purpose," JOHN BURIAN, Moraine Valley Community College

PANEL 136 BIRCH

Potpourri ill

Chair/Discussant: ZELMA WESTON-HENRIQUES, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Papers:

"Who's Box is Better? A Comparison of State-Run, Non-Profit and Non-for-Profit Prisons," WILLIAM HEAD, University of Texas at EI Paso

"Legislated Sanction Policies in Ten American Cities, 1948-1978: The Case of Fines," NANCY WOIKA, State University of New York at Binghamton

"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders and Violence: Three Forensic Cases," lAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University

"General Social Failure Theory," STANLEY CIAYTON

PANEL 137 CAPITOL

Strategies for Community Crime Prevention

Chair /Discussant: BARBARAHART, University of Texas at Tyler

Papers:

"A Study of Traffic Pattern Modifications in an Urban Crime Prevention Program," ALLEN WAGNER, University of Missouri at St Louis

"Strategies for Drug Reduction in Public Housing: The Chattanooga Experience," ROGER THOMPSON, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

"Sources of Community Heterogeneity and Its Impact on Community Crime Prevention," SUSANBENNETT, University of Louisville

"A Shot in the Dark: Can Firearm Restrictions Prevent Violent Crime," ROBERT HUNTER, Sam Houston State University

93 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990

8:00 a.m.-S:OO p.m. Registration JUNIOR BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 1 9:00 a.m.-S:OO p.m. Employment Exchange ASPEN 9:00 a.m.-S:OO p.m. Exhibits Open JUNIOR BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 1 10:lS a.m.-ll.4S a.m. Plenary Session II COLUMBINE 12:00 p.m.-2:00p.m. ACJS Awards Luncheon GRAND BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 2 AND 3

FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL 138 COWRADO

Roundtable: Supervision of Community Control Offenders Through Electronic Monitoring

Convener: MARSONJOHNSON, University of South Florida at Lakeland

Participants:

CAMERONBACON, Florida Department of Corrections

RICHARD BRUMMER, B I, Inc

RICHARD NIMER, Florida Department of Corrections

AlAN WESTERLUND, Michigan Department of Corrections

C DONALDWALD RON, Florida Department of Corrections

PANEL 139 SILVER

Victimology: A Closer Examination of the Crime of Rape

Chair/Discussant: LAURA MORIARTY, Western Carolina University

Papers:

"National Crime Survey and Rape: A Case of the Missing Question," HELEN EIGENBERG, Old Dominion University

"Fear of Crime and Attitudes About Crime Seriousness," EUZABErHMcCONNELL, Southwest Texas State University

"Date Rape," ROBINROGERS, Western Carolina University

"A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Judicial Decisions Relating to Criminals: State Court Rape Determinations," BARBARA YARNOLD, Saginaw Valley State University

PANEL 140 GOLD

Roundtable: Missing Children and Their Families: A National Study

Convener: CHRIS HATCHER, University of California at San Francisco

Participants:

COLEBARTON, University of California at San Francisco WREN BROOKS, University of California at San Francisco CHRIS HATCHER, University of California at San Francisco MARLENE DAllEY, Missing Children's Registry (CANADA)

94 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL 141 CENTURY

Life in Prison and Jail

Chair /Discussant: BYRON JOHNSON, Memphis State University

Papers:

"Patterns of Sexual Adjustment Among Prison Inmates," COLUMBUS HOPPER, University of Mississippi

"Attitudes of Death Row Inmates," DENNIS WIECHMAN, JERRY KENDALL, and MIKE WANDLING, University of Evansville

"The Detection of Prison Gang Development," ROBERT FONG, University of North Carolina

"From Yoruba to Atlanta: The Santeria Religion and Incarcerated Cuban Nationals," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

"Exploring Suicides and Deaths by Natural Causes in America's Largest Jails: A Panel Study of Institutional Change, 1978 and 1983," L THOMAS WINFREE JRand JOHN WooLDREDGE, New Mexico State University

PANEL 142 SPRUCE

Roundtable: Comparing Criminal Justice Trends and Issues Among States: Assessing Statewide Criminal Justice Information

Convener: MARY MANDE, Colorado Department of Public Safety

Participants:

RICHARD KERN, Virginia Statistical Analysis Center

AUCEJONES, Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority

PlDLLIPGER, RENNIN Pennsylvania Commission on Crime

RICHARD MOORE, Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning (IA)

RAYMOND TESKE JR, Sam Houston State University

PANEL 143 DENVER

Ethical and Evaluation Issues in Law Enforcement Research

Chair /Discussant: PHILIP RHOADES, Corpus Christi State University

Papers:

"Democracy and Community Oriented Policing: An Ethical Foundation for Openness and Community Participation," PHlllP RHOADES, Corpus Christi State University

"Ethical Considerations in Law Enforcement Research," FINN ESBENSEN and FRANK DUNFORD, University of Colorado

"Evaluating Community Policing: Critical Issues and Solution," DAVID EMMONS, Stockton State College

95 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 8:30 a.tD.-I0:00 a.m.

PANEL 144 CEDAR

How to Train Police Officers to Effectively Assist Victims

Chair: STEVEN CHERMAK, State University of New York at Albany

Papers:

"The Treatment of Law Enforcement OfficersConcerning Crime Victim Assistance," STEVEN SIEGEL, Denver District Attorney's Office

"A Descriptive Analysis of Child Sexual Abuse Investigation Procedures," SHAWNA SIZEMORE, University of South Carolina

"Police Officer Training Issues Regarding Victimization," RONALD SWAN, Aurora Police Department (CO)

"Critique of the Federal Victim-Witness Training Program," JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University

Discussant: DONNA HALE, Shippensburg University

BIRCH PANEL 145 Roundtable: Methodological Issues in the Study of Courts

Co-Conveners: ANITANEUBERGER, University of North Carolina at Charlotte and B KEITHCREW, University of Northern Iowa

Participants:

KRISTINANDERSON, University of Northern Iowa

KATHERINE JAMIESON, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

GREGORY ORVIS, University of Alabama at Birmingham

PANEL 146 COLUMBINE

Personnel Issues in Community-Based Corrections

Chair: DENNIS LUND, Kearney State College

Papers:

"Participatory Management: A Technique for Reducing Probation/Parole Officer Burnout," SlDRLEY DAVIS, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

"Diversion Center Operations: A Case of Commonality," DAMON CAMP, Georgia State University

"The Use of Performance Contracts in Community-Based Corrections," KURTSIEDSC lllAW, Kearney State College

"Role Perception Among Probation Officers," EDWARD SIEH, Niagara University

Discussant: DENNIS LUND, Kearney State College

96 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 8:30 am.-l0:00 am.

PANEL 147 TERRACE

Lights, Camera, Action: Current Issues in Trial and Lower Courts

Chair /Discussant: MICHAEL ISRAEL, Kean College

Papers:

"The Ethereal Witness: Hypnotism and the 6th Amendment," WllllAM HECK, Northeastern State University and MICHAEL BlANKENSIDP and MICHELLE HAWKINS, Memphis State University

"News Reporters and Post-Trial Interviews of Jurors," STEVE PASTERNACK, New Mexico State University

"The Lower Court's Role and Effectiveness in the Judicial Process," JULIE GILMERE, Western Illinois University

"Cameras in the Courtroom: Balancing the First and Sixth Amendments," MICHAEL STOHR-GllLMORE and NICHOlAS WVRICH, Washington State University

PANEL 148 CAPITOL

Roundtable: Drug Case Processing: What Works?

Convener: JOlANTA JUSZKIEWIcz, Pretrial Services Resource Center

Papers:

"Judicial Management Strategies for Addressing Drug Caseloads: The Comprehensive Adjudication of Drug Arrestees (CADA) Program and Differentiated Case Management (DCM) Program Approaches," THOMAS HENDERSON, National Center for State Courts

"Drug Case Processing in Urban Trial Courts," JOHN GOERDT, National Center for State Courts

"An Assessment of the Expedited Drug Case Management (EDCM) Program," JOAN JACOBY, Jefferson Institute for Justice

"Drug Case Management and Alternatives: The Courts Should Take a Leadership Role," JUDITH CRAMER, Montgomery County Common Pleas Court

"Comprehensive Adjudication of Drug Arrestees: Santa Clara County's Experience," HONORABLE CONRAD RUSIDNG, Santa Clara County Superior Court (CA)

FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 10:15 am.-11:45 am.

PANEL 149 COLORADO

Workshop: The Lakewood Experience: 20 Years of Police Innovation

Convener: MERLYN MOORE, Sam Houston State University

Participants:

RON LYNCH PIERCE BROOKS JOHN VERMILYE CHARLES JOHNSTON JIM RICHEY BILL KIRCHOFF

97 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PANEL 150 SILVER

Management Technologies

Chair: MARSON JOHNSON, University of South Florida at Lakeland

Papers:

"Risk Management Needs a New Focus," LUCIANSPAT ARO, Ohio University and JOHNNJPPS n

"Using Personality Measures as Tools for Criminal Justice Career Planning," STEVEN COx, Illinois State University

"Forecasting the Impact of an AFIS System," GARY CORDNER, Eastern Kentucky University and DEBORAH WILSON, University of Louisville

"The Age of Technology: Its Impact Upon Crime and the Management of Criminal Justice Institutions," JACKENTER, Georgia State University

Discussant: MARSON JOHNSON, University of South Florida at Lakeland

PANEL 151 GOLD

Trial and Error: Criminal Justice Research in the Community

Chair: ALIDA MERW, Westfield State College

Papers:

"Ethical Issues and the Private Sector," ALIDAMERW, Westfield State College

"An Analysis of Fear of Crime: A Critical Analysis of Its Conceptualization," STEVEN CHERMAK, State University of New York at Albany

"Criminology's Astrology: An Evaluation of Public Health Research on Firearms and Violence," PAULBLACKMAN, NRA Institute of Legislative Action

"Methodological Issues in Cross-Cultural Research in Criminal Justice," MANGAI NATARAJAN, Rutgers University and WOJCIECH CEBUIAK, Salem State College

Discussant: ALIDAMERW, Westfield State College

PANEL 152 CENTURY

EvidentiaIy Issues in CriminalLaw

Chair: STEPHEN WIDTE,Appalachian State University

"DNA Identification: Some Practical Questions," STEPHEN WIDTE, Appalachian State University

"DNA Testing in Criminal Prosecutions: Use and Misuse," GAYLE CARPER and WILLIAM McCAMEY, Western Illinois University

"Cognitive Processing in Complex Litigation," ELIZABETH VICfOR, Tiffin University

98 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 10:15a.m..-ll:45 a.m.

PANEL 153 SPRUCE

Police, Traffic Safety, and Dill Enforcement

Chair: TERRY COx, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"Drinking Driver Enforcement Patterns," H WAYNE OVERSON, Weber State College

"Comparison of First and Multiple DWI Offenders," lARRY GOULD, Louisiana State University

"Experienced Drinking Driver Performance Self Assessment: A Study in Perceptual Physiology," DENNIS BROWN, Kearney State College

Discussant: TERRY COx, Eastern Kentucky University

DENVER PANEL 154 Judges, Courts, and Court Programs: Contemporary Issues

Chair: MICHAEL WIGGINS, Central Missouri State University

Papers:

"The Application of Video Technology in Court," MICHAEL WIGGINS, Central Missouri State University

"Pretrial Release Programs: An Historical Tracing," KAREN OTT, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

"Judicial Elections in Wisconsin: A Case of 'Friends and Neighbors' Voting?" DAVID JONES, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

"Danger on the Bench: How Safe Are Our Judges," ROBERT LITfLE and ROBERT PONG, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Discussant: MICHAELWIGGINS, Central Missouri State University

PANEL 155 CEDAR

Roundtable: Ethnicityand Organized Crime

Convener: JAMES McKENNA JR, Villanova University

Participants:

SEAN GRENNAN, Long Island University

JOHN MARKlE, USDepartment of Customs

PATRICK RYAN, Long Island University

JAMESMcKENNA JR, Villanova University

99 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m.

PANEL 156 BIRCH

Workshop: Media and Law Enforcement

Convener: WILLIAM WALSH, Pennsylvania State University

Participants:

MAREAMANN ION, Pennsylvania State University

WILLIAM WALSH, Pennsylvania State University

SCOTINELSON, Federal Bureau of Investigation

BRUCE GlASSCOCK, Ft Collins Police Department (CO)

PANEL 157 TERRACE

Educators and Their Productivity

Chair: WILLIAMPELFREY, University of Louisville

Papers:

"The Criminal Justice Educator: Academics vs Practical," MARK DANTZKER, Texas Southmost College

"Institutional Productivity in Criminal Justice and Criminology: An Examination of Author Affiliations in Selected Journals," WILLIAM TAGGART, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and MALCOLM HOLMES, University of Texas at EI Paso

"A Survey of Views in Criminology Textbooks Regarding the Current Issues in Criminal Justice Programs," JOSEPH MOTIVANS, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse

Discussant: WILLIAM PELFREY, University of Louisville

PANEL 158 CAPITOL

Variety of Uses for Urine Test DAA in Research and Policy Studies

Chair/Discussant: RICHARDDEMBO, University of South Flprida

Papers:

"The Predictive Power of Arrestee Urinalysis Results: Cocaine Use and Reported Child Maltreatment in Washington, DC, 1984-1988," ADELEHARRELL, The Urban Institute

"Crack Cocaine Use and Severity of Charge at Arrest: An Analysis of Drug Use Forecast Data," TOM MIECZKOWSKI, University of South Florida

"The Drug Use Forecasting Program (DUF): History and Findings," ERIC WISH, National Institute of Justice

"Examining a Structural Model of the Relationship Between Physical Abuse, Sexual Victimization, Marijuana/Hashish Use and Delinquency Among a Cohort of High Risk Youths Over Time," RICHARD DEMBO, LINDA WILLIAMS, and CANDICE CHRISTENSEN, University of South Florida; WERNER WOTHKE, Scientific Software; JAMES SCHMEIDLER, Mt Sinai School of Medicine; ALAN GETREU and ESTRELLITAE B RRY, Northside Centers Inc; and ERIC WISH, National Institute of Justice

100 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 10:15 am.-ll:45 a.m.

PLENARY SESSION n COLUMBINE

What Works in Correctional Rehabilitation?

Convener: FRANCIS CULLEN, University of Cincinnati

Participants:

"Principles of Effective Correctional Treatment," PAUL GENDREAU, Centracare Saint John Inc (CANADA)

"Assessing What Works in Prison Classification," PATRICIA VANVOORHIS, University of Cincinnati

"Assessing What Works in Community Corrections," JAMES BYRNE, University of Lowell

"Assessing What Works in Juvenile Corrections," PRYER GREENWOOD, Rand Corporation

FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 2:15 p.m.-3:45 p.m.

PANEL 159 COLORADO

Organizational Change in Police Agencies

Chair: lARRY GAINES, Eastern Kentucky University

Papers:

"From Conflict to Community: A Case Study of Organizational Change in the McAllen, Texas Police Department," DAVID CARTER and ROBERT TROJANOWICZ, Michigan State University

"Assist Officer: Academic Consultants and Police Organizational Reform," JACK GREENE, Temple University

"The Harford County Experiment: Co-Production of a Research Capacity in a Small to Medium-Sized Police Agency," CARL KLOCKARS, University of Delaware

"You Can Lead a Horse to Water ...: The Response of Police to Drunk-Driving Reforms in Pennsylvania,' STEPHEN MASTROFSKI, R RICHARD RITTI,CHRISTOPHER KUCH, and JEFFREY SNIPES, Pennsylvania State University

Discussant: lARRYGAINES, Eastern Kentucky University

PANEL 160 SILVER

Issues in Computer Crime

Chair /Discussant: ROBERT MEADOWS, Glendale College

Papers:

"Security for Personal Computers and PC Network Systems," JAMES FAGIN, Wichita State University

"Computer Virus-Hi-Tech Automated Crime," HARVEY MORLEY, California State University at Long Beach

"Computer Hacking and Phone Phreaking: What Have we Learned?" ROBERT TAYLOR, University of Texas at Tyler

101 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 2:15p.m.-3:45 p.m.

PANEL 161 GOLD

Common Themes in Studies of Victims

Chair /Discussant: C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University

Papers:

"The Impact of the Criminal Justice System on the Lives of Rape Victims," DIANE BYINGTON, University of Denver

"Victimization of the Elderly," LINDA VINTON, Florida State University

"Victims of Child Abuse and Neglect," C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University

"History of Victim's Rights," SUSAN SAYLES, Florida State University

PANEL 162 CENTURY

Domestic Violence I

Chair/Discussant: WILLIAM TAYWR, University of Southern Mississippi

Papers:

"Mandatory Arrest and Temporary Restraining Orders in Domestic Violence," MARVIN ZALMAN, Wayne State University

"Inter-Jurisdictional Variations in the Definition of Domestic Violence," JAMES BYRNE, University of Lowell; JACK McDEVITT, Northeastern University; and DANIEL BmEL, Massachusetts Uniform Crime Reporting System

"Identifying Families at Risk of Domestic Violence," GLENN PIERCE, Northeastern University

PANEL 163 SPRUCE

Roundtable: Issues in Internships

Convener: LAURA NAGY, Florida State University

Participants:

WILLIAM WAKEFIELD, University of Nebraska at Omaha GARY GORDON, Utica College of Syracuse University WRIE FRIDELL, Florida State University

PANEL 164 DENVER

Roundtable: Managing Mentor: Issues for Women and Black Faculty

Convener: JOANNE BELKNAP, University of Cincinnati

Participants:

ZAIDANSARI, University of Cincinnati JOANNE BELKNAP, University of Cincinnati LAURAFISHMAN, Narcotic and Drug Research GEORGE WILSON, North Carolina Central University

102 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 2:15p.m.-3:45 p.m.

PANEL 165 CEDAR

Gangs and School

Chair/Discussant: JAMES MllLER JR, California State University, Los Angeles

Papers:

"Incidents of Crime and Violence in Los Angeles Area Schools: An Analysis of Rates and Trends," JAMES MllLER JR, California State University at Los Angeles and WESLEY MITCHELL, LosAngeles Unified School District

"A Study in Student Violence: A Coastal Town," DOROTHYSIEGEL, Towson State University

"Middle-Class Educational Values Among Latino Gang Members in East Los Angeles," AUDREY SCHWARTZ, University of Southern California

"Using the Law to Improve School Order and Safety," EMANUEL HURWITZ, JUUUS MENACKER, and WARD WELDON, University of Illinois at Chicago

PANEL 166 BIRCH

Workshop: Community Police Stations and Program Evaluation

Convener: CHRISTOPHER WALKER, Camosun College

Participant:

SANDRA-GAILWALKER, Fairfield Community Police Station

PANEL161 COLUMBINE

A Meta-Analysis of Delinquency Treatment Evaluations

Chair: MARK LIPSEY, Claremont Graduate School

Paper:

"What Works in Delinquency Treatment: Results From 400 Studies," MARK LIPSEY, Claremont Graduate School

Discussants: PAUL GENDREAU, Centracare Saint John Inc (CANADA); JOHN WIDTEHEAD,East Tennessee State University; and STEVEN lAB, Bowling Green State University

PANEL 168 TERRACE

Criminal Justice Education

Chair/Discussant: MARYPARKER, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

Papers:

"Criminal Justice Education as an Alternative to Incarceration," CHARLES CHASTAIN, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

"Law Related Education in the Elementary School Setting," ROBIN MAY, University Arkansas at Little Rock

"Criminal Justice Education in a High School Curriculum," MARY PARKER, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

103 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 2:15p.m.-3:45 p.m.

PANEL 169 BEVERLY

Drugs, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System

Chair: RALPH WEISHEIT, Illinois State University

Papers:

"Declaring a 'Civil' War on Drugs," RALPH WEISHEIT, Illinois State University

"The Unmentionable Alternative: The Need For, and the Argument Against the Decriminalization of Drug Use," PETER KRASKA, Kent State University

"Legal Issues in Drug Testing Offenders and Criminal Justice Employees," ROLANDO DEL CARMEN and JONATHAN SORENSEN, Sam Houston State University

"Drugs, Violence and the Industrial Order," SETH FISHER, University of California at Santa Barbara

"The Study of Narcotics Traffic in India: Its Effects on the United Stated," SESHAKETHINENI, Illinois State University

Discussant: RALPH WEISHEIT, Illinois State University

PANEL 170 CAPITOL

Electronic Monitoring and House Arrest

Chair: CHARLES HANNA, Duquesne University

Papers:

"Field Officers: The Impact of Role-Taking in an Intensive Supervision Program," KIMBERLY BRODERICK and CHARLES HANNA, Duquesne University

"Factors Related to the Mental Health Status of Offenders Sanctioned With Electronic Monitoring Home Confinement," JOHN HOLMAN, University of North Texas

"Intrafamilial Conflict Among Felons Under Community Supervision:, An Examination of Electronically-Monitored Parolees and Their Significant Others," JAMES QUINN, University of North Texas

"Electronic Jails and Political Reality," JAMESWALKER, Wright State University

Discussant: RICHARD lAWRENCE, St Cloud State University

PANEL 171 BILTMORE

Workshop: Sentencing Policies and AddressingVictim Concerns

Convener: CAROLSHAPIRO, Rutgers University

Participants:

"The Political Reality of Setting and Sentencing Policy," SUZANNEFLYNN, Rutgers University

"After the Sentence: The Missing Piece," SHARON ENGUSH, University of Rutgers

104 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.

PANEL 112 COWRADO

Crime Patterns and Trends

Chair: lAGAN LINGAMNENI, Governors State University

Papers:

"Money Buys Dignity: Black Organized Crime as an Avenue of Social Mobility," FREDERICK MARTENS, Pennsylvania Crime Commission

"Examining African-American Popular Culture Through 'Rap Music': The Prominence of Crime and Criminal Justice Themes," ZAIDANSARI, University of Cincinnati

"The Organizing of Crime in Appalachia," GARYPOTIER and lARRY GAINES, Eastern Kentucky University

"Offense Patterns of Alaska Repeat Offenders," ALLAN BARNES, University of Alaska Anchorage

Discussant: lAGAN LINGAMNENI, Governors State University

PANEL 173 SILVER

Assessing the Liability Associated with Preventing Crime

Chair: ROBERT TAYWR, University of Texas at Tyler

Papers:

"Armed Robbery and Civil Liability: Preventing Either, Neither or Both," WILLIAM PELFREY, University of Louisville

"Victims of Terrorist Acts-Who is Liable for Their Hurt?" RICHTER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University

"Murder in the Workplace: Establishing the Nexus Between Security Practices and Premises Liability," ROBERT MFADOWS, Glendale College

"National McGruff House Program: Preventing Crime and Facing Civil Litigation?" R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Discussant: ROBERT TA YWR, University of Texas at Tyler

PANEL U4 GOLD

Elder Abuse: Creation, Contro� and the Future

Chair /Discussant: IMOGENEMOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Papers:

"Psychological Theories of Elder Abuse," lAMES DAVIS, Department of Probation (NYC)

"The Role of Specialized Police Services in Meeting the Needs of Elderly Citizens," RICHARD ZEVITZ, Marquette University and ANNE GURNACK, University of Wisconsin

"Criminal Justice and Elderly Victimization: A Prognosis for the Future," RONALD IACOVETfA and DONALD BlAZICEK, Wichita State University

105 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.

PANEL 175 CENTURY

Domestic Violence n

Chair: PETERDIZASTO, University of New Mexico

Papers:

"Innovative Approaches to the Prosecution of Domestic Violence," NAOMI KAHN, Georgetown University

"The Role of Victim-Related Variables in Determining the Police Response to Family Violence Call," EVE BUZAWA, University of Lowell and THOMAS AUSTIN, Shippensburg State University

"Variations in Legal Definitions of Domestic Violence," JANE HALSTED, University of South Florida

Discussant: GERALD GARRETf, University of Massachusetts at Boston

PANEL U6 SPRUCE

Internships and Student Values

Chair: SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida

Papers:

"The Practicum: An Effective Tool for Testing, Training, and Program Design," ALEXCKMAN CHU , Miami-Dade Community College and SALLY GROSS-FARINA, Southeast Florida Institute of Criminal Justice

"Values Education and Criminal Justice," LARRY NUTT and DAVID EMMONS, Stockton State College

"The Nature and Administration of Criminal Justice Internship," MAUREEN McLEOD and USAHELM, Russell Sage College

"Experiential Learning Through Internships: Organizational Problems for Criminal Justice Educators," PAULBRULE, Rochester Institute of Technology

Discussant: SUE MAHAN, University of Central Florida

PANEL 177 DENVER

Internal and External Controls OYer Police Behavior

Chair: GEOFFREY ALPERT, University of South Carolina

Papers:

"Improving Control Over Police Violence in New York City," JEFFREY ROSS, University of Colorado

"Who Sues the Sheriff?" CANDACE McCOY, URSA Institute and JAMES FYFE, American University

"Police Risk Management: Avoiding the Lawsuit," JACK Wll.LIAMS, Pennsylvania State University

Discussant: GEOFFREY ALPERT, University of South Carolina

106 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.

PANEL 178 CEDAR

Prisoner Rights and the Figh t Against Oppression

Chair: RICK STEINMANN, University of Missouri at St Louis

Papers:

"Does the Fetus of an Incarcerated Pregnant Inmate Have Any Constitutional Rights Under the Missouri Abortion Law?" RICKSTEINMANN, University of Missouri at St Louis

"Political Activism in Prison as a Mechanism of Struggle for Social Justice," EDWARD SBARBARO, Regis College and ROBERT KEII F.R, University of Southern Colorado

"Back to Fundamentals: Felons and the Right to Vote," TITUS AARON, The Legal Research Company

Discussant: WUISHOLSCHER, San Jose State University

PANEL 179 BIRCH

Potpourri IV

Chair: JAMES NESS, Barton County Community College

Papers:

"Demographicsand Their Effect on the Investigative Function," FREDERICKMERCILLIOTT, University of New Haven

"Creating a Symbiotic Criminal Justice System for the 21st Century," GENE STEPHENS, University of South Carolina

"The Future of Criminal Investigation," STEVEN EGGER, Sangamon State University

Discussant: JAMES NESS, Barton County Community College

PANEL 180 COLUMBINE

Domestic Violence and its Victims

Chair: EITACULPEPPER, Hampton University

Papers:

"Unsafe at Home: Media Impact Upon Public Perception of Domestic Violence," LWYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College

"Women as Victims of Spousal Homicide," ANNA KUHL, Eastern Kentucky University and DEBORAH wnsON, University of Louisville

"Marital Status, Woman Abuse, and Sociological Theory," DESMOND ELliS, York University

"Male Peer Support and Woman Abuse: The Current State of Knowledge," WALTER DeKESEREDY, Carleton University

Discussant: EITACULPEPPER, Hampton University

107 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.

PANEL 181 TERRACE

Criminal Justice Education Needs of the 1990's

Chair/Discussant: GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University

Papers:

"Education, Not Training: The Challenge for Criminal Justice Educators," GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University

"Education for Preventive Health Programming and Police Injuries and Illnesses," HOWARD TRITf, Kent State University

"A Systematic Approach to a Masters Degree Program in Criminal Justice," C DONALD ENGLE, Glassboro State College and DONALD NEWMAN, State University of New York at Albany

"Is Graduate School Necessary for Criminal Justice Personnel?" TOD BURKE, St Anselm College and CHARLES O'REAR, George Washington University

"Criminal Justice: Promise and Outcome," DONALD NEWMAN, State University of New York at Albany

PANEL 182 BEVERLY Elaborating on the Drugs-Delinquency Connection

Chair /Discussant: WILLIAM TOWNE, Illinois State University

Papers:

"The Assessment of Multiple Drug Use Patterns and Types Found Among the Sentenced Juvenile Offender," KENNETH WANBERG, JAN EMBREE, and JOHN BEFUS, Colorado Division of Youth Service

"Correlates of Early Offending in a High Risk Sample of Youth," FINNESBENSEN and DAVIDHUIZINGA, University of Colorado

"Ethnicity and Career Drug Use of High School Seniors," WILLIAMTOWNE, Illinois State University and CHERYL TIEMAN, Radford University

PANEL 183 CAPITOL

Recent Trends in Community-Based Corrections: From Boot Camps to Character Corrections

Chair: WILLIAM ARCHAMBEAULT, Louisiana State University

Papers:

"Computer-Assisted Monitoring of Offenders: Assessment of Trends and Emerging Issues," WILLIAMCHAM AR ­ BEAULT, Louisiana State University

"Shock Incarceration: Boot Camp Style," KIM KAUFFMAN, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

"Character Corrections," A J STUART JR, National Character Laboratory Inc

"An Analysis of a Therapeutic Community: Program Selection, Group Interaction, and Outcome," BARBARA PEAT and L THOMAS WINFREE JR, New Mexico State University

Discussant: LARRY GOULD, Louisiana State University

108 FRIDAY, MARCH 16, 1990, 4:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.

PANEL 184 BILTMORE

The Organization of Juvenile Justice

Chair fDiscussant: MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

Papers:

"Decision-Making and the Typification of Juveniles on Parole," PAUL KNEPPER and GRAY CAVENDER, Arizona State University

"Pleading Guilty in Juvenile Court: Minimal Ado About Something Very Important to Young Defendants," JOSEPH SANBORN JR, Glassboro State College

"The Juvenile Court in Limbo," THEODORE FERDINAND, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

"YSBs, Administered for Extinction," HllARY HARPER, University of South Florida

SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990

8:00 a.m.-10:00 a.m. Registration JUNIOR BALLROOM AND ASSEMBLY 1 8:30 a.m.-10:3O a.m. ACJS Executive Board Meeting SAVOY

SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-10:00 a.m.

PANEL 185 COWRADO

Workshop: Investigation of Sexual Cannibalism

Convener: LYLE SHOOK, Auburn University at Montgomery

Participants: RANDY WHITfLE, Colorado State University JACQUELINE SANDERSON, U S Treasury · THOMAS EVANS, U S Treasury

PANEL 186 COLUMBINE

Gender and Justice Processing

ChairfDiscussant: DONNA BISHOP, University of Florida

Papers:

"Differential Handling of Females in the Juvenile Justice System: The Impact of Deinstitutionalization," DONNA BISHOP and CHARLES FRAZIER, University of Florida

"Legal Processing and Recidivism: Are There Gender Differences?" WNNLANZA-KADUCE, PATRICK GARTIN, and LAUREN DUNDES, University of Florida

"A Comparative Study of Adolescent Female Clients of the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services and the Department of Social Services: Placement, Treatment, and Needs," ROBIN ROBINSON, Brandeis University

"Gender Differences in Sentencing: Fact or Fiction?" PAULA DRACH-BRILLINGER, University of Cincinnati

109 SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m.

PANEL 187 GOLD

Problems and Programs in Police Administration

Chair /Discussant: JAMES NESS, Barton County Community College

Papers:

"Problems Encountered by Mounted Patrol Programs in Law Enforcement," STEPHEN DOEREN, Wichita State University

"A Comparative Analysis of Victim Assistance Programs," JAMES HENDRICKS and RONALD DOWN, Ball State University

"Volunteerism in Law Enforcement: Issues in Volunteers' Perception and Experience," BllL, LIN Sam Houston State University

"The Evolution of Japanese Policing Model in Post-War Taiwan (1945-Present}," TONY TSAO, State University of New York at Albany

PANEL 188 CENTURY The Scope of the Gang Problem

Chair/Discussant: JAMES MIILER JR, California State University at Los Angeles

Papers:

"Gang-Related Crime and Violence: Analysis of Rates, Patterns, and Trends," RALPH DAWSON, California State University at Los Angeles

"Definition of Gang Incident as an Element of Gang Programs," G DAVID CURRY, West Virginia University and IRVING SPERGEL, University of Chicago

"Urban Youth Lock-In: An Anti-Gang Prevention Program," RALPH DAWSON, California State University at Los Angeles

"Black Gangs: The Latin Connection," TYRONE PRICE, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

PANEL 189 SPRUCE

Bureauaacy, Participation, and Change in Policing

Chair/Discussant: STEVEN EDWARDS, University of Louisville

Papers:

"What Works in Policing? Personalized, Nonbureaucratic Policing," VIC SIMS, Lamar University

"A Paramilitary Organization and Participatory Management: The Implementation of Teams in the Washington State Patrol," KELSEY GRAY, Washington State University-Spokane and NICHOlAS WVRICH and MARY STOHR­ Gll..LMORE, Washington State University

"An Assessment of Police Management Culture and Potential for Organizational Change," JAMES GILSINAN, St Louis University

"Authority as Technology: Implications for Police Patrol Operations and Agency Reorganization," MICHAEL MEYER, University of North Dakota

110 SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-l0:()() a.m.

PANEL 190 DENVER

Community Policing

Chair: JACKGREE NE, Temple University

Papers:

"An Update of the Institutionalization of Community Policing in the City of Houston," JAMES OPOWT, Texas Southern University

"Community-Oriented Policing and Beat Integrity," NOAH FRITZ, Tempe Police Department

"Community Policing in Colorado Springs: Implementation and Impact," L DOUG GIFFORD, Colorado Springs Police Department and IAN GOMME, Memorial University of Newfoundland

"The Latest Advances in Making Excuses for the Way Things Are: Changing Law Enforcement Organizational Culture," GARY SYKES, Southwestern Law Enforcement Institute

Discussant: JACKGREENE, Temple University

PANEL 191 CEDAR

Approaches to Delinquency

Chair: VINCENTHOFFMAN, Michigan State University

Papers:

"Case Study Research of Delinquency: Strategies, Problems, and Prospects," LWYD KLEMKE, Oregon State University

"The Theory of Differential Oppression," JOHN HEWIIT, Ball State University

"Perceptions of Authority and Peers Among Occult Involved Delinquent Youth," SABRINA NEWSOME and VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

"Increasing the Participation of Youth Development Organizations in Juvenile Justice Programming, " DAVIDHACKETf, Youth Policy Institute

Discussant: VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

BIRCH PANEL 192

The Creation of Criminal Law

Chair: NORMAN KlTfEL, St Cloud State University

Papers:

"The Genesis of Criminal Law," NORMAN KITTEL, St Cloud State University

"Common Law Crimes in the United States," FRANCES BERNAT, Pennsylvania State University

Discussant: NORMANKITTEL, St Cloud State University

111 SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 8:30 a.m.-l0:00 a.m.

PANEL 193 BEVERLY

Individual Rightsand the Constitution

Chair: NOlAALLEN, University of South Florida

Papers:

''The New Image of 'Unreasonable' in the Fourth Amendment," NOlAALLEN , University of South Florida

"State Variations in Competency of Counsel," J MICHAELTHOMSON and FREDRHYNHART, Northern Kentucky University

"Drug Testing of Law Enforcement Employees: Some Unanswered Questions and SuggestedPolicies," ALTON SLANE, Muhlenberg College

"Constitutional Rights of the Accused: The Mexican Experience," REYNALDO MONTANARO and WllLIAM WILKINSON, University of Texas-Pan American-Brownsville

Discussant: NOlAALLE N, University of South Florida

PANEL 194 CAPITOL

Legal Issues in Correctional Institution Management

Chair /Discussant: PaulThomas, Federal Bureau of Prisons

Papers:

"The Impact of Federal Court Intervention on Prison Systems," BERNARD McCARTHY, Jacksonville State University

"A Review of Civil Liabilities of/for Correctional Administrators and Managers," STEPHAN KAFfAN, Minot State University

"Prisoners with AIDS and the Federal Court," J MICHAELOLIVERO, University of Texas, Pan American University

"The Availability of Immunity Defenses to Private Providers of Correctional Services," CHARLES THOMAS, LINDA HANSON, and KIM PACE, University of Florida

PANEL 195 BD...TMORE

Community Corrections: Changing the Community Versus Changing the Offender

Chair: EDWARD SIEH, Niagara University

Papers:

"A Community-Oriented Approach to Probation Supervision," ARTHUR LURIGIO, Loyola University and JAMES BYRNE, University of Lowell

"DeVeloping Vocational Rehabilitation Networks in Rural Communities," THOMAS TOMLINSON, MICHAEL HAZELETf, and GREG SMITH, Western Illinois University

"Control Theory and Felony Probation: An Empirical Test," JOHN WlllTEHEAD, East Tennessee State University

Discussant: CHARLES LINDQUIST, University of Alabama at Birmingham

112 SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 8:30 am.-l0:00 a.m.

PANEL 195A TERRACE

Current Research Issues/problems in Criminal Court Processing

Chair: MARGARET FARNWORTH, Sam Houston State University

"TBA,"

"TBA,"

"TBA,"

Discussant: MARGARET FARNWORTH, Sam Houston State University

SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 10:15 aM.-ll:45 a.m.

PANEL 196 COWRADO

Crime: Ethical and Religious Factors

Chair: ROBERT BING, University of Missouri-St Louis

Papers:

"Religious Belief Systems and Crime: A Cross-National Analysis," RICHARD BENNETT, American University and SANDRA BAXTER, The Circle Inc

"The Process of Social and Legal Change: A Theoretical Inquiry into Changing Conceptions of Reality," GALAN JANEKSElA, Wichita State University

Discussant: ROBERT BING, University of Missouri-St Louis

PANEL 197 COLUMBINE

Issues Confronting Restitution

Chair: EDNA EREZ, Kent State University

Papers:

"Victims in the Court: A Comparison Between Victims of Violent and Nonviolent Crime," EDNA EREZ, Kent State University

"Restitution: The Ubiquitous Sentencing Condition," CAROL SHAPIRO, Rutgers University

"United States Crime Victim Compensation: A National System in Need of Repair," ROBERT McCORMACK,Trenton State College

Discussant: EDNA EREZ, Kent State University

113 SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m.

PANEL 198 GOLD

Police and Domestic Violence

Chair: MICHAEL STEINMAN, University of Nebraska at Lincoln

Papers:

"Police Training in Domestic Violence: Perceptions of Training and Knowledge of the Law," JOANNE BELKNAP, University of Cincinnati

"The Police and Spouse Abuse: Do Arrest Policies Work?" MICHAELSTEINMAN, University of Nebraska at Lincoln

"A Critical Analysis of the Movement Toward Preferred Arrest Policies in Woman Abuse Cases," IRA HUTClDNSON ill and DAVID HIRSCHEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

"What do Citizens Want Police to do at Domestics: Enforce the Law or Provide Services?" MICHAELBRECI, St Cloud State University

Discussant: ROBERT WORDEN, Michigan State University

PANEL 199 CENTURY

Strategies in Correctional Institution Management and Research

Chair: ERNEST COWLES, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

Papers:

"The Computerized Prison: Automation in a Penal Setting," TED ALLEMAN, Pennsylvania State University

"An Electronic Update of the Pennsylvania System," ROBERT ROGERS, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

"The Privatization of Correctional Management: A Review," BYRON JOHNSON, Memphis State University

"The Jail and the Community," JOHN KlDFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

Discussant: ERNEST COWLES, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

PANEL � SPRUCE

Criminal and Civil Applications of Rl.C.O.

Chair: VIC SIMS, Lamar University

Papers:

"Contraband Forfeiture Acts: A Civil Approach to Crime Control That Works," JAMES BENSON, University of Houston-Clear Lake

"Is This the End of R.I.C.O.?" CECILGREEK, University of South Florida

Discussant: VIC SIMS, Lamar University

114 SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 10:15 am.-ll:45 a.m.

PANEL 201 DENVER

Police Responses to Special Problems

Chair: JAMESHENDRICKS, Ball State University

Papers:

"Operation Senior Safe Shopping: A Crime Prevention Program for Senior Citizens in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City," JOHNDEMPSEY, Suffolk County Community College

"Police Strategies to Identify and Reduce Prejudice: A Critique," JUDITH HARRIS, University of South Carolina at Spartanburg

"A Comparison of Two Child Support Enforcement Programs: Criminal Justice or Social Service?" C AARON McNEECE, Florida State University

"Multi-Jurisdictional Child Pornography Task Forces," CAROLE RAGGIO, Broward County Sheriffs Office

Discussant: JAMESHENDRICKS, Ball State University

PANEL 202 CEDAR

Theoretical Perspectives on Delinquency and Drug Use

Chair: CHERYLTIEMAN, Radford University

Papers:

"Delinquency and Drug Use: A Re-Test of Control Theory," KIMBERLY KEMPFand SCOTI DECKER, University of Missouri at St Louis

"Adolescent Drug Use: A Re-Analysis," HENNESSEY HAYES, Tulane University

"Social Class Effects on Parents, Peers and Delinquent Drug Use," ZINA McGEE, Tulane University

Discussant: CHERYLTIE MAN, Radford University

PANEL 203 BIRCH

Student Panel: Crime Prevention and Victims

Chair: JOHN BURIAN, Moraine Community College

"Community Crime Prevention: Classifying Neighborhood," HOLLYDERSHEM, Washington State University

"United We Stand?" JASON STROHBEHN, University of Northern Colorado

"Evaluation of a Police Department's Victim Advocate Program: The Real Fay Furrillo," SHARON BERG and BRENDA WALKER, University of Northern Colorado

"Police-Victim Witness Training: A National Study," MIKETHOMAS and JAMESHENDRICKS, BallState University

Discussant: JOHN BURIAN, Moraine Community College

115 SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-11:45 a.m.

PANEL 204 BILTMORE

Student Panel: Corrections Issues

Chair: SAM SOURYAL, Sam Houston State University

Papers:

"Readiness and Postrelease Problems Among High-Risk Parolees," KIMBERLY WlDTESIDE, North Carolina Central University

"Theoretical Implications of Social Support and Community Adjustment for Young Parolees," TRACYSIMM ONS, North Carolina Central University

"Community Service Sentencing in Rural Virginia," CONNIE BONDI, Pennsylvania State University

"Jail and Prison Escapes 1900-1986: A Descriptive Study," ANNA RODRIGUEZ and NORMAWZANO

"Pretrial Release," MEUSSA WINESBURG, University of Cincinnati

Discussant: SAM SOURY AL, Sam Houston State University

PANEL 205 BEVERLY

AIDS and Social Justice

Chair: JULIAN ROEBUCK, Atlanta University

Papers:

"AIDS and Sexual Partners," JULIUS DEBRO, Narcotic and Drug Research

"Family Relationships of Prisoners with AIDS," lAURA FISHMAN, Narcotic and Drug Research

"Street Teams and AIDS Prevention," DARLENE CONLEY, Narcotic and Drug Research

Discussant: K S MURTY, Atlanta University

TERRACE PANEL206 Potpourri V

Chair: lARRY BASSI, State University of New York at Brockport

Papers:

"Fundamental Issues in Comparative Criminal Justice Study," lARRYBASSI, State University of New York at Brockport

"A Reassessment of Treatment Modalities Within Prison," PAUL WUIS and JERRY SPARGER, Memphis State University

"Police as Prison Guards," DILIP DAS and MATII lAINE, Ministry of Justice (FINLAND)

Discussant: lARRY BASSI, State University of New York at Brockport

116 SATURDAY, MARCH 17, 1990, 10:15 a.m.-ll:45 a.m.

PANEL 1ff1 CAPITOL

Roundtable: International Women Police Officers

Convener: IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

P artici pants:

BARBARA PRICE, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

SANDRA JONES, BruneI University (ENGlAND)

PHYLLIS NOLAN

JENNIFER BROWN, Hampshire Constabulary (ENGlAND)

MARK FLETCHER, Hampshire Constabulary (ENGlAND)

117 118 INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

NAME PAGE

Anderson Publishing Company ...... 4 Waveland Press Inc ...... 8 Nelson-Hall ...... 10 The Pennsylvania Police Criminal Law Bulletin ...... 12 Eastern Kentucky University ...... 14 West Publishing Company ...... 16 Indiana University of Pennsylvania ...... 18 Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc ...... 20 University of Nebraska at Omaha ...... 22

ASIS Foundation Inc ...... 24

ICMA ...... 26 University of Louisville ...... 28

Sam Houston State University ...... 30 VERALEX Inc ...... 32 TEMPbadge ...... 34

University of Baltimore ...... 36

Broward Community College ...... 38 The University of Albany ...... 40

Macmillan Publishing Company ...... 42-43

Office of International Criminal Justice ...... 44

Temple University ...... 46 The Foundation Press Inc ...... 48 Pergamon Press ...... 50 National Institute of Justice ...... 52 Criminal Justice Press ...... 54

Criminal Justice Press ...... 56 AOS/Anderson Monograph Series ...... 58

Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences ...... 60 Southern Criminal Justice Association ...... 62

Midwestern Criminal Justice Association ...... 64 Southwestern Association of Criminal Justice Educators ...... 68

Western and Pacific Association of Criminal Justice Educators ...... 70

This Program and Abstract Book, and related annual meeting materials were produced by the ACJS National Office at Northern Kentucky University.

J Michael Thomson Mary Jo Hardcorn Editor, ACJS Today Staff Secretary Patricia Delancey ACJS Executive Secretary Kelson Combs II Chris Eddi ngton Office Assistant Graduate Assistant 120 ACADEMY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SCIENCES

1990

ANNUAL MEETING

MARCH 13-17, 1990

RADISSON HOTEL DENVER

DENVER, COLORADO

ABSTRACTS

THEME:

WHAT WORKS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE? 122 PANEL 2 Domestic Violence and Child Abuse: Current Issues

"Physicians Involvement in the Investigation and Prosecution of Child Abuse Cases: Exploring Areas of Collaboration and Conflict," ROBIN RUSSEL, University of Nebraska at Omaha and MARl{ HORTON, Boys Town Institute

The last two decades have witnessed the growing legalization and criminalization of child abuse cases, particularly cases of sexual abuse. As more cases are being prosecuted, increasing numbers of physicians are being called to substantiate, through their expert testimony, abuse allegations in legal proceedings. The participation of physicians in child abuse cases in criminal and juvenile court has been problematic. The relationships between doctors and lawyers, law enforcement officers and child protective service workers in child maltreatment cases are often characterized by conflict. This paper explores the roots of this conflict.

"Domestic Violence Restraining Orders: A Study of 200 Case Filings in Orange County, California," JUDy KAU, California State University,Long Beach

California Law authorizes adult victims of domestic violence to obtain restraining orders to prevent future abuse. This paper presents the first phase of a study of over 200 cases filed in Orange County, California between November 1987 and June 1988. Activity subsequent to the issuing of the temporary restraining order was monitored on two main functions: obtaining permanent restraining orders and enforcement of the restraining orders.

"1be Forensic Investigation of Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse," JOHN PODBOY

Allegations of child sexual abuse confront civil and criminal courts with increasing frequency. Some widely accepted approaches often lack critical thinking and comprehensiveness. This includes the use of "anatomically correct" dolls, assumptions concerning the veracity of children, the use of polygraph tests, and a ready acceptance of the "child accommodation syndrome." Rrecommended is an evaluation model that includes a complete psychosexual history of parents, use of multiple conjoint interviews, and the administration of select psychological tests to all involved parties.

"Prosecutorial Perceptions of the 'Battered Women Syndrome': Toward 'A Definition of the Situation'," GLENDA JURKE and ROBERT MENDFLSOHN, South Dakota State University

Prior research has focused extensively on the victims of domestic violence, as well as their first contacts with the criminal justice system, while predominately ignoring a key individual--the prosecuting attorney. The role of the prosecuting attorney has become particularly pivotal in cases where a battered woman kills her battering husband in self-defense. The prosecutorial definition of the situation can therefore mean the difference between acquittal or conviction. Prosecuting attorneys from a four state region were administered a questionnaire in an attempt to tum this perspective,and ask not how the battered woman perceived the situation, but how the prosecuting attorney perceives the battered woman's situation in their decision to charge or not to charge a crime.

PANEL 3 National and International Management Issues: Law Enforcement

"Police and Public in Finland," DILIP DAS, Ministry of Justice (FINLAND)

The Finnish police enjoy high morale and public respect, and their street-level encounters with members of the public are by and large devoid of hostility. It is interesting to analyze how a purely bureaucratic organization has avoided the likely phenomenon of the politics of confrontation between the public and the police. This paperwill be an account of the people-oriented qualities of the Finnish police and the reasons for the same

"Management Implications of Civilianization for Police Forces in England and Wales," BARRY LOVEDAY, Birmingham Polytechnic (ENGLAND)

This paper considers the introduction of a major civilianization program within police forces in England and Wales. It assesses both the impact of this program on police organizations and its implications for internal management of police forces. The research results are based, in part, on data drawn from a survey of the 43 Police Forces in England and Wales conducted under the auspices of the Joint Consultative Committees "Operational Policing Review". The Joint Committee represents the three police staff associations (Police Federation, Chief Officers Association, and Superintendents Association) which for the first time has initiated joint research on aspects of police management and policing.

"Physical Fitness Requirements and Workman's Compensation Claims," srANLEY CUNNINGHAM and JOlIN DANIELS, Western Illinois University and DENNIS BINGHEIM, Quincy Police Department (IL)

This paper compares two law enforcement departments whose physical fitness requirements vary, and examines the number and types of claims for Workman's Compensation filed by officers within the two departments. Differences found are discussed in terms of mandatory physical fitness requirements versus entrance-only requirements. Implications for police departments and other law enforcement agencies are discussed.

"Hearing Requirements for Police Selection," ROGERPENNEL, Central Missouri State University

This paper examines the hearing requirement as factor for police selection. Measuring the applicants level of hearing has typically been imprecise, with the requirement resulting in few applicants being eliminated from consideration for a police position. Major issues related to this requirement are examined, along with projected trends.

PANEL 4 Structuring Police Services

"Consolidation of Police Services: A Comparison of Two Jurisdictions," PIITERPHllLIPS, Utica College of Syracuse University

The consolidation of police services is, and always has been, a politically sensitive issue. In this study, a comparison is made between twoNew York state jurisdictions which underwent consolidation: the first, a municipality which contracted for services with the county; the second, two municipalities which combined departments. The strengths and weaknesses of these arrangements are analyzed.

123 "County Law Enforcement," JOHN O'BRIEN

County government, ignored for the most part as merely a local setting for state courts, is the ideal basis for carrying out the day to day operations of government. This is particularly so in law enforcement. The average police department in America has less than ten officers which precludes such agencies from achieving any level of proficiency much less professionalization. The anachronistic demands for local control militate against most local police forces from achieving even a minimum level of specialization, supervision, and mobilization not to speak of esprit de corps, purchasing power or a professional chief of police. County police forces have already proven themselves.

"Organizing the Delivery of Policing Services to Rural Alaska: The Village Public Safety Officer (VPSO) Program," OTWINMARENIN, University of Alaska Fairbanks

The VPSO program was established in 1980 to improve the delivery of policing services to rural, mostly Native villages. The administration of the program is shared by a public agency (the Alaska State Troopers under the authority of the Alaska Department of Public Safety), a semi-public agency (a regional non-profit Native corporation) and a communal body (a local council chartered under federal, state or traditional authority). Administrative problems which have arisen under this complicated organizational arrangement will be discussed and evaluated.

PANEL5 Race, Ethnicity, and CriminalJustice

"The Congress, the Courts, and an Emerging Dual Standard of Justice Under the Indian Civil Rights Act," KENNEIH .REESE, Georgia Southern College

In 1968 Congress passed the ICRA in an effort to provide individual Native Americans, relative to tribal governments, rights comparable to those enjoyed by everyone relative to the local, state, and federal governments. However, several subsequent court cases presented obstacles to the fulfillment of that promise, and Congress has demonstrated little enthusiasm for legislating corrective measures.

"Do the Right Thing: Racism and Criminal Justice Implementation of Civil Rights Statutes," lLOYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College

Racial (or hate) crimes are prominent in most regions around the United States. Governmental intervention in the absence of localized law enforcement efforts have produced notable criminal convictions. This paper explores: 1) the roots of social tension contributing toward violent racial assaults; 2) a socia-historical perspective accounting for how the U S Department of Justice has dealt with these concerns; 3) the Bensonhurst case and its connection with larger social issues; and 5) an institutional understanding of racism from the position of the criminal justice system and community residents.

"Selective Return of Criminal Law Activities to Alaska Native Villages: Neocolonialism or Revitalization of Tribal Sovereignty?" srEPHENNN, CO University of Alaska Anchorage

As Alaska struggles with criminal justice delivery to Alaska Native villages, many experiments have been undertaken or postulated which would reinvigorate criminal law activity in these rural places. Initial enthusiasm for alleviation of burdens on the formal system has been replaced with a state concern that village activity will be viewed as tribal activity. The author isolates areas where the needs of the state and villages can be met without feeding the flames of the conflict between state sovereignty and village tribal sovereignty.

PANEL6 Major Issues in Drug Policy

"AIDS: Perceptions, Attitudes and Behaviors of IV Drug Users," JUDrIH RILEY, Western Michigan University

This study is an anonymous survey of intravenous drug users. Participants were clients in community in-patient and out-patient drug treatment programs. Research results compare drug user's attitudes and beliefs about AIDS with their actual behavior. Policy implications are discussed.

"Decriminalizing Marijuana," KA11IRINEJOHNSON, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and RALPH WEISHEIT, Illinois State University

Support for decriminalizing marijuana comes from an unlikely combination of people, including those with conservative, liberal, and libertarian political philosophies. While national surveys periodically include questions about decriminalization, the treatment of this issue is generally superficial. This study utilizes a sample of citizens and criminal justice employees to describe the extent and specific nature of support/opposition to decriminalization and to suggest policy implications. In addition, between-group comparisons are made to determine the extent of agreement between citizens and those charged with carrying out legal policies regarding marijuana.

"Street Gangs or Organized Crime? Narco Gangs in America," CLIFFORD SIMONSEN, Central WaShington University

This paper focuses on the problems of street gangs in America and the explosion of substance marketing by them in the 1980s. It will examine the growing use of narca-terrorism as a means of control. It traces the expansion of narca-gang activity from centers such as lA and NYC to most major cities ... and even towns and villages across the country. It will show the methods of the Crips & Bloods, the Mexicanos & Chicanos, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, Oriental Gangs, Crime Cartels for Cuba & Columbia ...all bound together by the color GREEN. Some of the new drugs are discussed and speculation as to where all this is going is ventured.

"Crackdown on Cocaine Mothers: Legal, Medical and Ethical Implications of Prosecuting Substance-Abusing Pregnant Women," SAllY lAWRENCE, Gainesville Police Department and SUE MAHAN and DELLA PRESIWOOD, University of Central Florida at Daytona Beach

Based on data obtained from Alachua and Vol usia county statistics and interviews with health care professionals, legal experts and cocaine mothers in both counties, drug treatment, prevention programs and problems facing addicted pregnant women are examined. The incidence, collateral consequences, and childcare issues of cocaine-addicted babies are explored, as are reasons addicted mothers do not seek treatment.

124 PANEL7 CommunityCoUeges and Small Criminal Justice Programs

"Community Colleges and Corrections - An Innovative Approach, " LYNDA PINrRICH, Middlesex Community College

In an era where jail overcrowding is the rule rather than the exception, there is much debate about building more facilities, and we pay far less attention to staff development. Yet, effective personnel development can play a vital role in the successful operations of corrections in the future. Middlesex Community College has taken a proactive position, and has developed and implemented a certificate/degree program in criminal justice for the staff at the Billerica House of Corrections, a county facility. The program model has recently been expanded into corporate level private security. The planning, development, problems, and successes associated with the program are discussed.

"A Criminal Justice Education in the Rio Grande Valley," MARK DANrZKER,Texas Southmost College

During the past twenty years the availability of a criminal justice education has grown. The recognition by a variety of criminal justice agencies for the need of a college degree has helped spark this growth. However, there are still some parts of the U S where the demand for a criminal justice education is great but the responsehas been less than ample. The Texas Rio Grande Valley is one such area. This paperwill examine the current state of criminal justice education in the Rio Grande Valley. The type of education being sought by the criminal justice student, as well as his or her criminal justice career goalsis assessed. Recommendations for the future are included.

PANEL 8 Prediction of Special Problems

"Prediction of Dishonesty From Youthful and Adult Experience," PHILIPASH, London House Inc

Two hundred twenty-five employees of a wholesale drug company tookthe Life Experience Inventory-Revised (LEI-R) and the Personnel Selection Inventory(PSI-3) to compare prediction of adult delinquency from youthful experiences (LEI-R) and from adult experiences (PSI-3). The subscales of the inventories were moderately intercorrelated; the two total scores correlated r=0.55. A factor analysis yielded a PSI factor and an LEI factor, with little overlap between them. Predictions from youthful experiences yield somewhat different results from predictions from adult experiences. Implications for the assessment of delinquency and dishonesty are discussed.

"Recognizing Eating Disorders in Prisons: When Should You Worry," JAMIE MOORHFAD, Horizon Recovery Center; V SCOTf JOHNSON, Eastern New Mexico University; and WENDElL BARBER

Correctional staff infrequently encounter eating disorders and consequently have little or no experience in differential diagnosis and treatment of afflicted individuals. It is precisely this rarity of these disorders in prisons that leave both the afflicted inmates and the prison system vulnerable. This session is designed to teach recognition of the disorders. Classification of subtypes, prediction of prognosis treatment strategies are suggested. It will not make participants experts in classification or treatment but will give help in differentiating potentially life-threatening clients from other more benign forms, e.g., we can teach you when to worry.

PANEL 9 Discretionary Justice: The Decision to Prosecute and Finding the Appropriate Sentence

"The Criminality of Economic Punishment of Indigent Criminals," WILLIAM DAVIS JR, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Indigent defendants are convicted of social/economic crimes. They are placed on probation with judgement of fines and probation supervisionfees. Overlooked is that the reasons for the criminal activity were inadequate economics which resulted in economic crimes to support material needs, drug abuse, etc. Upon probation/parole these persons, without jobs or the ability to obtain one, are sentenced to continue their criminal activity in order to meet both their own financial needs and to pay the judicially imposed fines/fees.

"Regional and Judicial Effects of Sentencing Decisions," MARVIN7ALMAN, J OHN� and KENNIITHCHELST, Wayne State University

All felony sentences of Michigan judges imposed in 1987 are analyzed. Dependent variables include prior criminal history, location, age, sex, race, and several economic-social-political context variables. A model of sentencing with and without judge identifiers is compared.

"Federal Prosecution of Obstruction of Justice," GORDON MISNER, University of Illinois at Chicago

"Obstruction of justice" is a label covering more than seventy specific offenses, each viewed as a potential threat to the integrity of, or an actual interference, with the proper administration of justice. Both national and state criminal codes classify these offenses as crimes, but the penalty structure varies among jurisdictions. Everynation (reviewed in a separate study) has nearly identical approaches to sanctioning interference with the government's administration of justice, a virtually universal approach. This study analyzes the pattern of prosecutions in U.S. District Courts over a period of time; the data suggest the differential roles of discretionary prosecutorial policy in handling these offenses.

PANEL 10 Explanations of Crimes by Women: From Prostitution to Violence

"The Prostitution of Sexuality," KATIILEEN BARRY, Pennsylvania State University

Increased violence is reportedas reflecting normative sexual expectations in Westernsociety. This paper examines the relationship between violent normative sexuality and the criminal sexuality of prostitution. By studying the historical production of sexuality in the last century it is possible to locate the conditions which have produced emotionally distanced and objectified sexuality both in and out of prostitution. Recent feminist redefin­ itions of pornography serve as a grounded base for redefining the sexuality of prostitution and examining it as a human rights violation. International human rights law is analyzed to identify models for an approach to prostitution of sexual which surpasses the limitations of individual rights models.

"Crimes by Women: A Theoretical Perspective," KATIll.EEN GALE, Elmira College

According to official statistics, gender has more influence on criminality than poverty, unemployment or "race". As women sought equality and as they entered the labor market, so their official criminality increased. The differences between male and female criminality have been attributed to biology, social roles and to the influence of gender stereotypes on the

125 criminal justice process. Hypotheses from these 3 theories are tested against official statistics and the results of criminological surveys over the last thirty years in the U S.

"Alaska Women and Crime," NANCY SCHAFI!R and EMILY READ, University of Alaska Anchorage

Ten years of arrest data from Uniform Crime Reportsprovi de detailed descriptions of the criminal activities of Alaska female offenders. An effort is made to identify factors associated with different types of crime and to examine changes over the period. Particular attention is paid to arrests for crimes of violence because of a perception that violence is common among Alaskans. National UCR data on female arrests provide a basis for comparing Alaska offenders with women elsewhere.

"A Discussion of Battered Women as Political Prisoners," SHELLYsrER, BANNI Northern Illinois University

As recent feminist scholarshiphas noted, women who are living in a battering relationship exhibit similar characteristics and reactions as those shown by people (most often men) who have been held as political hostages. This paper discusses this similarity as well as the reasons therefore. It also discusses the particular plight of women who are incarcerated for their actions in self-defense that result in the injuryor death of their batterer.

PANEL 11 Issues in Policing

"The 'New' Minority and the Police: Law Enforcement Needs of New Oriental Immigrants," VINCENTHOFFMAN, Michigan State University

This study investigated policies of several major police agencies for interacting with the newly arrived Asian immigrants. Several police agencies in large cities were interviewed to discover what policies exist, the means by which these policies were developed, the effectiveness of such policy implementation--as perceivedby police personnel and the Asians themselves. Suggestions were solicited from both groups as to how each side might have something to offer in better police response in the community and cooperation from the Asian community. It was concluded that this new population may have positive things to offer for both community building and order in the community.

"Life Without the Exclusionary Rule: The British Experience," JAN DARGEL, University of Tampa

This paper is a comparative analysis of the American and British methods of remedying police abuse in executing searches and interrogations. As the exclusionary rule is weakened by the United States Supreme Court and more exceptions to it are created, it is helpful to examine alternative remedies for those cases in which the rule is not applicable. Rather than viewing the 75-year old rule as a "technicality," perhaps we should view the exceptions thereto as the technicalities and nevertheless hold law enforcement officers accountable in some other manner.

"Who Was Truly the Father of Modern Policing?" RICHARD HOlDEN, Central Missouri State University

Since the early days of criminal justice as a discipline, Sir Robert Peel has been proclaimed as the Father of Modern Policing. This is in spite of the fact that London was the last major European city to have such a force. In this paper, an historical analysis is made comparing the creation of the London Metropolitan Police with that of the Police of Paris. The results of this analysis reveal that perhaps we are guilty of "Anglicizing" history. In our attempt to be more British than the British, we have seriously overlooked the contributions of other nations to the field of policing.

PANEL 12 The Methodology of Prediction

"Development of a Risk Assessment Scale for Child Molesters," ROBERT PRENIXY, Boston University School of Medicine

This paper reports on the development and validation of a child molester risk assessment scale. Based upon extensive research with a sample of 179 child molesters committed to the treatment center, 14 variables were identified that were empirically and theoretically related to criminal outcome. These variables were entered into a discriminant function analysis, using only those offenders who presently are at the center. Those variables found to most effectively discriminate between low frequency and high frequency offending child molesters were selected. This set of variables was then applied to a different sample of offenders who had been discharged from the facility over a period of 25 years. The resulting scale and its relative predictive power are presented and discussed.

"A Regression Model for the Two-Binomial Case," LEONEL CAMPOS, Chicago State University

The data from the cross-classification of two dichotomous variables, one antecedent and the other response, can be treated in a fashion analogous to the algebra of correlation to yield, a) an equation describing the functional relationship existing between the variables under study, b) an index of association, c) an estimate of the error incurred in predicting values of the response variable from values of the antecedent variable, and d) a test of significance based on a statistic that is shown to be asymptotically distributed as a Fisher ratio with df = (1, N-2).

"Adult Intensive Probation Client Selection Scale," DAVID WHEATON, Tennessee State University

The purpose of this research project was to develop a method of increasing the probability of selecting clients who would benefit from the Tennessee State Intensive Supervision Program. Half of the sample were clients who has successfully completed the program. The other half were those who did not successfully complete the program. Three statistical methods were selected in the analysis of data to determine the advantages and disadvantages by comparing two of the methods with a more frequently used but less powerful technique. Both the logistic regression and the discriminant function were compared to each other and then these two methods compared with Chi-Square and Kendals Tau.

PANEL13 Police/Citizen Contacts and PublicAttitudes

"Extent and Nature of Citizen Contact With Police," LARRY HOOVER, Sam Houston State University

Recently it has been suggested that the entire organizational structure and operational format of police agencies be modified to enhance citizen contact and cooperation. However, little is known regarding the extent and nature of citizen contact with the police under traditional deployment schemes. Without such data, it is verydifficult to evaluate the effectiveness of programming intended to expand or enrich such contact. The purpose of this research is to provide such information. Survey instruments returned by a sample of 1400 Texas residents provides a broad data base regarding citizen contact by gender, race, age, and residence.

126 "Effects of Police Use of Profanity on a Receiver's Perception of Police Credibility," mRRY rox, Eastern Kentucky University and JOHN BASEHEART, University of Kentucky

This study addressed the effects of police officer use of profanity and an individual's perception of an officer's credibility. Students viewed a video tape re-enactment of a female or male policeofficer making a routine traffic stop. During this interaction the officer used a single instance of either sexual, excretoryor religious profanity "or no profanity at all". Subjects rated the police officer on a number of scales from the safety, qualification, and dynamism dimensions of Berlo et al. credibility scales.

"Attitudes Toward the Police: An Assessment of Criminological and Sociological Factors Within the Community," KEI11I PARKER, University of Nebraska at Lincoln

This study investigates criminological and sociological factors within the black community and focuses on attitudes toward the police.

PANEL 14 Eoonomic:s and Crime

"Social and Economic Impacts on Rural Crime," JOHNWADE and WllLIAM McCAMEY, Western Illinois University

Historically, rural Americans have shown little concern over crime. Recent social and economic changes and the concomitant change in rural crime rates have increased the public awareness of the rural crime problem. While many students have addressed the changes which have occurred in the past decade, few attempts have been made to identify causal variables. This paper examines the impact of social and economic changes (e.g. population change, tax base, median income).

"The Structure and Function of Smuggling in a Developing Country: A Case Study of Belize, Central America," BRUCEWIEGAND and JAMES CUNNINGHAM, American University

Empirical studies of smuggling in the Third World are rare. Criminologists have done little in this regard; economists just a bit more. The literature, consequently, focuses rather strictly on the economic incentives to smuggle, such as tariff rates, while ignoring the social context of the crime. Based on a year of fieldwork in Belize, this study presents data which documents the pervasiveness and specific character of "smuggling norms" among various populations in the country, including merchants and Customs officers. The study also analyzes how the particular structure of smuggling relates to ethnic conflicts between the two dominant groups in Belizean society, the English-speaking Creoles on the one hand and the Spanish-speaking Mestizos on the other.

"Economic Development and Crime: Assessing the Criminogenic Nature of Modernization,"ClAUS TJADEN, Colorado Division ofYouth Services

This paper examines the association between economic development and crime from a longitudinal cross-national perspective. Confirming prior research, this study finds that an increase in the level of industrialization (measuring development) results in an increase in the rate of property crime. Yet, the association is considerably weaker when controlling for the prior level of crime. The study finds that the industrialization-crime relationship is nonlinear, and that a threshold exists below which the relationship does not hold. A final analysis of two theoretical perspectives modernization theory and underdevelopment theory finds that neither family context nor inequality mediate the industrialization-crime relationship.

PANEL 15 Racism and Discrimination intheCriminal Justice System

"Racism in Criminal Justice: Problems and Solutions," BAHRAM HAGIDGm, University of Dayton and GREGORY CLARK, McNeese State University

Recently, an increasing number of scholars have focused on racism in the criminal justice system. This present study expands upon this vein of research by identifying the sources of racism in the criminal justice field. Specifically,questionnair es were sent to 1500criminal justice professionals in Ohio. Through an analysis of these data, proposed solutions and recommendations for dealing with racism in criminal justice are offered.

"Disparity, Discrimination and the Coming Crises in Criminal Justice," CARL POPE and WllLIAM FEYERHERM, University of Wisconsin­ Milwaukee

Correctional populations in the United States, both adult and juvenile, are becoming increasingly composed of minority individuals. This trend must be seen in the perspective of a growing recognition of the existence (and expansion) of a "permanent underclass". Based upon a reviewof the extant research literature examining issues of discrimination and disparity within the juvenile justice system, described are the variety of mechanisms by which such disparities appear to be created. This leads to an examination of the justifications used to support these disparities and finally to a series of suggestions for mechanisms by which justice practitioners may engage in self-analysis to reduce or eliminate the disparity-producing effects of their decision-making.

"The Direct and Indirect Effects of Race on Sentencing," CASSIA SPOHN, Universityof Nebraska at Omaha

There is considerable debate concerningthe effect of race on sentencing. Some scholars have contended that racial discrimination is diminishing; othershave argued that it is simply becoming more subtle. This paper examines the sentences imposed on black and white defendants chargedwith violent felonies in Detroit's Recorder's Court. Legal and extralegal factors which have been shown to affect sentencing and probe for both direct and indirect racial effects are controlled for. Also examined is the effect of the race of the victim.

PANEL 16 Justice and the Billof Rights: Recent Supreme Court Decisions

"The Compulsory Process Clause and the 'Sporting Theory of Justice'," ALFREDOCIA, GAR St Thomas University School of Law

This paper analyzes the Supreme Court's decision in Taylor v. lIIinois and will relate it specifically to Roscoe Pound's "sporting theory of justice."

"The U S Supreme Court and Recent Criminal Justice Cases," WALmR POWELL, Slippery Rock University

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U S Constitution guarantee and provide, among other things, that no person shall be held to answer

127 for a capital or otherwise infamous crime without due process of law. Every person accused of a crime has a right to a fair and speedy trial and to be given his/her day in court with the opportunity to answer the changes against him/her. This paper discusses recent selected U S Supreme Court cases bearing on this and related areas of criminal justice.

"What Has Michigan v. Long Wrought? The Supreme Court, Criminal Procedure, and Justice John Paul Stevens," KATHLEEN SIMON, Appalachian State University

Since the 1983decision of Michigan v. Long, when the Supreme Court extended its jurisdiction to review decisions coming from state appellate courts absent a plain statement of reliance upon state grounds, numerous commentators, including Justice Stevens, have criticized the Court for over­ reaching and predicted a further disruption of the federal relationship between national and state authority. This paperexamines the development of Stevens' thought regarding the federal relationship and concentrate upon specificcriminal procedure cases to illustrate the impact of Long upon the state law enforcement role.

"The Flag Burning Controversy: The Protection of a Venerated Object as Social Control," MICHAFL WELCH, St John's University

When the Supreme Court ruled that burning the American flag is a form of protest protected by the First Amendment, an emotional wave of criticism erupted at several levels of government. Thiscont roversy has led to the drafting of proposals to circumvent the Supreme Court's decision. These proposals are designed to protect the flag as a venerated object by criminalizing its desecration. This paper discusses the relevance of this movement to the sociology of law, and demonstrates the function of such legislation for the purposes of social control.

PANEL 17 Drug Abuse Treatment in Correctional Settings

"Developing a Drug-Using Offender Classification Procedure: The Offender Profile Index," DUANE McBRIDE, Andrews University

"Managing the Drug Dependent Offender," BEllI WEINMAN, National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors

"Cocaine, Violence, and Treatability," JAMES SCHWARTZ, Cook County TASC Program (IL)

PANEL 18 Workshop: Officer Safety/DefensiYe Tactics: A New Perspective

This officer safety course has been specifically tailored to meet the changing needs of today's officers. This course is designed not only to make the officer aware of potentially dangerous situations, but also to give the officer a means of handling these situations. This course will offer a new perspective on defensive tactics. Officers will be instructed in assessing various dangerous situations. This instruction includes how to detect and respond to dangerous behavioral patterns and body language of suspects in potentially violent confrontations. Techniques to de-escalate and defuse the situation by means of body language and non-violent aggression management are also taught. These techniques and tactics have been developed specifically to reduce an officer's vulnerability by increasing options, awareness, and establishing a positive mental attitude.

PANEL 19 Issues inSecurityand CrimePrevention

"Emerging Standards: A Dilemma for Security," NORMAN BOTTOM JR, Journal of Security Administration

TheAmerican Society forIndustrial Security (ASIS) released standards (in "guideline" form) for the first time in 1989. These new standards, issued by the premier professional society in security, are "the trickle before the flood". This paperdiscusses the new ASIS Guidelines and other standards issued from 1974 to date. Will standards make security a profession?

"Self Reports From Retail Employees Who Steal From Their Employers, Continued," LEONARD DOBRIN, Old Dominion University

A self report study of approximately thirty-five undergraduate students who have worked in the retail industryand stolen from their employers was conducted. The study includes their techniques, reasons for stealing from employers, and their own recommendations as to how to eliminate such behavior.

"Management's Responsibility to Learn About Loss Prevention," JOHN ClWVAlA m, Western Illinois University

This presentation looks at the level of training given to upper management (vice presidents, general managers) in the areas of security and loss prevention. These are the people who have the control over decisions about security and safety policies, procedures, and budgets. This exposure is minimal to non-existent.

"Victim Rights Versus Extortion-The Thin Green Line," JAMES HALSIED, University of South Florida

This paper examines current extra-judicial policies and practices of some major American retailers through which they are recovering profit-laced restitution from apprehended employee's and shoplifters. These practices are analyzed in light of the crimes of extortion and compounding the crime. This analysis will determine if 1990 corporate restitution programs are either a new and bold step forward in protecting victims rights or a subtle and uncharged racketeering scheme bilking its victims and swelling the coffers of corporate accounts and thereby creating a new brand of extortion victim while doing so in the name of victim's rights.

PANEL 20 Rough Justice? Prosecutorial Discretion and Plea Bargaining

"Prosecutor Discretion in Domestic Assaults," B KErI1I CREW and KRISIlNANDERSON, University of Northern Iowa

A sample of cases of domestic assault in Black Hawk County, Iowa, is analyzed in order to identify the legal and extralegal factors that shape prosecutorial decision-making. Of particularint erest are the effects of SES (victim and perpetrator), marital status, presence of children,and mutual use of violence. The statistical analysis is supplemented by interview data from relevant legal officials. The theoretical focus is on whether application of the law works to reinforce patriarchal values.

128 "1be Impact of Proposition 8 on Felony Plea Bargaining in Santa Clara County," TIANNA NELSON, San Jose State University

This paper addresses Proposition 8's impact upon the felony adjudication process in Santa Clara County (CA). The study examines the effects of two particular Proposition 8 clauses, the ban on plea bargaining and the use of habitual offender sentence enhancements, on Santa Clara County's Superior Court Review, a municipal court hearing designed to settle cases early through plea negotiations. Findings indicate that sentence enhancements have been used as a tool for plea bargaining, and, although the contents of bargains have changed, frequency of their use has not.

"1be State of Plea-Bargaining in Alaska," O'IWIN MARENIN, University of Alaska Fairbanks

Plea-bargaining in Alaska was formally banned in 1975, by a directive from the Attorney General. The Alaska experience is frequently cited as a successful case of abolishing this wide-spread and 'necessary' practice without incurring significant negative impacts on the functioning of the court system. This conclusion cannot be sustained, as the evaluation report which is cited to support this conclusion used a faulty research design. Plea-bargaining did not disappear in Alaska following its formal ban and is alive and well today. This paper critiques the evaluation study as well as published writings on plea-bargaining in Alaska and presents evidence on the current state of the practice.

"Court Referral Programs for Drinking Drivers: For Whom Do They Work?" JULIALEE and RICHARD SPEIGLMAN, Marin Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Other Drug Problems

Increasing number of courts are making use of screening and referral programs for driving under the influence (DUI) cases. With support from NIAAA and the Marin Institute, we have been studying dispositions of DUI cases in four California courts were studied. Two courts have no routine assessment or referral programs, and probation or parole actions sometimes influence case disposition. The other two courts typically refer convicted DUI cases to an assessor or investigator for referral to a specific educational, self-help, or treatment program. This paper examines the sentencing/referral process, which links the criminal justice and public health systems.

PANEL 21 Research on Prison Inmate Programs

"Beyond Custodial Management of Maximum Security Inmates: An Assessment of Inmate Management in a Southern Texas Prison," MARYp� University of Houston Downtown and C lERRY PELZ, Texas Department of Criminal Justice Institutional Division

Deviation from basic custodial institutional management is usually the result of judicial intervention or systematic reassessment of correctional goals. Individual unit administrators rarely attempt to develop behavior modification programs tailored to specific short-term objectives. Just such a program is currently being utilized within a maximum security unit within the Southern Region of Texas. This paper is an assessment of the program utilizing specific short-term day-to-day inmate behavior variables such as number/type of disciplinary infractions, time loss/gain, class demotion/promotion and job assignment.

"Perspectives on Long-Term Confinement: Problems and Potential Management Strategies," ERNESr COWLES, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and MICHAEL SABATI I, Indiana Criminal Justice Institute

The potential decades of imprisonment mandated by the increasing number of lengthy determinant and no parole sentences have given rise to issues and problems not adequately addressed by traditional prison programs and management strategies. This paper discusses a portion of the results from a three year NLI funded study of long-term offenders. Among the areas covered are the similarities and differences between staff and inmate perceptions of problems associated with confinement, and a discussion of possible strategies to address the problems identified by long-termers in a manner acceptable to both inmates and staff.

"More Than Just a Number: The Personal Characteristics of Inmates Participating in Programs," FAITII LurzE and LYNNE GOODSIEIN, Pennsylvania State University

Few studies have considered personal factors on inmates participating in prison programs. Based on a sample of 2,140 inmates from Connecticut, IIIinois, Minnesota, and Missouri, this study investigates the relationship of inmate characteristics and program participation. Characteristics include 1) family connections prior to, and during incarceration, 2) institutional adjustment, and 3) post incarceration plans. Implications for institutional policy is discussed.

"A Rationale for Providing Services in the Christian Community of the Prison," SWAN LErMAN, Chicago State University

This paper develops a Christian concept of corrections and attempts to develop strategies for the effective delivery of religious servicesto the prison community. The traditional role of the prison chaplain is analyzed and new frameworks are developed.

PANEL 22 Biocriminology in the 1990's

"1be Use of Neuropsychology by the Canadian Criminal Justice System," WRNE YEUDALL, Alberta Hospital (CANADA)

This paper reviews the work of the Alberta Hospital in the diagnosis and treatment of violent delinquent youths. The use of neuropsychological tests and EEG scans are discussed, and the success of the research program in differentiating criminals on the basis of brain function and brain abnormalities are reviewed. The cooperative effort between the hospital and the criminal justice system is highlighted as evidence that neurological evidence can be used by courts in the treatment of delinquent populations.

"Biochemical Diagnosis and Treatment of Addictions, Including Cocaine Addiction," DIANAFISHBEIN, University of Baltimore

The biochemical basis for alcohol and drug addictions is reviewed in tef91S of recent evidence concerning the neurotransmitter system in the brain and the impact of drugs on such neurotransmitters as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The treatment of drug addictions through drug therapies and nutritional supplements are discussed as a major alternative to the "war on drugs" which is based on a supply side philosophy and a multi-million dollar budget for military-style activities.

129 "The Use of Hair Analysis in the Diagnosis of Violent and Abnormal Behaviors," PAUL CROMWELL, University of Texas at Permian Basin

Hair analysis has been used to pick up heavy metal and toxic abnormalities in the body. Such tests have been used to classify and predict violent acts on the part of serious offenders. A comparison of blood,urine, and hair tests are made, and the major criticisms of hair analysis are addressed. A research program for the future use of hair analysis within criminology are presented.

"Drug Testing by Hair Analysis," BERNARDGROPPER, National Institute of Justice

Methods of detecting drug usage that offer capabilities complementary to those of urinalysis are being explored for use in criminal justice situations. Hair analysis offers several potential advantages: a) to extend the period of time over which drug usage can be detected - from the present few days to several months, depending on the drug involved and length of the hair tested, b) to permit resampling - to confirm an original result or if a prior sample is suspected as being switched or contaminated, c) to minimize privacy concerns related to obtaining observed urine samples, and d) to circumvent attempted evasion by flUShing or temporary abstention - as compared to urine-based tests. These characteristics can have significant value in situations involving detection of abusers or monitoring of compliance with conditions of release and treatment.

PANEL 24 Factors Affecting Incarceration Rates

"Explaining Variation in Prison Commitment Rates," 'I1MOTIIY BYNUM and JAMES FRANK, Michigan State University

It has long been acknowledged that there is substantial variation in the rates of imprisonment across jurisdictions. The present study seeks to explain this variation through assessing the impact of four sets of factors on the prison commitment rates of Michigan counties. It is often hypothesized that the commitment decision is influenced by the size of the youth population as well as the crime rate. In addition to these traditional factors this study explores the influence of local correctional resources as well as the political climate on the pattern of prison commitments.

"Plea Bargaining: Reducing Violent Offenses to Non-Violent Offenses," ROBERT KELLER, University of Southern Colorado

Findings of a research project conducted in the RockyMountain region are reported, in which records of all class 4 and 5 nonviolent felony offenders currently in custody of the department of corrections are examined. Analysis of over 100pre-se ntence investigation reports indicates whether their sentenced offenses were "bargained down" from a violent crime charge, or some other serious charge, and whether their records indicate a repeat offender pattern. Policy implications regarding sentencing guidelines, and prison overcrowding are addressed.

"Decision-Making in Criminal Appeal Cases," JIMMYS, WILLIAM University of Alabama

Criminal appeal cases of two trial courts during a ten year period filed in an intermediate appellate of Florida were analyzed. Variables found statistically significant in predicting the decision of the appellate court are as follows: 1) the modeof disposition at trial court; 2) whether the trial court departed from the sentencing guidelines recommended sentence; and 3) the bond status of the defendant at the time of sentencing.

PANEL25 Group Offending and Juvenile Victimization

"The Context and Consequences of Juvenile Victimization," EDWARD WELLS, lIIinois State University

While juvenile delinquency has drawn a major share of criminological concern, juvenile victimization has been afforded much less attention even though juveniles constitute the highest risk group of crime victims. This paper examines the social correlates of adolescent vulnerability to crime, where "vulnerability" includes both initial risk of being a victim of crime along with the subsequent risks of negative socialand personalconsequences that may follow.

"Chinese Street Gangs and Extortion," KO-LIN CHIN, New York Criminal Justice Agency; ROBERT KELLY, Brooklyn College; and JEFFREY FAGAN, Rutgers University

This paper examines the incidence of extortion and related criminal endeavors in the Asian business communities and the structural and cultural factors that support it. Information is developed from three sources: structured interviews with representative samples of Asian business persons in three Chinese communities in New York City, key informant interviews with civic and business associations officials, and reports from law enforcement authorities. Analyses will concentrate on the social processes and situational contexts that lead to victimization, and teChniques and types of extortion.

"Metropolitan Gang Influence and the Emergence of Group Delinquency in Regional Communities," RICHARD ZEVrIZ, Marquette University and SUSAN TAKATA, University of Wisconsin, Parkside

Delinquent gangs are no longer unique to large urban areas, but are now reported in a significant number of communities with lesser populations. The appearance of youth gangs in smaller cities has been accompanied by a debate over what role big-city gangs may have had in the emergence of this phenomenon. Are smaller city gangs merely drug distribution outposts of Chicago'S or Los Angeles' major street gangsas official and media interpretations would indicate? Or, can the development of these smaller city gang counterparts be explained apart from the metropolitan gang experience? Little empirical evidence is available to support or refute the big-city gang connection. The present study of Kenosha, Wisconsin utilizes interview data from gang members and delinquencycontrol personnel as well as agency case files to examine this issue.

"Juvenile Gang Activity in Texas-Research in Progress," MARY PELZ, University of Houston Downtown and ELlZABEnI McCONNELL, Southwest Texas University

Very little comprehensive research has been aimed at juvenile gangs in recent years. This paper is a discussion of research in progress which addresses identification, measurement and analysis of juvenile gangs in the major metropolitan areas of Texas. Analysis includes examination of juvenile drug trafficking, affiliation with adult prison gangs and assessment of the applicability of currently accepted gage causation theory.

130 PANEL 26 Research on Terrorism

"Into the 1990s: Predictions of Terrorism in the United States for the Next Decade," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University

In 1988, domestic terrorists were granted a carte blanc go-ahead by a Ft Smith, Arkansas, jul)'. The acquittal on sedition charges for 13 right­ wing supremists provided a blueprint for terrorism in the next decade. This paper explores the ramifications of that trial on right-wing terrorism in the United States. In addition, the trial had major implications for other politically-oriented terrorist organizations. The potential activities of left-wing and other special-interest separatist terrorist movements are discussed.

"The Terrorist Challenge to the Rule of Law: The British Experience," WIlLIAM NELSON, James Madison University

Terrorism poses a particular problem for countries that place special emphasis upon the rights of the accused. Terrorists disdain conventional rules of right and wrong, and this presents a unique challenge to the rule of law. Britain has responded to a vigorous terrorist campaign by the IRA with a variety of legislative reforms, including special rules on arrest, detention, exclusion, interrogation, search, the right of silence, and withholding information. The British legislation, with its emphasis upon treating terrorism as a common crime, can serveas a model for other free societies that may be faced with the scourge of terrorism.

"One Man's Terrorist...," JEFFERY WALKER, Sam Houston State University

It is often stated that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter. The number and diversity of modem terrorists groups, however, makes it difficult to determine whether an organization is terrorist or criminal, much less to what categol)' the organization might belong. This paper looks at the larger, more active, organizations which are classified as terrorist and attempt to develop a typology into which the organizations can be divided. This typology also attempts to separate pure terrorist groups from those who merely commit illegal activity under the guise of terrorism.

"Witches, Demons, and Communists: Conspiracy Theol)' and Terrorism," JONATHAN WHfI'E, Grand Valley State University

Terrorism is a complex phenomenon, but some analysts have attempted to explain it simply through the use of conspiracy. This paper examines two forms of conspiracy theol)' and compares them to known aspects of terrorism. It is argued that distortions resulting from conspiracy theories hinder attempts at criminological explanations.

PANEL27 Issues in Drug Education

"Social Learning and Deviance Abstention: Toward Understanding the Reasons for Initiating, Quitting, and Avoiding Drugs," L'IHOMAS WINFREE JR, New Mexico State University and CHRISI1NE SELLERS, Northern Arizona University

While research has frequently tested theories that attempt to explain why individuals currently use drugs, the abstention from or cessation of drug use has received little attention in theoretical or empirical literature. Social learning theol)'has enjoyed consistent empirical support in its delineation of the process by which substance use is learned; therefore, it is expected that cessation and abstention are also learned behaviors. Using discriminant analysis this study examines the ability of social learning variables to distinguish among nonusers, current users, and former users of controlled substances within a sample of 1,686 middle and high school students in two communities. Results indicate that social learningvariables clearly distinguish nonusers from current users but are less able to distinguish former users from either nonusers or current users.

"Substance Abuse Resistance Education Across the Curriculum: Strategies for Educators in the 90's," VERNON WHERRY, Mercyhurst College

Debate continues as to the most effective manner in preventing substance abuse among our nation's youth-curricula content, effective delivel)', target classes, and accountability. Legislation has been enacted or is pending which will determine how and under what conditions America's students-particularly K-12-will be the recipients of mandatol)' instruction. This paper deals with a comparison of three such programs currently in operation and will deal with evaluations of each. Although targeted primarily for middle, junior, and senior high school level recipients, applicability for overall public awareness will accrue.

"Program Evaluation: Victoria Police Drug Abuse Resistance Education-A First in Canada," SANDRA-GAILWALKER, Fairfield Community Police Station

Project DARE, which was originally created by the Los Angeles Police Department and the Unified School District in 1983, was implemented at nine Victoria, BC elemental)' schools. The evaluation design used a "pre/posttest nonequivalent control group design." The groups (N = 913) constituted naturally assembled collectives ava ilable in the classroom settings. The data were obtained from several sources such as students, teachers, principals, parents, and the DARE officers. A variety of questionnaires were used to measure: a) assertiveness, general and social skills; b) attitudes and knowledge about drugs, behavior and personal safety, c) vignettes determining how well students exercised the skills learned; and d) program satisfaction. The results confirmed the program had potential for substance abuse prevention and program effectiveness, and was rated high on program satisfaction.

PANEL 28 Revisiting the Antisocial Personality

"Have We Gotten Anywhere? A Search for Consensus Regarding the Definition and Treatment of the Psychopathic Personality," JACQUFLINE HELFGmT, Pennsylvania State University and DALE SMfIlI, University of Washington

Attitudes and beliefs of clinical psychologists regarding the definition and treatment of the psychopathic personality were assessed. A questionnaire was administered to 39 clinicians, 12 of whom participated in a follow-up interview. The questionnaire consisted of a "Profile of a Psychopath", drawn from Yochelson and Samenow's work as well as questions concerningthe definition and treatment of the disorder. The follow-up inteIView elaborated upon the questionnaire. The results revealed a consistency in attitudes and beliefs regarding the psychopathic personality and its treatment, supporting Cleckley's definition of this personality type and Yochelson and Samenow's treatment approach.

"The Use of the Diagnosis 'Antisocial Personality' With Inmates," GAIL FLINT, Kent State University

Research has suggested that by using the criteria detailed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, most of the inmate

131 population could be diagnosed antisocial personality. The potentially high incidence of the diagnosis among inmates has led researchers to question the validity of the diagnosis and to ask whether the diagnosis actually refers to a mental disorder or is another term for criminal. This paper compares a group of inmates diagnosed antisocial personality in terms of background characteristics, prison behavior and criminal record. Results indicate that inmates diagnosed antisocial personality are similar to other inmates in terms of background characteristics, but slightly dissimilar in terms of criminal record and prison behavior.

PANEL19 Roundtable: The Impactof Blake v. City of LosAngeles on the Los Angeles Police Department

The AOS conference provides a forum for discussing the preliminary findings of this major research study of the Los Angeles police department's adherence to the 1981 Federal District Court Consent Decree affecting hiring, training, and appointment of minorities and women. The research project is grant-funded through the Haynes Foundation. The crux of the study involves comparison of those recruited and hired before and after implementation of the Consent Decree to determine compliance with employment quotas and relative levels of performance.

PANEL 30 Student Panel: Sanctions

"Drug Laws in the United States Viewed as Reverse Social Controls," MICHELEFAHEY, University of Colorado

Although drug laws in the United States are punitively intended to prohibit trafficking in illegal drugs, their real functions have resulted in what can be regarded as a classic example of the free market, with unrestricted competition, governmental refusal to tax or regulate, plus artificial price supports engendered by attempts at interdiction an eradication of supply. This paper focuses on the ways in which legal efforts at control support artificially high levels of profit, and establish a climate that promulgates behaviors in direct contradiction of the stated aims of law, examines the ways in which both drug users and their suppliers involve themselves in secondary criminal activity in order to facilitate their ability to maintain a posture as buyer or seller in the drug marketplace, and discusses policy implications related to these topical areas.

"The Combined Effect of Formal Sanctions, Informal Sanctions and Moral Commitment on Decisions to Drive After Drinking," CYNIHIAHA YFS, California State University, Sacramento

A telephone surveyof 300 licensed drivers (over 21) residents of EI Dorado County (CA) was taken to determine the inhibiting effect of formal sanctions, informal sanctions and moral commitment alone and in combination, on decisions whether to drive after drinking as well as other drinking­ driving behavior. Frequency distribution of responses was tested by a Chi square for significance. Analysis of the date suggest an inhibiting effect of the variables in various combinations for various populations. There was no apparent inhibiting effect of informal sanctions alone. The effect of the variables in combination was highly complex and inconsistent.

"Does the Family Still Matter? The Effect of the Parent-Child Relationship on Middle-Class Delinquency," BRENDA HUEGEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

In his social bond theory, Travis Hirschi maintains that the more ties a child has to society the less likely he/she is to become involved in delinquent activities. Hirschi goes on to state that a child's relationship with his/her parents is one of the most important factors leading to a non-delinquent lifestyle. This paper examines the effect of two aspects of family/child interaction, positive parenting and problem solving skills, on self-reported delinquency from a sample of high-school students.

"Stop the Slaughter," KIMBERLY McIAUGHLIN and BILLY WNG, East Tennessee State University

For many years atrocities have been committed against defenseless animals for the purpose of illusory "technological advancements" (this includes research for frivolous items such as cosmetics). This, despite the fact that improvements in treating the leading causes of death (e.g. stroke, cancer, heart disease) have all been developed without the abuse of laboratory animals. This paper addresses the legal/policy implications of the neo­ animal rights activist movement. It is argued that animals need not be subjected to maltreatment in the laboratory setting and that criminalization of these acts will enhance the moral climate of America.

"The Impact of Ethnicity on Sentencing Disparity: A North Dakota Case Study," LEWIS PARRILL, University of North Dakota

It has been suggested that race/ethnicity is a basis upon which particular criminal offenders receive more severe sentences. This paper includes a secondary data analysis of offenses from the criminal courts in North Dakota in an attempt to examine the impact of ethnicity on sentencing disparities. Specifically, disparities among Native Americans and whites are examined.

PANEL 31 Ethnicity and Crime Patterns

"Drug-Related Homicides in Atlanta's Black Community," CYNIHIA FRANCIS, Atlanta University

A recurring theme over the past ten years has been that drugs instigate users to acts of violence. To date there has been no scientific evidence linking drugs to rising rates of violent crimes. This study examines the phenomenon of drug-related homicides in a predominantly black community. It focuses on the use and trafficking of drugs and homicides in Atlanta from January 1, 1984 to December 31, 1988. Because of the complexity of the drug/violence connection, the analysis focuses primarily on the homicide event. Records from the Atlanta Bureau of Homicide and interviews with homicide investigators are used to provide this data.

"Analysis of Fear of Crime in Atlanta's Black Community," M R SHASHIKAl.A, Atlanta University

Fear of crime is much more pervasive than crime itself. In fact, it is now considered to be a leading social problem. This paperfocuses exclusively on fear of crime among Atlanta's black residents and deals with the population's fear of crime in relationship to several socio-demographic variables. This paper represents a necessary step towards understanding fear of crime, identification and minimization of those groups of people who express greater fear of crime, which will help in the preventive strategies for potential victims.

132 "Hispanic Women Offenders Under Custody in New York State," PIITRrrA HERNANDEZ-ROJAS and ROBERT FISHER, New York State Department of Correctional SeIVices

Hispanic female offenders are a small but rapidly growing segment of the under custody population in New York state correctional facilities. Compared to nonhispanic female offenders, the Hispanic women are less educated, far more likely to be incarcerated for drug offenses, and more likely to have children. Spanish dominant Hispanic females under custody are more likely than English language dominant ones to be incarcerated for drug offenses. There is some indication in the data that the Spanish language dominant females, poorly educated and usually immigrants from countries experiencing political and economic turmoil, are easily recruited into the drug business to obtain income needed to feed their families in the absence of remunerative opportunities that are not illegal under American law.

PANEL32 Views of Crime and Its Control

"Crime and TV Crime in the 1970's-The Crime Wave Hits TV," RICHARD KANIA, University of Louisville

Between 1970 and 1979, 88 television programs premiered in prime time with police, private detectives, or courtroomcharacters fighting crime. Not only was there more TV crime in the 1970's than in the prior two decades of television programming, the police image in those programs also changed for the better. Even as TV police and sleuths were winning the fictional war on crime, the FBI statistics were painting a far different picture. Indeed, both the U S Senate and others began to lay the blame for rising crime at the feet of TV, resulting in pressure on TV producers to alter their programming. This curious decade is reviewed in terms of TV and crime.

"Cover of Law and Order Campaign Themes in Presidential Races From 1956 to 1988 by News Magazines," JOlINWINDHAUSER, LouisianaState University

Of the 250-plus media election studies completed in the last 40 years, not one study has reported on "law and order" and "crime" campaign issues covered by the news magazines. This content analysis study looks at the nine presidential races from 1956 to 1988, and how the presidential and vice-presidential candidates used "law and order," justice, and crime-related Issues in their campaigns. More than 10,000 campaign issues were coded from Newsweek, Time, and U S News and World Report.

"Parental Responsibility for Juvenile Offenses: Historical and Constitutional Issues," GILBERT GEIS and ARNOlD BINDER, University of California at IIVine

There has been a revival of interest in holding parents responsible, under tort and criminal law, for the misdeeds of their children. The social psychological assumption is that such responsibility will produce pressures to deter the young miscreants and other children from wrongdoing. Implicit also in the process is a desire to punish the parents in accord with the punitive mood of the day. This paper reviews the history of the parental responsibility trend, and considers important criminological and constitutional issues surrounding it.

"New Developments in Terrorist Trials in Northern Ireland," WILLIAM NELSON, James Madison University

Northern Ireland has found it necessary to adopt a number of important reforms in the rules of criminal procedure and evidence in terrorist trials. In addition to the creation of special courts, new rules have been established on the right to silence, the right to access to a lawyer, and the warning that is given before an interrogation of a suspected terrorist, among other provisions. In the creation of these latest procedures there has been a reasonable attempt to protect the rights of the accused.

PANEL 33 Workshop: Expert Systems in Law Enforcement

This workshop demonstrates and discusses expert systems in law enforcement, focusing on computer-assisted dispatch, residential burglary, profile of rapists, and a system to profile homicide offenders and rapists.

PANEL 34 Perspectives on the Death Penalty

"An Unique History of the Death Sentence," lAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University and RONALD PATfERSON

North Carolina has a unique place in the genesis of capital punishment in the U S. It had the most people on death row at the time of Furman v. Georgia in 1972. Following Gregg v. Georgia in 1976 it was the only state with the death sentence for arson, rape, and burglary in addition to murder. Moreover it allowed judges to declare open season (capture dead or alive) on escaped felons regardless of their sentence, and it has the distinction of executing the first woman since the death sentence was reinstated.

"War and Capital Punishment," VIcroRIA SCHNEIDER, University of Michigan and JOHNSMYKLA, University of Alabama

This paper examines the relationship between war and capital punishment. The methodology employs a before, during, and after design to measure changes in executions across World Wars I and II and the Korean War. The execution data used Executions in the United States, 1608-1987 The Espy File (lCPSR #8451). The initial hypothesis is that executions might continue at the same level or even increase during and after war periods compared with pre-war periods. It was found that the number of executions dropped during and after World Wars I and II and the Korean War. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain this phenomenon.

"Toward an Understanding of American Death Penalty Opinion: The Turning Point, 1966-67," ROBERT BOHM, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Currently, public support for the death penalty in the United States is at the highest level recorded since 1936. Although in no polling year has a majority of Americans opposed the death penalty, in 1966 Gallup found a greater percentage of Americans opposed to the death penalty than in favor of it. This paper examines the social and historical events that played a role in the turning point years of 1966 and 1967, during which a nonlinear thirteen year decline in public support ended and a twenty-one year nonlinear increase in support began.

133 PANEL 35 Special Needs Inmates and Problems

"A Descriptive Study of Male Geriatric Inmates in State Prisons," ERIC BENNEIT

This study examines the status of health care provisions for elderly and geriatric male inmates in state correctional facilities. Prison systems in all 50 states were surveyed to determine the number of inmates age 60 and over. The research further identifies the number of geriatric offenders (those with age-related illnesses) and the types of care provided. Issues of staff training, segregation, and litigation were explored. The populations of elderly and geriatric inmates in state prisons is relatively small. Analyses of data and attitudinal questions indicate these numbers will increase in the future, dictating the need for policy development.

"Adjustment of the Older Inmate: A Gender Comparison," PEIER KRATCOSKI and SUSAN DABB, Kent State University

This paper focuses on the institutional adjustment of older men and women incarcerated in several of the correctional facilities in Ohio and Florida, as well as the U S Bureau of Prisons. Factors that influence adjustment which were considered are program involvement, health problems, adequacy of living units, victimization by other inmates and staff, external contacts, and involvement in the inmate social system.

"Prison Hierarchies: A Statistical Analysis of the Status of Adult and Juvenile Sex Offenders,"ALLEN SAPP and MIOIAELVAUGHN, Central Missouri State University

It is assumed within prison society, analogous to the outside world, sex offenders hold a very low status. Although field interviews conducted in correctional institutions indicate sex offenders are despised, little empirical research beyond anecdotal evidence is offered to validate that presumption. In an attempt to derive primary data concerning inmate positioning in the prison hierarchy, adult and juvenile sex offender treatment administrators in state correctional institutions were surveyed as to their perceptions of prisoner status. This study compares distinctions in status between adult and juvenile sex offenderswith other inmate types.

"Suggestions for Treatment and Case Management of Self-Injurious Behavior," V scarrJOHNSON, Eastern New Mexico University; JAMIE MOORHFAD, Horizon Recovery Center; and WENDEll BARBER

When residents self-inflict wounds correctional personnel must make immediate and often irreversible decisions concerning case-management and treatment. Unfortunately, guidelines and policy are often limited and the decision makers are forced to react without guidance or support. It is believed that a modified version of the classification strategy that was used in the study of self-injury can supplement, but certainly not usurp the clinical judgments concerning restrictiveness of the environment, possible treatment strategies, and the decisions to seek psychiatric consultation or pharmacological interventions.

PANEL 36 The Prison Release Decision

"Legislator Attitudes Toward Policies to Reduce Prison Crowding," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

This paper examines legislative attitudes toward policies to reduce prison crowding in a state that has a serious prison overcrowding problem. Legislative attitudes were studied through mail surveys of all members of the Indiana General Assembly. A high level of legislative support for the expansion of community corrections and prison construction was found. On the other hand, a return to shorter sentences received little support among lawmakers. A rudimentaryregression analysis of the relationship between legislative characteristics and support for the various strategies to control prison crowding revealed that a variable measuring criminal justice ideology was most strongly associated with legislative attitudes toward prison policy.

"Executive Clemency, the Forgotten Child of the Criminal Justice System," DANIEL MENNfI1, Shippensburg University

This presentation discusses the historyof executive clemency and give an overview of its current status in the federal and state governments. The use of executive clemency to spare the lives of prisoners condemned to die, to lessen the harshness of determinate sentences, to relieve prison ove rcrowding, and to correct sentencing disparity are included. The general procedures, laws and rules for applying for executive clemency are a part of the presentation.

"Who Should We Turn Lose?: Assessing Post-Release Criminal Activity of Florida Felons," WllLIAM BLOUNT, University of South Florida; WNN LAN7A-KADU� University of Florida; SUE MAlIAN, University of Central Florida at Daytona Beach; ED MANrANARO, Florida Department of Economic and Demographic Research; CLINI'ON 'I1!RRY, Florida International University; and GARY HOL'I1!N, Universityof Central Florida

Personnel from four universities joined forces to assist the state of Florida in determining which incarcerated felons would present the least risk to society upon release. This panel discusses the objectives, the methodology, the rather massive data files utilized in analysis, the outcome, and the success in terms of influencing legislative policy of the "Prison Utilization Project."

PANEL 37 Psychobiological Aspectsof Criminal Behavior

"A Biocriminological Surveyof Youth in a Georgia Detention Center, " JAY SIEPHENS, DAVIDKELLY GILES, HOLBERT,KAnIY MAKINEN, JULIE GOElZ, MARK HOGUE, and KENNEllI CLONTZ, Florida State University

This paper discusses the results of a research project at Florida State University with youths in a regional diagnostic center. The research included a child behavior checklist, a medical history, a social case history, an anger inventory,and a quick neurological survey for brain damage. Preliminary results of the project are reported.

"The Impact of Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation on Intelligence and Brain Function," srEPHENSCHOENI1lALER, S P AMos,W E DORAZ, J PINI'O, and J WAKEFIELD, California State University at Stanislaus; and M A KElLY, Oregon Trail Treatment Center

Vitamin/mineral supplements were given to 26 juveniles in an institution. The 15 subjects on supplements had larger gains in IQ than the 11 subjects

134 on placebos. Five subjects were responsible for gains which exceeded normal test-retest variation. Four subjects on supplements underwnt BEAM scan analysis, and all four showed a significant reduction in abnormal brain wave activity from 14 to 2 patterns.

"A Surveyof Therapies Used in Tallahassee for Drug and Alcohol Addictions," DINA WILLIAMS, Florida State University

This paperreports on the results of a surveyof therapies used by the treatment centers in Tallahassee for the addictions. Little support was found for new bio-chemical treatments, and the treatments used for such addictions were primarily therapeutic communities and AA, NA, or CA models of treatment.

"The Study of Violent and Non-Violent Criminals," GREGORY CORAM, Monmouth College and DFANNA SlDELDS, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This study involved interviewing and testing of twenty-three violent murderers and twenty-three non-violent criminals. The results demonstrate a disturbance in thinking, inability to cope with emotions, and a perceived distortion of human beings. There werre additional findings that indicate an underlying disorder motivating these crimes. This paper discusses the impliction of these findings for the criminal justice system.

PANEL38 Impactsof AIDS on LawEnfo rcement

"The Impact or the AIDS Virus on Criminal Justice Agencies," MARKBLUMBERG and ANNEICHELBERGER, Central Missouri State University

This paper examines the impact of the AIDS epidemic on criminal justice agencies. Several issues are explored that are germane to personsworking in the field, whether it be law enforcement, the courts, or corrections. An examination of the occupational risks that criminal justice personnel actually face are given. Next, the responsibilities of criminal justice agencies with respect to HIV education and training are explored. Third, the authors examine the question of whether agencies may terminate seropositive staff persons or those suffering from "full-blown" AIDS. Because this course of action may raise a number of legal questions, a review is undertaken of the various anti-discrimination statutes that have been enacted relating to HIV and AIDS are examined. The final section discusses whether criminal justice agencies should test employees for HIV.

"AIDS as a New Police Stressor," BRUCEBERG, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paper examines stress among police officers as affected by AIDS. The paper begins with consideration of police officers in general. The purpose is to show that stress results whether threats of danger are actually (real dangers to health and life) or imagined (as part of policy mythology). Next, the paper specifically discuses AIDS as a stressor. This section of the paper raises some serious concerns faced by police officers when dealing with AIDS infected populations. It also looks at the future implications for police officers who might contract AIDS.

"AIDS: Policy Development for Law Enforcement Administrators," WILLIAM McCAMEY, Western Illinois University

This paper discusses issues confronting law enforcement officers, who during the course of their official duties, are in contact and often exposed to various types of individuals diagnosed as having Acquired Immune Deficiency Snydrome and other infectious diseases. Specifically, it focuses on assisting law enforcement administrators in developing a policy from initial response, to incarceration and to release.

PANEL39 Criminal Law and the Duty to Act

"Expanding the Legal Duty to Act," J.ANErPOR'IER, University of Nebraska at Omaha

Criminal law imposes a legal duty to act based on relationship, contract, or in a few cases by statute. Principles important in a free society (e.g., liberty or privacy) generally restrain the expansion of legal obligations. A few states retain misprison of felony statutes and Rhode Island and Massachusetts now require witnesses to certain violent crimes to notify the authorities. Of contemporary concern is whether new duties to act may be imposed in the "war on drugs".

"The Relationship Between a Duty to Report Crime and Moral Reasoning," LOUIS VENEZIANO and CAROLVENEZIANO, Southeast Missouri State University

In order to determine whether a relationship exists between a duty to report crime and moral reasoning, respondents were presented with a list of illegal acts, and asked to select what sanction should be enforced for failure to report someone else committing that offense in their presence, as well as a questionnaire measuring their level of moral reasoning within the conceptual framework developed by Kohlberg. Analyses revealed differences between subgroups at various stages of moral development and the sanctions suggestedfor observing, but failing to report, various illegal acts.

PANEL40 The Effectiveness of Community-Based Corrections

"Efficacy of Probation vs. Imprisonment in Reducing Recidivism of Serious Offenders in Israel," BEN-ZION COHEN, University of Haifa and RUllI EDEN, Adult Probation Service (Haifa ISRAEL)

This is a study of 202 adult offenders, all convicted of serious felonies and all recommended for probation supervision by the investigating probation officers. Ninety-seven (48%) were granted probation; the rest were sentenced to prison terms of up to seven years. The police records of the two groups for the five-year period following completion of probation or prison show no significant differences in recidivism. Using multivariate teChniques and diverse measures of recidivism, the research could find no significant influence for type of sentence.

"Inmate Behavior as a Predictor of Recidivism," HENNESSEY HAYES, Tulane University

From a sample of approximately 3,500prison inmates from the Louisiana state prison system, prior arrest records (since 1973), disciplinaryrecords (since 1981), and re-arrest records, along with several demographic measures, were used to construct a model to be used in predicting recidivism among parolees. While it is expected that inmates with a large degree of disciplinary intervention will be more likely to return to prison, the study is wholly exploratory. In addition to examining inmate discipline, the relationship between time served in prison, participation in prison-work

135 programs, several demographic measures and recidivism are explored. Based on the findingsof this research, the implications for policy intervention are discussed.

"Brief Report on the Analysis of 1985 Recidivism Data for the Alternative House of Beloit, Wisconsin," RICHARD SALEM, JODI VAN lANKVELT, and RONALD FAWCEIT, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

The findings of the initial phase of a continuing study of the effectiveness of the Alternative House to reduce the likelihood that clients would commit another offense within one year of release from the program are presented. The data on the activities and backgrounds of 1985 residents were collected during the fall of 1988 through the review of the records maintained at the Alternative House. Information on arrests within one year of completion of this program was obtained through a review of the files with the assistance of the probation/parole officers on whose caseload the individual clients were placed. Complete information from both sources was obtained for seventy past residents. " "Community Service Centers in Pennsylvania: An Assessment of Post-Release Outcomes for Female Offenders," 'IERESAYUSLUM and DAVID RI� Dauphin County Juvenile Probation Department and JAMES JFNGELESKI, Shippensburg University

The project under study was initiated to rigorously reviewPen nsylvania's Community Service Centers. The research assesses post-release outcomes of female inmates who participated in Community Service Centers compared to inmates who did not participate, all of which were released from state correctional institutional custody and placed on parole. The variables for the study include: age, race, length of state incarceration period, crimes served for, paroled, length of stay at CSC and post-release criminal activity of the two groups which include non-violent crimes, violent crimes, pending absconder parole violations and non-repeaters. The two groups were analyzed for a one year follow-up period.

PANEL 41 Roundtable: Policing in the European EconomicComm unity: Effects onAmerican Law Enforcement

The far-reaching effects of the changes to take place in 1992 in the European Economic Community will have immediate impact on policing in all twelve countries. As the movement of people, goods and services becomes unrestricted throughout the EEC, the role and responsibilities of the police will undergo dramatic and fundamental revisions. Though expected but vaguely defined, the changes will affect the longstanding relations with American law enforcement. The Department of State, the FBI, the DEA, Customs, Treasury, Immigration and Naturalization, as well as the CIA and NSA will be dealing with a new configuration of police powers, responsibilities and roles within the EEC. The relationships among the major police agencies of the Western liberal democracies will be undergoing extensive changes.

PANEL 43 AIDSand the Criminal Justice System

"AIDS in Criminal Justice: Legal Issues," ROlANDO DEL CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

This presentation discusses the various legal issues involved in the AIDS issue-from the perspective of both AIDS carriers and administrators. Various constitutional and legal issues will be discussed-from identifications of AIDS victims to possible release of information. While focusing on institutions (prisons and jails), the issues discussed cover probation, parole, and juvenile justice. Employee concerns are addressed.

"Policy Implications of AIDS Testing," DENNY lANGSfON, Central Missouri State University

The testing of various classes of individuals for presence of the AIDS antibody has drawn national attention. Governmentsand their agencies are grappling with the decision of whether to test or not, whom to test, how to pay for the costs of testing, and what to do with the results of the test. This paper examines the issue of testing as it affects criminal justice agencies with a focus upon some of the policy implications which will be necessitated by AIDS testing.

"Criminal Liability in the Transmission of AIDS," JOAN LUXENBURG and 'I1IOMAS GUILD, Central State Universityand ROBIN DUBNER

This paper discusses the inappropriateness of the criminal law as a deterrent to the spread of AIDS. Existing traditional laws such as murder, attempted murder, assault with a deadly weapon, etc., as well as AIDS-specificlaws do not seem to hold much promise for curtailing the transmission of AIDS. It is argued that educational campaigns and non-coercive (fact-based) persuasive techniques are more productive in discouraging high­ risk behavior than are criminal sanctions.

"AIDS in the Courtroom," DONALD WALlACE, Central Missouri State University

AIDS is becoming an increasingly known fact of life in many American courtrooms. Courtroompersonnel are concerned that a range of situations may place them at risk of becoming infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS. Troubling questions may arise in trials when judges are faced with criminal defendants infected with the AIDS virus. Several related legal precedents, though not explicitly dealing with HIV infected defendants, may help guide trial courts in assessing the appropriateness of various measures. This paper examines how courts and policy makers have attempted to address some of the measures that reportedly have been used in American courtrooms.

PANEL 44 Police Education: Status and Future

"Higher Education Perceptions Among Colorado Law Enforcement Agencies," W H COPLEY, Metropolitan State College

This reports a replication of the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) 1988 survey of educational issues in the police service. Using the instrument designed by PERF, all 255 uniformed state and local law enforcement agencies in Colorado were surveyed. The majority of the agencies are in small towns or rural communities with 25 or fewer officers. Over half of the agencies responding indicated criminal justice as the preferred major for college graduates hired as recruits. The perception of college-educated officerswas uniformly positive, with the major negative reactions centering around the issues of retention and job-satisfaction.

"The Effects of Education on Patrol Officer Satisfaction and Level of Development," MITTIE SOUIHERlAND, Eastern Kentucky University

An empirical analysis of the relationship between educational levels of patrol officers and their reported a) job satisfaction, b) personal levels of work-related development, and c) other job-related attitudes and sentiments was conducted.

136 "The Future of Police Education," CHRIS ESKRIDGE, University of Nebraska at Omaha

This piece examines the role of education in law enforcement. The historical roots of law enforcement education are tracked and a prescription for the future is given. It is concluded that for higher education to have any real impact on police practices in the future, changes in police organizational practices must also be achieved. If those organizational changes are not forthcoming, the education will be of little value and may actually be counterproductive.

PANEL 45 Prediction of DangerousnessfYiolence

"The Diagnosis is Violence," SUSAN CRIMMINS, Mount Sinai Medical Center and MICHAEL FOLEY, New York Police Department

The ability to predict violence has been a controversial yet crucial issue in the field of criminal justice. As violent crime increases, with futurists anticipating its peak at the tum of the century, identification of precursors to violence becomes a necessary advent of crime prevention. The controversy of whether it is possible to predict violence is complicated by the multiplicity of types of crimes and the multidisciplinary methods in identifying them. Indicators for anticipating violence in various settings presented from both law enforcement and clinical perspectives with the intention of developing markers to identify potential violence and preventive measures.

"Validating a Taxonomic Construct for Rapists Using Survival Analysis," ROBERT PRENrKY, Boston University School of Medicine; AUSI1N LEE, Boston University; RAYMOND KNIGHT, Brandeis University; and DAVID CERCE, Massachusetts Treatment Center

This paper reports on a study that was designed to examine the utility of lifestyle impulsivity as a typological discriminator for recidivism among rapists. Impulsivity was examined with respect to four criminal offense domains on a sample of 94 offenders discharged from a maximum-security treatment facility over a period of 25 years. The taxonomic criterion represents the third-level decision in a hierarchical system developed at the treatment center. Recidivism was operationalized as a hazard rate that was described by the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The ratio of the hazard rates for the high and low impulsivity groups for domain of charges was calculated, as well as the estimated survival probabilities within specified time gate.

"Prediction of Rapist Type and Violence in Serial Rape From Offender and Victim Statements," ROlAND REBOUSSIN and ROBERT HAZELWOOD, FBI Academy and JANIIT WARREN, Blue Ridge Hospital

Accounts of rapes written by offenders -and by victims were rated on 33 behavioral scales. Rapist type and whether the rapist had increased in violence in subsequent rapes were known for each rape. Sets of behavioral scales describing and predicting these rapist characteristics werederived by discriminant analysis. The analysis classifying rapists by type accounted for 79% of the variance among rapist types, with overall classification accuracy of 83%. The analysis estimating the probability of rapist increase in violence accounted for 57% of the variance with 89% accuracy for victim statement.

"New Issues in the Concept of Dangerousness," JAMESDAVIS, New York City Department of Probation

Although many sociological studies on "dangerousness" have been done, they have been criticised on both methodological and substantive grounds. Some of these criticisms involve non-representative samples, too short a period of follow-up, undetected crimes, failure to consider repeated, recent acts of violence, failure to assess threats or intentions of violence, failure to thoroughly evaluate psychiatric data, etc. Several suggestions for improving the quality of predictions of dangerousness are suggested.

PANEL46 Alcoholism, Recovery and Drunk Driving

"The Proletarian Ethic and the Protestant Ethic: Comparative Ideologies in Recovery From Alcoholism in the USSR and the USA," 1lMOTHY ROUSE, Colorado State University

A comparative strategy is used to study the phenomenon of recovery from alcoholism in Soviet and American cultures. The analysis foc uses on ideological systems of social control that are implemented in recovery from alcoholism in both societies. Luke's version of the Proletarian Ethic is compared and contrasted with Weber's version of the Protestant Ethic. It is revealed how both such ethics can play important roles in the respective society. Further, by comparing such ethics, similarities between the two cultures can be observed as functions of internal and external social control.

"The Arkansas Omnibus OWl Act," FRED WILSON, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

Since 1983 Arkansas, like many states, has been dealing with the problem of drinking/drugged drivers. The omnibus OWl act was an attempt to engineer compliance and safety through fines, and stiff jail sentences and required education/treatment. This paper focuses on the law, its amendments, funding and the programs implemented to effect the law.

"Evaluation of a Multiple DUI Program," EDWARD IATESSA and ROBERT lANGWORTHY, University of Cincinnati

This paper examines the effectiveness of providing residential treatment to offenders that have been convicted of multiple DUI.

"OWl Offender Education-Central Texas," J D JAMIESON, Southwest Texas State University

In 1983, the combined Probation District for the 22nd, 207th, and 274th Judicial Districts in Central Texas began an in-house diagnostic, treatment, and referral program to systematically attempt to reduce OWl recidivism. Analysis of data collected on all participants in the program for 1987 shows an overall recidivism rate of 10%, which is considerably lower than the expected recidivism rate of 35% for OWl offenderswho do not receive OWl education. Program details and recidivist characteristics are discussed.

137 PANEL47 Issues in Criminal Justice Policy and Decision Making

"Risk Classification in Probation and Parole: Issues and Trends," LAWRENCETRAVIS m, Universityof Cincinnati

Based on the activities of a technical assistance project to provide setviceto probation and parole agencies in the United States, this paperexamines the use of risk classification. Current practices of probation and parole agencies are described. Issues in the development, implementation and administration of risk-based case management strategies are examined. It concludes with an assessment of needs in probation and parole around the question of risk assessment.

"Florida Sentencing Guidelines: A Death of a Thousand Cuts," ROGER HANDBERG and N GARY HOLTEN, University of Central Florida

Since their 1983 inception, the Florida Sentencing Guidelines have been the center of controversy over the fundamental issue of crime and punishment. The original Guidelines are no more but the shape of the future is very unclear becausea myriad of political forces are loose in the state. Budget constraints, fragmented or nonexistent policy leadership, and fundamental conflicts over policygoals have led to a situation where the Guidelines are destroyed piecemeal with the result that no clear policy alternative exists. Efforts to establish such alternatives have continued with little visible success but the struggle continues. This paper lays out the past and discusses the future both in terms of policy goals and environmental reality relative to Florida.

"Media, Public Opinion and Criminal Justice Decision-Making," LYNEITELEE-SAMM ONS, Washington State University

This study examines the relationship between television news reportingof crime, public opinion, and criminal justice decision-making. Thirteen years of television news abstracts (1972-1986) have been content analyzed to establish media reporting patterns of street crime (further broken down into violent and property) and elite crime (broken down into white collar and corporate crime). These patternshave been compared with public opinion on the effectiveness of different branches of the U S criminal justice system over the same period of time.

"Factors Involved in Judicial Release Decisions at Arraignment," SHELA ROYO, New York City Criminal Justice Agency

Judicial arraignment release decisions, including ROR and bail setting, vary considerably among the boroughs of New York City. To understand these differences, the New York City Criminal Justice Agency examined judicial release decisions at arraignment in the New York City criminal courts. Among the issues examined are: the role of community ties in judicial release decisions; pretrial release recommendations; demographic characteristics of defendants; severity and type of arrest charges; and criminal history. The study is based on all summaryarrest cases arraigned in New York City criminal courts in May 1987. Multivariate analysis is used to determine the extent to which case characteristics or defendant attributes can explain borough variations in release decisions at arraignment.

PANEL 48 NewApplications of the CommunityfProblem�nted PolicingPbilosopby

"Problem-Oriented Policing as a Means of Addressing Drug Problems in the Community," DARRELSIEPHENS, Police Executive Research Forum

The successful problem-oriented policing approach to law enforcement setvices evaluated by the Police Executive Research Forum in Newport News, Virginia is extended in this NIJ funded program. The "Drug POP" project applies problem-oriented strategies to a wide range of drug-related issues. This paper discusses the concept, application, and results as experienced in the test sites of San Diego, St Petersburg, Tulsa, Atlanta, and Philadelphia.

"Community Policing and Group Violence," ROBERT TROJANOWICZ and MARK LANIER, Michigan State University

This paperpresents a framework for discussing how group violent incidents can occurin a community. The concept is illustrated through an analogy with a slot machine wherein the first two windows are precipitating factorswhich must be present for violence to occur. The third window is the "sparking event" which, along with the other factors, cause the group violence to occur. This paper illustrates how community policingpresents a framework for identifying and intervening in the causal chain.

"Holistic Community Policing: The Aurora, Colorado Experience," GERALDWILlJAMs, Aurora Police Department

In 1988 the Aurora Police Department implemented a "holistic" community policingapproach. Previously, the department had selected patrol officers - designated as police area representatives - to perform community policingactivities. Under the holistic approach, all sworn and civilian personnel underwent community policing training. A transition began which established a community policing philosophy for all aspectsof police activities. An internal system was developed to monitor and manage the transition. In addition, all police personnel and a sample of the community were pretested to measure issues and perceptions related to the program.

PANEL49 Drug Enforcement and Education

"The Untapped Resource: Enlisting Part-Time Patrol Personnel in the War on Drugs," W FRED WEGNER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Personal and institutional factors often preclude part-time patrol personnel from becoming fully involved in "the war on drugs." Effective drug law enforcement training helps overcome many of these limitations. This paper examines the philosophy, structure and content of a unique practical training program stressing "user accountability." The training, funded by the PA Municipal Police Officers' Training and Education Commission, is offered "on site" and in a time slot designed to guarantee maximum participation. The curriculum design and course content in terms of specific behavioral objectives, utility and replicability are evaluated.

"TheExpa nded Role of the Militaryin Federal and State Drug Interdiction Operations,"rnOMAS FOSlER, Ohio State University at Mansfield

This paper: 1) explains the new responsibilities assigned the U S military by the anti-drug provisions of Public Law 100456, the 1989 Defense Authorization Act, 2) describes the recent organizational and operational steps taken by the militaryto comply with that legislation, and, 3) discusses the probable effectiveness of increased militaryinvolve ment in drug interdiction in the light of recent evaluative studies of past interdiction efforts and in connection with various public policy issues.

138 "'The Police Counselor Program: Drugs and Violence in Schools," RONALD CARTER m, University Park Police Department (IL)

The police counselor and the student drugs, violence and vandalism are "not new to the educational environment." "'The present concern stems from the critical incidence of drug-related deaths in recent years; the increase of physical attacks on teachers by students; and attacks on both teachers and students by individuals outside the schools." National and State statistics seemed to confirm the fact that these difficulties, although household concerns as early as the late sixties and early seventies, have certainly not diminished and in fact increased in some instance.

PANEL 53 Crime and Corrections in Japan

"Yakuza (Criminal Gangs)in Japanese Prisons: Their Characteristics and How They are Managed," FLMERJOHNSON, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

The Yakuza, organized criminal gangs in Japan, have stimulated major crime control efforts. Their share of all prisoners has risen from 21 percent in 1975 to 30 percent in 1986. This paper summarizes the nature of gangs and their subculture, distinguishes their characteristics from those of other inmates, and considers how the prison administration manages them.

"Exploring Relationships Between Economic Factors and Criminality in Japan," MICHAELVAUGHN, Central Missouri State University

Western criminologists and criminal justice scholars presuppose rapid industrialization and growth are accompanied by increasing crime. The modernization-crime supposition has not held true for Japan; in fact, crime levels are extremely low in this Asian bastion of capitalism. Thus two Japanese phenomenon intriguing to American researchers are increasing economic prosperity and declining crime rates. This study explores relationships between fluctuations in economic and crime cycles in Japan from 1926 to 1987.

"A Comparative Analysis of Female Policing in India, Japan, and the United States of America," MANGAI NATARAJAN, Rutgers University

Career opportunities for women in the criminal justice field are gradually expanding. The acceptance of women as law enforcement officers has been more rapid in the United States. In Asian countries in particular, women as yet, for the most not appointed as line officers to the same extent as men, for a variety of cultural reasons. This paper aims to analyze the role of policing among Asian and U S women in a comparative perspective. The analysis of the variegated experience through this literature sUlVey will yield new insights and fresh ideas for the future comparative cross­ cultural research on female policing.

PANEL 54 AIDS: Corrections and Service Networks

"From Volunteerism to Bureaucracy: The Development of the AIDS Service Network," SUSAN REED, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

Initial programs for persons with AIDS, operated by volunteers, selVed primarily gay/bisexual middle class men. This study focuses on one such program as it has experienced: major growth; shift in clients to drug-abusing, "street people," funding from a welfare bureaucracy with the resultant chilling of flexibility in definition of service. By servinghomeless personswith AIDS, the program now targets a population characterized by lifelong multiple addictions, mental disorder, anti-SOCial/criminalbehavior, in short, a population that other programs have defined as unamenable to service. The volunteer quality of the program is generating intelVentions that may be more useful with multiple addictions and the attendant lifestyles.

"AIDS-Related Policies and Procedures in Probation," AR'I1IUR LURIGIO and JOHN PErRAfllS, Loyola University of Chicago and BRUCE JOHNSON, Northwestern University

This paper examines the impact of AIDS on probation and court practices. The discussions are based on a funded project designed to develop and implement model AIDS policies and procedures in the Adult Probation Department of Cook County, Illinois - one of the largest probation agencies in the country. The following areas are addressed: mandatory HIV-testing, AIDS education for offenders and staff, case confidentiality issues, case load management for HIV-infected offenders, medical emergencies, agency liability, and brokering social and medical services.

"Knowledge of and Attitudes Towards AIDS Among Prisoners," M MIZANURMIAH and J MICHAEL OUVERO, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

The potential for an AIDS epidemic behind prison and jail walls may be quite high and become one of the newest problems correctional administrators may face. Infonnation and knowledge about AIDS and its transmission may be a chief means to prohibit its spread among prisoners. This paper presents the results of a sUlVey of jail inmates on their knowledge of AIDS and its transmission, along with various demographic data.

PANEL55 ManagementIssues

"Flattening the Organization: An Alternative Approach to Police Management," JOHN BURGE, California State University, Fresno

The manner in which the police are organized and managed has a great effect on productivity and morale of the department. Traditionally, police have been organized around para-military lines. However, this traditional organization has not met the needs of officers, northe called for services of the community. This paper examines a new approach to police management, that of flattening the organization and task realignment, as conducted by a California police department. It focuses on how this was accomplished and the results over a three year period.

"Reflective Examination of the 1980 New Mexico Prison Riot," REID MONTGOMERY JR, University of South Carolina

This paper examines the New Mexico state attorney prosecution report as well as local newspaper coverage of one of America's bloodiest riots. The difficulties in prosecuting inmates who tookpart in the 1980 riot are discussed as well as the consequences of the riot in terms of preventing future prison riots in the United States.

139 "Managing Sexual Harassment Issues and Complaints," MARSON JOHNSON, CARMEN MYERS, and JAMES HAI..SrED, University of South Florida at Lakeland and DAVID GFARY, Virginia Commonwealth University

Patterns and frequency of sexual harassment of women in the state universitysystem of Florida and the impact and scope of such sexual harassment on the careers of affected women membersof the academic community are discussed. Sexual harassment of women in the criminal justice workplace is also explored, and efforts to define, manage, develop policy, report, investigate, and met out justice or corrective action is described.

"A Comparative Analysisof Job Stress Among Police, Correctional, and Probation/Parole Officers," BERNIEPA TIERSON, Valdosta State College

A survey of nearly 4,500 police, probation, parole and correctional officers was conducted using a 129 item questionnaire which included a modified version of Spielberger's police stress survey. Nine specific job stress dimensions were identified. On an aggregate stress scale, correctional officers were found to have the higher scores, police officers were intermediate, and probation/parole officers had the lowest scores. An examination was also made within each occupationalgroup of correlates of job stress utilizing individual and situational variables. A strong associationwas discovered between stress level and reports of several psychological, behavioral and social problems of police officers.

PANEL 56 Issues Confronting Women Entering the Law Enforcement and Corrections Arena

"Suggestions for the Greater Integration of Female Police Officers into Law Enforcement," PFARL JACOBS, Sacred Heart University

It is apparent that women intend to enter and remain in fields once considered non-traditional for women. This paper focusesupon one such field­ police work. Despite the fact that women have been involved in active patrol for over 17 years and their professional competence has been confirmed, they still encounter problems. What is needed is not further confirmation of these problems, but rather the development of programs for dealing with them. Thus, this paper presents suggestions for reducing the pressures experienced by female officers thereby providing for their greater integration into law enforcement.

"A Case Study of Black and White Women in an Urban Department," NATALIE SOKOWFF, BARBARA PRICE, and IRKA KULESHNYK, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

This is a case study of one major urban police department. It explores the feasibility of studying the degree and nature of integration of black and white women in policing 17 years after the enactment of federal law (1972) on equality of opportunity in public agency employment. The study asked a research question: how extensive are racial and gender integration in urban police agencies? Virtually all (92%) black women officers indicated that discrimination existed in the workplace, while over half (57%) of all white women expressed this view. Other findingswere that federal law had considerable impact on women gaining entry into the study department. The law has had a minimal effect on women police promotion and specialized assignments.

"An Examination of Issues and Department Policies Relating to Women in Law Enforcement and Corrections that Arise From the Condition of Being Pregnant: A National Study," PATRICIA WATSON, University of South Carolina

This paper examines policies pertaining to pregnant law enforcement and corrections officers. Legal issues, ethical issues, and the protection of societyas well as the rights of the women officers was examined, along with an analysis of practices and policies of criminal justice agencies as they address the problems of pregnancy among female officers. Case law in the area is updated.

"Conflicts for Women Working in a Jail Facility," JOANNE BELKNAPand JULIE JODARSKI, University of Cincinnati

This paper is a result of interviews with 35 women working as correctional officers in a large midwestern city jail. The interview format was developed from prior research, particularly that of Lynn Zimmer's research on women working in prisons. The interviews focuswas on the women's perceptions of their male and female co-workers, inmates, the jail administration, and the women's values. The isolation and frustration of these women is apparent in this qualitative data, as is their belief in the special additions they bring to a male-dominated job. Finally, this papersuggests directions for future research on women working in corrections.

PANEL 57 Issues and Orientations in Correctional Treatment

"The Impact of Robert Martinson's Work on the Treatment of Offenders on American Correctional Theory and Policy," JOSE SANCHEZ, Kean College of New Jersey

This year marks the 10th anniversary of Robert Martinson's death. His work on correctional treatment, particularly his conclusions about its effectiveness, shook the foundations of American corrections and correctional systems in many foreign countries during the mid-70's. Its impact has been felt even after his untimely death. This paper examines the role played by Martinson's writings in shaping the direction of correctional theory and policy in America during the past 15 years, and explores how the conclusions of this work have been used to support or attack recent American correctional policies which ideologically have spanned the entire liberal-conservative range.

"ToPunish or Rehabilitate?: The Goal of State Correctional Departments as Defined by State Legal Codes," RENEE KOPAOIE and VELMER BURTON JR, University of Cincinnati

Many criminal justice researchers have documented the attack on rehabilitative efforts spent on criminal offenders. The repudiation of the rehabilitative ideal is found in public attitudes, harsh legislator ideologies, and increasingly punitive policies in corrections. One void in the research, however, has been in the area of the purpose or goal of state correctional departments as defined by each state's legal codes. Thus, this paper surveys all 50 state legal codes to determine whether correctional departments are, in fact, following the intent of their state's statutes governing their purpose for existence. Statutoryrequirements to funds spent on treatment programs, the presence of parole services, whether the state has determinate sentencing, and if good time laws exist was matched.

"The Correctional Orientation of Bermuda Prison Guards: Attitudes Toward Custodyand Rehabilitation," VELMER BURTON JR and XING JU, University of Cincinnati and NANCY WOLFE, University of South Carolina

This paper surveysa population sample of Bermuda correctional officers in an attempt to determine their attitudes toward a custodyor rehabilitative

140 orientation in handling inmates. In replicating the Cullen et al (1989) study and employing their orientation measures, Bermuda officers were more rehabilitatively orientated than the American officers sUlVeyed by Cullen et al. In addition, the officers' education, income, and rank significantly affected attitudes toward rehabilitation. On the other hand, for a custody orientation, only income was found to be significant.

"Maryland's Patuxent Institution: What Future for Correctional Treatment?" TIlOMASCOUR TLESS, George Washington University

The 1989 session of Maryland's General Assembly repealed major portions of the state's Article 31B, Patuxent's authorizing statute. It replaced them with provisions that, according to many, will severely limit the institution's ability to carry out its mandate as the state's primary correctional treatment facility. This paper briefly reviews the institution's experience under two earlier versions of Article 31B, but the main focus will be on the hypothesized consequences the latest version on Patuxent's treatment mission.

PANEL 58 Patterns of Crime I

"Routine Time Use of Working and Nonworking Residential Burglars," GEORGE RENGERT, Temple University

Residential burglaries require that the burglar's time schedule and that of the victim coincide to leave the home vulnerable, and that the burglar's spatial search lead to that site at that time. Data in half-hour time blocks were collected from residential burglars in Philadelphia and its surrounding suburbs to illustrate how capability constraints associated with work schedules and time use of victims make it difficult for an active burglar to remain employed. Changes in time use allowed by residential burglary illustrates graphically how time use is an indicator of routine changes in the criminals' lives.

"A High Resolution View of Micro-Ecological and Contextual Patterns of Homicide in Black Neighborhoods," ALLEN BARREIT, Virginia Commonwealth University

This study examines the disproportionate rate of black homicide over an 18-year period to investigate patterns of stability and change in the nature and scope of murder in a southern 'murder capitol'. Data are disaggregated down to the lowest available ecological unit to show higher resolution patterns. Contextual features of homicide, including victim and offender characteristics are used as interaction terms.

"The Incidence of Violence Crime: A Multiple Community Comparison," KEITII PARKER, University of Nebraska at Lincoln

This study investigates criminological and sociological factors within the black community and focuses on the alleged high incidence of violent crime in high and low crime communities.

"Patterns of Mass Murder in California: Analysis and Trends," JAMPS POLAND, California State University, Sacramento

This study analyzes the instance of mass murder in California. Little research has gone into understanding the most frightening manifestation of our current wave of criminal violence-the growth of mass murder. This study makes a distinction between serial murder, spree murder, and mass murder. The literature reveals that few studies exist that analyze mass murder in one specific geographical location. This study hopes to fill that void. The Bureau of Criminal Statistics has made available their database on homicide in California. The period between 1978-1987 was examined. The focus of the study was to describe offender types, identify the relationship between victim/offender, and explore guidelines for prevention.

PANEL 59 Police Work, Function, and Social Control

"The Pyramid of Policing: An Analysis of the Theoretical and Structural Articulation of Policework in the U.S.," JAMPSALBRrITON, Mercer University

Most of our contemporaryunderstanding of police work in the U S has been based on a relatively small sampling of a large variety of police agencies in the U S. This study attempts to analyze prevailing theoretical approaches to policing in relation to the national hierarchical structure of police agencies and personnel. The findings reveal that fully two-thirds of all law enforcement agencies and activities are rarely accounted for in existing police studies.

"Spatial Patterns and Temporal Rhythms of Police Calls for Service," JAMPS LeBEAU, Southern Illinois Universityat Carbondale

Utilizing concepts, methods, and techniques emanating mainly from time geography, this paper examines the intraurban variability of police calls for service. Previous research on the spatial-temporal characteristics of population activity patterns in the urban setting indicate that different areas exhibit different temporal rhythms for the pursuit of routine activities. Assuming that calls for service emanate from the pursuitof routineactivities, the calls for service records for different areas of a medium size city in the south are examined and the temporal rhythms of calls for service are extracted. The temporal rhythms are discussed in terms of their degrees of being erratic, cyclical or incessant.

"Social Control on Campus: The Structure and Function of Campus Police Agencies," JOHNSLO AN, University of Alabama at Birmingham

SUlVey responses from 360 campus police officers employed by large universities in the south and the midwest are analyzed to describe the characteristics of the departments and the officers. Results indicate that (1) campus police departments are, by and large, independent police agencies with limited jurisdictions and have few requirements for employment; (2) officers are overwhelmingly white, male, and in their 3Os, and have a couple of years of college; and (3) officers are much more enforcement oriented while on patrol than they are either service oriented or concerned with order maintenance. Comparisons with "traditional" police are also made in the paper.

"Police Growth and Social Control: An Examination of Three Perspectives, Phoenix 1948-1988," MAHESHNALLA, Northern Arizona University and MICHAEL LEIDER, University of Northern Iowa

Prior research in the area of policing has examined the nature of police growth from three competing theoretical perspectives namely, consensus, conflict, and organizational inertia. More specifically, these researchershave examined which of these three perspectives determined the size of crime control agencies. Most empirical tests of these theories have been based on data from cities in the midwest, the east, and at the national level. In addition, these studies have specifically focused on either the growth of police budgets or police officers. This research examines (1) various factors representing these perspectives on police growth in Phoenix (AZ) during 1948-1988, and (2) effects on the growth of both police budgets

141 and police officers.

PANEL 60 Perceptions and Losses of Victims

"Installment Plan Mutual Fund and Corporate Crime: The Case of First Investors," DONALD ANSPACH, University of Southern Maine

An analysis of an installment plan mutual fund, compared it with accepted definitions of white collar crime, found many fits economically abused individuals in the U S.

"The Danger of Viewing Addicts as Victims," WllLIAM WILBANKS, Florida International University

The medical model of addiction-whether to drugs, alcohol, gambling, sex, shopping, etc.-sees 'addicts' as being the helpless victims of compulsion who have 'lost control'. A brief history of the medical model of addiction is presented along with a critique of the model which focuses on the dangers this model poses forprev ention and rehabilitation. Alternative models of addition are suggested that are less destructive.

"Mass Murder and Attempted Mass Murder: An Exploratory Study," SUSANNA CORNEIT, Rutgers University

Research on multicide has increased in the past two decades, but the primary focus has been on serial killing, which is one subset of multicide. The other subset, mass murder, has received less attention. This study attempts to fill a gap in the literature by looking at 159 cases of mass murder and attempted mass murder obtained from newspaper accounts. They were analyzed in contingency tables using chi square as a test of significance. A preliminary typologybased on the victim/offender relationship is developed and reviewed in light of current theories of causation to offer directions for future research.

"Effects of Criminal Justice System Intervention in Domestic Violence Cases: The Next Step-The Courts," JAN MICKISH, Colorado Domestic Violence Coalition and SUSAN CALHOUN-SI1.JBER, Gateway Battered Women's Shelter (Aurora, CO)

The current literature shows that the criminal justice system has increased the level and scope of intervention into domestic violence incidents. Studies demonstrate that arrests significantly reduce domestic violence within the six months after arrest. The present study takes the next step: using an interview with survivors, examining the effect of court action on perpetrators of domestic violence in one suburban community. It was found, that as intervention by the criminal justice system increases (1) incidents of domestic violence decrease, (2) survivor satisfaction with the criminal justice system increases, and (3) survivorwillingness to utilize the criminal justice system increases.

PANEL61 Workshop: Oassification of Self-Injurious Behavior: Guidelines for Treatment and Prediction ofPrognosis in Correctional Settings

The workshop is designed as a hands-on experience, with four objectives. First, participants will learn the use of a classification system. Second, they will learn the theoretical constructs required to make the classification decisions. Third, they will learn to generate differential treatment plans based upon the classification. Finally, expected prognosis or treatment outcomes will be forecast based upon the classification. The process requires the participants to classify a number of case histories based upon a theoretical model, to generate treatment plans for each, and to use the knowledge gained in the session to predict differential outcomes.

PANEL 62 Drug Enforcement in Public Housing

"Drug Enforcement in Public Housing: An Overview of What we Know," DAVID HAYESLIP, National Institute of Justice

This paper examines the state of current knowledge about the nature and extent of illegal drug distribution in public housing and how it is related to other criminal activity and quality of life.

"Problem Oriented Policing as an Approach to Drug Enforcement in Public Housing," JOHN ECK, Police Executive Research Forum

This paper examines the evolution of public housing and how understanding of this development is important for considering drug enforcement strategies. Experiments in problem oriented approaches in public housing will also be discussed.

"Drug Enforcement in Public Housing: An Examination of Six Cities," lERRY DUNGWORTH, Rand Corporation

This research describes the preliminary findingsin a study of the extent and nature of illegal drug distribution in six cities and innovativeapproaches that are being taken to combat such activities.

"Drugs and Public Housing: Toward the Development of an Effective Police Response," SAMPSONN, ANNA Police Foundation

This paper describes the preliminary results of experimental police drug enforcement programs in New Orleans and Denver.

PANEL 63 Predicting, Preventing, and Treating Delinquency

"Delinquency Prevention in a Youth Services Bureau," MICHAEL WIATROWSKI and srEVEN ALEXANDER, Florida Atlantic University

This paper presents research on an evaluation of a Youth Service Bureau based delinquency treatment program. Using a matched group experimental research design, the program demonstrates significant treatment effects in terms of delinquency prevention.

"Effective Juvenile Services," KENNHI1I VIEGAS, University of Oregon

What works in juvenile corrections? Research demonstrating effectiveness in changingbehavior in a pro-social direction, combined withprofess ional observations to define the major elements of programs that work was examined. The evidence suggests a re-affirmation of the need for carefully defined, rigorous intervention and professionally educated staff. Present models and interventions are critically explored in light of the defined success elements. Serious questions are raised concerning the competence of present professional interventions in juvenile justice.

142 "Practitioner's Views of Causes of Delinquency," HARLEE HOLBROOK, Bemidji State University

Probation and policeofficers within Minnesota and California indicated their strength of belief of contributing causes of juveniles getting into trouble to each of 25 factors. Cluster focuses include quality of family life, use of time, interpersonal relationship influences, school influences, and drug and alcohol abuse. Differences and similarities are compared between and among probation officers and police officers, and Minnesota and California.

"An Analysis Used to Predict Success of the First-Time Offender While Under Probation Supervision," MICHAEL LIBERTON, MITaIEIL SILVERMAN, and WllllAM BLOUNT, University of South Florida

This work analyzes the relationship between the factorsidentified in the presentence investigation and the success or failure of the first-time offender while under probation supervision. An attempt was made to identify the factors with the strongest relationship to success or failure. Those factors identified to have a strong relationship to supervision outcome were compiled into a rating scale to be utilized by the probation officer when making a sentencing recommendation of the first-time felony offender.

PANEL 64 Historical Corrections

"Escapes From Menard Penitentiary, 1878-1918," BEVERLY SMfIH, Illinois State University

One of the most famous prison studies is Clemmer's The Prison Community based on his experiences in the 1930s at the Southern Penitentiary of Illinois. The Illinois State Archives has recently acquired extensive records on Menard or the Southern Penitentiaryprior to, during, and after Clemmer's period. This study looks at one aspect of prison life, the successful and unsuccessful escapes from the facility from when the prison opened in 1878 until the end of World War I. This study correlates the escape records with inmate files containing demographic and offense characteristics and with disciplinary records to develop a profile of the escapees.

"Historical Review of the Basic Dimensions in Correctional Treatment," DAREK NIKLAS, Rhode Island College

History of corrections in the U S is divided into stages characterized by the dominance of one aspect: regimen, treatment, government, or community. These aspects, in tum, are considered as combinations of basic societal structures of power, communication, ideology and interaction refracted within the correctional system. The preponderance of one factor comes about in the effort to overcome striking inadequacies on the functioning of a penitentiaryand result in new problems. This pendulummodel purports to identify the forces of inertia and change in the historical development, as well as to relate the factors determining penal policy to major societal structures.

"Women Prisoners in the Allegheny County Jail, 1892-1923," JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University and LYNNEADRIAN, University of Alabama

Historical works on women as targets of police actions stress periodic sweeps of prostitutes in response to political pressures for controlling vice. This paper uses data derived from the daybooks of Allegheny County (Pittsburgh, PA) Jail between 1892 and 1923 to provide the first quantitative assessment of women misdemeanants. The most striking finding is that the rates of conviction are quite steady, suggesting that police actions were not as sporadic as previously thought. Over the period studied, the female jail populationwas increasingly black and married, while the proportion of foreign born women declined.

PANEL 65 What Works in Other Countries? Cross-National Comparisons of Reactions TowardsCrime

"Comparison of Community Corrections in the UK and the U S," JAMES BYRNE, University of Lowell

Similarities and differences between community corrections in the United Kingdom and the United States, focusing on four topics are highlighted: 1) the impact of institutional crowding on community corrections, 2) the debate over purpose, 3) the development of intermediate sanctions between probation and prison, and 4) the effectiveness of community-based sanctions as a crime reduction strategy.

"Taking Off in Opposite Directions? Recent Trends in Juvenile Justice in the US and the Federal Republic of Germany," HElKE GRAMCKOW, Friedrich Naumann Foundation

Comparing the recent developments in juvenile justice in the U S and West Germany produces two diametrical opposing pictures: overcrowded facilities under court orders, harsh discipline in boot-camps installed as short-term "alternative", death penalty for under 14 years olds, and stiff penalties for drug users on the American side, more and more empty cots in juvenile detention centers, increasing application of non-intervention policies, and serious debates over the nationalization of drug distribution in West Germany. Combining statistical and policy analyses, this paper compares the latest trends in both countries and tries an outlook on where both systems are going.

"Cross-National Comparison of Time Served," JAMESLYNCH, American University

The United States has the largest percapita prison population of any industrialized democracy. Cross-national comparisons of the prevalence of imprisonment suggest, however, that for serious crimes, the U S is no more likely to imprison than other countries. This paper examines the length of sentences served for particular offenses in the United States and several other industrialized democracies to determine if the large differences in per capita imprisonment rates can be explained by differences in the length of time served for specific offenses.

"Anticipatory Bail: A Comparison of Four Systems," FE DEVINE, University of Southern Mississippi

The practice of bail in anticipation of arrest as it exists in India has been examined. Under this approach a person, not yet arrested, can under certain circumstances, seek to have bail set in advance in case of arrest. This innovation raises conceptual and legal issues about bail. It produces obvious advantages for the accused but also has certain cost in terms of legal complexities. This papercompares anticipatory bail in the three other countries where the procedure is found, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.

143 "Gun Control and People Control in Great Britain," DAVID KOPEL, CATO Institute

American gun control advocates frequently point to Great Britain as a model nation with "civilized" gun controls. In fact, Britain's gun controls have rarely been motivated by concerns about crime, and appear to have had virtually no impact on the British armed crime rate. Instead, gun control has servedmainly as an instrument of class warfare. Moreover" the pervasiveAmerican emphasis on individualism, combined with traditional American distrust of government, make it very unlikely that British-style gun controls could succeed in the U S.

PANEL 66 Perspectives onHomicide

"The Problem of Child Homicide: Cross-National Patterns and Issues," PRABHA UNNIIlIAN, Colorado State University

Despite the negative reactions that it typically evokes, child homicide continues to be a problem in many contemporary societies. Limited national and cross-national research exists on the prevalence, extent and socialfactors that are related to the problem. Little is known about child homicide in some countries, and about age structure, sex ratios and sexual inequality as social correlates of child homicide is available. Better theory and research based on an improved reporting system is needed.

"Homicide: Then and Now," OBm CLAYfONJR and VINCENT WEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha

This paperreports on the firstphase of a research project on the changing nature of homicide. A qualitative analysis of 15 yearsof homicide data is examined in order to determine if the fundamental nature of homicide has changed in the past 15 years. Demographic, situational, and contextual variables are included in the analysis. Parker'S (1989) classification of types of homicide is used to organize the data and establish the baseline against which changes are assessed.

"Officer Deaths: An Examination of the St Louis Metropolitan Police Department," DAVID McELREATIl, Southeast Missouri State University

This research examines the officer losses during the history of the St Louis Police Department from the loss of the first officer in 1863, until the most recent officer loss in 1989. The research addresses such variables as age, cause of death, sex, race, of both the officer and the offender, time in service, and family characteristics. It addresses a void in the criminal justice literature and makes a contribution to the understanding of dangers officers face in the performance of their duties.

PANEL 67 Police Officer Motivation and Satisfaction

"Asian-American Police Officers' Work Motivations: San Francisco," YOUN-WOO JUNG, San Jose State University

This investigation of career motivations of Asian-American police officers in San Francisco revealed that the most important factors affecting the decision to remain in law enforcement were 1) salary/benefits of the job, 2) job security, and 3) Challenge/excitement of police work. "Career advancement" had little impact on career decisions, a finding at least partially explained by the difficulty Asian-Americans face in securing promotions.

"An Examination of Police Patrol Officer Level of Development," MTfI1ESOUIHERIAND, Eastern Kentucky University

The development level of police personnel is examined from the perspective of officer self-perceptions on two dimensions: 1) knowledge and skills and 2) confidence and motivation. The effects of education, age, sex, ethnicity, prior police experience, position, and years of police experience on developinent level are considered. The usefulness of Hersey and Blanchard's development levels for describing police patrol personnel is evaluated.

"Job Satisfaction and Work-Related Attitudes of Police Officers," JAMES FAGIN, Wichita State University

The purpose of this study was to survey law enforcement officers regarding their self reported opinion of job satisfaction, perception of danger, and "essential" qualities in a good police officer. The sample drawn from twelve midwest law enforcement agencies included officers from municipal departments ranging from small to large cities, deputy sheriffs, state police officers and state university police officers. Officerswere asked to report 1) their degree of job satisfaction, 2) perceived sources of the job injury and risk of injury as assessed by self, spouse/family, and media; and 3) ' to rank a list of 40 personal characteristics essential in a good police officer.

"Faded Blue: Oral History Project of Law Enforcement Officers Who Served, Circa 1920's, 30's, to Retirement," JOlINNEE, Mercyhurst College

This funded project entails interviewing veteran police officers in an attempt to record for posterity their experiences as officers which if not gotten now, will be largely lost forever. This paper describes the endeavor and discusses some issues emplored in the interviews which may be of interest to today's scholars interested in those who served in yesteryear.

PANEL 68 Workshop: Violence in America: Part I

This workshop reviews escalation of violence, focusing on victims of violent crime. Also addressed are victims of rape, sexual sadism, and child victims of violent crime.

PANEL69 Racism and the Criminal Justice System

"Prosecuting Bias-Related Crime: A Survey Study of New York State District Attorneys," LYLE HALWWELL, St John's University and REBECCA HICKS, State University of New York-Stony Brook

A survey sent to all District Attorneys in New York State received usable responses from 34 of 62 and determined: 1) experience with bias crime prosecution, 2) current and proposed office structures and processesfor handling it, 3) opinions regarding proposed legal changes and state assistance programs for facilitation, and 4) special problems of bias crime prosecution. Differences were analyzed in relation to community social and crime characteristics, organizational structure, organizational environment and case processingmodes and patterns. Key differences in all areas were found and the implications of this for statewide efforts to facilitate prosecution are discussed.

144 "Police Shootings and Constructed Racism," ANN HO� Suffolk University

This study of metropolitan police shootings focuses on "victim" case histories and the complexities of contextual dynamics in 110 selected violent police-civilian encounters. It addresses racial disproportionality in police use of deadly force by examining specific indicators associatedwith "victim" high-risk behavior in terms of self-destructive responses to law enforcement personnel. Findingsshow a correlation between policy and reductions in police weapons discharge, and etiological factors in "victim" cumulative pathology, suicidal gesturing and overt acts as well as suicidal resignation in shooting events.

"In Terms of Ethnicity: Whose Perceived Stress is Lower? White or Minority Patrol Officers," MARK DAN1ZKER, Texas Southmost College

For years, the study of stress in policing has been one dimensional Research has generally focused on the identification of stressors and stress in certain ranks or roles. As a result, several stressors have been identified. In the general stress literature it is found that traits such as gender, religion, ethnicity, etc., may have some effect on how one perceives stress. An area that has just received much attention is the role of ethnicity on the perception of stress by patrol officers. Using survey results from a purposive sample of Texas patrol officers, this paper examines the perceived differences between white and minority patrol officers for a variety of identified stressors.

PANEL 70 Patterns of Crime II

"Crime and the Quality of Life in California," DONALD SCO'IT, Louisiana State University

This paper examines the patterns of violent and property crime among the 58 California counties. Variations will be explained in terms of demographic variables including population density, income, mobility, age and racial composition, and family structure. The effects of public expenditures within various spheres of public services as well as variations in law enforcement and penal policies will also be examined. The data come from an original dataset which merges census, crime, and justice statistics at the county level.

"Crime and the Immigrant," MARGARIIT GARCIA, Chicago Police Department

This research is an in-depth study of the alien immigrant and their life of crime. The issue analyzed is whether this life of crime is a result of their previous way of life or whether it is a response to their need to survive in their new found home.

"United States: Profile of a War Zone," TAD INI BACIGALUPI and DANIELO'CONNOR, University of Northern Colorado

When violent deaths in the United States are compared to other countries known to have major violent social upheavals, the reported violent death rates in the United States are found to be comparable to the number of deaths in countries known to be at war. If we consider the violent death rate in the United States to be similar to war time conditions, we then can talk of war zones existing within the United States. This paper foc uses on one of the major American cities taking part in this war. An attempt to determine if there are distinct was zones within the city and to investigate the socio-economic characteristics of these zones is made.

"Policing and Population Trends in the U S for the Year 2000: Some Issues and Strategies," JAGAN LINGAMNENI, Governors State University

In this paper, an attempt is made to review some historical data on the demographic trends and projected growth patterns in the U S for the year 2000, with particular attention to immigration, racial and ethnic make-up of the subpopulation groups. Then some law enforcement issues and strategies for the policing of a future population in the context of our democratic society are examined. Important factors that might play a role in the selection of police personnel, and some observations on the profile of a futuristic police officer are attempted. Further, policing strategies of the reform era and the community problem-solving era identified by Kelling and Moore (1988) shall be reviewed relative to the population projections for the year 2000.

PANEL71 White Collar Crime in Perspective

"The Concept of White-Collar Crime: A Conflict Perspective," SIEPHENBROWN and BILLY WNG, East Tennessee State University

Corporate/commercial crime has been subjected to various theoretical approaches ranging from crime specific analysis to a "general theory". This paper delineates the wide range of ideological perspectives concerning the development of the concept of white collar crime as well as divergent definitions. It is argued that a conflict perspective is most useful both for defining and explaining white collar crime.

"The Great Savingsand Loan Scandal: An Analysis of the BiggestFinancial Fraud in American History," FRANKHAGAN and PErERBENEKos, Mercyhurst College

Deregulation and desupervision of savings and loan organizations in the eighties led to a collapse and subsequent bailout costing the American taxpayers as much as $300 billion at last count. At least one-quarter of one-half of these losses were believed to be due to fraud and inside trading in a "cowboy capitalism" environment which might be described as a federally-sponsored Ponzi scheme. Some of these schemes are discussed including nominee loans, double pledging of collateral, reciprocal loan arrangements, land flips, embezzlement and check kiting as well as alleged involvement by organized crime.

"Fixing the Thrifts: Prosecution and Regulation in the Great Savings and Loan Scandal," PETERBENEKOS and FRANK HAGAN, Mercyhurst College

A review is made of cases and testimony related to the regulatory and legislative reaction to one of the greatest public policy failures in American history - the collapse of the FSLIC and savings and loan organizations. Particularsof "the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989" are examined from both a criminological and public policy perspective. Specific note is made of the alleged purpose of the law to reform, recapitalize, and consolidate the federal deposit insurance system and to enhance the regulatory and enforcement powers of the federal financial institutions regulatory agencies.

145 "White Collar Crime: A Return to Theory and the Conflict Perspective," KENNEIH AYERS, Kentucky Wesleyan College; JAMPS FRANK, Michigan State University; and CHARLES FIELDS, Appalachian State University

In the last decade interest in white collar crime has reemerged. This interest has been directed at a variety of issues; the realization that criminal behavior occurs within the context of occupational settings, defining the forms of criminal behavior that fall within the designation of white collar criminality, formal governmental efforts aimed at the prosecution and sanctioning of this type of criminal conduct, and public attitudes toward white collar crime. Much of this research has involved empirical analyses of these issues. In contrast, this paper examines white collar crime causation from a theoretical perspective. Utilizing existing research, this paperargues that conflict/critical theory provides a better understandingof the causes of this type of criminality than do other traditional theoretical explanations (i.e., Sutherland's Differential Association).

PANELn Student Panel: Juvenile Issues

"Youth Gangs: An Historical Perspective," JANELLE DANESHNIA, Kearney State College

This paper attempts to examine the evolution of Los Angeles based youth with specific emphasis on the Bloods and the Crips. The expansion of their realm across the United States continues to plague the criminal justice system. The author believes that an understanding of theyouth gangs' early development and continued growth and sophistication is crucial in confronting the issue.

"Children's Perceptions and Attraction to Gang's and Selective Gang Related Behavior," LUa RIVERA and ROSE CHACON', California State University, Los Angeles

The present and future existence of today's street gangs, and the nature and scope of their patterns of crime and violence, depends on their successful recruitment of new members. The young children in elementary andjunior high schoolstoday, particularity those in communities impacted by gang activity, represent some potential new recruits for today's and tomorrow's street gangs. How today's children and adolescents perceive and evaluate street gangs and their related pattern of crime and violence may indicate something about how well gangs might do in recruiting and their future. This paper provides an analysis of how over 2500 fifth graders perceived and evaluated local area street gangs and their associated criminal behavior.

"Stalking and Harassing Celebrities and Others: The Fatal Attraction," M aIRISllNA DOBROWOLSKI, University of Cincinnati

Occasionally, and with seemingly increasing frequency, there are news reports of stalking behavior directed towards celebrities. These cases range from mere harassment and trespassing, as with David Letterman, up to violence and even killing, as with Mark Chapman's slaying of John Lennon. This problem is not confined to the famous, however, and unlike the movie "Fatal Attraction", there may never have been any reciprocal feelings displayed by the victim. This paper examines this problem for both celebrities and ordinary people and suggest some policy changes.

"The Use of Personal Recognizance Bonds for Felony Defendants," WENDY RIaI-GOLDSCHMIDT

Overcrowding in jails has been accused of having a variety of negative effects on the operation of the justice system. One such effect in a Colorado county is supposedly an increase in the use of personal recognizance bonds for fe lony defendants. This descriptive study compares the use of personal recognizance bonds during the month of June for the years, 1987, 1988, 1989. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze such variables as the offense charged, sex of defendant, and type of bond granted.

"Reasonable Efforts: Public Law 96-272 Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980," 'IUERFSE DONAWELL, University of Texas at EI Paso

Public Law 96-272 contains five different areas: reasonable efforts, case plans, case review systems, standards for proper care, and procedural safeguards. This paper is concerned with reasonable efforts. What does the law state must be done to fulfill this requirement? Who determined what would be done? Why? What can be done to reach these ends? What alternatives are there? Who determines what constitutes reasonable efforts and if they were made? What information do they base their decision on? Has the law made a difference; does it work? This paper will answer these questions and more.

PANEL 73 Student Panel: Women's Issues

"Woman Battering v. Domestic: The Labeling of a Phenomenon," ELlZABEI1I NEAL, University of Cincinnati

Woman battering was not in the public eye until the 1970's. Since this time law enforcers, researchers, and feminists have become increasingly frustrated in responding to this social problem. The act of woman battering is blurred and minimized in defining it as "domestic violence." This paper addresses the labeling of woman battering and how it has affected the subsequent treatment of battered woman victims.

"Female LatinoInmates in the United States - An Historical State of the Art,"SUSAN CAMAaIO-JONES, Universityof SouthFlorida at Ft Myers

During 1974, International Women's Year, the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women examined conditions of incarcerated females. It was a time in which knowledge and understanding of 'the forgotten offender' was advanced more than any other time in history. Despite over a decade of increasing consciousness and interest, little is known about the plight of the Latino female in the criminal justice system. The purpose of this paper is to provide an historical overview of 'the most forgotten offender'.

"Women in Prison," ELlZABEI1I KNosr, Universityof Cincinnati

The historical status of women in prison has been deemed unimportant and thus, often ignored. Women offenders have traditionally been viewed as 'extra-deviant' or more paternalistically, merely misled. This research uses the Census of State Adult Correctional Facilities data to examine the status of women inmates. Gender differences for inmates are analyzed focusingon security classification and availability of staff, programs, job training, and hospital facilities.

146 "What Works? Women Work: A Profile of Female Adult Corrections Officers," DORO'IHY GOIDSBOROUGH, University of Hawaii, Manoa

Are women encumbered in male specificjobs because of gender modelingthat may be in conflict with job modeling? This exploratorystudy employs gender and job model descriptions to examine female attitudes concerning the job of corrections officer in male prisons and seeks the source of role models. Prisons at which personnelwere obselVed and interviewed are similar in mandate but are climatic and geographic extremes, one being in Alaska and one in Hawaii. The findings confirm a previous study in 1984 of women in this non-traditional occupation. It fails to demonstrate the gender model as being more influential for women in this role, but suggests that the job model cannot be gender-neutral.

"A Study of Female Police Officers in the Western Massachusetts Area," C LEE BENNEIT, Westfield State College

The goal of this study is two-fold: to examine the demographic characteristics of female law enforcement personnelwithin the scope of a particular geographic area (westernMassachusetts) and to assess the levels of job satisfaction among female police officers. A questionnaire has been designed to see if there is a correlation between job satisfaction and the following variables: department size, education, prior work history, family status, length of employment, job status, age, and perceptions of discrimination within one's own department as compared to other departments. Personal interviews were conducted within the population.

PANEL 74 Criminal Investigation

"Police Informants From A to z," ROBERT REINERTSEN, Western Illinois University and TIMO'IHY SHUMAKER

There are many problems associated with the police use of informants. It is well known that police investigators, especially drug investigators, rely heavily on informants. Yet there is very little information available concerning the police-informant relationship. This paper takes a comprehensive look at police informants and their relationships with police and the criminal justice system generally.

"Detecting Deception: Comments on the Accuracy of an Controversy About Polygraph Testing in Police Investigation," FRANK HORVA11I, Michigan State University

This paper discusses the major issues which have been raised in the scientific and professional literature about polygraph testing in police work. The question "Does it work?" is at the forefront. Hence, scientific evidence on the accuracy of polygraph testing is considered. Specifically, the results of recent field studies and their implications for the use of polygraph testing and the direction of future research is highlighted.

"Context as Constraint: Toward a Framework for the Analysis of Investigative Police Work," srEVEN BRANDL, Michigan State University

Perhaps no topic in police research has received as much attention as discretion. Although this emphasis is warranted on many accounts, studies which focus on the ubiquity of police discretion have a tendency to draw attention away from the significant constraints on behavior. As such, our understandingof police work has remained only partial in nature. This paper presents a contextual perspective from which investigative policework might usefully be studied. The criminal investigation process is defined, the contextual constraints on this type of police work are discussed, and a logical direction for future research is proposed.

"Has the War Against Organized Crime Really Been Won?" WIU.1AM HYATI, Western Carolina University

U S Attorney General Thornburg has now effectively abandoned the 'strike force' concept of combatting organized crime on the theory that organized crime is no longer a serious problem. This paper assesses the past accomplishments and potential future value of the strike force as a tool for fighting organized crime, and examine, from an academic standpoint, the present state of organized crime in America.

PANEL7S Program for Delinquents inTransition

"Juvenile Diversion Programs: An Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Hidalgo County (fX) Juvenile Court Conference Committee," PlDUP EIHRIDGEand UNDA O'DANIEL, University of Texas at Pan American

During the 1980's a variety of diversion programs have been implemented in an attempt to deal with juvenile offenders. An unique program, which involves local citizens becoming involved in formulating dispositions concerningjuvenile offenders, has been implemented in Hidalgo County (IX). This paperdiscusses the Hidalgo County Juvenile Court Conference Committee and offers an analysis of the effectiveness of the programin dealing with juveniles referred to the committee during 1989.

"The Delinquency Reduction Effects of a Wilderness Stress Challenge Program," rnOMAS CASfELLANO, 1lIEODOREFERDINAND, IRINA SODERSTROM, and rnOMAS WERUCH, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

The Spectrum Wilderness Program is a stress challenge program modeled after Outward Bound. In operation since 1976, annually it selVes about 120 youth who have exhibited pre-delinquent or delinquent behavior and are in jeopardy of a restrictive institutional placement. This paperpresents descriptive data on the characteristics of all youth who participated in the program during 1987 and 1988, and provides preliminaryev aluative data from a sub-sample of the youth (and a methodcomparison group) to assesswhether a delinquency reduction effect can be attributed to the program.

"Young Parolees: An Assessment of Transitional Factors and Their Adjustment to Community Life," HARVEY McMURRAY, North Carolina Central University

National data indicate that approximately 68% of persons aged 25 years and younger are rearrested within three years of their release. Little attention has been given to the transitional process and factors that impact on their adjustment to community life. Findingswill be presented from a research project (using personal interviews) on parolees released into three counties in North Carolina (n = 36) between July 1 and December 31, 1988. Specifically, factors such as criminal history, social support, preparedness, job discrimination, institutional participation, and postrelease problems will be discussed in the context of community adjustment and recidivism.

147 PANEL 76 Stress and Violence

"Violence on the Great Plains: 1865 to 1890," JAMES GILBERT, Kearney State College

An examination of the nature of interpersonal violence on the great plains, with a specific emphasis on central and western Nebraska was done. This paperexamines whether the violencewas excessive by contemporarystandards and definitions. Specific crime trends are identified, and early law enforcement containment efforts are detailed.

"An Examination of Public Opinion, Reported Victimization and Rates of Crime During Economic 'Hard Times' in Texas," WENDELIN HUME and FRANCES REDDINGTON, Sam Houston State University

This presentation examines the effects of an economic fluctuation on the public's fear of crime reported victimization, and orientation towards official sanctions. The relationship between the public's reported fear of crime and longitudinal aggregate level rates of crime is explored. The individual level research uses Texas Crime Poll public opinion data from 1973 to 1988. The analysis focuses on a large urban county which includes a major metropolis in Texas. Historically, during the years of the data collection this area was subject to a severe economic recession, creating an unique opportunity for a natural experiment with theoretical and political ramifications.

"An Historical Test of Disaster Theory: The Johnstown Flood of 1889," srEPHENARCONA, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

In this paper, sociological theories of human behavior in disaster are applied to the worst natural catastrophe in 19th century American history, the Johnstown Flood of 1889. The applicability of sociologicaltheories of the past three decades to a 19th century phenomenon is investigated. Theories regarding criminal behavior consequent to disaster and role conflict experienced by organizations responsible for social control are tested. Historical analysis is used in the presentation of this case study.

"Toward a Theory of Terrorism: The Philippine Model," 'I1M

Ethnographic findings are analyzed in regards to the impact of terrorism upon the daily lives of Filipino villagers. Particular focus is given the arrangement of findings into theoretical propositions pertaining to the consequences of terrorism at the cultural, psychological, situational, and interactional levels. A model of behavior causation derived from natural disaster research is applied to terrorism. The study builds upon earlier on-site research in the Philippines.

PANEL77 CriminalJustice Systems in Non-Western Societies

"Criminal Justice System in Kenya," OBE EBBE, State University of New York-Brockport

This paper analyzes the political history, constitution, and the criminal law of Kenya. Additionally, it presents the processes of law enforcement, court procedures, sentencing, and offender disposal mechanisms in Kenya. The paper concludes with a comparative analysis of the justice system in Kenya in the light of the criminal justice system in the United States.

"The Rationalization of Crime Control in African Military Regimes in the 1960's Through the 1980's," JAMES OPOLOT, Texas SouthernUniversity

The regulation of social life under a militaryregime obviously requires the use of force to secure public order and intimidate the real or potential opponents, as well as to protect the assets and all concrete forms of the military. It is this feature of crime control, with its emphasis on the overt and repressive, which has received the international attention and response, much to the support of the military opponents and to the unhappiness of the regimes concerned.

"Crime by Africans," SAMPSON Ou, Bethune-Cookman College

This paper undertakes an examination of the social history of the Igbo people of West Africa to determine the extent of the nature and degree of criminality exhibited by traditional Igbos. It attempts to find out whether the over-representation of blacks in crime and criminality in the United States can be traced to the Igbopeople of West Africa who occupythe ancestral area from which the majority of blacks in the United States came. The evidence generated indicate that delinquency and high crime rates have not been major problems for Igbos who have maintained the traditional lifestyle, suggestingthat the over-representation of blacks in crime and criminality in the United States was not inherited from their ancestors. The alternative conclusion, therefore, is that such behavior was learned in the societies in which blacks now find themselves.

"Methodological Issues Confronting the Use of Criminal Statistical Data: The Case of Africa," JOHN AR'IHUR, Augusta College

Criminologists have called for comparative analysis of crime to assess the extent to which theories of crime based on western social structure can be applied to non-western cultures. While some initial steps have been taken in this direction, the major stumbling block appears to be the lack of quality criminal statistical data from Africa. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) present and discuss the sources of criminal statistical data on Africa; (2) identify and assess the methodological issues affecting crime data at the cross-national level; and (3) suggest measures to address the methodological flaws inherent in the data.

PANEL 78 Crime Prevention and Environmental Design: Changing the Way We Do Business

"An Experiment in CPTED," KElLY HOLBERT and DAVID GILES,Florida State University

There are specific areas in each city where crimes are more prominent. The research presented in this paper demonstrates one such area. It is an experiment in Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). The conditions of the target area are analyzed through observations, surveys, and official data. CPTED concepts are implemented. This project is closely followed and evaluated. This research shows what impact CPTED concepts have on a high crime area and the surrounding areas.

148 "An Analysis of Criminal Activity in Commercial Settings," KElLY HOLBERT and DAVID GILES, Florida State University and DEBORAH PATrON and PATSY WHLIS, Tallahassee Police Department

Property crimes are well known in commercial settings; however, these settings are also prone to crimes against the person. The research presented here examines the commercial shopping mall with respect to how physical designed impact upon incidence of crimes against the personand property. The data for this research was gathered through analysis of the commercial shopping area along with data from the Tallahassee Police Department's Crime Analysis Unit.

"Convenience Store Robbery in Tallahassee: A Reassessment," RONALD lIUN.fHR,Jacksonv ille State University

Earlier research has found support for the 'opportunity theory' of crime prevention as applied to convenience store robbery. In addition, features thought to relate to a store's vulnerability have been identified. While earlier studies have revealed that 'high robbery' and 'low robbery' stores differ in regard to their physical characteristics, there have been no studies which have re-examined stores to see if changes that were implemented have resulted in fewer robberies. This replication of a 1986 study should provide new information for assessing opportunity theory and developing robbery prevention strategies.

"The Effects of Crime on Small Businesses," BONNIE FISHER, SHAWN HENRY, and TODD PEErZ, Ohio State University

This study describes the effects and costs of crime have on the economic well-being of small businesses located in low and moderate income neighborhoods in Columbus, Ohio. The impact of fear of crime are also addressed. Interviews with shopkeepers and small business ownersprovide a look into the crime-related factors which influence business operating decisions. An examination into the socio-economic ramifications of these decisions is addressed. Recommendations are made to develop a safer, more stable business environment and to encourage economic redevelopment.

PANEL 79 PoliceSupe rvWon and Management

"Police Patrol Supervision: Organizational Performance and Officer Satisfaction," MITI1E SOUIHERIAND, Eastern Kentucky University

Possible policepatrol supervisory behavior in assignment and control situations are examined from the perspective of officersat all ranks of patrol. Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model is utilized to examine officer perceptions of (1) the most and least effective supervisory responses for accomplishing organizational tasks and (2) the most and least satisfying supervisory responses for dealing with officers at differing levels of development.

"An Overview of Field Training Programs," OSWALD GmBONS, University of Houston Downtown and MARK EISENMAN, Houston Police Department

This paper examines some of the first police field training (FTO) programs in the United States. New findings on FTO programs are presented with discussion of the various types of programs in use. Recommendations for program implementation are discussed.

"Real Cop Shows Hit TV: Early Reactions to LETN, the Law Enforcement Television Network," KEITH HALEY, Ohio Peace Officer Training Council

This paper discusses the inception, development, and capabilities of LETN, the Law Enforcement Television Network. Since July 1989, LEIN has provided 24 hour law enforcement training and criminal justice news to hundreds of subscribers throughout the United States. Included are the results of a survey assessing initial reactions to LETN in training and education sites throughout Ohio.

"Police Chief Tenure: Outdated or Coming of Age?" srEVEN EDWARDS, University of Louisville

The historyof American police had been the domination of partisan politics. In the early 1900's, as part of a trend in municipal government,support developed for the appointment of a single executive to direct a police department. This individual would be protected from political impediments through the granting of tenure. It was believed that tenure would grant the police executive a state of independence (security) to enforce the law, while at the same time giving some assurances that the police chief was accountable. This paper examines the issue of police chief tenure and whether it is old-fashioned or a notion that has come of age.

PANEL80 Worksbop: Vtol ence in America: Part ll: Victims ' Perspectives

This workshop addresses victim's perspectives as victims of a serial murder.

PANEL 81 Issues in Theoretical Criminology

"James Q Wilson's Work in Criminal Justice," LAURIN WOUAN, Florida State University

No abstract available.

"Deconstruction and Radical Criminology: The Deconstruction and Critique of Language and Behavior and its Implications for Radical Theory," MICHAEL LYNCH, Florida State University and RICHARD LYNCH, New England College

No abstract available.

"Conceptualizing Crime: Conventional and Nonconventional Violence," SIEPHEN BROWN, EastTennessee State University

The theoretical parameters of Criminology are determined by the manner in which crime is defined. This paper reviews competing definitions of crime and applies them to efforts to explain violent crime. It is argued that a narrow conceptualization of violent crime restricts theorizing to accounting for a relatively small proportion of violence. A broader definition of violence incorporating numerous non-conventional forms of violent crime is advocated.

149 "Breakthrough Criminology: A Neo-Cognitive Theory of Crime," mOMAS KELLEY, Wayne State University

In a new paradigm for criminological inquiry, the major principles of the Psychology of Mind are translated into a neo-cognitive theory of crime. The four main principles of this new theory are: (1) the principle of thought; (2) the principle of separate realities; (3) the principle of levels of consciousness; and (4) the principle of feelings and emotions. These four principles or constants are shown to connect in an exact manner the variables of thought, perception, motivation, emotion, and behavior of all delinquent and criminal offenders. Furthermore, these principles clearly reveal how to prevent and reverse the process that results in crime.

PANEL82 StudentPanel: JUYeniles

"The Treatment and Assessment of the Juvenile Sex Offender," USA CHAPMAN, Eastern Kentucky University

The treatment and assessment of the sex offender is a well discussed topic in the juvenile justice field. Through interviews with persons in the field and other research, the possibilityof only a few sex offenders committing several crimes is considered. How to treat these offenders requires much attention due to the apparent rise of offenses. Attempts will be made to discover those ways which would be both beneficial to the offender and the community.

"Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Child Abuse by Deception," DIANE HUNIER, Chadron State College

Munchausen syndrome by proxy(MSBP) is a form of child abuse wherein the perpetrator (generally the mother) fabricates or simulates symptoms or illness upon a child. As a result, the child may undergo invasive diagnostic testing and surgeries. The etiology of MSBP is unknown. In this paper, two case reports are cited; symptomatology and characteristics of the MSBP family are presented; intervention and treatment methods are explored; and the legal implications are investigated.

"Characteristics of Child Molesters: Those Who Meet the Characteristics Verses Those Who Do Not," JEANNIE PHILLIPS, Western Carolina University

Recent research suggests the seriousness of child molestation therefore, creating the need for a precise understanding of child molestation. This problem with child molestation often is part of an on-going cycle which begins with the molester first being the victim, then developing into the molester in later years. Several common characteristics of child molesters include impoverished and devastating childhood, feeling of rejection, inadequate education, early age of criminal activity, and being a prior victim. This paper examines the effect of each characteristic and attempts to analyze why some become molesterswhile others, with the same backgrounds, lead normal productive lives.

PANEL 83 Student Panel: Law Enforcement Issues

"Law Enforcement and AIDS: Knowledge, Risks and Fears in the Workplace," DOUGLASYFARW OOD, North Carolina Central University

A five-part questionnaire was administered to members of the Durham County Sheriffs Department in order to examine how knowledge of AIDS and risk of occupational exposure to AIDS are related to officers' fears, attitudes, and work performance. Fear of AIDS was a better predictor of negative attitudes and reported alterations in work performance than age, sex, and race of the respondent. Greater knowledge of AIDS was associated with less fear and a lesser amount of work alterations.

"Assessment Center in Police Selection," HARLEY AILENJR, Eastern Kentucky University

The major concern of this paper is to introduce the use of the Assessment Center processin police hiring. Although widely used through the years, the standard police personnel selection process has had its problems. The proposal to use the Assessment Center process for hiring is an attempt to screen potential officers and evaluate their ability to do the job. This in effect prevents hiring individuals for positions they can not perform.

"Small Town Community vs the Big Metropolitan City Community Input into Police Policy-Making Decisions," LEE TIEMAR and RICK .MIKESH, Bemidji State University

In 1987, the Lansing Police Department, with the assistance and funding by the National Neighborhood Foot Patrol Center, released the results of an innovative survey which asked the residents of Lansing, Michigan to provide input on police policy-making process. The LPD Community Questionnaire set the stage for future surveys asking citizens directly what their concerns and views were in how the police could best serve the community. The objective of this project was to utilize a community questionnaire pertaining to police policy-making process conducted in a metropolitan city (Lansing, MI), and implement it into a small town community (Bemidji, MN), analyzing and comparing the results.

"Loss Prevention Managers: An Occupational Study," DAWN SAYNE, Universityof Cincinnati

In recent years, the growth of private security has created a new occupational category: loss prevention managers. Even so, few studies have been conducted on this occupational group. To fill this void in the literature, a survey was conducted of managers in the Cincinnati area. The study focused on a range of work-related issues, including hiring practices, training, drug testing, changing technology, and sources of criminality.

PANEL 84 Managing Delinquents

"Attitudes of Youth Corrections Professionals Toward Juvenile Justice Reform and Policy Alternatives-A Utah Study," MICHAELNORMAN and GEORGE BURBIDGE, Weber State College

The state of Utah has two primary agencies which have jurisdiction over delinquent juveniles. In recent years, tension has appeared in the juvenile corrections system because of perceived philosophical differences between these two agencies. This study classified the philosophical viewsof both agencies showing areas of similarity, as well as areas of philosophical difference. In addition, this study quantified the degree of difference between employees of the two agencies.

150 "Florida Offenders Under the Age of 18 Sentenced to Adult Prisons," KIMBERLY BUDNICKand TEDTO UIDT, Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services

The number of offenders under the age of 18 who are adjudicated as adults and sentenced to prison is increasing in Florida. This study analyzes demographic variables of this sub-population for 1987-1988. These variables include age, county of commitment, race, gender, and offense. Influential factors such as population at risk and prior trends are examined. Significant conclusions include a substantial increase in prison admissions for juveniles, over representation of minorities, low prison commitment rates for females and dramatic increases of incarceration of this population for drug offenses.

"The Assessment of the Sentenced Juvenile Offender Using Multiple Constructs and Measures," KENNEI1-I WANBERG, ClAUSTJ ADEN, and CAROLGARREIT, Colorado Division of Youth Services

This paper presents a multidimensional approach to the assessment of the sentenced juvenile offender by describing the scales of the Community Adjustment SUlVey (CAS). These include: five delinquency behavior scales; two delinquency style scales; two school adjustment factors; five psychological adjustment factors; and two family problems factors including family dysfunction and sexual abuse. Two broad second order factors are also described: a general delinquency factor and a general mental health factor. The psychometic properties and practical use of these scales are discussed along with issues of scale reliability and validity.

"Juvenile Offenders and Marginality in Dublin, Ireland," EOIN MURPHY, East Wicklow Institute

This paper addresses some of the organizational, ideological, and societal factors which affect the juvenile justice system in Dublin, Ireland. Prosecuting patterns and sentencing patterns are assessed and the high rate of marginality in terms of employment and education among youth arrested and sentenced are analyzed. Diversion programs and alternative sentencing approaches in Ireland are discussed.

PANEL 85 The Future Through History

"Revisiting the Wickersham Commission After 60 Years: Measuresof Good Intentions and Tests of Success," JAMES CAlDER,University of Texas at San Antonio

President Herbert Hoover appointed the National Commission on Law ObselVance and Enforcement to study questions of crime causation and federal justice administration. The Commission's work is now 60 yearsold. Was it intended to work, and what are reasonable tests of its success? This paper argues the success of Wickersham in terms of its success? It argues the success of Wickersham in terms of Hoover's sincere commitment to the long-term impact of scientific study of social problems.

"Cocaine Use in the 1980s in Historical Perspective," MAGNUSSENG, Loyola University of Chicago

This paper examines the rise and decline of cocaine use in the United States from the 1880's to the 1920's and compares this with the present cocaine 'epidemic'. It takes the position that while striking similarities exist between the two time periods, the 1980's 'epidemic' is unique in a number of significant respects and is likely to be more difficult to deal with.

"Social Control in Post-Organic Societies: A Theoretical Perspective," SHE.LA VAN NESS, Indiana State University

Durkheim's description of mechanical and organic societies is compared with current social conditions in North American societies. It is argued that we are in a post-organic level of social development, in which inclusion of deviants into society is a more rational approach to social control than the current 'just deserts' model. Evidence is presented for recognizing a theoretical convergence toward an inclusionarymodel of social control. Some implications of the inclusionary model for criminal justice are discussed.

"The West Virginia State Penitentiary at Moundsville," JOHN WARNER JR, West Virginia Wesleyan College

It was decreed in 1864 that all state criminals in West Virginia would be held in the Ohio County (Wheeling) Jail until a penitentiarycould be built. On January30, 1866, a bill was reportedto the state legislature calling for the construction of a new prison, to be built in Moundsville; construction began July 1866. This paperpresents the story of that prison, as told in the annual reports of the board of directors of the penitentiary, from its beginning through the end of the 19th century. The major issues confronting the prison and its wardens are discussed: construction; prison labor and 'self sufficient'; water shortages; disease, death, and medical reports etc.

PANFL86 Lookingat CrimetroiThrou Coo gb erentDiff Lenses

"Crime Control in a Changing Context: Soviet Experience," MAHENDRA SINGH, Grambling State University

Unlike the October revolution, the changes in the Soviet system are pressed from the top down. Spearheaded by the government of Gorbachev, the Soviet society is undergoing unprecedented socio-economic and political changes. The changes have dramatically and substantially altered the combination and contextual correlation between the crime world and the agencies of social control. This paper provides a perceptive view of changing crime and its context at the very cutting edge of communist culture in the USSR

"Perestroika in Soviet Administration of Criminal Justice," STANlEY VANAGUNAS, Arkansas State University

The current era of reforms in USSR, generally encapsulated by the slogan troika of "demokratija", "glasnost", and "perestroika", has a profound bearing on the administration of criminal justice in the Soviet Union. This paper, based on literature and on obselVations as a Fulbright Scholar in USSR during 1989, profiles the main direction of reforms in the Soviet criminal justice administration.

"Long Term Recidivism in the German Democratic Republic," GUENIlIERKRAEUPL, Friedrich-Schiller University

In the German Democratic Republic, the crime rate between 1980 and 1988 averaged 714 offenses per100, 000 people. Closer examination of these relatively favorable statistics reveal an increasing recidivism rate despite an intensified social control and a stricter penal policy during the decade. The reasons for this are inadequate attention to the particular psycho-social needs of these offenders and societal circumstances. As part of a new

151 resocialization policy, penal policy is changing and revisions to the penal law were recently implemented that are to provide more opportunities for self-direction of the offenders.

"Prostitution and the Law in the Netherlands," INEKE MARSHAILand CHRIsroPHER MARSlIALL, University of Nebraska at Omaha

The Dutch approach to many policyissues is, first and foremost, pragmatic and guided by cost-benefit principles. The pragmatic approach of the Dutch to policy-making is reflected, among others, in their policieswith regard to prostitution, pornography, abortion, euthanasia, and drugs. This paper analyzes the manner in which Dutch society controls and regulates prostitution. An overview of the main features of the Dutch approach to the control of prostitution, with particular emphasis on the current attempt to regulate prostitution by labor legislation, is provided. The feasibility of introducing certain elements of the more pragmatic Dutch prostitution polices into American society is speculated.

"A Description of the New Zealand Police Using the McKinsey 7-S Framework," DAVID BURNS, Massey University (NEW ZEAlAND)

Police work in New Zealand is in a state of transition. The change is from a reactive form of policing to a more pro-active model of community­ oriented policing. To understand what the transition involves, a description of the present corporate culture is required. One of the more useful descriptions can be derived from the McKinsey 7-S Framework developed by Peters and Waterman. This paper provides a systematic description of the New Zealand Police.

PANELf!:l Police Civil liability

"Civil Liabilities of Police Supervisors," ROLANDO DEL CARMEN, Sam Houston State University

Courts have held police supervisors liable for what they do to their subordinates and for what their subordinates do. This paper focuses on supervisory liability in general in these two areas. It discusses recent cases decided by courts of appears and the U S Supreme Court addressing the various phases of supervisoryliability. It will not deal with basic liability principles; instead the emphasis will be on an update of these principles based on decided cases.

"The Impact of DeShaney on Police Civil Liability," ROBERT JERIN, Salem State College

The recent Supreme Court decision in DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services has many implications for police liability. While the Court has stated that the due process clause imposes no duty on the state to protect individuals, the Court has left open many other avenues for victims to establish the possibility of liability of the state. This paper examines police liability concerns in the post-DeShaney era.

"Liability of Police Officers for Negligence in the Use of Firearms," JEROME JACKSON and BETSY wrrr, Sam Houston State University

The status of police liability for negligent use of firearms is examined. Several aspects of this issue are discussed. First, the relationship between the traditional doctrine of immunity and the question of firearms negligence liability is clarified. Second, the conditions under which an officer is liable for negligence with a firearm are discussed. Third, the trends in officer liability are analyzed. There is a difference of preference among the federal appeals courts as to the constitutional basis on which to determine police negligence. The findings indicate that the courts have not yet arrived at a consensus as to what constitutes liability of police officers for negligence with firearms.

"Liability and Police Use of Force: The Continued Expansion of a Fourth Amendment Standard," MICHAEL KAUNE, Radford University

In 1985 the U S Supreme Court created a new standard for judging civil liability in cases of police use of deadly force. This new standard, grounded in the search and seizure safeguards of the Fourth Amendment, abolished the privilege of shooting fleeing felons based on a common law justification. Since 1985, the Court has exclusively utilized a Fourth Amendment standard in judging deadly force cases and has dramatically expanded the applicability of this standard in two recent decisions involving police roadblocks and the use of non-deadly force. This process of evolving judicial logic bears further research by legal and social academicians, and mandates close scrutiny by lawsuit-avoiding police departments.

PANEL 88 Procedural and Sentencing Issues in Death Penalty Cases

"The Supreme Court and the Death Penalty: The Evolution and Implications of the Law," PEGGY TOBOWWSKY, University of North Texas

This paper reviews and analyzes the evolution of the United States Supreme Court's treatment of the constitutionality of the death penalty. The paper focuses on the current state of the law and the implications for future development. Particular attention will be given to the Supreme Court's treatment of issues relating to the death penaltystatutes of states in which the death penalty has been most frequently applied, such as Florida and Texas. In this connection, the procedures for the application of the death penalty statutes in these states are examined.

"Patterns of Mitigating Factors in Juvenile Death Penalty Cases," DINAH ROBINSON and O'llS SIEPHENS, Universityof Tennessee

Drawing on appellate court opinions, this study analyzes 65 cases decided between 1876 and 1989, in which juvenile offenders (those under 18 at the time of the crime) were sentenced to death. The research focuses on offender characteristics and development of a mitigating circumstances profile for each defendant. The analysis showsthat these offenders, in addition to youth, typically shared a complex matrix of interrelated problems and characteristics: severe abuse and deprivation; psychological disturbance; mental retardation; indigence; and substance addiction.

"Sociological Investigation of Penalty Phase Mitigation in Capital Cases: An Illustration," ANN-MARIE CHARVAT, Cumberland University

Expert testimony was recently allowed from a sociologist reporting background information in a capital case during the penalty phase. A case study was conducted with historical methodology utilized in providing verification of social background factors found to be highly correlated with crime and violence. From this point, an analysis of the data was conducted which enabled expert sociological opinion as to the social causes of crime. This paper examines the potential of this method of inquiry as a technique in which otherwise inaccessible mitigation can be presented to a jury.

152 "Legal and Extra-Legal Factors in Sentencing Texas Capital Offenders," JONA'IHAN SORENSEN and JAMESMARQUART, Sam Houston State University

The Texas capital statute has recently been the subject of much legal debate. Rather than employing a list of aggravating and mitigating circumstances for juror consideration in sentencing, juries are asked to answer two, and sometimes three, questions, one of which calls for a prediction of the defendant's propensity to commit future violent acts. What leads juries to extend leniency or sentence to the fullest extent of the law? The effects of legal and extra-legal factors on juries' sentencing decisions (1974-88) are analyzed using logistic regression.

PANEL 89 Continuing Controversies Before the U.s. Supreme Court

"Miranda: Twenty Years of Clarification," GEORGE WATSON JR, Chadron State College

This paper focuses on the development of confession law since Miranda v. Arizona in 1966 with an emphasis on recent developments in confession law. It responds to many practical questions confronting law enforcement officials and offers guidelines for dealing with many of the interpretation problems.

"Is Miranda on the Ropes?" JOHN DEMPSEY, Suffolk County Community College

This paper explores the various Supreme Court cases dealing with freedom against self incrimination since the landmark Miranda vs Arizona case of 1966. It is believed that the Miranda rules are still alive and operative in America despite the many notable exceptions which have been cited by the U S Supreme Court during the past 23 years.

"Distinguishing the Exclusionary Rule into Non-Existence," W RICHARDJANIKOWSKI, Memphis State University

Controversy has surrounded the exclusionary rule since the U S Supreme Court imposed it upon the states in Mappv. Ohio. In response to criticism, the Court has circumscribed application of the rule by developing numerous exceptions. The rationale for these exceptions has been a selection by the Court of a particular and narrow justification for the existence of the rule. Examination of this process provides a framework for assessing the future of the exclusionary rule.

"Death Penalty Litigation and the Powell fteport: A Fair and Rational Approach?" JEFFERSONINGRAM, University of Dayton

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States commissioned retired Justice Lewis Powell to chair a committee of federal judges to study the mechanisms by which the death penalty cases could be expedited. The recommendations forecast swifter executions while offering enhanced legal assistance to the condemned. If fully implemented, the recommendations may serve to expedite the decision at the expense of accuracy and justice, particularly in situations of newly-discovered evidence.

PANEL 90 Potpourri I: Still MoreThin� I've Wanted to Say (or Write) But Which Nobody Wanted to Hear (or Read) - A Continuation of the Last Six Years

"The Misconception of the American Citizens' Right to Keep and Bear Arms," MICHAEL PALMIO'ITO, Armstrong State College

Many Americans have the opinion that they have a right under the United States Constitution to own a firearm. This belief has been fostered and reinforced by interest groups such as the National Rifle Association. The right of the American people "to keep and bear arms" under the United States Constitution does not exist. The Second Amendment does not guarantee the constitutional right at all for any individual to bear arms. This paper reviews the legal precedents relating to the erroneous belief of the individual's constitutional "right to keep and bear arms". In addition, it examines the misconception of the American citizens right to keep and bear arms.

"Academe and the Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: The Southern Violence Construct Apotheosized," F FREDERICKHAWLEY, Louisiana State University, Shreveport

The recently published Encyclopedia of Southern Culture presents a wide variety of topics concerning southern culture, history, and society. Since this work will be widely disseminated and cited, its accuracy, organization, and objectivity are critical. This work deals with southern violence marked by serious omissions and problems of balance. Arguments and entries critical of or skeptical about the southern violence construct are virtually absent. Although this construct has not gained wide acceptance in criminological circles, the Encyclopedia treats it as an idee recu. Practical and ideological factors which informed the editing process will be examined.

"Theoretical Perspectives on Non-Lethal Use of Force and Police Training: A Preventive Approach," ffiRRY COx, Eastern Kentucky University and MERVIN WHrrE, Clemson University

This paper advances a theoretical perspective emphasizing a preventive dimension of police use of force. This is associated with the situated transaction conceptualization of police violence. The training perspective being proposed stresses the identification of interaction features associated with physical aggression. Likewise, approaches concentrating on decreasing, rather than enhancing, the risk of physical aggression are presented.

PANEL 92 Shaping Criminal Justice Policy

"Shaping Criminal Justice Policy," LEECOL� University of Arkansas at Little Rock; HONORABLESTANLEY MORRIS, Office of National Drug Control Policy; and ARIsrnDFSZA ARIS,V Denver Police Department

Shrinking budgets, resistance to tax increase, and providing leadership in the criminal justice system is perhaps one of the greatest dilemmas facing governors and our national government. The kaleidoscope of problems, their changing nature, the demographics, and the wide spectrum of actors who influence the process require skill and perseverance to effect meaningful change. Policy development for a comprehensive drug program is the challenge of the 1990's in law enforcement. Finding answers to simple management problems of the past poses highly challenging opportunities today. Research and constructive questioning of existing rules, regulations, statutes, and management practices are but a few of the requisites to managed change.

153 PANEL 93 Female Gang Members, Cynics andBelts Safety

"The Female Gang Member: Real Member or Sex Partner?" JllL ROSENBAUM and JAMES LASLEY, California State University, Fullerton

In recent years there has been considerable interest in both the increase in gang activity as well as the increase in female offending. Early gang research indicated that girls had only a tangential role in the gang; in fact, most argued that the role of females was simply sexual in nature (e.g., Cohen, 1955; Cloward and Ohlin, 1960). During the last year, interviewswere conducted with both male and female lAgang membersin an attempt to understand the current role of the female member. This paper examines this role as well as how this role has changed over the last 30 years.

"Are Juvenile Probation Officers Cynical?" JEPFREY RUSH, Jacksonville State University

Using Niederhoffer's cynicism scale, this paper explores whether juvenile probation officers in Alabama are cynical. The relationship of cynicism to a variety of variables are measured.

"Deterrence and Perception of Safety Factors Affecting Seat Belt Safety Belt Use After the Enactment of a Mandatory Safety Belt Use Law: The Case of WaShington State," CRAIG CURTIS, Washington State University

Drivers and passengers in Washington state use safety belts at a much higher rate now than they did prior to the enactment of a Mandatory Safety Belt Use Law (MUL) in 1986. The experience of other states likewise suggests that rates of use of safety restraints increase in the aftermath of the enactment of such laws. To attribute the change in behavior to the deterrent effect of the laws themselves, however, is far too simplistic. The results of survey research among drivers in Washington indicate that perceptions of benefits realized from increased personal safety in case of collision are a greater factor than fear of the criminal sanction. Further, those persons who reported that they had been told to buckle up by a driver or passenger were more likely to have changed their belt use behavior than persons not exposed to such personal requests.

PANEL 94 Affirmative Criminal Defenses

"Insanity as a Criminal Defense," CHARLES JONES, Troy State University

Insanity as a defense against criminal charges has experienced controversy since its appearance in England in the 1820's. Underpinned by the M'Naghten case in England, the defense had travelled full cycle by the time it was successfully used in the United States by Hinckley against charges of assassination attempts of President Reagan. This paper explores the history of the defense; tests to determine its application to an accused; and Congress' recent reaction to the Hinckley case through federal legislation of the defense.

"The Law of Necessity-SelfDefense and the Choice of Evils," RICHIER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University and DIANA MOORE, Judge Advocate General's School

A growing number of cases are appearing in which the defense of necessity is being used. Historically, self-defense has been the most notable use of the law of necessity, and remains the focus of most popular attention. However, the necessity of defense may be used in any situation in which an individual is faced with a choice of the two evils, on the one hand whether to commit a crime, or on the other, an alternative act or omission which constitutes a greater evil. Examined here is the type of conduct otherwise constituting a crime that can be excused as necessary to prevent greater harm.

"Evidence of the Battered Woman Syndrome Within the Defense of Self Defense," PATRICIA WATSON, University of South Carolina

This paper traces landmark decisions of various courts over the past decade as they pertain to admission of expert evidence on the issue of the 'battered wife syndrome' within the context of the defense of self-defense available to abused women who are defendants in criminal actions. Historically, abused women have relied on the impaired mental state defense in order to obviate the necessity of dealing with male/female stereotypes involved in the classic self-defense defense, and this is still a viable option if it really exists. However, in using the self-defense defense, experttestimony on battering is deemed by defense attorneys to be essentially in order to explain the normal stereotypes, myths, and misconceptions about battered women.

PANEL 95 Police OfficerSafety Issues

"Off the Road Accidents of Police and Other Emergency Vehicles," DAVID FALCONE and MICHAFL CHARLES,Illinois State University and JOHN CRANK, Washington State University

The use of bright visual stimuli to warn oncoming traffic about a potentially dangerous traffic situation by emergency vehicle operators has come under question by various police agencies. The possibility that the use of emergency lighting systems might actually cause the oncoming motorist to drive into parked policevehicles has been examined. Using accident data for the state of Illinois, the researchers have analyzed road side accident rates for police and other emergency vehicles over a two year period. Preliminary evidence suggests that there is a large number of accidents involving parked emergency vehicles using emergency lighting. In addition, policyoriented research on this serious problem needs to be conducted in an effort to reduce such accidents.

"Potential for Danger From Domestic Disturbance Calls: Myth or Fact?" ROSE MARY srANFO RD, University of South Florida at Ft Myers

Numerous studies demonstrate the low potential for deadly violence from domestic disturbance calls. Study of assaults or injuries tend to present a similar low potential. However, the perception of extreme danger in responding to these calls persists. This study examines official data from a southern, urban county to establish a danger rate for domestic disturbance calls. This potentialfor harm is then compared with germane responses of police officers from three police departments in the urban county area. This project expands knowledge of the actual potential for harm from domestic disturbance calls, while exploring the possible sources for the lingering belief about danger.

"Factitious Officer Needs Assistance Calls: Munchausen's Syndrome in a Law Enforcement Setting," PHI'E DN.ASI'O, University of New Mexico

This paper discusses the phenomenon of officers who generate factitious calls for assistance. The dynamics and etiolOgy of such behavior are discussed, as well as recommendations for dealing with such problems.

154 "LawEnforce ment Attitudes Toward Soft BodyArmor," HUGH MIlLER, Tampa Police Departmentand WILLIAMBLOUNT, Universityof South Florida

Law enforcement officers from seven agencies in Florida were asked about their use of soft body armor. Their reported use of the armor was compared with a series of questions which gave indications of their general safety consciousness and finally to the injury rates.

PANEL 96 An Historical Perspective of Women in Criminology

"Women in American Policing: A Review of the Literature From 1915-1989," DONNA � Shippensburg University

The purpose of this content analysis is to present and discuss the descriptions/research findings of early writers and current authors regarding the role and function of women in policing. Each of the 100 articles is examined for the method used (descriptive, historical, quantitative, and qualitative) and the topic (stereotypes, attitudes of peers, performance, socialization, etc) addressed. Concluding comments recommend issues that have been overlooked in the body of existing literature as viable areas for future research.

"Margaret Mead's Impact on Criminological Thought," ANNAYDELO'ITE, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paperpresents an historical perspective of the anthropologist Margaret Mead's conceptualization of postfiguration, cofigurative and prefigurative cultures. It identifies how specific life experiences attributed to each of these cultures results in differing behaviors and attitudes on the part of the individuals in each of these cultural groups. The paper presents Mead's conclusions that the effect of these differing cultural experiences on the formation of values and attitudes differs between the adolescent and the adult. It concludes by identifying where Mead's thinking on these phenomenon has importance in the development of criminological thought.

"Ruth Shonle Cavan: Contributions to Delinquency and the Family," IMOGENE MOYER, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Previous papers on the life and works of Ruth Shonle Cavan have explored (1) her early education, research, and writing at the Chicago School of Sociology in the 1920's and 30's and (2) her contributions to criminology involving more than 60 years as an author of texts, scholarly research books and journal articles, as a universityprofessor and as an active member and officer of numerous professional associations. This paper examines her research study for the White House Conference on Child Health and Protection (which had a chapter on juvenile delinquency) in 1934. Cavan's research on delinquency and the family also resulted in numerous articles in major professional journals, book chapters, three editions of an edited book on juvenile delinquency and a juvenile delinquency textbook, which was published in its fourth edition in 1981.

PANEL98 Issues'Theoretical in Criminology and Social Power

"Contributions to Criminology: The Year in Review," FRANK WILLIAMS and MARILYN McSHANE, California State University at San Bernardino

Following a decade of empirically focused work, the 1980's have seen a resurgence of theoretical literature. This paper briefly reviews this effort and examines contributions made to criminology during the past year. A critique of the year's more theoretical offerings suggests that a certain eclecticism and vitality is present. Given that these characteristics often mark a 'revolutionary' stage, the genesis of the next criminological paradigm may be at hand. This paper discusses the possibility of such a development and attempts to predict future directions.

"Marxian Economic Theory and Criminal Behavior: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations," MICHAEL LYNCH and J SANI1AGO NUNEZ, Florida State University

Previous research has demonstrated an empirical relationship between one central theoretical construct of the Marxian economic approach, the rate of surplus value, and criminal behavior. In this study, this discussion is extended to examine other primary Marxian economic categories such as the rate of profit and the organic composition of capital in order to determine if these processes have any theoretical and empirical bearing on the production of crime in the United States. The assumptions drawn from Marxian economic theory using time-series data for the U S from 1960- 1985 are tested.

"Crimes of Style: Urban Graffiti and the Politics of Deviance," JEFF FERRELL, Regis College

Graffiti is woven not only into the physical texture of urban life, but into the functioning of the mass media, local politicians and urban planners, business interests, neighborhood associations, ethnic and artistic subcultures, and the criminal justice system. The convergence of these groups around urban graffiti constitutes a revealing case study in moral entrepreneurship and the creation of moral panic, and more generally in the social construction of deviance. A critical reading of urban graffiti must therefore locate it within structures of social class and social power.

"A Contribution to the Theory of Social Control," GIORA RAHAV and MIRA FREUND, Tel Aviv University

Various theoretical perspectives try to explain variations in social control processes by class interests, maintenance of a balanced social order, and cultural variations. While most of these approaches find corroborations to their claims, they often fail to explain some of the most general regularities in the study of deviance. An alternative explanation is proposed, combining classic criminological theories with insights gained from sociobiology. It is suggested that the differential control of age and sex groups, and of certain violent behaviors, may be explained by the distinction between two modes of investment in Child-rearing: a 'quantitative' mode and a 'qualitative' one. It is demonstrated, using cross-national data, how this distinction can explain the said variations among societies.

PANEL99 Controlling Corporate Crime

"Acceptance of Illegal Gratuities: The Lost Conflict-of-Interest Statute," ROBERT ROBERTS and MARION DOSSJR, James Madison University

The Oliver North trial and, more recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) corruption cases have focused attention on a heretofore obscure lesser-included-offense-of-bribery statutes which until recently has been used by federal law enforcement officials to prosecute members of Congress for official corruption on a conflict-of-interest theory. In the hands of a special prosecutor or if employed literally without clear prosecution guidelines, this misplaced conflict-of-interest statute could have such an exceptionally broad reach that it might criminalize as felonious

155 othetwise noncorrupt conduct. This article examines the federal illegal gratuity statute, how it has been administered, and the potential trap it presents for many federal officials and gift-givers who are unaware their conduct violates any law.

"Punishing Corporate Criminals: Are We Doing Enough?" K C WONG, University of Louisville

This paper examines the principles, practices and efficacy of corporate punishment. The first part of the paper addresses the issues of how and why we punish corporatecriminals. The second part assesses the soundness of the overall corporate punishment enterprise. The thesis of the paper is that the current penal strategies towards the corporations are flawed in theory and in practice. A rethinking of some of our most basic assumptions about corporate criminality and how to deal with them is in order.

"The Social Movement Against Corporate Crime: Assessing the Role of Local Prosecutors," MICHAEL BENSON, University of Tennessee; FRANQS CUlLEN, University of Cincinnati; and WllLIAM MAAKESrAD, Western Illinois University

Based on a national survey of 686 district attorneys, the extent to which the social movement against corporate crime had penetrated to the local level was assessed. In general, the prosecutors sampled did not define corporate crime as serious, prosecuted such crimes infrequently, and did not anticipate increasing prosecutorial activity in this area. Only a minority of offices had special white-collar units or cooperated systematically with other agencies in corporate crime investigations. Even so, the DA's believed that many business offenses fell under their legal jurisdiction, stated that certain circumstances would make a corporate prosecution more likely, and felt that criminal penalties for business crimes were too weak.

"Financial and Credit Personnel Security Research," HOWARD TIMM, PERSEREC

Recent studies indicate that the principal motivation for committing espionage is now financial gain/greed. In many of the cases involving other motivations financial payment or goods were still provided by the foreign intelligence service involved. However, little has been done to either neutralize this situation or to capitalize upon it. The financial and credit component of personnelsecurity research is the focusof this paper. Three sub-areas addressed are (1) offender identification, (2) presereening, and (3) education and employee assistance programs.

PANFL 100 Gender Biases: Differences Affecting Discretion

"We Have Come A Long Way Babe, But Where Are We Going Now?" ROSLYN MURASKIN, Long Island University-C W Post Campus

This paper deals with all constitutional issues that have impacted on female rights. It will analyze what has been given to females over the years, i.e., rights of privacy, equality in education, employment opportunities, treatment as victims, etc. It indicates where the courts view females' rights and the changes being made as we head toward the 21st century.

"To Charge or Not to Charge: Does Narcotic Offender's Gender Affect Prosecutorial Behavior?" CECILIA SAULTERS-TUBBS, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Prior to written settlement guidelines for possession, distribution, and trafficking of controlled substances, prosecutors for the large metropolitan area located in the southeastern U S, where this study was conducted, relied on more discretionary practices in their charging decisions. Using an aggregate analysis of the matched sample controlling for race, age, and type of drug offense, this examination attempts to discern disparities in prosecutorial charging decisions based on gender. Included is a description of differences in overall types of narcotic offenses relative to gender.

"A Meta-Analysis and Statistical Assessment of the Gender Convergence in Crime Hypothesis," AILEN BARREIT, Virginia Commonwealth University

It has been proposed that with changing roles of women in modern society it would be accompanied by an elimination of sharp differences in male and female crime. A meta-analysis and empirical assessment of the differential involvement of males and females in crime evaluates the current status of the gender convergence in crime hypothesis. Multivariate methods used to forecast the likelihood that gender convergence in crime is an imminent event suggests a need for rethinking the hypothesis.

PANEL 101 Personnel Issues in CoJ;l"CCtions

"Selection Methods and Job Performance and Job Retention of Correctional Officers," MARILYN FORD, Volusia County Department of Corrections (FL)

This paper discusses methods for hiring correctional officers. It evaluates officers selected from a civil service type of examination versus those selected through interview. The study compares both job performance and job retention for two groups of correctional officer trainees from a county jail in Florida.

"Staff Turnoverin New Generation Jails: An Investigation of Its Extent and Causes," MARYsroHR-G ILLMOREand RUllI SELF, Washington State University

A high turn-over rate among carefully selected and monitored correctional personnel signifies that the long-term return on resources invested in them is being lost. High negative turnover in New Generation jails protends a decrease in organizational effectiveness as resource planning must fixate on more immediate staffing needs. There is no direct evidence available as to the extent or causes of the staff turnover problem in jails. Using surveyand organizational data, an attempt to estimate the extend of turnover in podular/direct supervisionjails and its likely causes was made.

"Stress and Job Dissatisfaction Among Correctional Officers," ELlZABEnI GROSSI, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paperexamines three typesof stress: work, life, and job dissatisfaction. Using data from a sample of 106 correctional officers, administered questionnaires containing 100 questions, it examines the complex relationship between stress and stress adaptivity. Analysis shows that different indicators of stress require different modes of adaptation. In addition to data analysis, this paperincludes several policyimplications for correctional administrators.

156 "Correctional Administrators: The Lost Tribe of Criminal Justice," PAUL mOMAS, Federal Bureau of Prisons

Correctional administrators haven't been abandoned by management consultants and academics, they have never been found. Correctional institutions face monumental problems of over-crowding, lack of public consensus on the goals of corrections, and conflicting goals to manifest a few. Where are the support systems so common to other major criminal justice components? Correctional administrators, if they are to emerge from the desert, are going to have to do it themselves, and quickly, of those who are least qualified to set policy, will do so.

PANEL 102 Community-Based Corrections: Issues and Programs

"Community Managed Corrections," ROGERLAVEN

For the last 15 years, corrections staff have attempted to develop and locate correctional programs in community settings. Most of these community programs are run by public officials or by private vendors operating by state or local administrative procedures. Local community members have had little or no role in deciding the types of clients to be served, the types of services to be provided to clients, the overall expectations of clients in programs that are a part of their neighborhoods and communities. Corrections and court personnel must learn to involve local community members in corrections programs located in local neighborhoods or natural, non-institutional settings.

"A Quarter Century of Leadership by the United States Parole Board," GEORGE REED, Point Loma College

Research conducted by the U S Board of Parole developed tested salient factor scores in aiding parole board members in making improved parole decisions. In 1973, reorganized and articulated criteria for making decisions and developed basic policies as one of the chief goals in attaining improved parole decisions.

"An Introduction to the John Howard Society of Alberta," HOWARD SAPERS, John Howard Society

The John Howard Societyof Alberta is an incorporated non-profit, non-government organization which has been active in criminal justice for over 40 years. It is one of the largest components of the John Howard Societyof Canada which has been providingcriminal justice programs and services since the early 1920's. The network in Canada is the largest such network of its type in the world. This paper traces the development of the Society of Alberta and discusses how the society is funded, its use of volunteers, the range of programs offered, and what the future holds.

"Correctional Reform Movement," ELEANOR SEIDMAN, Community Service Program of Suffolk County (NY)

The 19th and 20th century'punishments', known in the beginning as 'humane incapacitation', whether masked, cloaked, or given a new nomenclature', remain the same. The movement toward more or less punishment, either institutional or community control, is still largely theoretical. Is community service an alternative that is, at once, 'humane' and yet able to satisfy the need for an effective and credible 'punishment' 1980's style? How much control is necessary in order to cure, protect, insulate, and condone? There can be no doubt that community service has joined the ladder of progressive punishments, continuing to widen the net with the illusion of continued individual freedom.

PANEL 103 Roundtable: Substance Abuse Education and Treatment for the Correctional Oient: Community-Based vs. Institutional Setting

The California Department of Corrections has recently completed a Substance Abuse Personal Responsibility Curriculum for Inmates. This roundtable explores substance abuse education and treatment in community-based and institutional settings.

PANEL 104 Educating for Values

"Attitudes Toward the Justice System: Does Criminal Justice Make a Difference?" DAVID GIACOPASSI and MICHAEL BLANKENSIllP, Memphis State University

To determine the effects of a criminal justice course on the attitudes of students toward the police,courts, and corrections, a questionnaire was given in the first week of the semester to 425 students enrolled in introduction to criminal justice courses and to 301 students enrolled in introduction to sociology courses. The survey was then readministered in the final week of the semester and changes in individuals attitudes measured. The data reveal that while individuals in both groups had significant attitude changes, few consistent and significant differences distinguish between the sociology and criminal justice students.

"Shaping Student Opinion: The Effect of an Introductory Course in Criminal Justice," VICIUR KAPPELER and JOSEPH VAUGHN, Central Missouri State University

This paper discusses a study of the attitudes and opinions of general education students taking an introductory course in criminal justice. Using everymethodolo gy, attitudes toward criminal justice were measured prior to the course being taken and upon its completion. Attitudinal questions from both surveys were compared to determine the impact exposure to course materials on the criminal justice system has on opinions held by students.

"Remove Justitia's Mythical Blindfold: She Needs Trifocals, Plus ... ," mOMAS REED, Eastern Kentucky University

Data have undermined the credibility of Justitia's dominant imagery: a blindfold to assure that no personal bias affects decisions, impartial scales to weigh each case, and a singular weapon, the sword of capital punishment. This paper uses a frame conception of knowledge and a social learning model to outline an alternative conception and set of images. Central to this approach is replacement of Justitia's blindfold with trifocals that allow a flexible focus upon three interdependent goals: crime control, due process, and public services, including positive, nonpunitive weapons.

"Of Mice and Men in Criminal Justice Education," SAM SOURYAL, Sam Houston State University

This paper is a plea for teaching ethics in criminal justice education. It categorizes the tenets of the criminal justice field into basically the study of crime and the study of justice. The latter category has been ignored by writers in the field as well as professors in the classroom. There are several reasons for this case of 'deliberate neglect'. It examines two groups of criminal justice writers: the 'mice' or 'the strokers' who ignore the

157 elements of reason, ethics, and justice. They take the low road and publicize popularviews; the 'men' or the 'highrollers' who champion the causes of reason, ethics, and justice and represent the profession as 'it ought to be'.

PANELlOS Fear ofCrime: Causes, Consequences,and Implicationsas it Relatesto Minority Groups

"Film at Eleven: Fetishism and the Commodification of Crime," KENNEI1I � Eastern Kentucky University

Perceptions of the threat of crime and recent increases in the number of crime-related commodities are discussed in relation to mildly fluctuating national crime rates. Crime and criminals are presented as representing the most recent fetish for a crime-reactive American public livingwithin a criminogenic society. Individual perceptions of drastically increasing threats of victimization may be a result of media attention to crime and criminals. This increasing attention is explained as the American public once again exhibits its resurgent fetish for crime and criminals.

"Psychological Factors and Fear of Crime," MONROE MIlLER, University of Pittsburgh

Research concerned with fear of crime has shown certain groups to be disproportionally fearful relative to victimization experience or community crime levels. This research evaluates the contribution of fearfulness as a generalized psychological trait to the fear of criminal victimization for such populations. Elderly and female subjects ('high fear groups') differing in general fearfulness were compared with respect to fear of crime. The data indicate that fearfulness interacts with experiential and demographic variables to account for observed levels of fear of crime. The results are discussed in light of their implications for the psychological consequences of fear of crime.

"The Differentially Abled: An Analysis of the Fear of Crime Among Disabled Individuals," DELBEKr ROUNDS JR, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paper typologizes disabled individual's fear(s) of crime into categories based upon their particular disability and gender. The study focuses on three types of common disabilities: (1) limited mobility; (2) wheelchair confined; and (3) blind. This study is generalizable beyond the category of 'handicapped' as these three types of disabilities often affect the elderly, and sometimes other healthy people on a temporary basis. It is useful for policy makers when attempting to design equal opportunity programs that disabled individuals will feel comfortable and safe in participating.

"Victimology and Persons With Visual Disabilities: An Exploratory Study," SfEPHENARCONA, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Victimology research pertinentto personswith physical disabilities is lacking in the criminologicalliterature. Similarly, fear of crime studies applied to this population are infrequent or absent. This paper is an exploratory research report of the victimization concerns of a sample of blind and visually impaired adults. An inteIViewing methodology, directed toward description and typology construction, is discussed.

PANEL 106 Patterns in the Use of Incarceration

"A Micro-Level Analysis of SocialStructure and SocialControl: Intrastate Use of Jail and Prison Confinement," BEI.JNDAMcCAR'IHY, University of Alabama at Birmingham

This study examines the impact of structural factors on the use of social control. It extends prior analyses for focusingon intrastate use of prison and jail confinement at the county level, with separate analyses of metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Findings indicate that all structural variables are correlated with the use of confinement and have a direct effect on the use of some form of incarceration in the aggregate analysis. However, unemployment alone has a significant direct effect on the use of jail and prison incarceration when urbanization is controlled. This effect is observed only in metropolitan counties; neither crime rates nor structural factors influence the use of incarceration in non-metropolitan areas.

"An Historical and Quantitative Analysis of New York State Jail Admissions Rates, 1927-1965," ROSEMARY GIDO, Social Research and Evaluation

Historical and statistical data from the New York State Commission of Correction Annual Reports, 1927-1965 are analyzed to assess factors which impact jail admissions over time. The historical review assesses the influence of inadequate facilities, jail overcrowding, and police and court deployment patterns on jail admissions patterns. The quantitative analysis finds jail admissions to be causally related to degree of urbanization and sentence severity.

"Forecasting Models for Managing a Changing Inmate Population: Implications for Public Policy," CHINlTA HEARD, JESSYNAMcDONALD, and WILLIAM LUDWIN, Indiana University and NEIL MOORE, Fort Wayne Police Department

A critical public policyissue that has alarmed local, state, and federal officials is the rapid increase in the correctional population. During the first six months of 1989, a record increase of 46,004 inmates, making a total of 673,565 imprisoned men and women, is an indication that morecriminals, many convicted of drug-relatedoff enses, arereceiving longersentences. Unfortunately, overcrowded institutional conditions have caused an increase in inmate violence, inadequate staffing and inadequate facilities to provide medical care for health related conditions such as AIDS and conditions associated with the aging process.

"The Relationship Between Employment, Incarceration, and Social Welfare: An Analysis of the Interrelationships," JEFFREY SENESE., Indiana University at South Bend

Thescholarly concern with the relationshipbetween the economy and its influence on the level of criminality has a long history. There are theorists who claim that there is an empirical relationship between changes in employment and similar fluctuations in the crime rate such that as employment increases the crime rate will decrease and vice versa. There is a second perspective which asserts that the claim of such an economic change and crime relationship has not been empirically demonstrated. During the middle of the late 1970's, a third perspective developed, which asserted that changes in employment would be reflected in similar changes in the use of incarceration.

PLENARY SESSION I 1be Kansas aty �ntive Patrol ExperimentA Hot Spots Replication

The Minneapolis Hot Spots Patrol Experiment randomly assigned 110 high crime address clusters to receive either intensive direct patrol or no additional patrol. Independent observers have found 25 times as much patrol at the 55 experimental hot spots as at the controls. The session presents the results and a discussion of their implications for the crime preventive effects of uniformed police patrol.

158 PANEL 107 Police Legal Issues and Problems

"Police Knowledge of Search, Seizure and Arrest Law," JAMES BRUNER, East Carolina University

This presentation reports on the results of a study to determine the amount of knowledge police have regarding the law of search, seizure and arrest at various stages of their career. Police officers were tested when they completed their initial required training. These results will be compared to the scores of officers with different amounts of experience to see if their knowledge of the subject increases or decreases with experience. Comparison will also be made with a group of officers who had just finished a special 5-day course on the subject.

"Probable Cause and the Search Warrant Requirement: An Empirical Examination," MICHAEL BROWN, Southeast Missouri State University

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution was written to curb excesses by law enforcement officers. By requiring peace officers to obtain warrants, based on probable cause, the framers of the Bill of Rights hoped to prevent intrusions upon a person's reasonable expectation of privacy. This paper examines three aspects of current search warrant usage: 1) the current process by which peace officers establish probable cause, 2) items searched for, and 3) things actually seized as a result of the search. The study is based on an analysis of search warrants issued in one midwestern county between 1979 and 1988.

"The United States Supreme Court as an Ally of Police: The Court's Increase of Police Authority," SfANLEY COHEN, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Major recent U S Supreme Court decisions in the areas of arrest, search, seizure, interrogation, stop and frisk, search warrants, and other related areas, to show how the Court has increased the authority of law enforcement in the investigation of crime and criminal suspects are examined. An attempt to explain the underlying rationale of those decisions and the specific ways in which those decisions enable police to more effectively obtain evidence of crime is made. Some state court decisions that have followed the high court's decisions are examined.

PANEL 1� PolicePersonnel: Selection and Evaluation

"Private Testing and Screening of Police Candidates in Fairfield County," DAVID WHElAN, Western Connecticut State University

A non-traditional method of pre-employment screening and certification of police applicants has been started in Fairfield County, cr. Instead of interviewing and testing every applicant themselves, ten departments use a private company to test, screen and certify prospective officers and generate a list of qualified persons. This paper evaluates and discusses the issues surrounding why this process is highly regarded as an alternative by both police chiefs and civil service personnel.

"Fitness Screening for Police Personnel," ROLAND RYAN, Arapahoe Community College

Initial scores on the six item Aerobic Institute Fitness Test and scores after a 15 week training program were obtained on 125 cadets enrolled in the ACC Police Academy. A minimum score at or above the 50th percentile was required to pass each test. Two hundred forty-two individual test failures out of a possible 750 were recorded on TI. The percentile level of each failure was studied to determine the probability of being able to pass these same tests after 15 weeks of training. The results obtained have been used to establish minimum fitness entrance standards for the ACC Police Academy.

"The Use of a Psychological Written Test Battery as a Predictor of Police Officer Job Performance," WAYMAN MULLINS, Southwest Texas State University and MICHAELMcMAINS, San Antonio Police Department

All police department are required to give police officer job candidates a psychological assessment. There is very little data regarding the predictive validity of psychological assessments to police officer job performance. This study attempts to establish the predictive validity of a psychological assessment battery (Nelson-Denny, Shipley-Hartford, MMPI, and MAT) to police officer job performance. Dependent variables included training academy scores and job performance assessments by field training officers. Results indicated that many subscales of the psychological assessment battery could predict job performance.

"Anatomy of Peer Evaluations: What Do They Measure?" LARRY GAINES and srEVEN FALKENBERG, Eastern Kentucky University

This paper explores police peer evaluations by examining a number of psychological, performance, and attitudinal correlates. It attempts to examine the content domain of peer evaluations.

PANEL109 Attitudesand Sentiments ofPolice Offic:ers

"Professionalism, Craftsmanship, and Street Ethics: An Assessment of Police Attitudes in Eight Municipal Police Agencies," BEfSY PAYNE, SfANLEY JACKSON, and JOHN CRANK, Washington State University

Do police who subscribe to tenets of professionalism have different perceptions of discretion than officers whose world view is better described by ideas of craftsmanship? This research, conducted among eight municipal police agencies in Illinois, assesses the relationship among professionalism, craftsmanship, and attitudes toward street ethics. Four craftsmanship constructs are developed from Wilson's (1968) discussion of policing styles, while professionalism is measured using Hall's (1968) professionalism inventory. "Street" ethics are measured as attitudes toward 1) gratuities and 2) the use of street justice. Professionalism is negatively related to these measures of street ethics, though some elements of craftsmanship are also negatively related to street ethics.

"A Study of Police Cynicism in a Southern African Policing Context," P J POTGIlITER, University of Zululand

This paper reports the results of a study of police cynicism in a Southern African policing context by means of a discriminant analysis. Data for the project were derived from Likert-type questionnaire responses from a random sample of 420 policemen occupying various ranks. Following Holzman's dichotomy, the nature and scope of police cynicism was analyzed in terms of structural and functional variables. Provision was also made for Merton's modes of adaptation to establish the relationship between anomy and cynicism, job satisfaction, morale, etc.

159 "Attitudes of Police Officers and Others in a National Data Set," JOHN FOX and PHILIP RFJCHEL, University of Northern Colorado

Attitudes of full time police officerswere compared with individuals in all other full time occupations using pooled data from the national sample General Social Surveys, 1972-1988. The effects of sex, age, race, marital status, education, and year on a broad range and number of attitudes are controlled when these comparisons are made. Police officer attitudes are generally found not to vary from the attitudes of others even in attitudes where major differences might be expected.

"An Examination of Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, Organization Formalization, Demographic and Personality Traits in a Sheriffs Department," WUIS ALBERT, Universityof Akron

Criminal justice literature often talks about police stress in terms of police job functions. However, organizational literature tends to see stress as caused by organizational dysfunction. In actuality an improper degree of organizational formalization can create organizational dysfunction, which in tum can lead to role ambiguity and role conflict on the job. We hypothesize that such stressor can cause both individual and organizational problems. Data to test this assertion are derived from interviews with both policy-makers and officers in the Erie County, Buffalo, New York, Sheriffs Department.

PANEL 110 Potpourri D: Still More Things I'vc Wanted to Say (or Write) ButWhich NobodyWanted to Hear (or Read) - A Continuation From the LastYears Six

"A General View of Suits Against the Police," JOSEPH SROKA, North Carolina Central University

This topic focuses on current court decisions relating to the civil liability of police action or inaction with a concentration on training. An examination of this area will allow insight into trends or developments; and it may be used by a police administrator or police legal advisor to ascertain their departmental position relative to the current law. Causes of action, jurisdiction questions and defenses at the federal and state levels are discussed.

"Police Injuries in Ohio: 1985-1988," HOWARD TRfIT, Kent State University

This is a progress report on the continuation of research on the nature, source, and frequencyof police injuries first reported at the 1989 Academy of Criminal Justice Science annual meeting. The time frame of data has been expanded to cover a four year period which allows for a clearer examination of the injuries and permits the emergency of patterns. Findings from this descriptive data demonstrates a need for further research and improved policy.

"The Cost Effectiveness of Enforcing and Prosecuting Street Prostitution," ROBERT MEADOWS, Glendale College and lARRY TROSILE, California State University at Long Beach

The criminal justice system has long dealt with the task of prostitution control and enforcement. Yet, punishment for prostitution varies according to the offender and the circumstances accompanying the arrest. Not all prostitutes are punished the same, and few are associated with other criminal activity. The enforcementof misdemeanor prostitution is an expensivejustice undertaking, but is enforced because of public pressure. This paper discusses the police role in street prostitution, and presents sentence outcomes. The data consist of 250court depositions collected from the Los Angeles Municipal Court for the entire year of 1988.

PANEL 112 andPower Pitfalls Socialof Science Researcb

"Is There Research Malpractice in the Social Sciences?" BARBARA HART, University of Texas at Tyler

The bio-medical community has been shaken by a series of research malpractice and fraud which have seriously undermined the public trust. An additional problem proved to be the lack of preparedness of administrators, researchers and faculty to deal with such cases. Their experience raises the question of malpractice in the social sciences. This paper reports the results of surveys done among social scientists as to the existence of malpractice, their experiences with such problems and the extent of preparedness within the field.

"The K-binomial as a Special Case of the Analysis of Variance," LEONEL CAMPOS, Ctlicago State University

The cross-tabulation of categorical variables is ordinarily treated as a configuration of contingencies, although the variables at hand might be distinguishable, one as independent and the other as dependent. Where the dependentvariable yields binaryoutcomes, a k-binomial arrangement results. In that case, it is possible to identify between- and within-group sources of variability, which in tum make possible the direct application of the analysis of variable to binary data. The result is a test statistic that follows the distribution of the Fisher ratio with (k-1, N - k) degree of freedom. Empirical data are presented in support of that claim.

"What the Data Tell Us: Then and Now," SHARON TAFOYA, Crime Control Research Corporation

As criminal justice research becomes more quantative, the importance of being able to correctly interpret the data generated becomes more significant. To a great extent, criminal justice practitioners have relied upon others' interpretations of original research (such as the NU Reports), rather than reading and examining the actual data themselves. This can (and has) lead to incorrect interpretations and misuses of the information.

"On Survey Research in Criminal Justice: How to Succeed With a Total Design Model," KENNEIH PEAK, University of Nevada at Reno

Given that survey research is an extremely common and popular method of gathering information and that scholarly research may fail from an inadequate data base, this paperprovi des a non-empirical, total design methodology for performing the survey and maximizing response rates. Included are "personal touch" techniques, postage-stamp appeal, recommendations for questionnaire construction and follow-up mailings, and cost considerations. Caveats are presented for criminal justice researchers wishing to survey practitioners in "closed" institutions.

160 PANEL 113 Crime ControlTrends: Different Measures, Shared Meanings

"Recent Trends Toward Increased Crime Control," BONNIE BERRY, Indiana Universityat South Bend

This paper addresses the meaning, purpose, and intended and unintended consequences of recent crime control methods and programs. The trend includes technologically-advanced methods(DNA testing, computerized information systems, electronic monitoring) and non-technologically advanced methods (privatization, intensive supervision). Three dimensions are offered as common descriptors of the trends: passivity-activity of involvement between controllers and controllees, specificity-generality of the population targeted for control, and visibility-invisibility of the trends themselves and the methods and programs applied.

"The Myth of Increased Crime Control and the War on Drugs: Moral Panics and the Effectiveness of Crime Control Policies," SUSAN CAULFIELD, Indiana University Northwest

This paper examines the use of moral panics, by political institutions, as a method by which to secure support for increased crime control tactics. In analyzing this issue, it is necessary to look at the history of such tactics, as they have been applied to "drug problems" in the past. It is hypothesized that the methodology is improper (if not criminal) on the part of the state, and does a disservice to the citizens in that they believe they are being protected when protection is not the aim of the methodology. This paperaddresses whether the use of such tactics is on the increase.

"Police Control of Mental Illness," JERRY MURPHY, Indiana University at Fort Wayne

The police, society's primary agents of street-level social control, are but one agent in the network of social control institutions. Consequently, changes in the policies of one institution can affect the police. Deinstitutionalization of persons with mental disabilities and changes in civil rights law concerning civil commitment have increased police interaction with mentally disabled persons. Lacking an awareness of alternative dispositions, the police respond to mentally iII persons by using either civil or criminal sanctions. In many communities, police familiarity with criminal justice processes has led to the criminalization of mentally disabled persons.

"What Works-Questions and Answers About Intensive Supervision," JEFFREY SENESE, Indiana University at South Bend

Thispaper focuses on the current literature to define and assess intensive supervision. When one reviews the literature, it becomes apparent that there is a need to consolidate, perhaps summarize, the current status of intensive supervision. The purposes of this paper are two-fold. First, it explores the general range of programs which are labelled 'intensive supervision' in order to define the general dimension of this approach to crime control. Second, the evaluations which have been completed to date are assessed in order to make an overall statement of the viability of the use of intensive supervision.

PANEL 114 Justice Policy and the Community

"Criminal Justice Policy: Doing the Right Thing vs Doing Things Right," ROOSEVELT SHEPHERD, Shippensburg University

Criminal justice public policy, a purposeful and necessary enterprise, is often made in an arena characterized by emergency and emotion. In this context, often times the emphases is placed on "doing things right" rather than "doing the right thing". Long standing criminal justice research findings are sufficient enough to prove this point. Most important is that the policy intentions are sound but the results almost always miss the effectiveness goal. Legislatures and staffs are the primary group under scrutiny. However, administrators and managers are also important components of this very important and critical public policy enterprise.

"Local Crimes, Fear of Crime, and Community Empowerment," KATHLEEN GALEand BONNIE CAMPBElL, Elmira College

Data from three random surveys of students self-reporting victimization and perpetration of crimes, as well as fear of crime and attitudes to security on campus (1986, 1987, 1988) are presented. The survey indicated an increase in fear of crime between 1986 and 1987, but there was no increase in actual incidents reported. In 1987 qualitative data were also invited from students and campus community members, in addition to the survey. During this year, students held meetings and formed a task force on campus security. As a consequence of this, rumors and fear of crime abated by 1989.

"Community Service: Benefits and Victims," EUGENE CZAJKOSKI, Florida State University

Community service sentences have become extraordinarily popular although evidence of the popularityis not systematized and is largely anecdotal. This paperprovides case illustrations of some of the unusual and issue-laden community sentences which have recently appeared. More importantly, it examines several legal, administrative and philosophical issues which attend community service orders. The goal of a community service sentence is dissected into components of penance, rehabilitation, service to parties unrelated to the crime, and moral enterprise. Also examined is a new form of victimization caused by a community service order.

"The Quality of Interagency Relationships in Responses to Child Abuse," JOAN CROWLEY, New Mexico State University

This paper reports results from a survey of police, prosecutors, judges, child protective serviceworkers, mental health agency staff, and domestic violence shelter workers in a southeastern state. Respondentsdescribed which agencies or organizations they worked with in dealing withchild abuse cases. Results show close cooperation between police, prosecutors, and CPS workers. The gatekeeping function of prosecutors is highlighted by their tendency to be rated at the extremes-either most helpful or least helpful. Effective access by CPS workers to the criminal justice system depends critically upon the willingness and capability of the prosecutors to pursue child abuse cases.

"Research Use and Criminal Justice Policymaking in the Local Level," lUCK WVElL, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

This paper explores the role and potential for research information as an input to criminal justice policymaking at the local level of government. Data and information from a jail planning effort in a medium-sized metropolitan area are examined. Alternative conceptions of the RU process are discussed with the aim of stimulating dialogue on normative notions and expectations concerning research use at the local level.

161 PANEL115 Police Misconduct: 'Ibe EffectM:nc:ss ofIntenentioa Strategies

"Effective Police Intervention With the Mentally Disabled," DONNA TOWBERMAN and JAMES HAG� Virginia Commonwealth University

No abstract available.

"Civil Rights Litigation and the Control of Police Misconduct," RALPH BAKER and FRED MEYERJR, Ball State University

No abstract available.

"Education and the Reduction of Misconduct," MICHAEL HOOPER, Los Angeles Police Department

No abstract available.

"Self-Regulation and Police Corruption," ROBERT � Denver Police Department

No abstract available.

"Police Drug Corruption: Officers Perceptions of Causes," ROBIN HAARR, Michigan State University

Due to the recent influx of drugs and drug-related money there has been an increasing sensitivity to police drug corruption. This paper examines the nature of the drug corruption problem that the Miami Police Department has experienced, focusing upon police officers' perceptions of the influencing factors of the drug corruption problem the department faced. It is a qualitative case study based upon interviews with various ranking Miami police officers and information gathered from riding with patrol officers and the Street Narcotics Unit.

PANEL 116 Search and Seizure Issues in Private Security

"Constitutional Issues in Airline Searches as They Relate to Private Security," DONALD BLAZICEK, Wichita State University

This paper explores the issue of airline searches as they may impact constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment with regard to search guarantees as newly developed and advanced screening technologies are implemented.

"A Constitutional Update of Search and Seizure Law in the 1990s," HONORABLE FRED BENSON, Wichita State University

The present research summarizes current search and seizure law as it is applied to technological operations within the criminal justice system and law enforcement, with emphasis given to private security issues.

"The Issue of Loss Prevention in Private Security: Trends for the 1990s," ROBERT O'BLOCK, Appalachian State University

This paper examines the evolving role of technological advances in private security as they relate to loss prevention strategies.

"Security and Drug Testing in the Public and Private Sector," JOHNmOMAS JR, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paper examines the legal issues facing security administrators at institutions which choose to test employees for drugs. The constitution and its limitations of searching people presents interesting applications. It reviews the history of drug testing at all places of work, government and non­ government business, including colleges and universities. From this history, a better focus on the complexity of the problem and its future, will be developed to offer some answers to the many issues now existing.

PANEL117 Teaching Security in the CriminalJustice Curriculum

"Instructional Development for Criminology/Criminal Justice Courses," MARSON JOHNSON, CARMEN MYERS, PATRICIA GILL, JAMES HALS'IED, and IDLARY HARPER, University of South Florida

A rationale for the selection of criminology/criminal justice issues for video-tape treatment for course instructional development is discussed. University support mechanisms, using various approaches for delivering instructional development materials is described. Avoidable problems and unique problems aretargeted. The advantages are defined in terms of benefits to students and of logistics (utilization of space, freeing manpower; etc.). Finished products are available for examination.

"Is SecurityTraining Really Necessary, Aren't Academic Programs Sufficient?" MARl BOTIOM, Journal of Security Administration

Security degreeprograms are on the increase throughout the world. Because of this growth the need for non-credit training programs and academies is being questioned. The Certified Protection Officer Program and other training programs are examined as they complement college courses.

"Expanding a Special Security Problems Course Within a Criminal Justice Curriculum," DONALD BECKER, University of Central Florida

Enthusiastic student response to tour initial Special Security Problems course led to the establishment of a second, "follow-on" course. Feeling the students were prepared for a "quantum leap" this second course prominently feature such critical management issues as personnel selection and employee security awareness as well as a variety of other issues/problems such as security during a major corporate move, merger security, and addressing the terrorism threat, among others. Finally emphasis is brought to bear on a continuing and potentially devastating problem, that of employee theft/dishonesty.

"Computer Literacy: The Ethical Imperative," JOQUESOSKIS, University of North Florida

The criminal justice practitioner, teacher, and researcher all need to be relatively sophisticated data managers in order to be effective. The technological revolution, precipitated by the advent of the microchip, has created an environment in which there are few, if any, cases in which

162 manual data handling can be cost-effective. It follows, then, that omission of computer topics from the criminal justice curriculum is no longer defensible on any grounds. This eliminates the need to discuss whether to incorporate computer concepts into the criminal justice curriculum, and invites our focus upon derivative traditional issues of curriculum and methodology.

PANEL 118 Police Personnel: Legal and Ethical Issues

"Quota Cops: Ethical Issues in Police Personnel Practices," PAUL MURPHY, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

Many American police departments have adopted federally mandated affirmative action programs of preferential treatment regarding minority personnel practices. The goal of this concerted effort is to have the racial composition of sworn police officers more closely parallel that of the localwork force. This paper examines and critiques the ethical issues involved in the various methods employed in this regard. It is concluded that these practices are themselves discriminatory and should be discontinued. Police work must be reserved for the most qualified, and merit ought to be the sole criterion.

"Police Selection After Wards Cove Packing Co.: Legal and Psychometric Considerations," LARRY GAINES and TOM SCHNEID, Eastern Kentucky University and CHARLES SWANSON, University of Georgia

Traditionally, the Court has evaluated discrimination cases using two criteria: disparate treatment and disparate impact. Over the last several years, the more conservative Supreme Court has all but eliminated the disparate impact approach. This paper examines the status of police testing discrimination testing vis-a-vis currently used testing instrumentation and attempts to mediate the psychometric limitations on tests and the legal requirements of testing to develop a comprehensive theory and understanding of police selection testing.

"Resolving Discrimination in the Promotion of Fort Wayne Police," MICHAEL CHARLES, Illinois State University

This case study was conducted during March through June of 1988. The ethnographic findings reported here indicate that a volunteer Citizen Advisory Committee, consisting of citizens and police officers, was successful in resolving a long standing promotional discrimination issue within the Fort Wayne Police Department. In addition, a description of the organization structure and the working guidelines established by the Citizen Advisory Committee in an effort to effectively and efficiently accomplish their goals is provided.

PANEL 119 Roundtable: Racketeering

This study deals with the effectiveness of the law to deter or prevent organized racketeering operations from infiltrating, or illegally exploiting the ancillaryservices of New Jersey's casino industry. The years 1977 - 1988 were chosen because they represented a time period immediately following the approval of casino gambling in New Jersey. The geographical area of Atlantic City is the only area in New Jerseywhere casino gambling is legal. The study becomes a case study of legalized gambling that has been restricted to a territory in which the same regulatory laws are applied to all casino-hotels.

PANEL 120 Delinquency and the Family

"Families and Delinquency: A Comparative Study," EDWARD WELLS, Illinois State University and JOSEPH RANKIN, Eastern Michigan University

Research on the role of the family in juvenile delinquency has been extensive; yet the empirical findings have been generally mixed and inconsistent, affording few clear conclusions. Much of the inconsistency seems to be methodological, reflecting especiallyvariations in sampling and measurement procedures across studies. Most studies rely on purposive, clinical samples, and even survey studies generally use limited, local sampleswhich are restricted geographically, temporally, or socially. This paper aims at a fuller and more reliable estimate of family-delinquency patterns by combining the results of four large national surveys into a synthetic summary.

"Family and Delinquency: A Preliminary Investigation of Factors Related to African-American Female-Headed Households and Juvenile Chronic Maladaptive Behavior," DORO'I1IY TAYLO R, Dorothy L Taylor and Associates

There has been toolittle attention given to the question of whether the interpersonal interaction of the African-American single female parent with the child contributes to or deters juvenile delinquency. This study provides empirical data which attempts to distinguish those interpersonal interaction (bonding) factors which are associated with this relationship. Social control theory was the guiding framework utilized for deriving measures of interpersonal bonding factors and testing the relationship of the interaction measures. The bivariate analyses indicate that several statistically significant relationships exist between interpersonal bonding variables (mV) and maladaptive behavior.

"Parental Conflict: A Link Between Deviance and Broken Homes," PATRICIA HARDYMAN, National Council on Crime and Delinquency and GERALD GURIN, Fordham University

Parental conflict is conceptualized as a critical dimension that differentiates families and links broken homes to deviance. Data on general delinquency and drug use, as well as violent, property, and status offenses were analyzed for Puerto Rican youths representing family structures differentiated by parental conflict. As hypothesized, the highest levels of delinquency were reported by youths living in families with high conflict -neither biological parent present and mother with step-father. Contrary to the literature, the youths least involved in delinquency were youths living with single, never married mothers.

"Child Abuse and Delinquency: The Empirical and Theoretical Links," JOHNWODARSKI, PHYLLIS HOWING, P DAVID KURTZ, EMILY HERBSr, and JAMES GAUDIN JR, University of Akron

The association between child abuse and delinquency through a discussion of findings and methodological limitations of studies on maltreatment and delinquency was examined. Problems with study design, definition, and method currently prevent a definitive understanding of the sequences and causal relations involved, however, the evidence indicates that a bidirectional relationship exists between child abuse and delinquency. A framework is offered that utilizes Patterson'sanalysis of coerciveprocesses in suggesting that child characteristics, parental inadequacies, and external stressors each play a part in both child abuse and delinquency.

163 PANEL 121 Issues in the Sexual Integration of Prison and Jail Guard Fora:

"The Employment of Women in Local Jails," UNDA ZUPAN, University of Alabama at Birmingham

The employment of women as correctional officers in prisons for men has received considerable attention in the last few years. Unfortunately, very little attention has been focused on the integration of women into security positions within local jails. Using survey data gathered from the 160 largest jails and jail systems in the United States, this study describes: 1) the number of women employed in security positions in local jails and their ranks, 2) how female employees are deployed in jails, and 3) the major impetus (and barriers) for the full integration of female correctional officers.

"Factors Effecting the Acceptance of Female Prisons Guards by Their Male Counterparts," SIEPHEN WAL'IERS, University of Wisconsin­ Platteville

Correctional officers at four correctional facilities of differing types were surveyed concerning their attitudes toward their role as correctional officers and corrections in general. A part of this research concerned the male respondents (n = 177) and their attitudes toward working with women as correctional officers. Utilizing a stepwise multiple regression procedure several variables were found to be significantly related to a pro-female guard attitude. These variables are examined and their implications discussed.

"Men Guarding Women: An Analysis of the Employment of Male Correction Officers in Prisons for Women," LINDA ZUPAN, CECILIA SAUL'IERS-'I1.JBBS, and M JOYCE P� University of Alabama at Birmingham

Although there is a plethora of research on the employment of women correction officers in prisons for men, little attention has been focused on the employment and deployment of male officers in prisons for women. This study assesses the extent to which male correction officers are employed in prisons for women in the United States and examines the manner in which they are deployed. In addition, interview data gathered from prisoners and correction officers in one women's prison was used to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of cross-gender supervision in prisons for women.

PANEL 122 Confronting Issues Related to Acquaintance Rape: New Perspectives

"Acquaintance Rape," DARREL De GRAW, University of Central Texas and JEFFERSON INGRAM, University of Dayton

By most estimates, the majority of rapes are either date or acquaintance rape. The attitude of both males and females is one of uncertainty in recognizing and giving sexual messages, and frequently socializing ends up in miscommunicating leading to sexual activity. Furthermore, attitudes of both males and females in American culture appear in disagreement as to when it is rape or merely "impolite sex." This study attempts to survey the most frequent age of participants, the young, single by surveying both males and females on several selected university campuses.

"Studying Acquaintance Rape," PAULINE HART, University of l11inois at Chicago

As part of a study of how the Illinois Sexual Assault Statute is working (2984) women above the age of consent (17) who have been raped by known assailants and have come to the Emergency Room of the University of l11inois Hospital were studied. Since the burden of proving consent is on the defense under IIIinois law, the prosecution of acquaintance rape should be facilitated. They and their assailants have been followed through the criminal justice system when and if the case is being processed in the system. The reasons for the woman and for the State not to prosecute are recorded. Tentatively it appears that when the assault is aggravated or when the assailant confesses, the case is likely to proceed.

NOh, That's Rape? A Study of College Age Women's and Men's Attitudes Toward Sex, Dating, and Rape," CARYN HORwnz, California State Universityat Fresno

Anecdotal and case study research has suggested that women and men differ in their attitudes towards stranger rape and acquaintance rape, as well as in their attitudes towards sex and dating. However, little quantitative analysis has been conducted which investigates the attitudes of women and men towards sex, dating, and rape. Utilizing self-report questionnaires administered to a college age population, this research examines these relationships. In addition, the relationship between personal experiences with rape and attitudes towards sex, dating, and rape was investigated.

"Sexual Aggression in Dating Situations: An Analysis of Risk FactorsAmong a Sample of Pre-College Women," RONALD VOGELand MELISSA 1llMELEIN, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

This paper examines sexual aggression and dating behavior among a sample of 564 first year students attending a university in the Southeast. In this study several scales in an attempt to predict date rape vulnerability among young women and sexual aggression in young men was utilized. The level of sexual victimization among women was assessed by means of a standardized self-report instrument (Koss & Oros 1982). The analysis included such risk factors as history of sexual abuse, acceptance of rape myths, alcohol use, earlysexual experiences, and related attitudinal scales. This paper presents findings specific to the victimization of women.

PANEL123 Community Corrections Models: Conceptualization and Implementation

"The Actual and Preferred Goals of Adult Probation: A Study of Enforcement and Rehabilitation," mOMAS ELlSWORTII, IIIinois State University

The 1980's has seen an emphasis upon control, punishment, and enforcement which is likely to continue into the 1990's. Offender change through the practice of rehabilitative techniques have been deemphasized at the risk of being labeled 'too soft' on criminals. The present study involving 512 adult probation professionals from two states supports the contention that rehabilitation has learned to co-exist with enforcement practices. Perceptions regarding the importance of enforcement and rehabilitation goals were found to be related to the state in which the officer was employed, number of staff employed in the office, education level, and case load size.

"Re-Examining Community Corrections Models," RICHARD LAWRENCE, St Cloud State University

Three primary community corrections modelshave been diversion, advocacy, and reintegration. Those ideals seem to be compromised as corrections now faces problems of overcrowding, increasing costs, shortage of resources and lack of fiscal support. Community corrections appears to be de-

164 emphasizing its role of community reintegration, while placing greater emphasis on control, surveillance, and monitoring--more traditional policing functions. This paper addresses the question of whether the original models for community corrections are still realistic goals when balanced with the need for community protection.

PANEL124 Criminal Justice CurriculaI

"International Criminal Justice Education: A Case Study," WILLIAM TAYLOR, University of Southern Mississippi

The last of Anglo-American studies is a consortium of 10 universities from across the country, housed at the University of Southern Mississippi, sponsors criminal justice study programs in locations throughout the world. This paper describes the approaches taken by the Institute, identifies the major issues underlying international study, and makes recommendations about undertaking such ventures.

"Criminal Justice Education for the 90's: An Assessment of Criminal Justice Curriculum," RONAlDIACOVHITA, Wichita State University

This paper represents a critical assessment and evaluation of the current state of criminal justice curriculum in major colleges and universities in the U S, noting differences and similarities in the curriculum focus and direction. Issues relating to the question of curriculum breadth, focus of the core course requirements, and the question of the viability of particular course channels in these programs is addressed. The paper also focuses upon the question of whether the breadth and diversity in criminal justice curriculum compromises criminal justice as a discipline and whether there is a need for a more uniform and focused curriculum in major criminal justice programs.

"Automated Criminal Justice Information Systems: The Absent Curriculum," JULIA DUYN,VAN California State Universityat Sacramento

While all the traditional courses offered are necessary in criminal justice education, the majority of universities and colleges do not keep up with the sophisticated technologyused by the 'real world' criminal justice and law enforcement agencies. The absent yet essential curriculum is Automated Criminal Justice Information Systems. This course informs and teaches students about computer and telecommunications systems such as NCIC, AIS, III, CJIS, NLEfS, CAL-ID, etc., that provide quick access to timely and accurate information to authorized people in crucial situations.

"Training Modem Criminal Justice Professionals: An Argument for Broad Based Education," SIEPHENBROOKS, University of Akron

This paper argues the importance <>t.introducing broad-based policy analysis and public administration subjects into the training of criminal justice professionals. It suggests that the increasing political nature of criminal justice policy and decreasing resources make it necessary that the modem professional know as much about politics and administration as criminal justice. The last section looks at two courses in a political science/criminal justice degree program that combine theoryand practice to teach administration and policy analysis. The author not only argues for broad based education of criminal justice professionals but demonstrates how it can be accomplished.

PANEL 125 Roundtable: The Executive Sessions on Policing: What are its Contributions?

This roundtable discusses the "Executive Sessions on Policing" held at Harvard University and funded by the National Institute of Justice. The Sessions have produced a number of influential papers on current policing topics, and may be contributing to the increasing enthusiasm for community and problem-oriented policing.

PANEL 126 Crime Prevention and the Community

"Which is Better, 1 or 2: Testing the Effectiveness of Different Types of Crime Prevention Strategies," BONNIEFISHER, Ohio State University

Several scholarshave raised serious questions about the theoretical underpinnings of our current thinking about crime prevention programs, especially in light of the negative and no impact findings of recent evaluations. One such question concerns the content of these programs. This paper examines the nature of two typesof crime prevention strategies, block-watch type versus workshops and seminars, to test which one, if any or both, is effective in reducing fear of crime and building a sense of community. It employs a pretest-posttest panel design in eight neighborhoods in the United States.

"Investigating the Fear-Crime Prevention Relationship," srEVENlAB, Bowling Green State University and ROBERT LANGWORTIIY, University of Cincinnati

One of the common questions raised in discussions of crime prevention behavior deals with the influence of fear of crime. While most researchers assume that fear is an antecedent to taking precautions, it is equally plausible that crime prevention actions (or lack thereof) influence the level of fear. This paper looks at fear and crime prevention and attempts to disentangle the relationship. Identifying the proper model can have profound implications for engendering crime prevention interventions in the future.

"Integration Versus Connectedness: Interpersonal Influence on Participation in Burglary Prevention," JAMES GILLHAM, Buffalo State College and GEORGE BARNEIT, State University of New York at Buffalo

The notions of integration and connectedness suggest contradictory explanations as to how interpersonal influence encourages participation in the three activities most prevalent in community crime prevention programs nationwide: property marking, neighborhood watch, and security survey. Data from a typical program support the importance of connectedness over integration with each of the three activities. This suggests that as a resident discusses a specific burglary prevention activity-affi rmatively, presumably with more neighbors, his or her household becomes more likely to participate.

"Citizens' Attitudes ConcerningFirearms, SelfProtection and Crime Prevention," E DUANEDAVIS and lAURA MORIARTI, WesternCarolina University

The private possession and use of firearms as a means of self-protection and crime prevention has received considerable attention in recentpolitical debates, the media, and among the general public. The academic community, over the past several years, has finally begun to view this issue as a credible area of research and the result has been an interesting polarization between gun control advocates and those who believe in the general

165 public's right to protect themselves when the police are unable to do so. This study empirically assesses the attitudes and beliefs of the citizens of a southern state concerning the possession and use of firearms as a means of personal protection and crime prevention.

PANEL 127 Automation, Information, and Police Training

"Automation as a Stimulus for Criminal Justice System Change," MICHAEL HOOPER, Los Angeles Police Department

This paper examines automated systems implementation as a catalyst for 'non-automated' systems changes within the criminal justice system (OS). In the pre-implementation stage, OS agencies must determine the scope of the system to be introduced. Invariably, this stage forces agencies to be 'introspective' in the sense that all 'manual' systems are reviewed to determine which should be automated. Commonly, during this review process, manual systems or functions that are not selected for automation are streamlined, or reserach that expands the body of knowledge is stimulated. The paper features a case study of an IAPD automated system recently implemented, and looks at related changes and their workability.

"Unanticipated Consequences of the Provision of Information: The Experience of the LVMPD," KAREN lAYNE, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department

The use of in-car terminals is fairly recent in most police agencies. Many agencies are only concerned with the technical problems of installation and do not look at the changes in organizational behavior which results from their use. This study reviews the experience of LVMPD two years after the installation of in-car terminals which maximized the amount of information being received by the officers. As officers began receiving more information which had once not been available to them, they began to demand additional information even though there were signs of information overload. This document points out some of the unanticipated consequences of providing additional information to officers and how agencies must work to resolve these consequences.

"Linear Homicide Modeling for Police Planning," DAVID FA RMER and R MICHAEL McDONAlD, Virginia Commonwealth University

This paper analyzes a linear homicide model for police planning purposes. It presents data on an application of the model, using multiple regression and discriminant analysis, to U S cities with populations over 100,000 during the past six years. The implications for police/community homicide intelVention are discussed.

PANEL 128 Police Professionalism and Productivity

"Crisis in Police Ethics: Is Professionalism an Answer?" MICHAEL DONAHUE, Appalachian State University

The critical perspective insists that the bureaucratization of policing hasprecluded the development of role reciprocityand the construction of binding consensual norms. This, in tum, has prevented the development of an efficacious code of ethics for policing. This paper explores the possibility of whether professionalization of policing, patterned after the traditional professions, offers any promise toward the development of binding consensual norms and thus a truly efficacious code of ethics.

"Police Professionalism and the Dilemma of Enforcement of Victimless Crime Laws," B GRANT SITIT and KENNETH PEAK, University of Nevada at Reno

The ongoing debate will no doubt continue regarding the effects of the criminalization of certain acts termed 'victimless crimes.' The present analysis provides a comprehensive examination of the positive and negative consequences for the law enforcement field of the responsibility to enforce such laws. As police officers may have minimal influence on the objective status of the criminal laws, notwithstanding their broad discretionary authority, the options presented to them are continued enforcement, diminished enforcement, or non-enforcement of some or all of these laws. The likely consequences of such policy decisions are examined. Special attention is given to the ramifications these alternatives as they bear on the goal of police professionalism and efficiency.

"Professionalism and Police: A Critical Look," OWUSU-ANSAH AGYAPONG, Florida A & M University

Over the past two decades, the criminological literature is replete with evaluation of police professionalism. However, rarely does the literature explain what larger purposes professionalism has selVed in upgrading policing. It still remains for a study of an institution like the police with its current reform agenda, professionalism, to deal with this aspect of institutional behavior in a sophisticated and comprehensive manner. This paper attempts to critically examine the effects of professionalism on police performance. In this way, meaningful differentiation can be made to enhance public policy.

"Measuring Police Productivity With Reported Crime Clearance Rates," BENJAMIN WRIGIIT, Louisiana State University

Police administrators recognize the need for a reliable and valid measure of police productivity. Such a measure would prove invaluable in evaluating certain phases of a police operation, as well as provide useful data to assist police administrators in the budget preparation process. In this investigation, the relationship between UCR Part I clearance rates and those variables used as measures of police productivity were examined. The Part I clearance rates formed a component of data collected at the national level for 1947-1987. The goal of the research was to identify explanatory models for each Part I offense studied.

PANEL 129 Self-Esteem, Self-Concept, andDelinquency

"A Cross-Cultural Comparison of British and American Delinquents," ROBERT EVANS and TOM ERGER,SUllENB Southeastern Louisiana University and PEfER HODGKINSON, Polytechnic University (ENGlAND)

Research has consistently demonstrated that the self-concept of adjudicated delinquents is lower than normal control groups. This study aims at a cross-cultural comparison over the 27 scales of the Tennessee self-concept test. Subjects are drawn from institutions of the deep south and institutions in London, England.

166 "Truancy and Its Relationship to Academic Achievement, Self-Esteem, and Other Selected Variables," SI1!PHEN BENIGNO, Stockton Unified School District, and IlAMfT()N WILLIAMS and REX LEONARD, University of Southern Mississippi

This study investigated the difference between 33 truant and 33 non-truant high school students on the variables of self-esteem, academic achievement, arrest, drug or alcohol use, disciplinary referrals, runaway attempt, home life, or gang membership. A multiple regression analysis was conducted on the data to provide information relative to the significance of the difference between the truant group and the non-truant group. A significant difference was revealed on the variables of drug or alcohol use, disciplinary referrals, runaway attempt, grade point average, self­ esteem and residential transiency.

"Self-Esteem as a Function of Institutional Treatment," DONNA KOCIllS, Glassboro State College

There is evidence of an association between self-esteem and deviant behavior, incarceration and treatment; but its nature is unclear. In this study, patterns of change in self-esteem as a function of correctional treatment were investigated. Using two tests (Coopersmiths's Self-Esteem Inventory and Osgood's Semantic Differential), self-esteem was measured at entry to the program, midway, and before release for samples from the Glen Mills School and custodial and non-custodial comparison groups. The S.E.I. results indicated that institutionalization does not produce a significant drop in self-esteem and that juveniles in correctional treatment exhibit a low to high path.

PANEL 130 Responses to Prison and Jail Overcrowding

"Prison Overcrowding in Idaho: Responding to a Crisis," ROBERT MARSH, Boise State University

This paper examines patterns of adult inmate population growth over a period of 16 years. Original population projections and policy recommendations to control overcrowding based on a state-wide plan developed in 1981 are revisited in 1989. Administrative decision-making is discussed and subsequent growth rates are recalculated based on construction decisions made by top administrators from 1981 to 1989. Failures and successes are discussed and policy alternatives for the future are identified.

"Response to Prison Overcrowding: A Colorado Alternative," MARK ANS,MOTIV Buena Vista Correctional Institution

Colorado's 'get tough on crime' policy has had the effect of lengthening prison terms for more serious and repeat criminals, as well as drug related crimes. As a result, state prisons in Colorado are facing a prison overcrowding crisis. This paper examines the feasibility of different methods and the impact they may have in alleviating Colorado prison overcrowding. One option involves an extended utilization of good time credit and/or accelerating parole eligibility, a method which has been used with demonstrated success in other states. A large number of offenders are neither career or 'dangerous' criminals and it is this segment that can have their sentences reduced without a risk to public safety.

"Supervised Detention: A Case Study," HARVEY KUSHNER, Long Island University and ESIlIER ROIlIMAN, Correctional Education Consortium

To reduce jail overcrowding in New York City, supervised detainees were released to attend education, rehabilitation and vocational programs. This presentation evaluates the success of this program with respect to (1) increasing the educational, rehabilitation and/or vocational level of the detainee and (2) impacting on jail overcrowding in New York City.

"A Comparison of Jail Planning Techniques," RICHARD SIllGLEY and VICTOR LOFGREEN, Stephen F Austin State University

This paper discusses the goals of the PONI planning model as compared to the TA SK force planning model. The strengths and weaknesses of each program are examined through the use of several case studies. The programs are compared to ascertain whether the end results were consistent with the programs' stated goals. Recommendations based on this study are made for both the PONI and TA SK force planning model.

PANEL 131 Roundtable: Police Agency Accreditation: Major Reform or Paper Shuffle?

This roundtable discusses the standards and processes used by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. It includes presumed benefits of accrediation, evidence of the effects of accreditation, and alternative means of accomplishing the same ends.

PANEL 132 Police Education: Contemporary Issues and Trends

"Another Look at the Quality of Police Education," lAWRENCE SHERMAN,Crime Control Institute

In the decade that has passed since the publication of The Quality of Police Education, there has been new research and changes in direction in academic programming. This presentation discusses these changes and explores both the progress and lack of progress that has been made in educational programs designed to aid the police in their work.

"The Effect of Higher Education on Minorities in Law Enforcement: A Policy Perspective," DAVID CARrnR, Michigan State University

The results of the Police Executive Research Forum's study on police education suggests that minority representation in law enforcement agencies is more reflective on the general population than was intuitively believed by many in the field. It discusses these findings and presents issues which police administrators may consider in educational policy as it relates to minority group members.

"Higher Education and Police Rank Structure," ALLEN SAPP, Central Missouri State University

In recognition of the issues presented in Dorothy Guyot's classic work "Bending Granite", this paper explores the correlation of higher education and rank in the nation's largest police departments. The findings are drawn from the Police Executive Research Form's study of police education. Data examined include not only educational level and rank attainment but also the relationship between educational support policies and promotion as well as the influence of 'informal' promotional policies related to higher education in law enforcement agencies.

167 "Contemplating the Future for Criminal Justice Academic Programs," VINCENrWEBB, University of Nebraska at Omaha

The maturation of criminal justice education, changing philosophies concerning the needs of the field, and a growing body of research on the effects of higher education on criminal justice practitioners have opened new questions about the structure of criminal justice curricula. These issues will be presented for criminal justice academicians to introspectively examine their curricula structure to ascertain if course and degree offerings are meeting contemporary objectives. In addition, obsetvations are made on the curricular needs of criminal justice education in the 1990's.

PANEL 134 LatentVictimiza tion: New PerceptionsVICtims of by Society

"Victims' Reactions to Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence," BARBARA CARSON and DIANEDAANE, Ball State University

Prior research in the area of child abuse has started investigating the relationship of legitimate child-hitting, most particularly physical punishment, to more severe maltreatment of children. It has been found that children who are frequently physically punished are more likely to become abusive to family members in later life and that many instances of abuse begin with the ordinary use of physical punishment that escalates to a severe level. This study continues along these lines of investigation by comparing reactions of victims who have been abused as children. Attempts are made to document what circumstances influence victims' perceptions as to when legitimate violence becomes unacceptable.

"No Time for Recovery: Multiple Stigmas and Significant Women of Prisoners' With AIDS," IAURA FISHMAN, Narcotic and Drug Research

The effects of incarcerated prisoners' diagnosis of AIDS can reverberate throughout their families. Such a diagnosis can be confusing, shameful, disturbing and sometimes tragic for these families. This paper examines how this new stigma extends to an already stigmatized group, significant black women of prisonerswith AIDS. Discussion includes an examination of the kinds of stigmatizing events significant women experience and the kinds of coping strategies employed to copewith these situations. Attention is given to issues of shame and stigmatization which are central in the women's everyday lives as well as issues which are of consequence whenever they visit their husbands at various prisons.

"Babies Born With Drug Addiction: Background and Legal Response," INGERSAGATUN, San Jose State University

More and more babies are born with a drug addiction, leading to severe problems for the individuals involved and the social welfare system. An empirical study was conducted to determine the magnitude of this problem in a large California urban county. Social welfare files and court records were examined to study the medical, legal and social welfare response, the particular circumstances of the case, type of addiction, type of treatment, and case follow-up. A discussion of social policy issues and dilemmas concludes the paper.

"The Dynamics of Probation/Parole Officer Victimization," WILLIAM PARSONAGE and JEFFREY SNIPES, Pennsylvania State University

Parsonage and Bushey's seminal study (1988) shed light on the prevalence of victimization of Pennsylvania probation and parole workers. This paper, based upon follow-up research (1989), explores in more depth the dynamics of such victimizations. Attention is paid to different types of victimization events; the effect of victimization on workers' subsequent work behavior; workers' perceptions of their supervisors' attitudes toward their victimizations; and the extent to which victimization on the job is seen as inevitable or preventable. Workers' views of ways victimizations can be prevented or remediated are discussed.

PANEL 135 Criminal Justice Curricula II

"The Role of a Criminal Justice Institute in an Urban State College," WILLIAM CAIA11IES, Jersey City State College

In 1977 Jersey City State College established the Peter W. Rodino Jr Institute of Criminal Justice. It provided many opportunities for the college to make a special contribution to improving the operation of the criminal justice system. This paper examines how the college is currently using the Institute to enhance the education of its criminal justice students by exposing them to a broader perspective of the criminal justice field and by engaging them in Institute activities which are particularly urgent to its urban mission.

"A Tale of Two Campuses: Criminal Justice Education at Albany and John Jay, a History," FRANK MORN, Illinois State University

This paper traces the historical development of criminal justice education at the Unive�ity of Albany and John Jay College, two polar models in New York state of higher education and criminal justice. Particular attention will be given to political and philosophical issues.

"From a Criminal Justice System Model to a Community Networking Model forCriminal Justice Education," RONALD BOOsrROMand CORINA DRAPER, San Diego State University

Aswe move into the final decade of the 20th century, serious consideration of the educational needs in this field for 21st centurypractitioners and administrators must be made. The argument is now being advanced that the future of policingwill be based on community-oriented and problem­ oriented models. This is examined to highlight implications for an appropriate educational model for the future in criminal justice studies. Suggestions are made for curriculum development to encourage the utilization of a model focusingon criminal justice community networking and interrelationships.

"Criminology-With Purpose," JOHN BURIAN, Moraine Valley Community College

This paper initiates debate about the useful purpose of teaching a course in criminology. For example, to what worldly accomplishments should criminology instruction by directed? Should students be able to make predictions, organize criminological data, produce descriptions of criminality? The paperidentified strategies and tactics useful in teaching criminology - with purpose.

PANEL 136 Potpourri m

"Who's Box is Better? A Comparison of State-Run, Non-Profit and Non-for-Profit Prisons," WII.LIAM HEAD, University of Texas at EI Paso

Increased attention has been focused recently on the emergence of private prisons as a more cost-efficient method of building and maintaining prisons. Indeed, the field has developed to the point that a distinction must now be made between privately managed prisons that are run by for-

168 profit corporations and a new group of institutions run by not-for-profit groups. Most states are facing tremendous pressure to increase the number of prison cells available, and private organizations are hoping to fill the void. This paper examines the ramifications of the increasing reliance on the economic, and social aspects of making a profit from prisoners.

"Legislated Sanction Policies in Ten American Cities, 1948-1978: The Case of Fines," NANCY WOIKA, State University of New York at Binghamton

This paperexamines criminal sanction policiesof 10 American cities for 1948-1978, covering 11 criminal behavior categories. The analysis explains why the levels of fines vary across time and cities with regard to such social, economic and political factors as percent of the city populations that are non-white, youth; distribution of wealth; ideological underpinnings of the cities; amount of city budgets allocated to justice agencies, the amount of reported crime, etc.

"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders and Violence: Three Forensic Cases," lAURENCE FRENCH, Western New Mexico University

No abstract available.

"General Social Failure Theory," srANLEY CIAYrON

Social failure theory (SFT) was a new theory developed and field tested over the past 20 years. It has become especially useful in case analysis of cause and in effecting behavioral reform.

PANEL 137 Strategies for Community Crime Prevention

"A Study of Traffic Pattern Modifications in an Urban Crime Prevention Program," ALLEN WAGNER, University of Missouri at St Louis

This paper describes the results of a study designed to measure what, if any, effect the "operation safestreet" program has had on the reduction of crime and the attitude of residents concerning crime and the quality of live in two adjacent neighborhoods. One of these is the area with permanent street barriers; the other, alike in virtually all other characteristics, has no street closings. It is hoped that the results of the study will provide community leaders the opportunity todetermine if the modification of neighborhood traffic patterns is a viable option in community crime prevention efforts.

"Strategies for Drug Reduction in Public Housing: The Chattanooga Experience," ROGER 'flIOMPSON, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

This paper directs attention at crime data, environmental design, public housing management models, and strategies proposed to address the drug problems on public housing properties. Observations and recommendations are offered in relation to costs and effectiveness.

"Sources of Community Heterogeneity and Its Impact on Community Crime Prevention," SUSAN BENNElT, University of Louisville

Community crime prevention evaluations have identified participation as a major implementation problem, particularly in heterogeneous and poor communities. Few studies have considered different dimensions of heterogeneity, however. Preliminary analyses for the Eisenhower Foundation Neighborhood Program indicate that racial heterogeneity and SES-based heterogeneity differentially impact both the program and residents' participation. Using census data and survey data, this paper examines the relationships among racial, SES-based, and value-based heterogeneity and their influence on program development and participation.

"A Shot in the Dark: Can Firearm Restrictions Prevent Violent Crime," ROBERT HUNTER, Sam Houston State University

This paper examines past failures, present successes, and future trends regarding governmental policies aimed at the control of civilian owned firearms. Can these restrictions reduce or eliminate violent crimes involving firearms? This paper provides a port-mortem of the Brady Amendment utilizing interviews and documentation provided by both the NRA and Handgun Control Inc. Present legislation restricting assault weapons and the Stockton California incident are addressed. Future trends by both public officials and private organizations who would restrict the sale, transfer, and ownership are examined with an eye toward policies that work and those which cannot be implemented or enforced.

PANFL 138 Roundtable: Supervision of Community Control Offenders Tbrougb Electronic Monitoring

The Florida and Michigan Departments of Corrections development of electronic community control offender programs, policyconsiderations, judicial acceptance, and problems encountered in the field are explored and discussed.

PANEL 139 Victimology: A Ooser Examination of the Crime of Rape

"National Crime Survey and Rape: A Case of the Missing Question," HELEN EIGENBERG, Old Dominion University

This paper examines the National Crime Survey (NCS). It demonstrates that the survey fails to measure rape with any validity because it fails to ask respondents whether or not they have been raped. The paper argues that this peculiar research design serves to perpetuate an important rape myth-that rape is a rare occurrence. It also calls for reform of the NCS.

"Fear of Crime and Attitudes About Crime Seriousness," ELIZABIn11 McCONNELL, Southwest Texas State University

This research examines the relationships between fear of crime and crime seriousness attitudes. The data were derived from 1,152 Texas residents' response to a 24-page mailed questionnaire. Analysis of crime seriousness attitudes included attitudes about the seriousness of robbery, rape, burglary, assault, fraud, and vandalism. Attitudes about all six crimes were found to be related to the respondents' fear of crime. The research also addresses the genesis of crime seriousness attitudes and discusses the criminal justice system's role in the creation of fear through its impact on crime seriousness attitudes.

"Date Rape," ROBIN ROGERS, Western Carolina University

This paper focuses on the factors associated with date rape. These include the definition of date rape, the identification of its victims and assailants,

169 the situations in which it occurs, the role of alcohol and drugs as mitigating or aggravating factors, the repercussions of date rape, the part that society plays in date rape, and what, if anything,can be done about date rape.

"A Multi-DisciplinaryApproach to Judicial Decisions Relating to Criminals: State Court Rape Detenninations," BARBARAARN Y OLD, Saginaw Valley State University

The analysis here employs aggregate data on state court detenninations in rape cases to examine whether outcomes are significantly related to two variables borrowed from public law research: the political importance of women in state politics and the region of the decision maker.

PANFL 140 Roundtable: Missing Children and Their Families:A National Study

Since 1984, a significant amount of public, legislative, and criminal justice attention has been directed to the problem of child disappearance by stranger abduction, parental abduction, and runaway status. A national study of this problem has been initiated by the U S Department of Justice. This roundtable 1) reviews the psychological and criminal justice issues facing these families, 2) presents the national research project model, and 3) examines preliminarydata results.

PANEL 141 Ufe in Prison and Jail

"Patterns of Sexual Adjustment Among Prison Inmates," COLUMBUS HOPPER, University of Mississippi

The segregation of the sexes appears to heighten sexual anxieties. Everyprison inmate, whether male or female, young or old, has to adjust to living conditions in which ordinarysex relationships are absent. Sex becomes a commoditywhich must be forced, bought or traded and new inmates must find their place in the sex-pressure games designed to detennine powerand prestige within inmate settings. Even short-tenn prisoners cannot escape the necessity of establiShing a sexual identity while they do time.

"Attitudes of Death Row Inmates," DENNISWIECHMAN, JERRY KENDALL, and MIKE WANDLING, University of Evansville

The literature on attitudes toward the death penalty is extensive. The research that has been done on the general public has sampled various sectors of society. There is also extensive research on the public and the demographic factors that influence their attitudes toward the death penalty. There is no current research on the death row inmates and their attitudes toward capital punishment. This study examined the attitudes of death row inmates using a survey instrument that was mailed to 2,186inmates. The survey tested the overall attitudes toward the death penalty (88% opposed it). The survey tested the overall attitudes toward the "deterrence model" and found little support.

"The Detection of Prison Gang Development," ROBERT PONG, University of North Carolina

The rapid growthin prison gangs in recent years has resulted in an unprecedented increase in violence behind bars and on the streets, a phenomenon that disturbs both prison administrators and police officials. Yet, the strict code of silence practiced by all gang members and the reluctance of prison authorities to allow gang-related research have made it difficult, if not impossible, for scholars and practitioners to gain access to knowledge about prison gangs, particularly the causation of their development. Based on empirical investigations, this paper reveals a list of factors that contribute to the fonnation of prison gangs.

"From Yoruba to Atlanta: The Santeria Religion and Incarcerated Cuban Nationals," MARK HAMM, Indiana State University

This paper examinesthe theology and practice of the Santeria religion as it exists todayamong incarcerated Cuban nationals. The data used here were gathered from historical sources and from interviews with and observations of 23 Cuban incarcerates within the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The historical review shows that Santeria is a secret religion of survival caused by the institution of slavery. The observational and interview data show that Cuban prisoners, deprived of their sacrificial foods and ritualistic materials, have designed elaborate improvisational rituals and customs in order to achieve spiritual divination.

"Exploring Suicides and Deaths by Natural Causes in America's LargestJails: A Panel Study of Institutional Change, 1978 and 1983," L rnOMAS WINFREE JRand JOHN WOOLDREDGE, New Mexico State University

A panel of 180 large jails, with from 150 to 500 inmates was examined. The data were drawn from the 1978 and 1983 censuses. Interest was in exploring the probabilities of experiencing an increase or decrease in deaths by natural causes and suicides. It was found that dying in the jails was a highly probabilistic occurrence. Increased probabilities of suicides was, however, linked to changes in staff, while decreases to decreases in population turnover.

PANFL 142 Roundtable: Comparing Criminal Justice Trendsand Issues Among States: Assessing Statewide Criminal Justice Infonnation

Inconsistent data presentation policies across states have made it difficult to obtain summary criminal justice infonnation and for researchers to conduct multiple-state comparative studies. Thisroundtable identifies those states currently publishing statewide criminal justice system publications, assesses the perceivedvalue ofre sultant reports,and considersthe enhanced opportunities available to conduct criminal justice research among states if such reportswere produced by a majority of states and included definitionally standardized infonnation.

PANFL 143 Ethical andEvaluation Issues in LawEnforcement Resean:b.

"Democracy and Community Oriented Policing: An Ethical Foundation for Openness and Community Participation," PHILIP RHOADES, Corpus Christi State University

The political obligations of public agents in democratic society are examined in regard to the development of community oriented policing (COP). Arguments for COP areoften tied to good public relations policyand potential improvements in productivity. A more importantadvantage brought to democratic society by COP is the potential enhancement of basic human rights involved in bureaucratic openness and citizen participation. Specific obligations flowing from the political obligations of police officials require the active support of these human rights. COP may pennit the meeting of these obligations and the facilitation of democracy in America.

170 "Ethical Considerations in Law Enforcement Research," FINNEN ESB SEN and FRANK DUNFORD, University of Colorado

As research has proliferated in modern society, so have ethical and legal issues surrounding the research process. In this paper ethical considerations most poignantwhen conducting research involving law enforcement agencies are discussed. Among the issues considered are (1) informed consent; (2) conditions under which random assignment can be utilized; and (3) dissemination of findings.

"Evaluating Community Policing: Critical Issues and Solution," DAVID EMMONS, Stockton State College

As community policing projects proliferate, reputable evaluations of what works and what doesn't work in these experiments at the cutting edge of law enforcement have not kept pace. This paper examines major problems - and proposes solutions - in design, conduct, and data analysis for evaluations of community policing. Special attention is paid to the evaluative difficulties posed by multi-faceted intelVentions, discretion in program options, variations in community resources, and compensatory rivalry.

PANEL 144 How to Train Police Officers to Effectively Assist Victims

"The Treatment of Law Enforcement Officers Concerning Crime Victim Assistance," SlEVEN SIEGFL, Denver District Attorney's Office

This paper deals with the issue of training police officers to initiate the services of victim assistance personnel. It focuses on the strategies utilized to gain officer "buy-in" to the concept of on scene crisis intelVention by non-sworn victim assistance personnel. It outlines the necessary basics of identifying crime victims needs in order to determine appropriate resource referral. The benefit to law enforcement officers of quality intelVention by victim assistance personnel is stressed.

"A Descriptive Analysis of Child Sexual Abuse Investigation Procedures," SHAWNA SIZEMORE, University of South Carolina

This study is a descriptive analysis based on a sUlVey questionnaire sent to the two largest law enforcement agencies in each state. The data attempts to assess three specific areas of interest relative to law enforcement personnel responsible for investigating child sexual abuse cases: (1) agency investigative techniques and use of specialized units or specially trained personnel; (2) types of child sexual abuse investigative training; and (3) an assessment of the collaborative efforts between social service and law enforcement agencies.

"Police Officer Training Issues Regarding Victimization," RONALD SLOAN, Aurora Police Department (CO)

This paper addresses police officer training issues. The first issue is who should do such training and the second issue is how such training can be most effectively delivered. Regarding who should provide the training, it is believed that a multi-disciplinary approach is best, with a tempered orientation towards addressing practical issues for police officers who deal directly with victims on a daily basis. The issue of how such training should be delivered will focuson not only dedicated recruit and in-service training classes, but on the concept of including the theme of victimization issues throughout all training that is done.

"Critique of the Federal Victim-Witness Training Program," JAMES HENDRICKS, Ball State University

No abstract available.

PANEL 145 Roundtable: Methodological Issues in the Study of Courts

This roundtable discusses methodological issues in research on criminal courts, especially studies of case-processing and discretionary power.

PANEL 146 Personnel Issues inCommunity-Based Corrections

"Participatory Management: A Technique for Reducing Probation/Parole Officer Burnout," SlllRLEY DAVIS, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Lack of participation in the decision making process in the probation and parole work environment has been identified as contributing to burnout. Management must pay attention to line officers who should assist with defining their goals and the organizational goals. The line officers are the officials who have direct contact with the probation/parole clients. Through participatory management the officer's stress may be lowered; therefore, helping reduce probation/parole officer burnout.

"Diversion Center Operations: A Case of Commonality," DAMON CAMP, Georgia State University

Diversion centers have provided an alternative to traditional incarceration for over two decades. These centers have been praised for their rehabilitative success and cost effectiveness. However, little is known of the operations of these institutions nor of the activities of the personnel working in diversion centers. In this research a job task analysis was conducted to ascertain job crossover activity and identify common training needs. The results indicate that despite diversity of job title, personnel in various positions perform common tasks and have common training needs.

"The Use of Performance Contracts in Community-Based Corrections," KURTSllIDSCHLA W, Kearney State College

The definition of community-based corrections escapes unanimity. The concept is viewed differently from various positions within our society. With divergent approaches as to what the goals should be for community-based corrections, what is it that is expected of those individuals on the front line? A tool that is available to administrators of community based programs that has the potential to assist the clientele and line staff to vest in the program is performance contracting. The process of developing contracts holds potential benefit for clarifying client goals and staff goals.

"Role Perception Among Probation Officers," EDWARD SIFJI, Niagara University

Based on lengthy semi-structured interviews with over 40 probation officers, this paper considers the emphasis given to different aspects of their jobs. While it is fashionable to debunk the medical model today, it is believed that it still receives a great deal of attention from probation officers and that providing help for perceived problems is high priority with most officers. Moreover, the practice of accepting reports from the probationer is not much different in terms of time and effort than similar efforts provided by health professionals working in hospitals and clinics.

171 PANEL 147 Lights, Camera, Action: Current Issues in Trial andLower Courts

"The Ethereal Witness: Hypnotism and the 6th Amendment," WILLIAM HECK, Northeastern State University and MICHAEL BIANKENSIllP and MICHELLE HAWKINS, Memphis State University

Hypnotism has been used as a tool in criminal investigations with varying degrees of success. However, since the courts' acceptance of hypnotically enhanced testimony, several constitutional issues have arisen. This paper traces the historyof hypnotism and its admissibility at trial with special emphasis on the defendant's right to confront witnesses who have had their memory enhanced through hypnosis.

"News Reporters and Post-Trial Interviews of Jurors," srEVE PASIERNACK, New Mexico State University

This paper examines the case law pertaining to post-verdict interviews of trial jurors. Typically, the press has received a liberal degree of access to jurors after a trial, moreso than attorneys and parties to the case. A nationwide survey of 100court-beat journalists found the reporters favoring an absolute right of access to jurors once a trial concludes and believing that such post-trial interviews do not impose adverse consequences on either juror privacy or the administration of justice.

"The Lower Court's Role and Effectiveness in the Judicial Process," JULIE GILMERE, Western Illinois University

This survey of selected states addresses: (1) the percentage of total cases filed in the judicial process that are disposed of by the lower court structure; (2) the lower court judges' interaction with the other actors in the court process; (3) statutory structure of the court system in selected states; (4) overall value of the lower court system; and (5) suggested improvements for lower court systems.

"Cameras in the Courtroom: Balancing the First and Sixth Amendments," MICHAEL sroHR-GILLMORE and NICHOLAS WVRICI-I, Washington State University

The question of whether to allow cameras in the courtroom has been debated for decades. The controversy entails the conflict between the First Amendment 'free press' and Sixth Amendment 'fair trial' rights. A balancing of the values of privacy for courtroom participants, fair trial for the accused, and freedom of press to report on courtroom proceedings is the issue. This paper reports on survey data collected on attitudes toward cameras in the courtroom of media representatives, attorneys, and judges from six states differing mostly in news camera access to courts.

PANEL 148 Roundtable: Drug Case Processing: What Works?

"Judicial Management Strategies for Addressing Drug Caseloads: The Comprehensive Adjudication of Drug Arrestees (CADA) Program and Differentiated Case Management (DCM) Program Approaches," 'IlIOMAS I-IDNDERSON, National Center for State Courts

No abstract available.

"Drug Case Processing in Urban Trial Courts," JOHN GOERDT, National Center for State Courts

No abstract available.

"An Assessment of the Expedited Drug Case Management (EDCM) Program," JOAN JACOBY, Jefferson Institute for Justice

No abstract available.

"Drug Case Management and Alternatives: The Courts Should Take a Leadership Role," JUDOlI CRAMER,Montgomery County Common Pleas Court

No abstract available.

"Comprehensive Adjudication of Drug Arrestees: Santa Clara County's Experience," HONORABLE CONRAD RUSHING, Santa Clara County Superior Court (CA)

No abstract available.

PANEL 149 Workshop: 1be Lakewood Experience: 20 Years of Police Innovation

The Lakewood, Colorado Police Department was formed in 1969 and immediately adopted many of the innovations recommended by the President's Crime Commission. In the following years the department's name was synonymous with progressive police administration. In this workshop, the evolution of the Lakewood Police Department is discussed by several of the officials most responsible. Discussion focuses on innovations tried, modified, disregarded, and institutionalized, including lateral entry, the 4-year degree requirement, and the 'blazer' uniform.

PANEL 150 Management Technologies

"Risk Management Needs a New Focus," LUCIAN SPATARO, Ohio University and JOHN NIPPS n

Workman's compensation costs in the governmental sector are escalating. Yet most administrators have a difficult time making sound safety operational decisions because they don't have detailed incident and hazard information. They rely on information from accident claims reports which focuses on the administration of claims costs (re-active stance) instead of the definition of contributing factors for future incident prevention (pro­ active stance).

"Using PersonalityMeasures as Tools for Criminal Justice Career Planning," srEVEN COx, Illinois State University

Using the scores that criminal justice students at the university level attain on the Myers' Briggs Personality Type Indicator, Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, Inventoryof Self-Actualization Characteristics, The Personal Value Statement, Mach V Attitude Inventory, and Satisfaction

172 Survey, this paper explores the relationship between the 16 personality types measured by the Myers-Briggs and the specific scores attained on the other measures. Thistype of information holds utility for the use of the Myers-Briggs as an essential tool for the career planning of criminal justice students as well as for their continued job related personal development.

"Forecasting the Impact of an AFIS System," GARY CORDNER,Eastern Kentucky Universityand DEBORAHWILSON, Universityof Louisville

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) have potential impacts on the work processes and decision-making of patrol officers, detectives, crime scene technicians, and identification personnel in police agencies, as well as on prosecutors, defense attorneys,judges, juries, and defendants. AFIS systems may produce increased arrests and thus additional work load throughout the system. This paper discusses these potential impacts, the difficulty of forecasting them, early forecasts made by several jurisdictions, and an attempt to forecast the effects of a state-wide AFIS system in Kentucky.

"The Age of Technology: Its Impact Upon Crime and the Management of Criminal Justice Institutions," JACK ENIER, Georgia State University

Few would argue that the computer and other technology will increasingly play a major role in the American society of the future. This paper discusses both external and internal issues of a 'high-tech' future upon the management of our law enforcement, court, and correctional institutions. Among the externalissues discussed are the limitations of the American criminal justice system to respond to computer crime and the corresponding response of this type of crime by private/corporate security. Internal issues discussed include personnel issues such as the impact of a dwindling pool of youth upon recruitment, hiring, and promotion.

PANEL 151 Trial and Error: Criminal Justice Research in the Community

"Ethical Issues and the Private Sector," ALIDA MERLO, Westfield State College

Although there has been an increasing emphasis on ethics in the public sector during the last few years, little attention has been focused on ethics and the private sector. This paper reviews the literature on ethics and the private sector and explores some of the issues that might be addressed. Given the reliance on the private sector to provide services to offenders and the dominant role that the private sector plays in corrections, an examination of these potential ethical dilemmas seems particularly timely.

"An Analysis of Fear of Crime: A Critical Analysis of Its Conceptualization," srEVEN CHERMAK, State University of New York at Albany

Fear of crime remains an issue of coiicern for the public and the research community. There are discrepancies in the research in how this fear should be conceptualized for analysis. Researchers have used at least three ways to measure the fear of crime. This research proposes to examine these conceptualizations in conjunction with examining the independent indicators that have an impact on these conceptualizations.

"Criminology's Astrology: An Evaluation of Public Health Research on Firearms and Violence," PAUL BLACKMAN, NRA Institute of Legislative Action

In recent years, inspired by the Centers for Disease Control and an open anti-gun bias, so-called 'public health professionals' have published numerous articles on firearms and violence using questionable medical research techniques and an 'epidemiological' approach. The data they have produced demand criminological analysis. Their writings, however, feature untested assumptions, limited samples, and press-release policy conclusions. They reveal an ignorance of existing laws, ballistics, and criminological studies and techniques. These so-called 'studies' promote a 'social cost' theory where only death count, and deliberately distort data, thereby making conclusions almost uniformly worthless.

"Methodological Issues in Cross-Cultural Research in Criminal Justice," MANGAINATARAJAN, Rutgers University and WOJCIECH CEBULAK, Salem State College

This paper discusses various methodological issues involved in cross-cultural research in criminal justice. It elucidates the importanceof comparative research in criminal justice and presents the problems confronted by researchers who are indulged in such research. Case studies are presented to illustrate some major methodological problems in data collection and analysis involved in qualitative and quantitative comparative criminal justice research and to explain how they can be solved by certain strategies.

PANEL 152 Evidentiaty Issues in Criminal Law

"DNA Identification: Some Practical Questions," SIEPHEN WHffE, Appalachian State University

Expectations for DNA identification have been high. With its promise of winning cases through the positive identification of body tissue, it has grabbed law enforcement's attention. But perhaps the promise is a mirage that, as we experience the use and non-use of this technique, will dissipate. This paper describes DNA identification, summarizes applications of the United States Constitution to it, and then examines its impact on case outcomes from a skeptical perspective.

"DNA Testing in Criminal Prosecutions: Use and Misuse," GAYLE CARPER and WILLIAM McCAMEY, Western Illinois University

No abstract available.

"Cognitive Processing in Complex Litigation," ELlZABEIH VIcroR, Tiffin University

An experiment was conducted to test the effects of trial complexity on juror verdicts and decision-making, varyingjur or ambiguity, technicality and volume. Eighty jurors were assigned to one of eight trial conditions that varies from high to low levels of complexity. The results indicated that as evidence became increasingly complex, jurors rendered verdicts favoring the plaintiffs. Measures of cognitive processing showed that as evidence became ambiguous, jurors reached verdicts based on extra-evidentiary facts. Under conditions of high volume, jurors selected probative evidence as being important in reaching their verdicts. Under conditions of law volume, jurors used extra-evidentiary facts in reaching their verdict.

173 PANEL153 Police, Traffic Safety, and DUI Enforcement

"Drinking Driver Enforcement Patterns," H WAYNE OVERSON, Weber State College

The Intoxilyzer logs at some 95 breath-testing sites in Utah were analyzed in order to detect enforcement patterns,with a focus on the Utah Highway Patrol. Pattern criteria involved non-accident tests and refusals logged as DUI arrests. Startling differences were detected across the state and three enforcement patterns emerged: high test rate/high average BAC, low test rate/high average BAC, and high test rate/low average BAC. A questionnaire was administered to troopers in order to determine why different enforcement patterns existed.

"Comparison of First and Multiple DWI Offenders," LARRY GOUlD, Louisiana State University

This paper compares first time DWI offenders to those individuals with multiple offenses. The main means of comparison are the numbers and types of arrests with an additional examination of the blood alcohol levels at the time of arrest.

"Experienced Drinking Driver Performance SelfAsses sment: A Study in Perceptual Physiology," DENNIS BROWN, Kearney State College

Thirtymale policesubjects were used in an attempt to assess the effects of different amounts of alcohol in complex driving situations under simulator conditions. Drivers opinions on a degree of difficultybasis addressing psychomotor skills and a divided attention task were obtained. Officers perceptions concerning driving performance were correlated with their assessment of degree of impairment to actual performance criteria.

PANEL 154 Judges, Courts, and Court Programs:temponuy Coo Issues

"The Application of Video Technology in Court," MICHAELWIGGINS, Central Missouri State University

Increasing use of video technologyin criminal and civil trials has prompted state courts to review the use of video as a means of producing testimony and demonstrative evidence. This paper examines selected court decisions, court rules and state statutes relating to the application of video technology in court.

"Pretrial Release Programs: An Historical Tracing," KAREN arr, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paper traces the history of pretrial release programs. This tracing includes consideration of socia-historical influences on pretrial release programs. In particular, this investigation elaborates on the political ideologywhich promoted liberal bail reform leading to the Bail Reform Act of 1966. This investigation further elaborates on the shift in political ideology which prompted conservative bail reform and subsequent passage of the Bail Reform Act of 1984.

"Judicial Elections in Wisconsin: A Case of 'Friends and Neighbors' Voting?" DAVID JONES, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

Reformers advocatingnonpartisan elections for such positions as judicial posts have argued such electoral forms would reduce unwanted "political" influence, and allow voters to make their choices on more rational bases. Critics of nonpartisan elections have argued that in the absence of partisan cues, voters will seek their directions elsewhere. This may lead to the phenomenon of "friends and neighbors" voting, i.e., voting for people from their geographical area. In an examination of contested elections for appellate level positions in Wisconsin in the postwar era, the extent to which this phenomenon occurs is determined. Implications of such findings are discussed.

"Danger on the Bench: How Safe Are Our Judges," ROBERT LITILE and ROBERT PONG, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

In the everyday course of justice administration, judges often have to convict individuals charged with crime; they have to impose jail or prison sentences, fines or other harsh punishments which can produce feelings of hostility and resentment among convicted parties. There are examples of hostile and bitter individuals who have targeted judges for retaliation. This paper, based on an attitudinal survey of district and superior court judges in a Southeastern state, examines perceptions of the level of danger associated with being a judge.

PANEL 155 Roundtable: Ethnicityand Organized Crime

This roundtable discusses the contemporary organized crime activities in two major American cities of criminal groups identified as Nigerians, Asiatics, and Jamaicans. The criminal patterns of these groups in such crimes as drug trafficking, check forgery and fraud is presented. The information and data presentedwill primarily reflect the criminal activities of these groups in New York City and/or Philadelphia.

PANEL156 Workshop: Media and Law Enforcement

This is an examination of the New Relationship Between Media and Law Enforcement: Is Crime-Time Television the Posse of the Future? It examines the historical, structural, and situational factors which have forged a new law enforcement and media relationship. It specifically analyzes the decision-making process behind which police cases make the air on the Fox network's "America's Most Wanted". New trends in television programming require producers and law enforcement officers to form "partnerships" in the creation of reality-based programming which captures criminals and big ratings. Somejournalists worry that the "partnerships" are "toocozy" and present serious ethical problems for media organizations.

PANEL 157 Educators and Their Productivity

"The Criminal Justice Educator: Academics vs Practical," MARK DANIZKER, Texas Southmost College

Although the concept of higher education forpolice officers has existed since the early 1900's, it didn't really begin to growuntil the late 60's, early 70's. With the growth came the need for suitable educators. For years, it would appear that the "retired" practitioner was most often utilized. However, this individual would eventually be replaced by the "academic" who had limited or no practical experience. In recent years a trend has begun which calls upon an individual with both practical experience and a strong academic background. This paper examines the debate: Who makes the better criminal justice educator?

174 "Institutional Productivityin Criminal Justice and Criminology: An Examination of Author Affiliations in Selected Journals," WILl.JAMTAGGARI', University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and MALCOLM HOLMES, University of Texas at EI Paso

In recent years, considerable attention has focused on the scholarly activities of criminologists and criminal justice researchers. These efforts reveal that the generation of knowledge about crime is a process characterized by great diversity and equal complexity. This study contributes to the understandingof this dynamic process by examining the institutional affiliations of authors whosewritings appear in three of the leading journals in criminal justice and criminology. The articles analyzed in this endeavor represent all works, excluding commentaries and communications, published in Criminology and the Journal of Criminal Justice between 1976 and 1988, inclusive, and Justice Quarterly for its first five years of operation beginning with the 1984 premiere issue.

"A Surveyof Views in CriminologyTextbooks Regarding the Current Issues in Criminal Justice Programs," JOSEPH MCYI1VANS, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse

This paperexamines how current criminology and criminal justice textbooks, which are aimed at the post secondaryschools, treat the present trends in the federal and state criminal justice systems. The focus is on the changing emphasis involving: (a) rehabilitation, (b) determinate sentences, (c) longer prison sentences, (d) abolition of parole, and (e) death penalty. The main point of this survey of textbooks is to find out to what extent the authors support or criticize the changes in the criminal justice system brought about by legislative action on the state and federal level.

PANEL 158 Variety of Uses for Urine Test DAA in Research and Policy Studies

"The Predictive Power of Arrestee Urinalysis Results: Cocaine Use and Reported Child Maltreatment in Washington, DC, 1984-1988," ADELE HARRF.LL, The Urban Institute

One purpose of the drug use forecasting system is to provide communities with advance information on drug-related problems, which can be used to predict subsequent drug abuse problems among the general population. That assumption was examined using trends in drug use among all arrestees in the District of Columbia tested by the Pretrial ServicesAgency and trends in a number of indicators of drug related problems. Monthly trend data from April 1984 through June 1988 indicated a rapid rise in cocaine use among arrestees.

"Crack CocaineUse and Severityof Charge at Arrest: An Analysis of Drug Use Forecast Data," TOM MIECZKOWSKI, Universityof South Florida

This paper examines the correlation between urinalysis detected drug use in arrestees and the kind and quality of criminal charge at arrest. It compares crack cocaine,opiate, and marijuana users relative to felony/misdemeanor and violent/propertydichotomies of charge. Using an ANOVA approach the paper addresses three hypotheses: (1) are crack cocaine users, relative to other drug users, more likely to be arrested for more serious charges; (2) are crack cocaine users, relative to other drug users, more likely to be arrested for violent as opposed to property charges; and (3) are crack users, and opiate and marijuana users more likely to be arrested for violent felony crimes than self-reported non-users?

"The Drug Use Forecasting Program (DUP): History and Findings," ERIC WISH, National Institute of Justice

In 1986, the National Institute of Justice established the Drug Use Forecasting Program (DUP) to monitor trends in recent drug use in arrestees. The DUF program currently operates in 21 of the largest cities across the United States. Every quarter, new samples of 250 male arrestees in each city are asked to provide a voluntary and anonymous urine specimen and to be interviewed about their prior drug use and treatment history. Samples of female arrestees and juvenile detainees are also gathered in some cities. More than 50% of the arrestees in each city typically have tested positive for one or more of 10 drugs.

"Examining a Structural Model of the Relationship Between Physical Abuse, Sexual Victimization, Marijuana/Hashish Use and Delinquency Among a Cohort of High Risk Youths Over Time," RICHARD DEMBO, LINDA WILLIAMS, and CANDICE CHRISIENSEN, University of South Florida; WERNER WOTHKE, Scientific Software; JAMES SCHMFJDI.ER, Mt Sinai School of Medicine; AlAN GIITREU and ESrRELLITA BERRY, Northside Centers Inc; and ERIC WISH, National Institute of Justice

A structural modelof the relationship among physicalabuse and sexual victimization experiences, marijuana/hashish use, and self-reporteddelinquent behavior over time was tested on data from an ongoing, longitudinal study of juvenile detainees. The hypothesized model was supported by the data. Theoretical, research and policy implications of the results are drawn.

PLENARY SESSION II What Works in Correctional Rehabilitation?

"Principles of Effective Correctional Treatment," PAUL GENDREAU, Centracare Saint John Inc (CANADA)

A brief summaryof the 'nothing works' debate is provided with particular emphasis on recent interviews and meta-analyses of the literature. The data clearly indicate that treatment programs are effective.

"Assessing What Works in Prison Classification," PATRICIA VAN VOORlllS, University of Cincinnati

Most correctional practitioners and agencies classify their clientele. Practices range from the use of informally-derived criteria which varyfrom decision-maker to decision-maker to the application of formal systems for making management/security and/or treatment-based decisions. This paper reviews research on the efficacy of both risk assessment and psychological classification systems. Psychometric, implementation, and validity issues are discussed. The focal question is, "What works best for what purposes?" Results from the NI1-funded Prison Qassification Project, a comparative assessment of five psychological classification systems among federal inmates, as well as findings from other recent research efforts are provided.

"Assessing What Works in Community Corrections," JAMESBYRNE, University of Lowell

Available research on the effectiveness (crowding reduction, crime reduction, and rehabilitation) of a wide range of community-based sanctions, including both traditionalprobation and the new wave of intermediatesanctions (e.g., intensive supervision, house arrest, with and without electronic monitoring, shock incarceration and residential community corrections programs) are reviewed. Findings underscore the limitations of current surveillance-oriented community control strategies, while also highlighting the potential impact of strategies emphasizing both individual offender

175 rehabilitation and community change.

"Assessing What Works in Juvenile Corrections," PIITERGREENW OOD, Rand Corporation

Chronic delinquents usually come from dysfunctional families and neighborhoods, have probably been subjected to physical, verbal, or emotional abuse, and lack exposure to appropriate rolemodels. Effective interventionprograms include re-enforcing motivation to change; providing instruction in, and opportunities to proactive effective coping and survival skills; and assisting youth in finding prosocial networks in their community.

PANEL 159 Organizational Change in Police Agencies

"From Conflict to Community: A Case Study of Organizational Change in the McAllen, Texas Police Department," DAVID CAR'IER and ROBERT TROJANOWIcz, Michigan State University

The McAllen (fX) Police Department was an example of a traditionally structured and managed organization that had a conflictual relationship with the community which came to a head in the early 1980's. As a result of a series of civil rights lawsuits, change started to occur including new policies, training standards, internal controls, and organizational structure. Further change evolved in the mid-1980's with the appointment of the city's first Hispanic police chief. The new chief refined the organization implementing automation, enhanced training standards, professional values,and the development of an innovative and comprehensive community policingphilosophy. This paper discusses the elements and stimulants of change in McAllen.

"Assist Officer: Academic Consultants and Police Organizational Reform," JACK GREENE, Temple University

This paper examines the role of academic consultants in the complex processof changing police organizations. It is centered around improving police human resource management and career development, strategic planning, and community policing. It examines the changing expectations about the role of 'outsiders' in internal reform processes, conflicts in authority, the use of organizational champions and advocates, and the potential learning that takes place on both sides of the consultation.

"The Harford County Experiment: Co-Production of a Research Capacity in a Small to Medium-Sized Police Agency," CARL KLOCKARS, University of Delaware

This research describes the theoretical rationale for evolving a research capacity in a small to medium-sized police agency. It develops strategies for doing so which are compatible with the financial and administrative demands of an operating police agency. Should this model prove to be successful, the implications for change in the administrative environments of police agencies, as well as in higher education in criminal justice, are substantial.

"You Can Lead a Horse to Water ... : The Responseof Police to Drunk-Driving Reforms in Pennsylvania,' SIEPHENMASrROFSKI, R RICHARD RlTI1, CHRIsroPHER KUCH, and JEFFREY SNIPES, Pennsylvania State University

During the 1980's most states passed laws that increased the severity of criminal penalties for drunk driving and made it easier to secure convictions by establishing a � standard for legal intoxication. The level of DUI arrests rose nationwide following these changes, but response among police agencies has been quite variable. This paperanalyzes data collected on over 700 Pennsylvania policedepartments during 1989. Based on mail survey and archival arrest data, it identifies potential ways to increase police enforcement of DUI laws.

PANEL160 Issues inComputer Crime

"Security for Personal Computers and PC Network Systems," JAMES FAGIN, Wichita State University

This paper discusses the issues of security for personal computers and PC network systems. Issues include: (1) concepts of security for personal computers, (2) assessment of risk and risk management, (3) protecting data and files from damage or loss, (4) protecting personal computer equipment from loss, and (5) assessing the need for security awareness education in an o�ganization.

"Computer Virus-Hi-Tech Automated Crime," HARVEY MORLEY, California State University at Long Beach

Automation has become the password for success. Yet, inherent in this new age renaissance rests the seeds for potential disaster, the computer virus. This paper identifies procedures for protecting automated information systems from viral attack. Environmental factors supporting the potential development and introductionof a virus into computing systems are identified through the use of a newly developed tool-the AlphaCriteria Assessment Scale.

"Computer Hacking and Phone Phreaking: What Have we Learned?" ROBERT TAYLOR, University of Texas at Tyler

This paper addresses some of the activities involved in computer hacking and phone phreaking. A specific focus attempts to develop profiles of hackers and an adequate description of the hacker subculture. Further, case studies are highlighted involving child pornography, drug trafficking, and fraud in order to assess the risk to the general public. Through analysis of these case studies, specific programs designed to control the risk are offered.

PANEL 161 Common 'Themes in Studies ofVtctims

"The Impact of the Criminal Justice System on the Lives of Rape Victims," DIANE BYINGTON, University of Denver

Victims of crime are frequently, if not usually, victimized a second time by the criminal justice system. They are most often required to bear the economic expenses of appearing in court as a witness to a crime, rarely being compensated for lost wages, transportation, food and lodging, etc. Women who are victims of rape are especially prone to secondary victimization in court, as they are frequently depicted as sexually promiscuous or 'deserving' of the violence which occurred against them. This papercovers steps which are being taken to redress victims and protect them from 'the system.'

176 "Victimization of the Elderly," LINDA VINIDN, Florida State University

Recent studies indicate that the elderly are a particularly vulnerable population. This is true not only of crimes of violence but of 'white collar' crime such as those perpetrated by various 'con artists.' In fact, outside of central cities, crimes of violence against the elderly are lower than for the general population, and this trend seems to be increasing. However, older citizens are increasingly likely to be victimized by persons selling fake securities, unsound stocks, unlicensed home improvements, and questionable real estate.

"Victims of Child Abuse and Neglect," C AARONMc NEECE, Florida State University

The most vulnerable population of victims in our society are children. The rate of reported abuse and neglect has risen dramatically in the past decade, but a corresponding increase in services to abused and neglected children has not been apparent in most states. In fact, relatively few adults accused of child abuse or neglect are arrested or prosecuted. Thispaper examines the pros and cons of prosecuting child abuse and neglect in the same manner as any other crime.

"History of Victim's Rights," SUSAN SAYLES, Florida State University

This paper presents an historical account of victims' rights in the United States, beginning in the 18th century. Legislation regarding compensation, restitution, and social and medical services are covered. Historically, victims of crime have been ignored by the courts, socialwelfare policymakers, and those in social work practice. Concern with victims is relatively recent and presents a significant shift in the ways our society responds to crime.

PANEL 162 Domestic Vtole nce I

"MandatoryArrest and Temporary Restraining Orders in Domestic Violence," MARVINZALMAN, Wayne State University

No abstract available.

"Inter-Jurisdictional Variations in the Definition of Domestic Violence," JAMESBYRNE, University of Lowell; JACK McDEVTIT, Northeastern University; and DANIEL BmEL, Massachusetts Uniform Crime Reporting System

No abstract available.

"Identifying Families at Risk of Domestic Violence," GLENN PIERCE, Northeastern University

No abstract available.

PANEL 163 Roundtable: Issues in Internships

Issues relevant to criminal justice/criminology internships are addressed. The discussion focuses on the academic integrity of internships, liability of placing and hiring interns, and how to best document experiential education.

PANEL 165 Gangs and School

"Incidents of Crime and Violence in Los Angeles Area Schools: An Analysis of Rates and Trends," JAMES MILLERJR, CaliforniaState University at Los Angeles and WESLEY MITCHELL, Los Angeles Unified School District

The problems of school related child and youth crime and violence, drug abuse, gang activities, and other forms of criminality has reached a national crisis level. For the last two decades, the public's attitude toward their has ranked discipline and drug abuse as the major problems confronting schools. As critical as the problem is, very little is known about the nature, scope, and impact of school related crime and violence which can be used by the educational establishment in the development of programs which are designed to control and prevent such crime and violence.

"A Study in Student Violence: A Coastal Town," DORmHY SIEGEL, Towson State University

The spasm of violence that occurred at a coastal town on Labor Day weekend, 1989, appeared to subsume a number of categories: (1) college student violence, (2) 'towngown' violence, (3) racial violence, and (4) fraternityviolence. The Labor Day weekend incidents in a coastal town offer an unique opportunity to identify factors which contribute to outbreaks of social violence. The compilation of information from participants in and obselVers of the weekend events contributes to the understanding of the interlocked mechanisms that produce such disruptions and eventually to the prevention of their occurrences.

"Middle-Class Educational Values Among Latino Gang Members in East Los Angeles," AUDREYSCHWARTZ, Universityof Southern California

This paper reports an empirical exploration of four themes pertainingto gang members in 19 high schools in East Los Angeles County: differences between gang and non-gang members; extent social order is maintained; mutual influence between gang members and school climate; and administration of schoolswith gangs. Data were obtained from questionnaire responses by 3,540 10th grade pupils and 350 teachers, oral interviews with administrators, and extant information about the schools and communities.

"Using the Law to Improve School Order and Safety," EMANUELHUR wrrz.,JULIUS andMENACKER, WARDWELDON, Universityof Illinois at Chicago

Findings and recommendations from a 3-year federally funded research and development project are presented. The project centered on improving school order and safety through better use of law in two Chicago schools. Classes were conducted in discipline law and discipline education. This was followed by development of a local school discipline manual. One finding was the low level of educator knowledge of discipline law. Recommendations included involving all affected groups in the development of discipline policy, and accounting for negative conditions in the community surrounding the school.

177 PANEL 166 Workshop: Community Police Stations and Program Evaluation

A meaningful working partnership between citizens and police is essential if a community aspires to eradicate those conditions which threaten a safe and harmonious life style. It is the responsibility of the police to seek as broad a consultation with the community as possible. Victoria, British Columbia CO.P.S. program is based on the notion that crime prevention and control are a direct function of the efforts put forth by both sides; and as a result, the ends, means, administrative styles and relationships with the community all change.

PANEL 167 A Meta-Analysis of Delinquency Treatment Evaluations

"What Works in Delinquency Treatment: Results From 400 Studies," MARK LIPSEY, Claremont Graduate School

Over 400 studies in which a delinquency treatment was compared with a control condition on one or more outcome measures of delinquency were coded on 154 variables to create a database for meta-analysis. Analysis of the distribution of effect sizes from these studies reveal that they are positively skewed, highly variable, and systematically related both to the nature of the research methods employed and to the nature of the treatments, dosages, and subjects studied. These results show that preventive or rehabilitative delinquency intervention can be effective and identify the characteristics of successful treatments.

PANEL168 Criminal JusticeEducation

"Criminal Justice Education as an Alternative to Incarceration," CHARLES CHASTAIN, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

This paper explores the possible expansion of criminal justice education as an element of community-based correctional programming in association with the adult court system. Diversion programs encompassingelements of criminal justice education have been widely used in dealing with juveniles in the juvenile justice system but we have been reluctant to expand successful programs of this nature into the adult realm. This research explores the alternatives available for criminal justice education diversion programming focusing on the adult probation.

"Law Related Education in the Elementary School Setting," ROBIN MAY, University Arkansas at Little Rock

Juvenile delinquency is a problem that all of us will come into contact with at sometime during our life. The problem is recognized but we are often at a loss as to how to deal with it, let along prevent it. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has devised a program called Law Related Education to help schools curb the tendency toward delinquency among our youth. It is a program of instruction designed to provide students with conceptual as well as practical understanding of the law and legal processes and to equip them with knowledge of both their rights and responsibilities.

"Criminal Justice Education in a High School Curriculum," MARYPARKER, University of Arkansas at Little Rock

This paper explores the feasibility of including a comprehensive criminal justice education element as a standard part of secondary education. Due to the current emphasis on education as an essential element in the war on drugs and crime, criminal justice curriculum at the junior high/high school level has attracted the attention of policy-makers and educators as a means through which information about the way can be disseminated to the majority of today's youth. This paper explores the practical, theoretical, and policy issues attached to such an expansion of criminal justice education.

PANEL 169 Drugs, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System

"Declaring a 'Civil' War on Drugs," RALPH WEISHEIT, Illinois State University

This paper provides an overview of issues which are raised in the current war on drugs and does so by examining the implications of using the language of war in defining the current problem and the proper response. It considers such questions as "Who is the enemy?" and "What would constitute a victory?" In addition, several myths are examined which underlie many strategies for responding to the drug problem.

"The Unmentionable Alternative: The Need For, and the Argument Against the Decriminalization of Drug Use," PEI'ERKRASKA, Kent State University

This study presents the arguments for the 'unmentionable alternative' of decriminalizing drugs. Like the get-tough stance they oppose, proponents of decriminalization are drawn from across the political spectrum. The history of drug use and drug controls in this country are presented to argue that a precedent for decriminalization exists. This study outlines the problems generated by drugs, arguing that many of these problems are more the result of drug laws and of the effects of drugs themselves. The issue is not whether decriminalization would incur costs, but whether these costs would exceed those arising from our current policies.

"Legal Issues in Drug Testing Offenders and Criminal Justice Employees," ROlANDO DEL CARMEN and JONA1HAN SORENSEN, Sam Houston State University

While all citizens should be concerned about the role of drug testing in society, the issue has already been raised in the criminal justice setting, and court rulings in that setting are likely to establish the ground rules for testing in general. This study discusses the types of tests which are currently ava ilable and the short-comings of each. It covers the issue of testing offenders, the constitutional issues raised by such tests, and suggests policies for the administration of these tests. Finally, the constitutional issues raised in testing are not simply technical questions of accuracy, but include more fundamental questions about the relationship between a government and its citizens.

"Drugs, Violence and the Industrial Order," SEI1I FISHER, University of California at Santa Barbara

No abstract available.

"The Study of Narcotics Traffic in India: Its Effects on the United Stated," SESHA KEIHINENI, Illinois State University

Nationally, drug trafficking has become a major problem. To deal with this crisis, the President has declared a war on drugs. His strategy, however,

178 has focused on South America, ignoring South Asian countries. In particular, India has emerged in recent years as a major transit point for drugs produced in "Golden Triangle" and "Golden Crescent". The use of India as a major transit point for drugs is a recent development with which neither policies nor research have kept pace. This paper identifies major drug transit points in India, the types of drugs trafficked through these transit points, as well as their route of entry into the United States.

PANEL 170 Electronic Monitoringand HouseArrest

"Field Officers: The Impact of Role-Taking in an Intensive Supervision Program," KIMBERLY BRODERICKand CHARLES HANNA,Duquesne University

This paper employs symbolic interactionist ideas of role-taking and role-making to analyze the emergence of a house arrest program in western county. Tape recorded interviews with administrators and field officers revealed the program was influenced by everyday interactionwith offenders, technological problems, and administrative pressure to increase the number of participants.

"Factors Related to the Mental Health Status of Offenders Sanctioned With Electronic Monitoring Home Confinement," JOHN HOLMAN, University of North Texas

There has been a rapid increase in the electronic sUlVeillance of felony offenders over the last two years. This paper presents the empirical findings of a study conducted to evaluate the mental health status and related correlates of offenders sanctioned with electronic home confinement by probation and parole departments. It presents the findings across and within probation and parole populations located in two large cities in the southwestern United States. This paperincludes a model ofselection criteria for screening potential offenders to be electronically monitored based on the findings presented.

"Intrafamilial Conflict Among Felons Under Community Supervision: An Examination of Electronically-Monitored Parolees and Their Significant Others," JAMES QUINN, University of North Texas

This paper examines the level and nature of reported intrafamilial conflict in a sample of parolees on electronically monitored home confinement. The Family Environment Scale and specially designed questions are used as independentvariables in statistical analyses that attempt to identify demographic and other predictors of the level and nature of family conflict. The perceptions of adult co-residents of the parolees are also examined and compared with those of the parolees.

"Electronic Jails and Political Reality," JAMESWALKER, Wright State University

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of house arrest. However, there has been very little study done on the political realities associated with such programs. Through the study of the implementation of electronically monitored house arrest, a typologyof relevant political behavior is formed, leading to an assessment of the political risks associated with such a system of confinement. A set of criteria to insure that maximum effective use is made of the developing technologies without infringement on individual rights and without discouraging the relevant political actors from using such systems is presented.

PANEL 171 Workshop: Sentencing Policies and Addressing Victim Concerns

Current sentencing policies including mandatory sentencing, overreliance on incarceration, and extensive use of financial conditions are explored in relation to their perceived impact on addressing victim concerns. The values that drive sentencing policy areevaluated along with the values that drive victim oriented legislation.

PANEL 172 Crime Patterns and Trends

"Money Buys Dignity: Black Organized Crime as an Avenue of Social Mobility," FREDERICK MARTENS, Pennsylvania Crime Commission

African-American organized crime represents another dimension of traditional organized crime that has been ignored by both researchers and practitioners. The reluctance to address this form of organized crime is a result of 'perceptual impairment' and the implied threator fear of being perceived as racist. This phenomenon is explored and examines the evolution of African-American organized crime from the late 1800's to the present.

"Examining African-American Popular Culture Through 'Rap Music': The Prominence of Crime and Criminal Justice Themes," ZAID ANSARI, University of Cincinnati

This study examines 'hard rap music' as a context for investigating African-American popular culture for trends in the popularity of crime, drugs, and criminal justice themes. It conducted content analysis on a representative sample of 'hard rap' music records and tape recordings to classify various themes which either advocate or discourage participation in various drug or criminal activities. In addition, a stratified sample of African­ American youth were surveyed as a control reference to confirm the advocation or discouragement of various criminal justice themes derived from the content analysis.

"The Organizing of Crime in Appalachia," GARY P

This paper analyzes the organization of criminal enterprises in the 49 Appalachian counties of Kentucky. Data was gathered from UniformArrest and Citation Reports and a content analysis of local newspapers during a 6-month period in 1988-1989. Sixty-four organizations engaged in ongoing criminal enterprises were identified and analyzed according to size, scope, type of relations with legitimate businesses, and types of illicit enterprise, such as drug trafficking, gambling, illicit sexual services, organized theft and illegal weapons transactions. This paper identifies major characteristics of criminal enterprises operating in a rural setting.

"Offense Patterns of Alaska Repeat Offenders," AlLAN BARNES, University of Alaska Anchorage

The Alaska Offender-Based Transaction Statistics (OBTS) database was used to create a profile of repeat offenders and investigate the possibility of escalatingoffe nse seriousness among the violent offenders. Of particular interestwas the offense pattern differences between those prosecuted

179 and those not prosecuted as well as the temporal differences between differing offender groups with respect to justice system processing.

PANEL 173 Assessing the Liability Associated with Preventing Crime

"Armed Robbery and Civil Liability: Preventing Either, Neither or Both," WILUAM PELFREY, University of Louisville

Armed robbery poses a very obvious threat to businesses, their customers, and employees. Often businesses use target hardening tactics indiscriminately thinking that they will reduce the likelihood of robberywhen other measures are as appropriate. Additionally, businesses tend to ignore cost effective measures which reduce their vulnerability to successful civil suits arising from robberies with injuries. This paper suggests plans, programs, and policies which may reduce both robbery and liability.

"Victims of Terrorist Acts-Who is Liable for Their Hurt?" RICHIER MOORE JR, Appalachian State University

More and more people are becoming the prey of terrorists. Frequently they are innocent victims who at strike time are unwittingly in or at the target site. Courts are holding that those who expose others to the possibility of terrorist attack must provide protection for them from such a potentiality. Failure to provide for the safety and security of patrons, clients, customers, even employees, from terrorist encounters leads to a civil liability verdict on behalf of the injured.

"Murder in the Workplace: Establishing the Nexus Between Security Practices and Premises Liability," ROBERT MFADOWS, Glendale College

There are a growing number of murders and violent acts occurring in the workplace. Many acts are perpetuated by disgruntled and terminated employees, as well as third party intruders. Violent crime in the workplace often leads to claims of negligent or impropersecurity practices. In order for claimants to prevail in these suits, there must be evidence of foreseeability on the part of the employer. Several workplace murders (violent crimes) are discussed focusing on the nexus between notice/foreseeability, and security practices.

"National McGruff House Program: Preventing Crime and Facing Civil Litigation?" R PAUL McCAULEY, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

This paper addresses the evaluation of the McGruff House program. Of particular importance is potential civil litigation which may confront a McGruff House owner should 'something happen'. The protection provided under good Samaritan laws are examined. The fact that the McGruff House Program is 'loosely' managed plays a significant role in the potential litigation of McGruff House owners.

PANEL 174 Elder Abuse: Creation, Control, and the Future

"Psychological Theories of Elder Abuse," JAMES DAVIS, Department of Probation (NYC)

Some psychological theories of elder abuse are discussed, namely, socialexchange theory, symbolic interaction, the intergenerational hypothesis, social learning theory, the frustration-aggression hypothesis, the situational model, and psychoanalytic model. A reviewof some of the relevant literature is analyzed to determine important psychological orientations.

"'The Role of Specialized Police Services in Meeting the Needs of Elderly Citizens," RICHARD ZEVfI'Z, Marquette University and ANNE GURNACK, University of Wisconsin

In order to meet the increasing demand of elderly citizens for police services, several jurisdictions have formed special units to handle the crime­ related problems of older people. These senior citizens units have been perceived as useful in removing obstacles to improved relations with elderly residents. Few efforts have been conducted to systematically evaluate this kind of specialized policeservice for older adults. This paper summarizes an evaluation of the impact of the 'Gray Squad' in Milwaukee. Two hundred twenty-four elderly residents were interviewed via telephone survey to ascertain their views toward police service delivery.

"Criminal Justice and Elderly Victimization: A Prognosis for the Future," RONALD IACOVElTA and DONALD BLAZICEK, Wichita State University

This paper represents a review and assessment of the developments in elderly victimization research and problems of assessment coupled with an evaluation of the available data and projections pertaining to the future expectations for elderly victimization given the increasing 'aging' of the population in the next 20 years. It focuses upon the significance of these changes in the proportion of the elderly in the population and the ensuing demands on the criminal justice system, as well as the need for plans to prepare for the changes these developments create for the system.

PANEL 175 Domestic VIOle nce n

"Innovative Approaches to the Prosecution of Domestic Violence," NAOMI KAHN, Georgetown University

No abstract available.

"'The Role of Victim-Related Variables in Determining the Police Response to Family Violence Call," EVE BUZAWA, University of Lowell and mOMASAUSI1N, Shippensburg State University

No abstract available.

"Variations in Legal Definitions of Domestic Violence," JANE HALSTED, University of South Florida

No abstract available.

180 PANEL 176 Internships and Student Values

"The Practicum: An Effective Tool for Testing, Training, and Program Design," ALEXCHUCKMAN, Miami-Dade Community College and SAlLY GROSS-FARINA, Southeast Florida Institute of Criminal Justice

How do you teach and critique using state of the art technology, in a manner which demonstrates to the recruit strengths and weaknesses from which individualized, advanced training can be developed? Using actual video-taped trainee performance, a thorough overview of the Southeast Florida Institute of Criminal Justice/Metro-Dade Police Department Practicum exercises are presented. Specific behavioral variables, measurement tools, and feedback mechanisms which comprise this comprehensive evaluation of skills and attitudes will be shared.

"Values Education and Criminal Justice," lARRY NUIT and DAVID EMMONS, Stockton State College

This paper examines a year-long experiment, funded by the New Jersey Department of Higher Education, to introduce values education into the criminal justice curriculum. It discusses critical values at stake in criminal justice practice and proposes pedagogic strategies for using them in the curriculum. Drawing on evaluation data, the paper analyses criminal justice values of 400 students at a state college in New Jersey and assesses the impact of the curricular experiment on them.

"The Nature and Administration of Criminal Justice Internship," MAUREEN McLEOD and USA HELM, Russell Sage College

The experiential value of internshipsis well established. Nevertheless, attempts to dialogue with colleagues about internship coordination havebeen difficult due to minimal intra-and inter-institutional sharing of information as to internship administration, supervision, and evaluation. This paper presents the findings of a survey distributed to a national sample of criminal justice educators.

"Experiential Learning Through Internships: Organizational Problems for Criminal Justice Educators," PAUL BRULE, Rochester Institute of Technology

Criminal justice internshipshave become widely accepted and subsequently an integral component of criminal justice programs. This paper examines planning, implementation and maintenance of criminal justice internships. It focuses on the role of the intern, commitment to experiential learning by criminal justice faculty, commitment by placement organizations to interns, and credit versus non-credit internships. Also addressed are these issues and concerns, and strategies for the successful development and operation of criminal justice internships.

PANEL 177 Internal and External Controls OverPolice Behavior

"Improving Control Over Police Violence in New York City," JEFFREY ROSS, University of Colorado

While the police are generally mandated to use necessary force in affecting arrests, sometimes police go beyond this mandate and engage in illegal violence. Illegal police violence consists of "violent force, police riots, and police use of deadly force which results in a criminal conviction against a police officer or group of police officers." This paper examines the contours of police violence, and focuses on the analysis and results from an original dataset documenting these incidents and the effect or relative influence of these controls in New York City from 1976-1988.

"Who Sues the Sheriff?" CANDACE McCOY, URSA Institute and JAMES FYFE, American University

Civil liability is a major concern of criminal justice administrators throughout the United States, but discussions of the current "liability crisis" are rarely informed by hard data. This paper analyzes the 998 civil actions handled by the National Sherifrs Association's primary insuror during 1974- 1984, and presents their implications for policy makers and for researchers.

"Police Risk Management: Avoiding the Lawsuit," JACK WILLIAMS, Pennsylvania State University

Three major activities of policinghave resulted in the majority of all lawsuits against police departments during the last five years. These include the use of emergency vehicles and high speed chases, responses to domestic situations, and allegations of police brutality. This paper presents methods of eliminating these risks by changing police procedures to eliminate dangerous high speed chases and to regulate emergency vehicle use; revamp police procedures for responding to domestics; and by establishing a number of procedures which will tend to eliminate the Sec. 1983 lawsuits.

PANEL 178 Prisoner Rights and the Fight Against Oppression

"Does the Fetus of an Incarcerated Pregnant Inmate Have Any Constitutional Rights Under the Missouri Abortion Law?" RICK SIEINMANN, University of Missouri at St Louis

The Court in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services did not disturb the "preamble" of the Missouri Statute indicating that life begins at conception and that the unborn have all the rights, privileges and immunities available to other persons. A lawsuit has been filed in Missouri demanding that an incarcerated pregnant inmate be released as the woman's fetus has not been charged with a crime or sentenced to prison. Do the unborn have the same rights as anyone else? Is the fetus being denied proper medical care, diet and the opportunity to develop into a healthy, live born child?

"Political Activism in Prison as a Mechanism of Struggle for Social Justice," EDWARD SBARBARO, Regis College and ROBEIU KELLER, University of Southern Colorado

The "intifada", the Palestinian uprising against the twenty years Israel Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, was organized and sustained in the Israeli prisons where 40,000 Palestinians transformed them into "academies" for ideological discourse, strategy development and channeling of rage into political commitment. In such a context, a comparative history of prisoner activism is presented, wherein it is argued that prisoner activism can be an effective mechanism of struggle for social justice and political actions wherever oppression exists.

"Back to Fundamentals: Felons and the Right to Vote," 1TI'US AARON, The Legal Research Company

Today, many ex-felons cannot vote even after they have managed to reintegrate into and become productive members of society. This disability

181 should be removed so that those few ex-felons who make it will be encouraged to continue to be productive members of society. It's simply a step towards allowing rehabilitation.

PANEL 179 Potpourri IV

"Demographics and Their Effect on the Investigative Function," FREDERICKMER CllllO'IT, University of New Haven

In many jurisdictions arson investigations are viewed as unique and complex and many agencies are still experimenting with the locus of the investigative responsibility. While this may not seem significant, it was found that the location of investigative responsibility greatly affected the outcome of a successful arson investigation. The operational tactics such as reward, posting of buildings, and the use of data systems had a great effect and proved more successful in arson control.

"Creating a Symbiotic Criminal Justice System for the 21st Century," GENESIEPHENS, University of South Carolina

The nature of American society is changing rapidly in the latter years of the 20th century. The population is more heterogeneous, the workplace is more diversified, and the major product is information, not consumer goods. While the adversary process might have seemed to be in harmony with the competitive, advantage-seeking industrial society of the 20th century, it is clear that a new system of justice will be necessary for the cooperative, symbiosis-seeking of the information era ahead.

"The Future of Criminal Investigation," S'IEVEN EGGER, Sangamon State University

This paper reviews the current research on the criminal investigative function and provides a synthesis of this research from which to consider the future. In considering the future of criminal investigation, 5 major areas are discussed: training programs for patrol officers and criminal investigators; new kinds of investigative thinking to include a subjective ecology of crime; more effective exploitation of developing technology; alternative organizational relationships; and more effective utilization of forensic setvices. These areas of discussion will be placed within the context of serial and violent crime.

PANEL 180 Domestic Violence and its Victims

"Unsafe at Home: Media Impact Upon Public Perception of Domestic Violence," lLOYD KLEIN, Brooklyn College

The recent notoriety of the Joel Steinberg case highlighted the ever-increasing incidence of domestic abuse. The media has served in the reconstruction of an already serious social problem. Television depiction of domestic violence and newspaper reporting during and after the Steinberg case are utilized in examining: (1) media portrayal of domestic violence; (2) criminalization of domestic violence through enforcement of specific statutes; (3) whether media exposure has heightened reporting of domestic violence; and (4) attitudes of the criminal justice toward domestic victimization.

"Women as Victims of Spousal Homicide," ANNA ICUI-a, Eastern Kentucky University and DEBORAHWILSON, University of Louisville

This paper presents a profile of women who were victims of spousal homicide in California from 1974 to 1988 inclusive. Demographic data, census data and vital statistics data are analyzed to assess the impact of socio-economic class upon the victimization process in spousal homicide. Specific attention will be given to murder-suicide by the spouse.

"Marital Status, Woman Abuse, and Sociological Theory," DESMOND ELLIS, York University

Does woman abuse vary with marital status and, if so, why? The primary obj ectives of this paper are to answer these two questions. A review of research findings indicates that cohabiting women are more likely than married women to be beaten by the men whey live with. Implicated in this explanation are social factors operating at the level of society, a disjunction between patriarchal societal norms and their existential basis in households, relational norms, and socialand economic costs. Taken together, these variables influencewoman abuse differentials by either increasing the amount of strain/stress or decreasing the likelihood of effective social regulation.

"Male Peer Support and Woman Abuse: The Current State of Knowledge," WALmR DeKESEREDY, Carleton University

This paper reviews the current empirical literature on the relationship between male peer support and woman abuse in intimate, heterosexual relationships. Suggestions for future quantitative and qualitative studies are provided. Furthermore, this review concludes with a call for more rigorous attempts at theory construction and testing.

PANEL 181 Criminal Justice Education Needs of the 1990's

"Education, Not Training: The Challenge for Criminal Justice Educators," GERALD RIGBY, Bowling Green State University

A consideration of the case for criminal justice education, as opposed to training, in the 1990s is presented. An examination of one such training­ sterile program was completed. Advocacy of the need for movement from adolescence to maturity in criminal justice education is discussed.

"Education for Preventive Health Programming and Police Injuries and Illnesses," HOWARD TROT, Kent State University

Preventive health programming designed to reduce illness and injury in the workplace has risen significantly in recent years. Little research is available which examines the relationship of the content of these programs with the nature, source, and frequency of the injuries and illnesses most often encountered on the job. This paper attempts to provide some clarity on this relationship.

"A Systematic Approach to a Masters Degree Program in Criminal Justice," C DONAID ENGLE, Glassboro State College and DONAID NEWMAN, State University of New York at Albany

This masters degree provides a systemic approach to the criminal justice system specialization courses dealing with contemporary issues in criminal justice. It offers graduate foundation courses dealing with total criminal justice system issues as well as courses which specialize in different areas

182 and different agencies of crime control. The focus on the total system in the foundation courses and the Capstone Seminar is intended to give the student a perception of the linkage between police, court, and correctional efforts. This approach provides opportunities for students to develop and plan realistic and feasible new approaches to crime control and prevention.

"Is Graduate School Necessaryfor Criminal Justice Personnel?"TOO BURKE,St Anselm College and CHARLES O'REAR, George Washington University

This paper focuses upon criminal justice educational needs during the 1990's , with special attention being devoted to graduate school offerings. A number of colleges and universities (with graduate programs in criminal justice or related fields) were selected to ascertain the "types" of degrees available to criminal justice personnel. In addition, career/job opportunities with a graduate degree are discussed.

"Criminal Justice: Promise and Outcome," DONAID NEWMAN, State University of New York at Albany

No abstract available.

PANEL 182 Elaborating on the Drugs-Delinquency Connection

"The Assessment of Multiple Drug Use Patterns and Types Found Among the Sentenced Juvenile Offender," KENNEIH WANBERG, JAN EMBREE, and JOHN BFFUS, Colorado Division of Youth Service

This paper summarizes a comprehensive program of the assessment of drug use and abuse among the sentenced juvenile offender. The scales of the Drug Use Survey(DUS) are presented which includes 19 primary factors and four second order broad factors. Ten scales comprise the extent of involvement in the ten major drug categories; two factors measure the styles and methods of use; three factors measure the perceived benefits of drug use, and four factors identified specific areas of drug use disruption. The broad scales measured areas of drug use disruption. The broad scales measured areas of acknowledgement, benefits and disruption of use.

"Correlates of Early Offending in a High Risk Sample of Youth," FINN ESBENSEN and DAVIDHUIZINGA, University of Colorado

This paper examines the correlated of delinquent and drug use behavior among five cohorts of youth (ages 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 years). Analysis focuses upon attitudinal and demographic variables associated with both early onset and high rates of individual offending.

"Ethnicity and Career Drug Use of High School Seniors," WILLIAM TOLONE, Illinois State University and CHERYL TIEMAN, Radford University

The concept of career drug use implies not only multiple drug use, but a progression of use from one drug to another. This concept is examined in conjunction with delinquent activities, victimization and lifestyle variables that may predict progression toward multiple drug use or discontinuation of the pattern. A comparison is made of white and nonwhite high school seniors in the monitoring the future dataset.

PANEL 183 Recent Trends in Community-Based Corrections: From Boot Camps to Character Corrections

"Computer-Assisted Monitoring of Offenders: Assessment of Trends and Emerging Issues," WILLIAM ARCHAMBFAULT, Louisiana State University

This paper assesses trends and issues in computer assisted monitoring of offenders (CAMO), including recent research conducted in the U S as well as in other countries. It argues that the full potential of CAMO has yet to be realized, that issues debated in the early 1980's have yet to be addressed, and that much of the blame lies with the market driven approach to CAMO development. Research, alternatives, and future trends are examined.

"Shock Incarceration: Boot Camp Style," KIM KAUFFMAN, Universityof Arkansas at Little Rock

A new phenomenon is taking place in our modem prison systems. The idea is shock incarceration; the name is "military boot camp". The boot campsprovide a highly regimented program involvingstrict discipline, physical training, hard labor, and some drill and ceremony resembling aspects of military basic training. The boot camps are designed to be more cost effective than prison while being more rehabilitative. This paper looks at some of the boot camps now operating and compares them in their style of operation, the cost-effectiveness, and rehabilitative conditions which may or may not lead to lower recidivism of offenders.

"Character Corrections," A J snJART JR, National Character Laboratory Inc

Since most professional corrections peoplehave not been exposed to the results of recent research in the field of character, they cannot understand character corrections unless they first learn the basics of character theory. These results are presented, to cover the definitions of terms, how character develops, and how it can be changed. Since the multiple IQ theory is also important, it too is presented. Successful character corrections programs already in place are described, including the results.

"An Analysis of a Therapeutic Community: Program Selection, Group Interaction, and Outcome," BARBARAPFAT and L rnOMASWINFREE JR, New Mexico State University

The therapeutic community is specifically designed to offer indepth therapy to inmates, the goal being to teach program residents to engender positive growth on a personal, interpersonal, and social basis. The expected outcomes are designed to eliminate substance abuse, reduce recidivism, and enhance prosocial capabilities. This paperprovides an analysisof one such therapeuticcommunity program by examining the selection process, the group interaction, and the outcome status of residents.

183 PANEL 184 'The Organization of Ju...enile Justice

"Decision-Making and the Typification of Juveniles on Parole," PAUL KNEPPER and GRAY CAVENDER, Arizona State University

Juvenile justice, especially juvenile parole, is an under-researched part of American criminal justice. Based on a combination of participant observation and multivariate analysis, this research examined the decision-making process in 114 case hearingsbefore the juvenile parole revocation board in a western state between 1982 and 1983. Through an "informal hearing", which occurred before the juvenile was present, and a "formal hearing" which was recorded, the board was found to make revocation decisions according to a "theory of office" composed of justifications for the "rightness" of decisions and specific typologies which help produce decisions.

"Pleading Guilty in Juvenile Court: Minimal Ado About Something Very Important to Young Defendants," JOSEPH SANBORNJR, Glassboro State College

This study was designed to examine the guilty plea process in juvenile court. In the first phase of the research, statutes, court rules, and case decisions from all 50 states were analyzed to see what the countryhas decided about pleading guilty in juvenile court. Phase two involved observing three juvenile courts to ascertain their responses to juveniles' guilty pleas. Finally, in phase three, 100court workers were interviewed to disclose problems these individuals have discovered and solutions they have offered surrounding the guilty plea practice.

"The Juvenile Court in Limbo," THEODORE FERDINAND, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

The juvenile court is in limbo. The U S Supreme Court has reviewed its activities and in essence has proclaimed it a quasi-criminal court in Kent v. U S., In re Gault, in re Winship, and Breed v. Jones and therefore, subject to the due process standards guaranteed by the Constitution. At the same time the U S Supreme Court has reiterated the value of parens patriae for the juvenile court with respect to certain issues, namely the adversarial process and preadjudicatory detention.

"YSBs, Administered for Extinction," HllARY HARPER, University of South Florida

The administration of youth services bureaus in Texas was examined from the perspective of social change theory, revealing two patterns. Contrary to expectation, the more dynamic organizations were the first to fail.

PANEL 185 Workshop: Investigation of Sexual Cannibalism

This workshop examines cannibalism as it relates to criminal investigation. Cannibalism for survival is differentiated from cannibalism that is erotic. The relationship between cannibalism, necrophilia, and vampirism is discussed. Classic cases of erotic cannibalism, such as Albert Fish, Ed Gein, and Gary Hiednick, are presented along with lesser known cases. Special concerns and considerations of investigation are discussed.

PANEL 186 Gender and Justice Processing

"Differential Handling of Females in the Juvenile Justice System: The Impact of Deinstitutionalization," DONNA BISHOP and CHARLES FRAZIER, University of Florida

Traditionally, studies have suggested that female status offendersare considerably more likely to be placed in detention facilities and training schools than their male counterparts. Several commentators have expressed hope that the deinstitutionalization requirements of the JJDP Act might go a long way toward equalizing the treatment of males and females in the juvenile justice system. Under the Act, participating states may no longer place status offenders in secure facilities, making it difficult to practice differential protectionist policies towardyoung females. This paper examines the processing of youths referred to the justice system in one southern state, with special attention given to the handling of status offenders.

"Legal Processing and Recidivism: Are There Gender Differences?" LONN LANZA-KADUCE., PATRICKGARTIN, and lAUREN DUNDES, University of Florida

This paper examines legal processing differences between males and females in two Flotida counties. The sample was generated from Department of Corrections releasees for a 4-month period in 1987. The relationships between processingvariables and rearrest are analyzed by gender and the similarities and differences across sex are discussed.

"A Comparative Study of Adolescent Female Clients of the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services and the Department of Social Services: Placement, Treatment, and Needs," ROBIN ROBINSON, Brandeis University

This paper discusses findings of a study in Massachusetts comparing adolescent female clients committed to the Department of Youth Services and female clients designated Children in Need of Services (CHINS) under the Department of Social Services. The study compares the female juvenile offenders and child welfareclients on measures of departmental placement, treatment, family, and offense histories, and other measures to describe the clients' needs, collected through interviews with the clients and case record reviews. Findings are presented with policy implications for the clients' placement and treatment, considering the particular characteristics and needs of adolescent females.

"Gender Differences in Sentencing: Fact or Fiction?" PAUlA DRACH-BRILLINGER, University of Cincinnati

Previous studies have looked at gender differences in sentencing from two opposing viewpoints. One approach suggests that due to paternalism, women are treated less harshly than male offenders. The other suggeststhat criminal justice decision-makers perceive women offenders as "extra" deviant, and thus they are treated more harshly than their male counterparts. This research looks at this issue using 1986 OBTS data to examine the difference in male and female sentencing in New York state, while controlling for age, type of offense and prior convictions.

PANFL 187 Problems and Programs in Police Administration

"Problems Encountered by Mounted Patrol Programs in Law Enforcement," srEPHEN DOEREN, Wichita State University

A surveyof eleven law enforcement agencies utilizing mounted patrol was conducted. The survey identified six distinct functions for which mounted

184 patrols were particularly effective: (1) patrolling park and recreational areas; (2) patrolling areas of high congestion, such as business and shopping districts; (3) traffic control; (4) crowd control; (5) ceremonial functions, such as parades; and (6) public relations. Despite the advantages of mounted patrol programs, they have encountered a variety of problems. This paper focuses on an elaboration of these problems, the ways in which police departments have attempted to counteract these problems, and the possibility of these problems resulting in the termination of mounted patrol programs.

"A Comparative Analysis of Victim Assistance Programs," JAMES HENDRICKSand RONAlD DOLON, Ball State University

During the early 1980's, the federal government enacted the Victims Crime Act of 1984, which served to expand and improve services to victims of violent crime. Since that time, financial assistance has led to the development of a wide variety of programs and services. This paper discusses three different types of victim assistance programs (police based, prosecutor based, independent) dependent upon their funding sources and location with regard to host agencies. A comparative analysis of the data reveals information as to client population, services provided, prosecutorial impact, and police interfacing.

"Volunteerism in Law Enforcement: Issues in Volunteers' Perception and Experience," BllL LIN, Sam Houston State University

This paper analyzes the perception and experience of Texas residents who voluntarily participate in police activities. The data were collected as part of the 1989 Texas Crime Poll. The analysis focuses on an examination of the distinction between volunteers and nonvolunteers with respect to perception of community, crime problem, concern about crime, victimization experiences, performance of the criminal justice system, and experience with the criminal justice system, utilizing discriminant analysis. The extent and nature of volunteer activities in law enforcement are included in the analysis.

"The Evolution of Japanese Policing Model in Post-War Taiwan (1945-Present)," TONY TSAO, State University of New York at Albany

No abstract available.

PANEL 188 The Scope ofthe Gang Problem

"Gang-Related Crime and Violence: Analysis of Rates, Patterns, and Trends," RALPH DAWSON, California State University at Los Angeles

In the greater Los Angeles Metropolitan area, the number of reported gang-related incidents of crime and violence seem to be on the rise. The escalating number of incidents, along with-the increase seriousness and level of violence, has earned the area the status of the nation's street gang capital. Despite the national attention given to the area street gang related crime and violence, very little systematic research has been conducted into the nature, scope, patterns, and trends of this phenomenon. Using official local area police investigative reports, this study offers an analysis of the roles, patterns, and trends of street gang crime and violence.

"Definition of Gang Incident as an Element of Gang Programs," G DAVID CURRY, West Virginia University and IRVING SPERGEL, University of Chicago

The gang incident is the most important indicator of the scope and severity of the gang problem. The definition of what constitutes a gang incident is explored using a survey of 254 gang program agency representatives at 45 sites. A content analysis of open-ended responses generates various combinations of definitional components. A GLS factor analysis of the tetrochoric correlations between these components produces limited explanatory results explaining 43.1% of the total variation. Components of the definition of a gang incident vary across site and categories of respondents.

"Urban Youth Lock-In: An Anti-Gang Prevention Program," RALPH DAWSON, California State University at Los Angeles

The Urban Youth Lock-in is a prevention and early intervention model focused on at-risk youth. The model is based on the fundamental concept of a 24-hour urban retreat, held every 90 days, during which at-risk youth are isolated in an inner-city site in order to interface with professional counselors and select role models. This is a focused environment addressing critical issues facing the youth of today. This presentation is an introduction to the lock-in program and an overview of the impact the project has had to date.

"Black Gangs: The Latin Connection," TIRONE PRICE, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

No abstract available.

PANEL 189 Bureaucracy, Participation, and Change in Policing

"What Works in Policing? Personalized, Nonbureaucratic Policing," VIC SIMS, Lamar University

This paper contrasts larger policebureaucracies with small non-bureaucratic police departments in terms of resulting differences in policingseemingly attributable to the presence or absence of a police bureaucracy. The influence of the bureaucracy or small group dynamics on the police officer's performance is examined.

"A ParamilitaryOrganization and Participatory Management: The Implementation of Teams in the Washington State Patrol," KELSEY GRAY, Washington State University-Spokane and NICHOLAS LOVRICH and MARY sroHR-GllLMORE, Washington State University

Police agencies have traditionally been structured along paramilitary lines, with limited top-down communication. This traditional organizational structure is rigid in arrangement and thus renders the police agency inflexible when responding to its more fluid external and internal environments. TFAMS, a management philosophy that encourages an interactive group problem solving approach on both the horizontal and vertical levels of the organization, has recently been implemented in the WSP to address just such difficulties. This paper traces the development and implementation of TFAMS as it transforms a traditional police agency.

185 "An Assessment of Police Management Culture and Potential for Organizational Change," JAMES GILSINAN, St Louis University

Literature on both police management and organizational culture suggests that change is problematic. Different explanations for the difficulty of bringing about organizational change within law enforcement abound. This paper seeks the answer to two questions. First, what is the empirical evidence for a particular type of organizational culture among a select group of police managers? A cultural assessment survey is used to explore this question. Second, what is the potential for change in a police organization given the leadership styles of newly promoted supervisors? A leadership survey is used to explore this query.

"Authority as Technology: Implications for Police Patrol Operations and Agency Reorganization," MIOIAELMEYER, Universityof North Dakota

This paper explores the concept of "authority" as a technological tool in the performance of the police role. Technology has been considered a significant factor in the structure or organizations. This paper views "authority" as a technological tool and explores the implications of different sources of authority on current operational programs in law enforcement, among them, Community Oriented Policing (COP), Neighborhood Oriented Policing (NOP), Problem Oriented Policing (POP), and traditional organizations. Specifically, this work employs Perrow's framework for the comparative analysis of organizations.

PANEL 190 Community Policing

"An Update of the Institutionalization of Community Policing in the City of Houston," JAMES OPOLOT,Texas Southern University

By committing itself to change over a decade or so from traditional policing to community-oriented policing, the Houston Police Department finds itself subscribing to one school of thought that holds that an organization responds to a particular historical environment. It is this development that this paper seeks to outline and analyze using relevant literature and available data.

"Community-Oriented Policing and Beat Integrity," NOAH FRITZ, Tempe Police Department

Community-oriented policing (COP) is a new strategy in police work. The crucial difference from traditional strategies is its proactive approach in responding to calls for service (CPS). This paper addresses the analysis of a problem-oriented approach to COP. Knowledge of the special and temporal aspects of crime is important for preventing crime and apprehending criminals. Through a number of teChniques, data was gathered regarding specific problems in particular beats. This information was presented to officers in those beats to direct their patrol activities. Crime rates, frequency of CPS, and citizen's fear of crime were evaluated over time to measure COP's impact.

"Community Policing in Colorado Springs: Implementation and Impact," L DOUG GIFFORD, Colorado Springs Police Department and IAN GOMME, Memorial University of Newfoundland

On January 9, 1989, the Neighborhood Policing Unit of the Colorado Springs Police Department began operation in selected target areas. This paper outlines the forces precipitating its introduction. Also described is the manner in which the program was implemented and the way in which it currently operates. Operational problems which the unit has encountered and the strategies undertaken to ove rcome these obstacles are discussed. The impacts of the program and the prospects for its expansion are also assessed.

"The Latest Advances in Making Excuses for the Way Things Are: Changing Law Enforcement Organizational Culture," GARY SYKES, Southwestern Law Enforcement Institute

This paper examines contemporary paradigms that attempt to change the fundamental patterns of behavior in police organizations. It evaluates the problems and limitations of these concepts and suggestsa paradigm that revives traditional police functions through order maintenance policing.

PANEL191 Approaches to Delinquency

"Case Study Research of Delinquency: Strategies, Problems, and Prospects," lLOYD KLEMKE, Oregon State University

This paper looks at the case study technique to assess its value for future delinquency research and theories. Evaluation of the existing literature and techniques is made. Some new strategies that facilitate conducting and maximizing the potential of this type of research are developed.

"The Theory of Differential Oppression," JOHNHEWnT, Ball State University

The cause of and solution for delinquency is simple. In this paper, which takes as its start the theorizing of W I Thomas, it is argued that delinquency is nothing more than a consequence of adult-child relationships. Moreover, delinquency is not about some obj ective condition that can thus be identified and corrected. Like everything else, delinquency resides in the minds of people. It is the contention that delinquency can be eradicated. Explained is how and what each person must do.

"Perceptions of Authority and Peers Among Occult Involved Delinquent Youth," SABRINA NEWSOME and VINCENT HOFFMAN, Michigan State University

Research measures attitudes towards authority and peers among occult involved delinquent youth and non-involved youth. Youth were measured across positive and negative attitudes toward parental discipline, support, nuturance, and five other related variables. Additional measurements were made of these two groups about their attitudes toward other authority figures - police and teachers. Findings show a variance between the two groups on positive relationships to authority figures and peers.

"Increasing the Participation of Youth Development Organizations in Juvenile Justice Programming," DAVID HACKEIT, Youth Policy Institute

This paperadva nces the proposition that as a group, youth development organizations represent an untapped in place system of resources, uniquely suited to function in partnership with local juvenile justice agencies.

186 PANEL 192 'Ibe Creation of Criminal Law

"The Genesis of Criminal Law," NORMAN KITIEL, St Cloud State University

The legislating of substantive criminal law, criminal procedure and penal sanctions is a neglected area of criminal justice. After dealing with the importance of precipating events, this paperconsiders the motivations and activities of key bureaucratic actors, interest groups, the media, the public and political officeholders. Particular attention is given to the role of public opinion polls including the volatility, simplicity and limitations of such polls.

"Common Law Crimes in the United States," FRANCES BERNAT, Pennsylvania State University

This paper focuses on the use of the common law to define crimes and punish persons for their commission. Common law crimes are different from crimes which arepart of the statutorylaw of the penal code ofthe state; common law crimes are created by the judiciary. Because some states still allow for the possibility of someone being charged and prosecuted for violation of a common law crime, the status of this area of the criminal law needs to be assessed.

PANEL 193 Individual Rights and the Constitution

"The New Image of 'Unreasonable' in the Fourth Amendment," NOlAALLEN, University of South Florida

The paper is an examination of the protection of the Fourth Amendment under the Rehnquist Court. Emphasis is placed on decisions since 1988 when a "consetvative" four were joined by Justice White to constitute a majority. Predictions for the future are made.

"State Variations in Competency of Counsel," J MICHAELTHOMSON and FRED RHYNHART, Northern Kentucky University

Since the Supreme Court granted indigent counsel and revoked the "special circumstance rule" in Gideon, the court has been expanding the "right to counsel" to a variety of proceedings. One of the neglected areas of research is the effectiveness of that representation. This paper reviews the right to counsel cases, and then evaluates the effectiveness of various counsel schemes. It focuses on the competency of counsel and the varying state definitions and practices of that concept.

"Drug Testing of Law Enforcement Employees: Some Unanswered Questions and Suggested Policies," ALTON SLANE, Muhlenberg College

In March 1989, the United States Supreme Court, in two separate decisions, upheld drug testing programs affecting the railroad industry and employees of the United States Customs SeIVice. Nevertheless, the Court's ruling does not represent an unqualified endorsement of legislatively mandated drug testing programs. Indeed, many unanswered questions still surround drug testing programs, questions that will need to be ultimately litigated. This paper focuses on the unresolved constitutional questions that will still confront law enforcement agencies in subjecting their employees to drug testing programs.

"Constitutional Rights of the Accused: The Mexican Experience,"REYNAIDO MONrANARO and WIlLIAMWILKINSON, Universityof Texas­ Pan American-Brownsville

In the United States, there is a perception that the constitution is a document that has always protected the accused from danger from over­ zealous criminal justice agents, but only since the 1950s and 1960s have fundamental rights found in the constitution been applied to all American residents. Mexico has a broad constitution ostensibly providing similar protection to citizens accused of criminal acts. Inmates of a Mexican state correctional facility were inteIViewed. Results indicate that the constitutional rights of the accused are not often rigidly followed, and there are some clear areas of comparison between the application of the law in Mexico and in the United States.

PANEL 194 Legal Issues in Correctional Institution Management

"The Impact of Federal Court Intervention on Prison Systems," BERNARD McCARTIIY, Jacksonville State University

This study examines the impact of federal court intervention on the operation of state prison systems in the United States. Prisons under court order and those not under court order are compared on several measures to determine whether federal court intervention has had a significant impact on the correctional environment.

"A Review of Civil Liabilities of/for Correctional Administrators and Managers," SI1!PHAN KAFI'A N, Minot State University

This paper reviews the current state of civil liabilities effecting corrections administrators and managers. It examines Section 1983 actions in corrections. With discussion covering supeIVisoryliabilit y, degrees ofnegligence, valid defenses and invalid defenses, this paperoffers the reader some prevention ideas.

"Prisonerswith AIDS and the Federal Court," J MICHAEL OUVERO, Universityof Texas, Pan American University

Prisonerswith AIDS is one of the newest problems correctional administrators must deal with. Administrators must balance the needs of the system with the needs of the infected. Often the federal court has dictated the nature of standards for prisoners over the wishes of administrators. This paper outlines the treatment of prisoners with AIDS and challenges to come before the federal court system. Specific attention is addressed to the issues of segregation and testing.

"TheAv ailability of Immunity Defenses to Private Providers of Correctional SeIVices," CHARLESTHOMAS, HANSON,LINDA and KIM PACE, University of Florida

Since the privatization movement in adult corrections began to attract significant numbers of supporters in the mid-1980's, both advocates and opponents of correctional privatization have devoted attention to the potential legal implications of privatization. A host of such issues exists, but the issuethat has attracted the greatest amount of attention has been the circumstances under which private corrections firmsand private corrections employees could be cast as defendants in constitutional tort actions brought under 42 U.S.c. Section 1983.

187 PANEL 195 Community Corrections: Changing the CommunityVersus Changing the Offender

"A Community-Oriented Approach to Probation Supetvision," AR1HURLURIGIO, Loyola University and JAMESBYRNE, University of Lowell

The most recent strategies for responding to the probation crisis have been largely offender-based alternatives. These strategies represent a "closed system" view of probation: change the criminal and not the community. This thinking has taken us further away from probation's "roots" in the community. Arguing for a strengthening of probation's linkages with the community, this paper discusses characteristics of a community-oriented approach to probation supetvision.

"Developing Vocational Rehabilitation Networks in Rural Communities," TIlOMASTOMUNSON, MICHAELHAZELEIT, and GREGSMfI1I, Western Illinois University

With the cooperation of the Illinois State Board of Education, the local sheriff, courts and probation officers, a vocational network was formed to bring vocationaltraining and job placement to offenders. This paperchronicals the steps involved in putting the network together and in determining and providing the setvices. Based on past research that shows vocational training having a positive effect on crime reduction, this project targeted functionally illiterate, unskilled and semi-skilled probationers and jail detainees. Pitfalls as well as successful techniques are described.

"Control Theory and Felony Probation: An Empirical Test," JOHN WHITEHEAD, East Tennessee State University

Data from New Jersey were used to examine the applicability of control theory to felony probation success. A sample of over 2,000 burglars, robbers, and controlled substance offenders placed on probation in 1976-77 were followed until 1986. Multivariate analyses of recidivism analyzed the strength of control theoryvariables such as attachment to parents compared to traditional predictors of recidivism.

PANEL 196 Crime: Ethical and Religious Factors

"Religious BeliefSystems and Crime: A Cross-National Analysis," RICHARD BENNEIT,American University and SANDRABAXTER, The Circle Inc

This study employs a longitudinal dataset containing 52 nations and spanning 1960-84. The effects of dominant religious systems are analyzed for personal and propertycrime rates employing a pooled, cross-sectional, time-series analysis. The findings indicate that religious beliefs play differing roles by crime type and religious belief system. A discussion of religious belief systems and their relationship to social structure and crime rates is presented.

"The Process of Social and Legal Change: A Theoretical Inquiry into Changing Conceptions of Reality," GAlAN JANEKSElA, Wichita State University

This paper focuses on the relationship between ethics, morals, norms, and laws. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate the process of social change via efforts to influence ethics, morals, norms, and laws. Covert and overt influences are identified and discussed with reference to how these influences effect citizen perceptions, societal perceptions, and legal scholar perceptions of specific behaviors and social phenomena.

PANEL 197 Issues Confronting Restitution

"Victims in the Court: A Comparison Between Victims of Violent and Nonviolent Crime," EDNA EREZ, Kent State University

This paper compares the reactions to crime and court-related behavior of victims of violent and non-violent offenses. The data were derived from the prosecutor files of 500 felonies in northeastern Ohio. The study indicates significant differences between the groups in terms of their involvement in court proceedings, level of punitiveness, and the reported impact of the crime on their lives. The implications of the findings for victimological theory are drawn and discussed.

"Restitution: The Ubiquitous Sentencing Condition," CAROL SHAPIRO, Rutgers University

Many offendersare ordered to pay restitution to victims at the time of sentence and more recently, at the time of parole. How does this restitution order relate to other conditions placed on the offender? This paper addresses the inherent value of restitution and looks more critically at the role of restitution in relation to other sentencing and release schemes. The relationship of restitution as it is ordered, monitored, and enforced to how effective it is in meeting victim concerns is also explored.

"United States Crime Victim Compensation: A National System in Need of Repair," ROBERT McCORMACK, Trenton State College

This paper describes the results of a national survey of Violent Crime Compensation Boards. Victims of crime are not only becoming secondary victims of the criminal justice system, but tertiary victims of the "victims assistance system." The national survey indicates that only approximately 8% of the reportedvictims of violent crime apply for compensation and less than 3% actually receive it. This paper recommends greater outreach efforts on the part of the victims assistance system, and a substantial increase in the amount of funds available for restitution and compensation.

PANEL 198 Police and Domestic VIOl ence

"Police Training in Domestic Violence: Perceptions of Training and Knowledge of the Law,"JOANNE BELKNAP, University of Cincinnati

This study analyzes data from a surveyon domestic violence completed by 324 police officers in a large midwestern city. The focus wasto examine officers' perceptions of the adequacy of their training in responding to battering offenses and their knowledge of their ownand the battered victims' rights regarding recent domestic violence legislation. Additionally, various characteristics, including shift, district, race, sex, and age of the officers are analyzed to determine significant predictors of attitudes toward training and knowledge of the law.

"The Police and Spouse Abuse: Do Arrest Policies Work?" MICHAEL SfEINMAN, University of Nebraska at Lincoln

This paper is an empirical analysis of the effects of enforcing arrest policies in Lancaster County (Lincoln, NE). It compares the effects of police

188 action in a baseline period to those in a period marked by the adoption of arrest policies and the coordination of policeeffort with other agencies.

"A Critical Analysis of the Movement Toward Preferred Arrest Policies in Woman Abuse Cases," IRAHUrCHINSON m and DAVID IDRSCHEL, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

This paper examines the nationwide movement by state legislatures and local police departments toward the adoption of mandatory and preferred arrest policies in woman abuse cases, and discusses the significance of this movement.

"What do Citizens Want Police to do at Domestics: Enforce the Law or Provide Services?" MICHAELBRECI, St Cloud State University

This research examines a random sample of Minnesota residents' attitudes about police intervention in domestic disputes. The respondents advocated mandatory arrest laws as a method for preventing violence within the family. They also want police officers to supply services to disputants. A causal model was developed to look at the impact of respondents' demographic characteristics and attitudes on their perceptions of mandatoryarrest. The modelsuggests sex, education, and social class affect respondent'sattitudes about the policewhich affects how they feel about the effectiveness of mandatory arrest.

PANEL 199 Strategies in Correctional Institution Managementand Research

"The Computerized Prison: Automation in a Penal Setting," TEDALLEMAN, Pennsylvania State University

Too few prisons and jails nationwide are taking advantage of all that computerization has to offer. The position of this paper is that, through the use of automation, the operational efficiency as well as the range of services at our jails and prisons can be vastly improved. It takes a look at the administrative, control, and treatment functions of prison and points out how computers can be applied in such a way to make prisons and jails more responsive, efficient, safe, and humane institutions.

"An Electronic Update of the Pennsylvania System," ROBERT ROGERS, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

If short-term solitaryconfinement was reintroduced on a large scale, it would eliminate the victimization and/or corruption of inexperienced inmates by career criminals. It would also save the taxpayers money. Staff salaries currently account for two-thirds of prison expenditures. In a solitary confinement system, construction costs wo uld initially rise, but this would be a one-time expensewhich would be more than offset by a permanent reduction in prison personnel.

"The Privatization of Correctional Management: A Review," BYRON JOHNSON, Memphis State University

The privatization of corrections has become a topic of increasing debate in recent years. While there are a number of important issues in this date, the focus of the present article is on the privatization of correctional management. Both sides of the debate are presented via an examination of three central economic issues.

"The Jail and the Community," JOlIN KLOFAS, Rochester Institute of Technology

Perhaps the only aspect of local jails which has been well documented is their neglect by social scientists. This essay examines the value of a community paradigm in organizing existing jail research and providing direction for further study. It is argued that examining jails in the context of the local functions they fulfill provides a basis for comparative analyses and provides new directions for the study of such issues as jail adjustment and violence, social structure, and change and reform of local jails.

PANEL 200 Criminal and Civil Applications of RI.C.O.

"Contraband Forfeiture Acts: A Civil Approach to Crime Control That Works," JAMESBENSON, University of Houston-Clear Lake

The enactment of forfeiture statutes has given law enforcement a crime control weapon that allows for a direct attack on the economic foundation of crime. Arrests may now be followed by the seizure of the implements and assets of criminal conduct. Through civil forfeiture, millions of dollars have been diverted from the criminal economy to the budgets of law enforcement agencies. Despite its economic success, the concept of forfeiture is not without its critics who feel that it distorts traditional law enforcement roles and impinges on constitutional rights.

"Is This the End of RLC.O.?" CECIL GREEK, University of South Florida

This paper analyzes how the use of R.I.C.O. forfeitures has expanded dramatically in the late 1980's. R.LC.O. was originally intended to combat traditional organized crime. The goal was to prevent organized crime monies made from loansharking, illegal gambling, extortion, prostitution, drugs, etc. from disappearing into legitimate business operations as 'clean' assets. However, R.LCO. type statutes are now being used for a number of other crimes such as Wall Street insider trading and obscenity cases involving video stores that rent X-rated tapes.

PANEL 201 Police Responses to Special Problems

"Operation SeniorSafe Shopping: A Crime Prevention Program for Senior Citizens in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City," JOHNDEMPSEY, Suffolk County Community College

This paper describes a program developed by New York City police of the 60th Precinct in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn. This program established transportation and police escorts from high crime city housing projects to nearby shopping centers. It reduced seniors' fear of crime and improved police community relations with the senior citizen community.

"Police Strategies to Identify and Reduce Prejudice: A Critique," JUDffiIS, HARRI University of South Carolina at Spartanburg

Is it the function of law enforcement agencies to change prejudicial attitudes in the community? This paper addresses several aspects of the issue. By defining racial, religious, and ethnic incidents motivated by prejudice, the police can identify the extent of prejudice in the community, publicize it, and focus law enforcement efforts on it. They can give support to victims, and work to promote harmony between groups. On the other hand,

189 the emphasis on prejudicial motivation may exaggerate the problem, create unfounded fear in the community, and promote the tension and conflict which the police are trying to alleviate.

"A Comparison of Two Child Support Enforcement Programs: Criminal Justice or Social Service?" C AARONMc NEECE, Florida State University

Interviews were conducted with approximately 400 child support enforcement staff in Florida. In most counties this program is operated by the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, but in others it is a function of the clerk of the circuit court or the state attorney's office. Personnel in all units were asked about their perceptions of their roles, job stress, educational background, and so forth. This data was interfaced with agency records on employee performance. Findings indicate that workers with a law enforcement background have higher turnover rates and are generally less effective in meeting performance standards.

"Multi-Jurisdictional Child Pornography Task Forces," CAROLE RAGGIO, Broward County Sheriffs Office

This paper discusses the need for a multi-j urisdictional task force to combat child pornography. It is inclusive of structural guidelines, necessary equipment for efficient operation, inherent problems regarding jurisdictional considerations, and internal conflicts, state and federal prosecution, proactive versus reactive investigations and the benefits derived from the implementation of such a task force. It highlights the obstacles set forth by societal attitudes in the process of reeducating the community.

PANEL 202 'Theoretical Perspectives onDelinquency and Drug Use

"Delinquency and Drug Use: A Re-Test of Control Theory," KIMBERLY KEMPF and scarr DECKER, University of Missouri at St Louis

Hirschi's control theory has received a number of empirical tests. However, some elements of the "bond" have remained either largely untested or poorly operationalized. In addition, the theoryhas been applied almost exclusively to minor forms of delinquent behavior. This paper addresses these deficiencies in an examination of the utility of Hirschi's theory for examining additional forms of behavior, particularly drug and alcohol use. The data for this analysis consists of sUlVeys completed by 1,954 fifth grade students in the St Louis Public Schools. This group represents nearly the entire population of 5th graders. A questionnaire examining all four aspects of Hirschi's bond was administered to this population.

"Adolescent Drug Use: A Re-Analysis," HENNESSEY HAYES, Tulane University

While the literature on teen-age drug use and abuse is replete with research grounded in labeling, differential association and social learningtheories of aberrant behavior, there seems to be an overwhelming degree of inconsistency among their findings of these researches. In the present analysis, national sUlVey data for 1986 are used to determine the theoretical feasibility and utility of a new model in predicting adolescent drug use - a synthesis of labeling and social learning theories of adolescent drug-use behavior. Path analysis is the primary analytical procedure employed, as a causal model is predicted.

"Social Class Effects on Parents, Peers and Delinquent Drug Use," ZINA McGEE, Tulane University

This study examines the effects of socioeconomic status on parental and peer influence as they relate to delinquent drug use. Using the second wave of the National Youth SUlVey, results indicate that: (1) a significant interaction exists between parents' education and the belief element of Hirschi's social control theory, (2) a significant interaction exists between family income and the parental attachment element of Hirschi's social control theory, and (3) a significant interaction exists between family income and peer use of drugs.

PANEL 203 Student Panel: Crime PreYention and VlClims

"Community Crime Prevention: Classifying Neighborhood," HOLLY DERSHEM, WaShington State University

Community crime prevention programs have been criticized for an inability to achieve desired objectives. Critics have argued that the programs themselves are not the cause of ineffectiveness, but rather, variables such as poorplanning, lack of evaluation and inadequate implementation affect success rates. The implications of these limitations and their impact on community crime prevention programs are discussed. Finally, a classification system is proposed that incorporates program characteristics with neighborhood demographics in an attempt to justify a rational approach to implementing community crime prevention programs.

"United We Stand?" JASON STROHBEHN, Universityof Northern Colorado

This paper is an in-depth review of the effectiveness of the use of multi-agency taskforces comprised of local, state, and federal law enforcement officials. Primary research methods were book research and interviews with taskforce officers and officers who are in a more traditional, non­ taskforce role. Other research methods include case analysis, training methods, and live obselVation of a portion of a task force operation.

"Evaluation of a Police Department's Victim Advocate Program: The Real Fay Furrillo," SHARON BERGand BRENDAWALKER, University of Northern Colorado

Despite the use of the Fay Furrillo character in TV's popular "Hill Street Blues" show, the use of victim advocates in police departments is a fairly recent and unique development. This study is an evaluation of a victim advocate program in a large western municipal police department. Over 300 victims were surveyed regarding their use of, and reaction to, such program services as transportation and case status information. The sUlVey results provide useful information on program condition and areas needing modification.

"Police-Witness Training: A National Study," MIKErnOMAS and JAMESHENDRICKS, Ball State University

The police are generally the first responders to crimes of violence and hence are the first criminal justice/social service contact with victims and witnesses of violent crimes. It is vitally important that the police are properly trained to handle difficult and sensitive crimes such as sexual assault, child abuse, and domestic violence. This paper examines victim-witness training programs for the police.

190 PANEL 204 Student Panel: Corrections Issues

"Readiness and Postrelease Problems Among High-Risk Parolees," KIMBERLY WHl'IESIDI; North Carolina Central University

National data indicate that approximately 68% of persons aged 25 years and younger are rearrested within 3 years of release from a correctional facility. Findings are presented from a research project conducted in three central North Carolina counties using personal interviews. Subjects for this project were parolees aged 16 and 25 years who were released between July 1, 1988 and December 31, 1988 (n = 36). Post-release problems experienced by parolees will be discussed.

"Theoretical Implications of SocialSupport and Community Adjustment for Young Parolees," TRACYSIMM ONS, North Carolina Central University

A recent national report indicates that 62.5% of inmates that are released from a correctional facility were rearrested for a fe lony or serious misdemeanor within three years of their release date. This paper addresses the theoretical implications of informal social support on community adjustment during the parolees' transitional process from institutional to community life. Findings from a research project conducted in three central North Carolina counties using personal interviews is discussed in the context of social support theory. Subjects of this project were parolees aged 16 and 25 years who were released between July 1, 1988 and December 31, 1988 (n =36).

"Community Service Sentencing in Rural Virginia," CONNIEBONDI, Pennsylvania State University

Analysis of a random sample of clients sentenced to a rural Virginia agency during fiscal year 1986-87 has shown: the community service order is being utilized most often as a condition of probation; sentencing disparities exist which need to be addressed by sentencing guidelines; as currently administered the sentence is completed 86% of the time, however it is not a viable alternative sentence for felons; and the profile of the typical client parallels found in other community service programs (white, middle class, male).

"Jail and Prison Escapes 1900-1986: A Descriptive Study," ANNA RODRIGUFZ and NORMA LOZANO

This is a longitudinal study of escapes from 1900-1986. This is also a descriptive study of the means and methods of escape from jails and prisons. The results of this study may provide an idea of methods used in successful escapes for preventive purposes. Included is data on successful and nonsuccessful attempts.

"Pretrial Release," MEUSSA WINESBURG, University of Cincinnati

As of 1987, an estimated 289,000 people were held in the nation's jails. Approximately 52% of these people were awaiting trial. The purpose of bail is to prevent punishment of the accused before trial and to secure appearance at trial. This paper examines the mechanisms by which pretrial release is granted or denied. It compares the characteristics of persons granted release vs. those denied. The differences in these groups are examined to determine the characteristics of people denied and reason for denial.

PANEL 205 AIDS and Social Justice

"AIDS and Sexual Partners," JUIIDS DEBRO, Narcotic and Drug Research

No abstract available.

"Family Relationships of Prisoners with AIDS," lAURA FISHMAN, Narcotic and Drug Research Inc

No abstract available.

"Street Teams and AIDS Prevention," DARLENE CONLEY, Narcotic and Drug Research

No abstract available.

PANEL 206 Potpourri V

"Fundamental Issues in Comparative Criminal Justice Study," LARRY BASSI, State University of New York at Brockport

What are the fundamental assumptions and beliefs about the nature of man, purpose(s) of government and the nature of crime which dictate a country's system of criminal justice? Any student who studies comparative and international criminal justice must be able to intelligently respond to these and a host of similarly basic and important questions about the country under study in order to more fully comprehend the formal and informal workings of the justice system. This paper discusses the fundamental issues of study basic to these kinds of courses.

"A Reassessment of Treatment Modalities Within Prison," PAUL LOUIS and JERRY SPARGER, Memphis State University

The range of acceptable treatment alternatives utilized in a correctional environment significantly expanded in recent decades. Despite this growth, the success of treatment programs within prison is still questionable. As assessment of the forms and results of various modalities of treatment is offered.

"Police as Prison Guards," DllJP DAS and MATI1 LAINE, Ministry of Justice (FINLAND)

Talking to police officers in Australia and Finland, it was found that police officers resent guarding prisoners. Their resentment is that mere custodial work is demeaning. But how do we expect regular prison guards to retain their humanity if the prison philosophy is incapacitation? Is there a remedy which will be in the interest of the public, prison guards, and other officials as well as the inmates in case we accept prisons to selVe only a custodial purpose?

191 INDEX OF PARTICIPANTS

The numbers after the names refer to panel numbers.

AARON, TITUS, 178 BENSON, HONORABLE FRED, CALATHES, WILLIAM, 135 ADRIAN, LYNNE, 64 116 CALDER, JAMES, 85 AGYAPONG, OWUSU BENSON, JAMES, 200 CALHOUN-STUBER, SUSAN, -ANSAH, l28 BENSON, MICHAEL, 99 60 ALBERT, LOUIS, 109 BERG, BRUCE, 38 CAMACHO-JONES, SUSAN, 73 ALBRITTON, JAMES, 59 BERG, SHARON, 203 CAMERON, JERRY, 33 ALEXANDER, STEVEN, 63 BERMAN, JA Y, 4 CAMP, DAMON, 146 ALLEMAN, TED, 199 BERNAT, FRANCES, 96, 192 CAMPBELL, BONNIE, 114 ALLEN, NOLA, 193 BERRY, BONNIE, 113 CAMPBELL, JOHN, 68, 80 ALLEN JR, HARLEY, 83 BERRY, ESTRELLITA, 158 CAMPOS, LEONEL, 12, 112 ALPERT, GEOFFREY, 177 BIBEL, DANIEL, 162 CANTWELL, ROBERT, 115 AMOS, S P, 37 BINDER, ARNOLD, 32, 52 CARPER, GA YLE, 152 ANDERSON, JUDY, 1 BING, ROBERT, 196 CARSON, BARBARA, 134 ANDERSON, KRISTIN, 20, 145 BINGHEIM, DENNIS, 3 CARTER, DA VID, 48, 132, 159 ANNAN, SAMPSON, 62 BISHOP, DONNA, 186 CARTER III, RONALD, 49 ANSARI, ZAID, 12, 164, 172 BLACK, JAMES, 50 CASTELLANO, THOMAS, 75, 84 ANSPACH, DONALD, 60 BLACKMAN, PAUL, 151 CAULFIELD, SUSAN, 113 ARCHAMBEAULT, BLANKENSHIP, MICHAEL, 104, CAVENDER, GRAY, 184 WILLIAM, 183 147 CEBULAK, WOJCIECH, 151 ARCONA, STEPHEN, 76, 105 BLAZICEK, DONALD, 105, 116, CERCE, DAVID, 45 ARTHUR, JOHN, 77 174 CHACON', ROSE, 72 ASH, PHILIP, 8 BLOUNT, WILLIAM, 36, 63, 95 CHAMPION, DEAN, 123 AUSTIN, THOMAS, 175 BLUMBERG, MARK, 38, 43, 118 CHANG, DAE, 42 AUSTIN, TIMOTHY, 76 BOHM, ROBERT, 34 CHAPMAN, LISA, 82 AYDELOTTE, ANN, 96 BONDI, CONNIE, 204 CHARLES, MICHAEL, 95, 118 AYERS, KENNETH, 71 BOOSTROM, RONALD, 135 CHARVAT, ANN-MARIE, 88 BABB, SUSAN, 35 BOTTOM, MARl, 117 CHASTAIN, CHARLES, 92, 168 BACIGALUPI, TADINI, 70 BOTTOM JR, NORMAN, 19 CHELST, KENNETH, 9 BACON, CAMERON, 138 BRACEY, DOROTHY, 41, 51 CHERMAK, STEVEN, 144, 151 BAHN, CHARLES, 41 BRANDL, STEVEN, 74 CHIN, KO-LIN, 25 BAILEY, CAROL, 101 BRECI, MICHAEL, 198 CHRISTENSEN, CANDICE, 158 BAKER, RALPH, 115 BRODERICK, KIMBERLY, 170 CHUCKMAN, ALEX, 176 BANNISTER, SHELLY, 10 BROOKS, LOREN, 140 CHUVALA III, JOHN, 19 BARBER, WENDELL, 8, 35, 61 BROOKS, PIERCE, 149 CLARK, GREGORY, 15 BARNES, ALLAN, 172 BROOKS, STEPHEN, 124 CLAYTON, STANLEY, 136 BARNETT, GEORGE, 126 BROWN, DENNIS, 153 CLAYTON JR, OBIE, 66 BARRETT, ALLEN, 58, 100, 134 BROWN, JENNIFER, 207 CLONTZ, KENNETH, 37 BARRY, BERNARD, 50 BROWN, MICHAEL, 49, 107 COHEN, BEN-ZION, 40 BARRY, KATHLEEN, 10 BROWN, STEPHEN, 71, 81 COHEN, STANLEY, 107 BART, PAULINE, 122 BRULE, PAUL, 176 COLE, GEORGE, 104 BARTON, COLE, 140 BRUMMER, RICHARD, 138 COLES, FRANCES, 9 BASEHEART, JOHN, 13 BRUNER, JAMES, 107 COLWELL, LEE, 92 BASSI, LARRY, 206 BUDNICK, KIMBERLY, 84 CONLEY, DARLENE, 205 BAXTER, SANDRA, 196 BURBIDGE, GEORGE, 84 CONN, STEPHEN, 5 BECKER, DONALD, 117 BURGE, JOHN, 55 COOK, TOM, 54 BEFUS, JOHN, 182 BURIAN, JOHN, 135, 203 COPLEY, W H, 44 BELKNAP, JOANNE, 56, 164, BURKE, TOD, 181 CORAM, GREGORY, 37 198 BURNS, AVON, 133 CORDNER, GARY, 51, 131, 150 BENEKOS, PETER, 71 BURNS, DAVID, 86 CORNETT, SUSANNA, 60 BENIGNO, STEPHEN, 129 BURTON JR, VELMER, 57 COURTLESS, THOMAS, 57 BENNETT, C LEE, 73 BUZAWA, EVE, 52, 175 COWLES, ERNEST, 21, 199 BENNETT, ERIC, 35 BYINGTON, DIANE, 161 COX, STEVEN, 150 BENNETT, RICHARD, 93, 196 BYNUM, TIMOTHY, 24 COX, TERRY, 13, 90, 153 BENNETT, SUSAN, 137 BYRNE, JAMES, 65, PS II, CRAMER, JUDITH, 148 162, 195 CRANK, JOHN, 30, 95, 109

192 CREW, B KEITH, 20, 145 EICHELBERGER, ANN, 38 GALE, KATHLEEN, 10, 83, CRIMMINS, SUSAN, 45 EIGENBERG, HELEN, 139 100, 114 CROMWELL, PAUL, 22 EISENMAN, MARK, 79 GARCIA, ALFREDO, 16, 89 CROWLEY, JOAN, 64, 114 ELLIS, DESMOND, 180 GARCIA, MARGARET, 70 CULLEN, FRANCIS, 99, PS II ELLSWORTH, THOMAS, 123 GARRETT, CAROL, 84 CULPEPPER, ETTA, 180 EMBERT, PAUL, 97 GARRETT, GERALD, 21, 175 CUNNINGHAM, JAMES, 14 EMBREE, JAN, 182 GARTIN, PATRICK, 186 CUNNINGHAM, SCOTT, 67 EMMONS, DAVID, 143, 176 GAUDIN JR, JAMES, 120 CUNNINGHAM, STANLEY, 3 ENGLE, C DONALD, 181 GEARY, DAVID, 55 CURRY, G DAVID, 188 ENGLISH, SHARON, 171 GElS, GILBERT, 32 CURTIS, CRAIG, 93 ENTER,JACK, 150 GENDREAU, PAUL, PS II, 167 CZAJKOSKI, EUGENE, 114 EREZ, EDNA, 197 GETREU, ALAN, 158 DAANE, DIANE, 134 ESBENSEN, FINN, 143, 182 GIACOPASSI, DA VID, 104 DALLEY, MARLENE, 140 ESKRIDGE, CHRIS, 44 GIBBONS, OSWALD, 79 DANESHNIA, JANELLE, 72 ETHRIDGE, PHILIP, 75 GIDO, ROSEMARY, 23, 97, 106 DANIELS, JOHN, 3 EVANS, ROBERT, 129 GIFFORD, L DOUG, 190 DANTZKER, MARK, 7, 69, 157 EVANS, THOMAS, 185 GILBERT, JAMES, 76 DARGEL, JAN, 11 FAGAN, JEFFREY, 25 GILES, DAVID, 37, 78 DAS, DILIP, 3, 206 FAGIN, JAMES, 67, 160 GILL, PATRICIA, 117 DA VIS, E DUANE, 126 FAHEY, MICHELE, 30 GILLHAM, JAMES, 126 DAVIS, JAMES, 45, 174 FALCONE, DA VID, 95 GILMERE, JULIE, 147 DAVIS, SHIRLEY, 146 FALKENBERG, STEVEN, 108 GILSINAN, JAMES, 189 DAVIS JR, WILLIAM, 9 FARMER, DAVID, 127 GLADIS, STEPHEN, 51 DAWSON, RALPH, 188 FARNWORTH, MARGARET, GLASSCOCK, BRUCE, 44,156 De GRAW, DARRELL, 122 195A GLOVER-HALL, JULIA, 1 DEBRO, JULIUS, 205 FAWCETT, RONALD, 40 GOERDT, JOHN, 148 DECKER, SCOTT, 13, 202 FELKENES, GEORGE, 29 GOETZ, JULIE, 37 DeKESEREDY, WALTER, 180 FERDINAND, THEODORE, 75, GOLDSBOROUGH, DEL CARMEN, ROLANDO, 43, 184 DOROTHY, 73 87, 107, 169 FERRELL, JEFF, 98 GOMME, IAN, 190 DEMBO, RICHARD, 158 FEYERHERM, WILLIAM, 15 GOODSTEIN, LYNNE, 21 DEMPSEY, JOHN, 89, 99, 201 FIELDS, CHARLES, 71 GORDON, GARY, 163 DERSHEM, HOLLY, 203 FISHBEIN, DIANA, 22, 37 GOULD, LARRY, 153, 183 DEVINE, F E, 65 FISHER, BONNIE, 78, 126 GRAMCKOW, HElKE, 65 DiVASTO, PETE, 95 FISHER, ROBERT, 31 GRAY, KELSEY, 189 DlZASTO, PETER, 175 FISHER, SETH, 169 GREEK, CECIL, 200 DOBRIN, LEONARD, 19 FISHMAN, LAURA, 134, 164, GREENE, JACK, 125, 159, 190 DOBROWOLSKI, M 205 GREENWOOD, PETER, PS II CHRISTINA, 72 FLETCHER, MARK, 207 GRENNAN, SEAN, 155 DODENHOFF, PETER, 51 FLINT, GAIL, 28 GROPPER, BERNARD, 22 DOEREN, STEPHEN, 187 FLYNN, SUZANNE, 171 GROSS-FARINA, SALLY, 176 DOLON, RONALD, 187 FOLEY, MICHAEL, 45 GROSSI, ELIZABETH, 101 DONAHUE, MICHAEL, 128 FONG, ROBERT, 141, 154 GUILD, THOMAS, 43 DONAWELL, THERESE, 72 FORD, MARILYN, 101 GURIN, GERALD, 120 DORAZ, W E, 37 FOSTER, THOMAS, 49 GURNACK, ANNE, 174 DOSS JR, MARION, 99 FOX, JAMES, 97 HAARR, ROBIN, 115 DRACH-BRILLINGER, PAUlA, FOX, JOHN, 109 HACKETT, DAVID, 191 186 FRANCIS, CYNTHIA, 31 HAGAN, FRANK, 71 DRAPER, CORINA, 135 FRANK, JAMES, 24, 71 HAGHIGHI, BAHRAM, 15 DUBNER, ROBIN, 43 FRAZIER, CHARLES, 186 HAGUE, JAMES, 115 DULL, R THOMAS, 103 FRENCH, LAURENCE, 34, 136 HALE, DONNA, 73, %, 144 DUNDES, LAUREN, 186 FREUND, MIRA, 98 HALEY, KEITH, 79 DUNFORD, FRANK, 143 FREY, RICHARD, 77 HALLOWELL, LYLE, 69 DUNGWORTH, TERRY, 62 FRIDELL, LORIE, 163 HALSTED, JAMES, 19, 55, 117 EBBE, OBI, 77 FRITZ, NOAH, 190 HALSTED, JANE, 175 ECK, JOHN, 62 FYFE, JAMES, 131, 177 HAMM, MARK, 24, 36, 141, 184 EDEN, RUTH, 40 GAINES, LARRY, 108, 118, HANDBERG, ROGER, 47 EDWARDS, STEVEN, 79, 189 159, 172 HANNA, CHARLES, 170 EGGER, STEVEN, 179 HANSON, LINDA, 194

193 HARDYMAN, PATRICIA, 120 HUNTER, DIANE, 82 KIRCHOFF, BILL, 149 HARPER, HILARY, 117, 184 HUNTER, ROBERT, 137 KITTEL, NORMAN, 192 HARRELL, ADELE, 158 HUNTER, RONALD, 71, 78 KLEIN, LLOYD, 5, 15, 180 HARRIS, JUDITH, 201 HURWITZ, EMANUEL, 165 KLEMKE, LLOYD, 191 HART, BARBARA, 112, 137 HUTCHISON III, IRA, 198 KLOCKARS, CARL, 109, 159 HATCHER, CHRIS, 140 HYATT, WILLIAM, 74 KLOFAS, JOHN, Ill, 199 HAWKINS, MICHELLE, 147 IACOVETTA, RONALD, 124, KNEPPER, PAUL, 184 HAWLEY, F FREDERICK, 90 174 KNIGHT, RAYMOND, 45 HAYES, CYNTHIA, 30 INCIARDI, JAMES, 17 KNOST, ELIZABETH, 73 HAYES, HENNESSEY, 40, 202 INGRAM, JEFFERSON, 89, 122 KOCHIS, DONNA, 129 HAYESLIP, DAVID, 62 ISRAEL, MICHAEL, 147 KOPACHE, RENEE, 57 HAZELETT, MICHAEL, 195 JACKSON, JEROME, 87 KOPEL, DAVID, 65 HAZELWOOD, ROBERT, 45, 68 JACKSON, STANLEY, 109 KRAEUPL, GUENTHER, 86 HEAD, WILLIAM, 136 JACOBS, PEARL, 56 KRASKA, PETER, 169 HEARD, CHINITA, 106 JACOBY, JOAN, 33, 148 KRA TCOSKI, PETER, 35, 129 HECK, WILLIAM, 147 JAMIESON, J D, 46 KUCH, CHRISTOPHER, 159 HEFFERNAN, ALFRED, 19 JAMIESON, KATHERINE, 145 KUHL, ANNA, 180 HELFGOTT, JACQUELINE, 28 JANEKSELA, GALAN, 196 KULESHNYK, IRKA, 56 HELM, LISA, 176 JANIKOWSKI, W RICHARD, 89 KURTZ, P DAVID, 120 HENDERSON, THOMAS, 148 JEFFERY, C R, 22, 78 KUSHNER, HARVEY, 130 HENDRICKS, JAMES, 7, 144, JENGELESKI, JAMES, 40 LAB, STEVEN, 126, 167 187, 201, 203 JERIN, ROBERT, 87 LAINE, MATTI, 206 HENRY, SHAWN, 78 JODARSKI, JULIE, 56 LANGSTON, DENNY, 43 HERBST, EMILY, 120 JOHNSON, BRUCE, 54 LANGWORTHY, ROBERT, 46, HERNANDEZ-ROJAS, JOHNSON, BYRON, 141, 199 59, 126 PETRITA, 5, 31 JOHNSON, ELMER, 42, 53 LANIER, MARK, 48 HEWITT, JOHN, 191 JOHNSON, KATHRlNE, 6, 25 LANNING, KENNETH, � HICKS, REBECCA, 69 JOHNSON, MARSON, 55, 72, LANZA-KADUCE, LONN, 36, HIGGINBOTHAM, CHARLES, 117, 138, 150 186 51 JOHNSON, V SCOTT, 8, 35, 61 LASLEY, JAMES, 29, 93 HIMELEIN, MELISSA, 122 JOHNSTON, CHARLES, 149 LATESSA, EDWARD, 46 HIRSCHEL, DAVID, 198 JONES, ALICE, 142 LAUEN, ROGER, 102 HODGKINSON, PETER, 129 JONES, CHARLES, 94 LAWRENCE, JAMES, 23 HOFFMAN, VINCENT, 11, 31, JONES, DAVID, 154 LAWRENCE, RICHARD, 123, 191 JONES, SANDRA, 207 170 HOGUE, MARK, 37 JU, XING, 57 LAWRENCE, SALLY, 6 HOLBERT, KELLY, 37, 78 JUNG, YOUN-WOO, 67 LAYNE, KAREN, 127 HOLBROOK, HARLEE, 63 JURKE, GLENDA, 2 LeBEAU, JAMES, 59 HOLDEN, RICHARD, 11, 79 JUSZKIEWICZ, JOLANTA, 148 LEE, AUSTIN, 45 HOLLAND, CAROLSUE, 94 KACI, JUDY, 2 LEE, JULIA, 20 HOLMAN, JOHN, 40, 170 KAFTAN, STEPHAN, 121, 194 LEE-SAMMONS, LYNETTE, 47 HOLMES, MALCOLM, 157 KAHN, NAOMI, 175 LEIBER, MICHAEL, 59 HOLSCHER, LOUIS, 16, 178 KALINICH, DAVID, 97, 111 LEONARD, REX, 129 HOLTEN, N GARY, 36, 47 KANIA, RICHARD, 32 LETMAN, SLOAN, 21, 133 HOOPER, MICHAEL, 29, 115, KAPPELER, VICTOR, 87, 104 LIBERTON, MICHAEL, 63 127 KAUFFMAN, KIM, 183 LILLY, J ROBERT, 39 HOOVER, LARRY, 13, 132 KAUNE, MICHAEL, 87 LIN, BILL, 187 HOPPER, COLUMBUS, 141 KELLER, ROBERT, 24, 178 LINDQUIST, CHARLES, 82, 195 HOPSON-WALKER, STEVEN, KELLEY, THOMAS, 81 LINGAMNENI, JAGAN, 70, 172 103 KELLING, GEORGE, PS I, 125 LIPSEY, MARK, 167 HORTON, MARK, 2 KELLY, M A, 37 LITTLE, ROBERT, 154 HORVATH, FRANK, 74 KELLY, ROBERT, 25, 119 LOFGREEN, VICTOR, 130 HORWITZ, CARYN, 122 KEMPF, KIMBERLY, 202 LONG, BILLY, 30, 71 HOWELL, ANN, 69 KENDALL, JERRY, 141 LOUIS, PAUL, 206 HOWING, PHYLLIS, 120 KENNEY, DENNIS, 108 LOVEDAY, BARRY, 3 HUEGEL, BRENDA, 30 KERLE, KEN, 50 LOVELL, RICK, 114 HUIZINGA, DAVID, 182 KERN, RICHARD, 142 LOVRICH, NICHOLAS, 147, 189 HUME, WENDELIN, 76 KETHlNENI, SESHA, 169 LOZANO, NORMA, 204 HUMPHREY, JOEL, 86A KINKEL, JOHN, 9 LUDWIN, WILLIAM, 106

194 LUND, DENNIS, 146 MENACKER, JULIUS, 165 NORMAN, MICHAEL, 75, 84 LURIGIO, ARTHUR, 54, 195 MENDELSOHN, ROBERT, 2 NUNEZ, J SANTIAGO, 98 LUTZE, FAITH, 21, 106 MENNITI, DANIEL, 36 NUTT, LARRY, 176 LUXENBURG, JOAN, 43 MERCILLIOTT, FREDERICK, O'BLOCK, ROBERT, 116 LYNCH, GERALD, 41 179 O'BRIEN, JOHN, 4 LYNCH, JAMES, 65 MERLO, ALIDA, 151 O'CONNOR, DANIEL, 70 LYNCH, MICHAEL, 81, 98 MEYER, MICHAEL, 189 O'DANIEL, LINDA, 75 LYNCH, RICHARD, 81 MEYER JR, FRED, 115 O'REAR, CHARLES, 181 LYNCH, RON, 149 MIAH, M MIZANUR, 54 OLI, SAMPSON, 77 �STAD, �LLIAM, � MICKlSH, JAN, 60 OLIVERO, J MICHAEL, 54, 194 Mac NAMARA, DONAL, 3 MIECZKOWSKI, TOM, 158 OPOLOT, JAMES, 77, 190 MAHAN, SUE, 6, 36, 56, 176 MIKESH, RICK, 83 ORVIS, GREGORY, 145 MAKINEN, KATHY, 37 MILLER, HUGH, 95 OTT, KAREN, 154 MANDE, MARY, 142 MILLER, MONROE, 105 OVERSON, H WAYNE, 153 MANNION, MAREA, 156 MILLER JR, JAMES, 165, 188 PACE, KIM, 194 MANTANARO, ED, 36 MISNER, GORDON, 9 PALMIOTTO, MICHAEL, 74, 90 MARENIN, O�N, 4, 20 MITCHELL, WESLEY, 165 PARKER, KEITH, 13, 58 MARKlE, JOHN, 155 MONTANARO, REYNALDO, PARKER, MARY, 168 MARQUART, JAMES, 88 193 PARRILL, LEWIS, 30 MARSH, ROBERT, 130 MONTGOMERY JR, REID, 55 PARSONAGE, WILLIAM,28, 42, MARSHALL, CHRISTOPHER, MOORE, DIANA, 94 134 86 MOORE, MERLYN, 149 PASTERNACK, STEVE, 147 MARSHALL, INEKE, 86 MOORE, NEIL, 106 PATTERSON, BERNIE, 55 MARTENS, FREDERICK, 172 MOORE, RICHARD, 142 PATTERSON, RONALD, � MARTIE, LEE, 83 MOORE JR, RICHTER, 94, 173 PATTON, DEBORAH, 78 MASTERS, RUTH, 103 MOORHEAD, JAMIE, 8, 35, 61 PA YN, BETSY, 109 MASTERS, SKIP, 103 MORIARTY, LAURA, 126, 139 PEAK, KENNETH, 112, 128 MASTROFSKI, STEPHEN, 131, MORLEY, HARVEY, 160 PEAT, BARBARA, 183 159 MORN, FRANK, 135 PEETZ, TODD, 78 MAY, ROBIN, 168 MORRIS, HON STANLEY, 92 PELFREY, WILLIAM, 157, 173 MAYS, LARRY, 111 MORTON, JOANN, 1 PELZ, C TERRY, 21 McBRIDE, DUANE, 17 MOTIVANS, JOSEPH, 157 PELZ, MARY, 21, 25 McCAMEY, �LLIAM, 14, 38, MOTIVANS, MARK, 130 PENNEL, ROGER, 3 152 MOYER, IMOGENE, 96, 174, PETRAITIS, JOHN, 54 McCARTHY, BELINDA, 106 207 PETTIWAY, LEON, 58 McCARTHY, BERNARD, 69, MULLINS, WAYMAN, 26, 51, PHILLIPS, JEANNIE, 82 130, 194 108 PHILLIPS, PETER, 4 McCARTHY, �LLIAM, 119 MURASKlN, ROSLYN, 100 PIERCE, GLENN, 162 McCAULEY, R PAUL, 14, 126, MURPHY, EOIN, 84 PIKE, M JOYCE, 121 173 MURPHY, JERRY, 113 PINCU, LESTER, 103 McCONNELL, ELIZABETH, 25, MURPHY, PAUL, 118 PINTO, J, 37 139 MURTY, K S, 205 PINTRICH, LYNDA, 7 McCORMACK, ROBERT, 197 MYERS, CARMEN, 55, 117 PODBOY, JOHN, 2 McCOY, CANDACE, 177 NAGY, LAURA, 163 POGREBIN, MARK, 86A McDEVITT, JACK, 162 NALLA, MAHESH, 59 POLAND, JAMES, 58 McDONALD, JESSYNA, 106 NATARAJAN, MANGAI, 53, 151 POPE, CARL, 15 McDONALD, R MICHAEL, 127 NEAL, ELIZABETH, 73 PORTER, JANET, 39 McELREATH, DAVID, 66 NEE, JOHN, 67 POTGIETER, P J, 109 McGEE, ZINA, 202 NELSON, SCOTT, 156 POTLER, CATHERINE, 23 McKENNA JR, JAMES, 155 NELSON, TIANNA, 20 POTTER, GARY, 172 McLAUGHLIN, KIMBERLY, 30 NELSON, �LLIAM, 26, 32 POWELL, WALTER, 16 McLEOD, MAUREEN, 176 NESS, JAMES, 179, 187 PRENTKY, ROBERT, 12, 45 McMAINS, MICHAEL, 108 NEUBERGER, ANITA, 145 PRESTWOOD, DELlA, 6 McMURRAY, HARVEY, 75 NEWMAN, DONALD, 181 PRICE, BARBARA, �, W7 McNEECE, C AARON, 161, 201 NEWSOME, SABRINA, 191 PRICE, TYRONE, 188 McS�, MARILYN, 81, 98 NIKLAS, DAREK, 64 QUINN, JAMES, 40, 170 Mc�LLIAMS, JOHN, 85 NIMER, RICHARD, 138 RAGGIO, CAROLE, WI MEADOWS, ROBERT, 110, 160, NIPPS II, JOHN, 150 RAHAV, GIORA, 98 173 NOLAN, PHYLLIS, 207 RANKIN, JOSEPH, lW

195 RATLEDGE, ED, 33 SA YNE, DAWN, 83 SPOHN, CASSIA, 15 READ, EMILY, 10 SBARBARO, EDWARD, 178 SROKA, JOSEPH, 110 REBOUSSIN, ROlAND, 33, 45 SCHAFER, NANCY, 10 STANFORD, ROSE MARY, 95 REDDINGTON, FRANCES, 76 SCHMALLEGER, FRANK, 117 STEINMAN, MICHAEL, 198 REED, GEORGE, 102 SCHMEIDLER, JAMES, 158 STEINMANN, RICK, 178 REED, SUSAN, 54 SCHNEID, TOM, 118 STEPHENS, DARREL, 48, 125, REED, THOMAS, 104 SCHNEIDER, VICTORIA, 34 131 REESE, KENNETH, 5 SCHOENTHALER, STEPHEN, STEPHENS, GENE, 179 REICHEL, PHILIP, 109 37 STEPHENS, JAY, 37 REID, SUE, 10 SCHWARTZ, AUDREY, 165 STEPHENS, OTIS, 88 REIMER, JEFF, 116 SCHWARTZ, JAMES, 17 STEWART, JAMES, PS I REINERTSEN, ROBERT, 74 SCOTT, DONALD, 70 STITT, B GRANT, 128 RENGERT, GEORGE, 58, 70 SEIDMAN, ELEANOR, 102 STOHR-GILLMORE, MARY, RENNINGER, PHILLIP, 142 SELF, RUTH, 101 101, 189 RHOADES, PHILIP, 143 SELLERS, CHRISTINE, 27 STOHR-GILLMORE, RHYNHART, FRED, 193 SENESE, JEFFREY, 106, 113 MICHAEL, 147 RICH -GOLDSCHMIDT, SENG, MAGNUS, 85 STOJKOVIC, STAN, 47, 111 WENDY, 72 SHANNON, DOUGlAS, 38 STRAWBRIDGE, PETER, 41 RICHEY, JIM, 149 SHAPIRO, CAROL, 171, 197 STROHBEHN, JASON, 203 RICHWINE, DAVID, 40 SHARPE, VICTORIA, 23 STUART JR, A J, 183 RIGBY, GERALD, 90, 110, 181 SHASHlKAlA, M R, 31 SULLENBERGER, TOM, 129 RILEY, JUDITH, 6 SHEPHERD, ROOSEVELT, 114 SWANSON, CHARLES, 118 RITTI, R RICHARD, 159 SHERMAN, lAWRENCE, 52, SWINNEY, VINCENT, 50 RIVERA, LUCI, 72 PS I, 132 SYKES, GARY, 127, 190 ROBBINS, FRANKLYN, 26 SHIELDS, DEANNA, 37 TAFOYA, SHARON, 112 ROBERSON, CLIFF, 103 SHIGLEY, RICHARD, 130 TAFOYA, WILLIAM, 44 ROBERTS, ROBERT, 99 SHOOK, LYLE, 185 TAGGART, WILLIAM, 157 ROBINSON, DINAH, 88 SHUMAKER, TIMOTHY, 74 TAKATA, SUSAN, 25 ROBINSON, ROBIN, 186 SIEDSCHlAW, KURT, 146 TAYLOR, DOROTHY, 120 RODRIGUEZ, ANNA, 204 SIEGEL, DOROTHY, 165 TAYLOR, ROBERT, 160, 173 ROEBUCK, JULIAN, 205 SIEGEL, STEVEN, 144 TAYLOR, WILLIAM, 124, 162 ROGERS, ROBIN, 139 SIEH, EDWARD, 146, 195 TERRILL, RICHARD, 65 ROGERS, ROBERT, 199 SILVERMAN, MITCHELL, 63 TERRY, CLINTON, 36 ROLD, BILL, 23 SIMMONS, TRACY, 204 TESKE JR, RAYMOND, 142 ROSENBAUM, JILL, 93, 98 SIMON, KATHLEEN, 16 THOMAS, CHARLES, 194 ROSS, JEFFREY, 76, 177 SIMONSEN, CLIFFORD, 6 THOMAS, MIKE, 203 ROTHMAN, ESTHER, 130 SIMS, VIC, 189, 200 THOMAS, PAUL, 101, 194 ROUNDS JR, DELBERT, 105 SINGH, MAHENDRA, 86 THOMAS JR, JOHN, 116 ROUSE, TIMOTHY, 46 SIZEMORE, SHAWNA, 144 THOMPSON, JOEL, 111 ROYO, SHEIlA, 47 SlANE, ALTON, 193 THOMPSON, ROGER, 137 RUSH, JEFFREY, 93 SLOAN, JOHN, 59 THOMSON, J MICHAEL, 20, RUSHING, HON CONRAD, 148 SLOAN, RONALD, 144 193 RUSSEL, ROBIN, 2 SMITH, BEVERLY, 64 THRAPP, MIKE, 86A RYAN, PATRICK, 155 SMITH, DALE, 28 TIEMAN, CHERYL, 182, 202 RYAN, ROlAND, 108 SMITH, GREG, 195 TIMM, HOWARD, 99 SABATH, MICHAEL, 21 SMYKLA, JOHN, 34 TJADEN, ClAUS, 14, 84 SAGATUN, INGER, 134 SNIPES, JEFFREY, 134, 159 TOBOLOWSKY, PEGGY, 88 SALEM, RICHARD, 40 SODERSTROM, IRINA, 75 TOLLETT, TED, 84 SALTZMAN, LINDA, 122 SOKOLOFF, NATALIE, 56 TOLONE, WILLIAM, 182 SANBORN JR, JOSEPH, 184 SORENSEN, JONATHAN, 88, TOMLINSON, THOMAS, 195 SANCHEZ, JOSE, 57 169 TOWBERMAN, DONNA, 115 SANDERSON, JACQUELINE, SOSKIS, JOQUE, 117 TRAVIS III, lA WRENCE, 36, 47 185 SOURYAL, SAM, 104, 204 TRITT, HOWARD, 110, 181 SAPERS, HOWARD, 102 SOUTHERlAND, MITTIE, 44, TROJANOWICZ, ROBERT, 48, SAPP, ALLEN, 35, 132 67, 79 159 SAULTERS-TUBBS, CECILIA, SPARGER, JERRY, 206 TROSTLE, lARRY, 110 100, 121 SPATARO, LUCIAN, 150 TSAO, TONY, 187 SAYLES, SUSAN, 161 SPEIGLMAN, RICHARD, 20 TUNNELL, KENNETH, 105 SAYLOR, BO, 97 SPERGEL, IRVING, 188 TYLER, NEAL, 18

196 UCHIDA, CRAIG, 62, 125 WHITEHEAD, JOHN, 167, 195 UNNITHAN, PRABHA, 66 WHITESIDE, KIMBERLY, 204 VAN DUYN, JULIA, 124 WHITTLE, RANDY, 185 VAN NESS, SHELA, 8, 85, 120 WIATROWSKI, MICHAEL, 63 VAN VOORHIS, PATRICIA, 45, WICKMAN, PETER, 97 PS II WIECHMAN, DENNIS, 141 VAN LANKVELT, JODI, 40 WIEGAND, BRUCE, 14 VANAGUNAS, STANLEY, 86 WIGGINS, MICHAEL, 154 VAUGHN, JOSEPH, 104 WILBANKS, WILLIAM, 60 VAUGHN, MICHAEL, 35, 53 WILKINSON, WILLIAM, 42, 193 VENEZIANO, CAROL, 39 WILLIAMS, DINA, 37 VENEZIANO, LOUIS, 39 WILLIAMS, FRANK, 81, 98 VERMIL YE, JOHN, 149 WILLIAMS, GERALD, 48, 86A, VICTOR, ELIZABETH, 2, 152 131 VIEGAS, KENNETH, 63 WILLIAMS, HAMPTON, 129 VINTON, LINDA, 161 WILLIAMS, JACK, 177 VOGEL, RONALD, 122 WILLIAMS, JIMMY, 24 WACHTEL, DAVID, 95 WILLIAMS, LINDA, 158 WADE, JOHN, 14 WILLIS, PATSY, 78 WAGNER, ALLEN, 137 WILSON, DEBORAH, 57, 150, WAKEFIELD, J, 37 180 WAKEFIELD, WILLIAM, 163 WILSON, FRED, 46 WALDRON, C DONALD, 138 WILSON, GEORGE, 164 WALKER, BRENDA, 203 WINDHAUSER, JOHN, 32 WALKER, CHRISTOPHER, 166 WINESBURG, MELISSA, 204 WALKER, JAMES, 170 WINFREE JR, L THOMAS, 27, WALKER, JEFFERY, 26 141, 183 WALKER, SAM, 125 WISH, ERIC, 158 WALKER, SANDRA-GAIL, 27, WITT, BETSY, 87 166 WODARSKI, JOHN, 120 WALLACE, DONALD, 43 WOlKA, NANCY, 136 WALSH, WILLIAM, 128, 156 WOLFE, NANCY, 57 WALTERS, STEPHEN, 121 WOLLAN, LAURIN, 81 WANBERG, KENNETH, 84, 182 WONG, K C, 88, 99 WANDLING, MIKE, 141 WOOLDREDGE, JOHN, 141 WARNER JR, JOHN, 85 WORDEN, ROBERT, 198 WARREN, JANET, 45 WOTHKE, WERNER, 158 WATSON, PATRICIA, 56, 94 WRIGHT, BENJAMIN, 128 WATSON JR, GEORGE, 89 WRIGHT, KEVIN, 97 WEBB, VINCENT, 66, 125, 132 YARNOLD, BARBARA, 139 WEGNER, W FRED, 49 YEARWOOD, DOUGLAS, 83 WEINMAN, BETH, 17 YEUDALL, LORNE, 22 WEISBURD, DAVID, PS I YUSLUM, TERESA, 40 WEISHEIT, RALPH, 6, 27, 169 ZALMAN, MARVIN, 9, 162 WELCH, MICHAEL, 16 ZA VARIS, ARISTEDES, 92 WELDON, WARD, 165 ZENDZIAN, CRAIG, 119 WELLS, CHRIS, 80 ZEVITZ, RICHARD, 25, 174 WELLS, DOUGLAS, 80 ZUPAN, LINDA, 121 WELLS, EDWARD, 25, 120 WERLICH, THOMAS, 75 WESTERLUND, ALAN, 138 WESTON-HENRIQUES, ZELMA, 136 WHEATON, DAVID, 12 WHELAN, DA VID, 108 WHERRY, VERNON, 27 WHITE, JONATHAN, 26 WHITE, MERVIN, 90 WHITE, STEPHEN, 152

197 MAILING ADDRESSES OF PARTICIPANTS

AARON, TITUS ANDERSON, KRISTIN AYERS, KENNETH Box 1321 c/o B Keith Crew Kentucky Wesleyan CoIl Albuquerque, NM 87103 Sociology Dept Crim Just Program Univ of Northern Iowa Owensboro, KY 42302 ADRIAN, LYNNE Cedar Falls, IA 50614 American Stds Dept BABB, SUSAN Univ of Alabama ANNAN, SAMPSON Crim Just Studies Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 The Police Foundation Kent State University 1001 22nd Street NW Kent, OH 44242 AGYAPONG, OWUSU-ANSAH Washington, DC 20037 Florida A & M Univ BACIGALUPI, TADINI Sociology Dept ANSARI, ZAID Unov of Northern Colorado Tallahassee, FL 32307 U niv of Cincinnati Sociology Deptartment Crim Just ML 108 Greeley, CO 80639 ALBERT, LOUIS Cincinnati, OH 45221 Urban Studies Dept BACON, CAMERON University of Akron ANSPACH, DONALD c/o Marson Johnson Akron, OH 44325 U niv of Southern Maine Univ of South Florida Criminoloyg/Sociology 3433 Winter Lake Rd ALBRITTON, JAMES 96 Falmouth Street Lakeland, FL 33803 Mercer University Portland, ME 04103 1400 Coleman Ave BAHN, CHARLES Macon, GA 31207 ARCHAMBEAULT, WILLIAM John Jay College LA St Univ/Crim Just 899 Tenth Avenue ALEXANDER, STEVEN 250 Himes Hall New York, NY 10019 Florida Atlantic Univ Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Boca Raton, FL 33432 BAILEY, CAROL ARCONA, STEPHEN VA Poly Inst/Soc Dept ALLEMAN, TED Indiana Univ of Penn 660 McBryde PA St Univ/Adm of Just 205 Walsh Hall Blacksburg, VA 24061 102 Waring Hall Indiana, PA 15705 University Park, PA 16802 BAKER, RALPH ARTHUR, JOHN Ball State Univ ALLEN, NOLA Soc/Anthro Dept Muncie, IN 47306 Univ of South Florida Augusta College 4202 E Fowler Ave/Soc 107 Augusta, GA 30901 BANNISTER, SHELLY Tampa, FL 33520 Northeastern IL Univ ASH, PHILIP Crim Just/Women's Studies ALLEN JR, HARLEY London House 5500 N St Louis Ave 755 N 3rd St Apt B 817 Hutcheson Dr Chicago, IL 60625 Richmond, KY 40475 Blacksburg, VA 24060 BARBER, WENDELL ALPERT, GEOFFREY AUSTIN, THOMAS 2729 Brentwood Univ of South Carolina Criminal Justice Odessa, TX 76792 College of Crim Just Shippensburg University Columbia, SC 29208 Shippensburg, PA 17257 BARNES, ALLAN Justice Center AMOS, S P AUSTIN, TIMOTHY Univ of Alaska Anchorage Crim Just/Sociology Indiana Univ of Penn Anchorage, AK 99508 CA St Univ/Stanislaus 201 Walsh Hall Turlock, CA 95380 Indiana, PA 15705 BARNETT, GEORGE Communication Dept ANDERSON, JUDY A YDELOTTE, ANN State Univ of New York c/o Joann Morton Indiana Univ of Penn Buffalo, NY 14260 Univ of South Carolina Criminology Dept College of Crim Just Indiana, PA 15705 Columbia, SC 29208

198 BARREIT, ALLEN BENIGNO, STEPHEN BERRY, BONNIE VA Cmwlth Univ Stockton Unified Sch Dist Indiana U niv 816 W Franklin St/Box 2017 701 North Madison Sch of Pub /Env Affairs Richmond, VA 23284 Stockton, CA 95204 1700 Mishawaka Ave South Bend, IN 46634 BARRY, BERNARD BENNEIT, C LEE EI Paso County Sheriffs 125 Roanoke Road BERRY, ESTRELLITA 15 Cucharras Street Springfield, MA 01118 No address available Colorado Springs, CO 80903 BENNEIT, ERIC BIBEL, DANIEL BARRY, KATHLEEN Box 266 MA Cmte CJ/Stat Anly Ct Pennsylvania St Univ Springdale, AR 72765 100 Cambridge St/21 Floor Sl10 Henderson Bldg Boston, MA 02202 University Park, PA 16802 BENNEIT, RICHARD Just/Law/Society Dept BINDER, ARNOLD BART, PAULINE American University U niv of California Univ of IL/Chicago/Psych Washington, DC 20016 Program in Social Ecology 912 South Wood St Irvine, CA 92717 Chicago, IL 60612 BENNETT, SUSAN School of Just Admin BING, ROBERT BARTON, COLE U niv of Louisville Univ of Missouri/Admin of Just Ctr for Study of Trauma Louisville, KY 40292 8001 Natural Bridge Road Univ of California St Louis, MO 63121 401 Parnassus Ave/Box CST BENSON, HONORABLE FRED San Francisco, CA 94143 Admin of Justice Dept BINGHEIM, DENNIS Wichita State U niv c/o Stanley Cunningham BASEHEART, JOHN Wichita, KS 67208 Law Enforcement Dept Univ of Kentucky Western Illinois Univ 241 Grehan Bldg BENSON, JAMES Macomb, IL 61455 Lexington, KY 40506 Univ of Houston-Clear Lake Box 20 BISHOP, DONNA BASSI, LARRY Houston, TX 77096 U niv of Florida SUNY-Brockport Criminology /Law Ctr Crim Just Dept BENSON, MICHAEL 509 McCarty "C" Brockport, NY 14420 Sociology Dept Gainesville, FL 32611 Univ of Tennessee BAXTER, SANDRA Knoxville, TN 37996 BLACK, JAMES The Circle Inc Box 1190 8201 Greensboro Dr /Ste 600 BERG, BRUCE 200 West Oak St McLean, VA 22102 Criminology Dept Ft Collins, CO 80522 Indiana Univ of Penn BECKER, DONALD Indiana, PA 15705 BLACKMAN, PAUL Univ of Central Florida NRA Inst for Legis Action Box 2500 BERG, SHARON 1600 Rhode Island Ave NW Orlando, FL 32816 15776 E Chenango Avenue Washington, DC 20036 Aurora, CO 80015 BEFUS, JOHN BLANKENSHIP, MICHAEL 3900 South Carr BERMAN, JAY Memphis St University Denver, CO 80235 Jersey City State CoIl Criminoloyg/Crim Just College of Crim Just 405 Mitchell Hall BELKNAP, JOANNE Jersey City, NJ 07305 Memphis, TN 38152 Crim Just Dept ML 108 Univ of Cincinnati BERNAT, FRANCES BLAZICEK, DONALD Cincinnati, OH 45221 Pennsylvania St Univ Admin of Justice Dept 904 Oswald Tower Wichita State Univ BENEKOS, PETER University Park, PA 16802 Wichita, KS 67208 Mercyhurst College Glenwood Hills Erie, PA 16546

199 BLOUNT, WILLIAM BROOKS, LOREN BURBIDGE, GEORGE Univ of South Florida Ctr for Study of Trauma Weber State College Criminology Dept Univ of California Crim Just Dept Tampa, FL 33620 401 Parnassus Ave/Box CST Ogden, UT 84408 San Francisco, CA 94143 BLUMBERG, MARK BURGE, JOHN Central Missouri St Univ BROOKS, PIERCE California St Univ 313 Humphreys No address available 9110 N Stoneridge Lane Warrensburg, MO 64093 Fresno, CA 93710 BROOKS, STEPHEN BOHM, ROBERT University of Akron BURIAN, JOHN Crim Just Dept Political Science Dept Moraine Valley Comm ColI Univ of North Carolina Akron, OH 44325 10900 S 88th Avenue Charlotte, NC 28223 Palos Hills, IL 60465 BROWN, DENNIS BONDI, CONNIE Kearney State Univ BURKE, TOD PA St Univ/Fayette Campus Crim Just Dept Crim Just Dept Box 519 Kearney, NE 68849 St Anselm College Uniontown, PA 15401 Manchester, NH 03102 BROWN, JENNIFER BOOSTROM, RONALD Hampshire Constabulary BURNS, AVON San Diego St Univ Chief Constable's Ofc Hdqtrs Mott Comm College School Pub Adm/Urban Stds Winchester SOlI 5DB 1401 E Court Street San Diego, CA 92182 ENGLAND Flint, MI 48503

BOTTOM, MARl BROWN, MICHAEL BURNS, DAVID Journal of Securi� Admin Southeast Missouri St Univ Police Studies Box 164509 Crim Just Dept Massey University Miami, FL 33116 Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 Palmerston North NEW ZEALAND BOTTOM JR, NORMAN BROWN, STEPHEN Journal of Securitt Admin East Tennessee St Univ BURTON JR, VELMER Box 164509 Box 19150A U niv of Cincinnati Miami, FL 33116 Johnson City, TN 37614 Sociology Dept ML 378 Cincinnati, OH 45221 BRACEY, DOROTHY BRULE, PAUL John Jay College Rochester Inst of Tech BUZAWA, EVE 899 Tenth Avenue One Lomb Mem Dr/Box 9887 Univ of Lowell New York, NY 10019 Rochester, NY 14623 Lowell, MA 01854

BRANDL, STEVEN BRUMMER, RICHARD BYINGTON, DIANE Michigan State Univ c/o Marson Johnson Univ of Denver 560 Baker Hall Univ of South Florida Sch of Social Work East Lansing, MI 48824 3433 Winter Lake Rd Denver, CO 80208 Lakeland, FL 33803 BRECI, MICHAEL BYNUM, TIMOTHY St Cloud State Univ BRUNER, JAMES Michigan St U niv 267 Stewart Hall East Carolina U niv School of Crim Just St Cloud, MN 56301 3002 Fern Drive East Lansing, MI 48824 Greenville, NC 27858 BRODERICK, KIMBERLY BYRNE, JAMES c/o Charles Hanna BUDNICK, KIMBERLY Crim Just Dept Sociology Department FL Dept Health/Rehab Svcs University of Lowell Duquesne University 2811-C Industrial Plaza Dr Lowell, MA 01824 Pittsburgh, P A 15282 Tallahassee, FL 32301 CALATHES, WILLIAM Jersey City St Coll/CJ 12 College Street Jersey City, NJ 07305

200 CALDER, JAMES CARTER III, RONALD CHASTAIN, CHARLES Univ of Texas University Park Police Dept Univ of Arkansas Social/PIey Scns Div 698 Burnham Drive 2801 South University San Antonio, TX 78285 University Park, IL 60466 Little Rock, AR 72204

CALHOUN-STUBER, SUSAN CASTELIANO, THOMAS CHELST, KENNETH CO Domestic Violence Coalition Ctr /Stdy Crime/Del/Corr Industrial Eng/Opers Rsch Box 18912 Southern Illinois U niv Wayne State University Denver, CO 80218 Carbondale, IL 62901 Detroit, MI 48202

CAMACHO-JONES, SUSAN CAULFIELD, SUSAN CHERMAK, STEVEN Univ of South Florida/Ft Myers Sch of Pub /Env Affrs State Univ of New York 9315-R Central Park Dr S #103 Indiana University Sch of Crim Just Ft Myers, FL 33919 112 Lindenwood 135 Western Avenue Gary, IN 46408 Albany, NY 12222 CAMERON, JERRY Chief of Police CAVENDER, GRAY CHIN, KO-LIN Box 668 School of Justice NYC Crim Just Agency Fernandina Beach, FL 32034 Arizona State Univ 305 Broadway Tempe, AZ 85287 New York, NY 10007 CAMP, DAMON Georgia St Univ/CJ CEBULAK, WOJCIECH CHRISTENSEN, CANDICE University Plaza Salem State College Criminology Department Atlanta, GA 30303 Salem, MA 01970 Univ of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 CAMPBELL, BONNIE CERCE, DA VID c/o Kathleen Gale MA Treatment Ctr /Rsch Dept CHUCKMAN, ALEX Elmira Coll/Crim Just Box 554 Metro-Dade Police Dept Elmira, NY 14901 Bridgewater, MA 02324 Miami-Dade Comm Coli 11380 NW 27th Avenue CAMPBELL, JOHN CHACON', ROSE Miami, FL 33167 FBI Academy California St Univ NCAVC Crim Just Dept CHUVALA III, JOHN Quantico, VA 22135 Los Angeles, CA 90032 Law Enf Admin/Stipes 403 Western Illinois Univ CAMPOS, LEONEL CHAMPION, DEAN Macomb, IL 61455 Chicago St Univ/Corr/CJ Box 30059 95th at King Drive Knoxville, TN 37930 CLARK, GREGORY Chicago, IL 60628 Social Sciences Dept CHANG, DAE McNeese St Univ C�ELL, ROBERT Wichita State Univ Lake Charles, LA 70609 Denver Police Dept Admin of Justice 1331 Cherokee Wichita, KS 67208 CLA YTON, STANLEY Denver, CO 80204 Box 95 CHAPMAN, LISA Allendale, MI 49401 CARPER, GAYLE Eastern Kentucky Univ 403 Stipes Hall 304 Madison Hills Blvd #14 CLAYTON JR, OBIE Western Illinois Univ Richmond, KY 40475 U niv of Nebraska Macomb, IL 61455 Crim Just Dept CHARLES, MICHAEL Omaha, NE 68182 CARSON, BARBARA Illinois State Univ Crim Just Dept 401 Schroeder Hall CLONTZ, KENNETH Ball State University Normal, IL 61761 School of Criminology Muncie, IN 47306 Florida State Univ CHARVAT, ANN-MARIE Tallahassee, FL 32306 CARTER, DAYID Cumberland Univ Michigan State U niv 2615 Barton Ave COHEN, BEN-ZION 560 Baker Hall Nashville, TN 37212 Univ of HaifajSch of Soc Wk East Lansing, MI 48824 Mt Carmel, Haifa, ISRAEL

201 COHEN, STANLEY COWLES, ERNEST CUNNINGHAM, SCOTT Indiana Univ of Penn Ctr Stdy Crime/Del/Corr Tampa Police Dept 209 Walsh Hall Southern IL University 15721 Scrimshaw Drive Indiana, PA 15705 Carbondale, IL 62901 Tampa, FL 33624

COLE, GEORGE COX, STEVEN CUNNINGHAM, STANLEY Univ of CT/Political Scn IL St Univ/Crim Just Scns Law Enforcement Admin 341 Mansfield Road 401 Schroeder Hall Western Illinois U niv Storrs, CT 06268 Normal, IL 61761 Macomb, IL 61455

COLES, FRANCES COX, TERRY CURRY, G DAVID California St Univ/CJ Eastern Kentucky U niv West Virginia University 5500 University Pkwy 410 Stratton Sociology/Anthropology San Bernardino, CA 92407 Richmond, KY 40475 Morgantown, WV 26506

COLWELL, LEE CRAMER, JUDITH CURTIS, CRAIG Univ of Arkansas Montgomery Co Cmn Pleas Ct Washington State U niv Crim Just Dept 41 North Perry Street Political Science Dept Little Rock, AR 72204 Dayton, OH 45422 Pullman, WA 99164

CONLEY, DARLENE CRANK, JOHN CZAJKOSKI, EUGENE Narcotic & Drug Research Political Science Dept School of Criminology 11 Beach Street Washington State Univ Florida State Univ New York, NY 10013 Pullman, WA 99163 Tallahassee, FL 32306

CONN, STEPHEN CREW, B KEITH DAANE, DIANE Univ of Alaska/Justice Cntr Sociology Department Ball State Univ 3211 Providence Drive Univ of Northern Iowa Crim Just/Criminology Anchorage, AK 99508 Cedar Falls, IA 50614 Muncie, IN 47306

COOK, TOM CRIMMINS, SUSAN DALLEY, MARLENE Crim Just/Soc Dept Mt Sinai Medical Cntr Missing Children's Registry Southeastern OK St Univ 1 Gustave Levy PI/Box 1252 Box 8885 Durant, OK 74701 New York, NY 10029 Ottawa, ONTARIO K1G 3M8

COPLEY, WH CROMWELL, PAUL DANESHNIA, JANELLE Metro St College/Box 10 Criminology/Sociology lable 1000 4th Ave #2 1006 11thStreet Univ of Texas-Permian Kearney, NE 68847 Denver, CO 80204 Odessa, TX 79762 DANIELS, JOHN CORAM, GREGORY CROWLEY, JOAN Law Enforcement Admin Monmouth College NM St Univ /Crim Just Western Illinois U niv Crim Just Dept Box 30001/Dept 3487 Macomb, IL 61455 W Long Branch, NJ 07764 Las Cruces, NM 88003 DANTZKER, MARK CORDNER, GARY CULLEN, FRANCIS Texas Southmost ColI Eastern Kentucky Univ Crim Just Dept ML 108 80 Fort Brown 410 Stratton U niv of Cincinnati Brownsville, TX 78520 Richmond, KY 40475 Cincinnati, OH 45221 DARGEL, JAN CORNETT, SUSANNA CULPEPPER, ETTA Univ of Tampa Rutgers University Hampton University 401 W Kennedy Blvd 101 Bleeker St/Box 60 448 Brockenbraugh Rd Tampa, FL 33606 Newark, NJ 07102 Chesapeake, VA 23320 DAS, DILIP COURTLESS, THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, JAMES c/o Prison Admin Sociology Department School of Public Affairs Personnel Training Ctr George Washington Univ American University Box 16 Washington, DC 20052 Washington, DC 20016 Kerava, FINlAND 042 61

202 DAVIS, E DUANE DERSHEM, HOLLY DOSS JR, MARION Crim Just Dept Washington St Univ Political Science Dept Western Carolina Univ NW 1445 Turner #19 James Madison Univ Cullowhee, NC 28723 Pullman, WA 99163 Harrisonburg, VA 22807

DA VIS, JAMES DEVINE, FE DRACH-BRILLINGER, PAULA Inwood Station Univ of Southern MS/CJ Univ of Cincinnati Box 499 Southern Station Box 8221 302 French Hall ML 108 New York, NY 10034 Hattiesburg, MS 39406 Cincinnati, OH 45221

DA VIS, SHIRLEY DiVASTO, PETE DRAPER, CORINA Box 35006 Inst for Crim Just Stds San Diego St Univ Charlotte, NC 28235 Univ of New Mexico Crim Just Admin Albuquerque, NM 87131 San Diego, CA 92182 DA VIS JR, WILLIAM Univ of North Carolina DIZASTO, PETER DUBNER, ROBIN Box 35006 Univ of New Mexico Law Offes/11th Fl/Tribune Twr Charlotte, NC 28235 Albuquerque, NM 87106 409 13th Street Oakland, CA 94612 DAWSON, RALPH DOBRIN, LEONARD Counseling Services Sociology/ Crim Just Dept DULL, R THOMAS California St U niv Old Dominion Univ California St Univ Los Angeles, CA 90032 Norfolk, VA 23529 Criminology Dept Fresno, CA 93740 De GRAW, DARRELL DOBROWOLSKI, Univ of Central TX/CJ Prog M CHRISTINA DUNDES, LAUREN Box 1416/West Hwy 190 Univ of Cincinnati/CJ Univ of Florida Killeen, TX 76541 1296 Lytle Lane Stds in Crim/Law Kettering, OH 45409 509 McCarty "C" DEBRO, JULIUS Gainesville, FL 32611 Narcotic & Drug Rsch DODENHOFF, PETER 11 Beach Street John Jay College DUNFORD, FRANK New York, NY 10013 899 Tenth Avenue U niv of Colorado New York, NY 10019 IBS/Box 483 DECKER, SCOTT Boulder, CO 80309 U niv of Missouri DOEREN, STEPHEN Admin of Justice Wichita State Univ DUNGWORTH, TERRY St Louis, MO 63121 Box 95 RAND Corp Wichita, KS 67208 1700 Main Street DeKESEREDY, WALTER Santa Monica, CA 90406 Carleton University DOLON, RONALD Sociology/ Anthro Dept Ball State University EBBE, OBI Ottawa, ONTARIO K1S 5B6 Sociology Department SUNY-Brockport/Crim Just Muncie, IN 47306 Brockport, NY 14420 DEL CARMEN, ROLANDO Sam Houston State Univ DONAHUE, MICHAEL ECK, JOHN Criminal Justice Center Appalachian State Univ Police Exec Rsch Forum Huntsville, TX 77341 Whitener Hall 2300 M Street NW Boone, NC 28608 Washington, DC 20037 DEMBO, RICHARD Criminology Dept DONAWELL, THERESE EDEN, RUTH Univ of South Florida Univ of Texas Adult Probation Srves Tampa, FL 33620 8900 - AN Viscount #272 Box 9620 EI Paso, TX 79925 Haifa, ISRAEL DEMPSEY, JOHN Suffolk Co Comm CoIl DORAZ, WE EDWARDS, STEVEN 533 College Road Sociology/Crim Just U niv of Louisville Selden, NY 11784 CA St Univ/Stanislaus Sch of Just Admin Turlock, CA 95380 Louisville, KY 40292

203 EGGER, STEVEN EREZ, EDNA FARNWORTH, MARGARET Sangamon St Vniv Kent State Vniv Crim Just Center Soc Just Professions 113 Bowman Hall Sam Houston St Univ Springfield, IL 62794 Kent, OH 44242 Huntsville, TX 77341

EICHELBERGER, ANN ESBENSEN, FINN FAWCETT, RONALD Central MO State Univ U niv of Colorado c/o Richard Salem 313 Humphreys IBS/Box 483 U niv of Wisconsin Warrensburg, MO 64093 Boulder, CO 80309 Whitewater, WI 53190

EIGENBERG, HELEN ESKRIDGE, CHRIS FELKENES, GEORGE Old Dominion Univ Univ of Nebraska at Omaha Claremont Grad School Soc/Crim Just Dept Crim Just Dept Claremont, CA 91711 Norfolk, VA 23529 Lincoln, NE 68588 FERDINAND, THEODORE EISENMAN, MARK ETHRIDGE, PHILIP Ctr Stdy Crime/Del/Corr Houston Police Dept Univ of TX-Pan American Southern Illinois Univ 61 Riesner Street 1201 W University Dr Carbondale, IL 62901 Houston, TX 77002 Edinburg, TX 78539 FERRELL, JEFF ELLIS, DESMOND EVANS, ROBERT Regis College/Soc Dept York University Southeastern LA nivU W 50th Ave/Lowell Blvd 4700 Keele Street SLU Station/Box 902 Denver, CO 80221 North York, ONTARIO M3J IP3 Hammond, LA 70402 FEYERHERM, WILLIAM ELLSWORTH, THOMAS EVANS, THOMAS Univ of Wisconsin Illinois St U niv/ CJ Scns U S Treasury Crim Just/Box 786 401 Schroeder Hall Hope Hull Station/Box 186 Milwaukee, WI 53201 Normal, IL 61761 Hope Hull, AL 36043 FIELDS, CHARLES EMBERT, PAUL FAGAN, JEFFREY Appalachian State Univ Michigan State U niv Rutgers University Crim Just Dept School of Crim Just School of Crim Just Boone, NC 28608 East Lansing, MI 48824 Newark, NJ 07102 FISHBEIN, DIANA EMBREE, JAN FAGIN, JAMES Univ of Baltimore 3900 South Carr Wichita State Univ Crim Just Dept Denver, CO 80235 Admin of Just/Box 95 Baltimore, MD 21201 Wichita, KS 67208 EMMONS, DA VID FISHER, BONNIE Stockton State CoIl FAHEY, MICHELE City and Regional Planning Criminal Justice U niv of Colorado 278 Brown Hall/l90 W 17 Ave Pomona, NJ 08240 Sociology Dept Columbus, OH 43210 Boulder, CO 80309 ENGLE, C DONALD FISHER, ROBERT Glassboro State ColI FALCONE, DAVID NYS Dept of Corrctnl Srvs Law/Justice Dept Illinois State Univ State Office Bldg 2 Glassboro, NJ 08028 401 Schroeder Hall Albany, NY 12226 Normal, IL 61761 ENGLISH, SHARON FISHER, SETH Rutgers University FALKENBERG, STEVEN U niv of California Newark, NJ 07102 Eastern Kentucky V niv Sociology Department Cammack 110 Santa Barbara, CA 93106 ENTER, JACK Richmond, KY 40475 GA St Vniv/CJ Dept FISHMAN, LAURA ColI of Pub/V rban Affrs FARMER, DAVID Narcotic/Drug Rsch Inc Atlanta, GA 30303 VA Commonwealth Vniv 11 Beach Street 816 W Franklin St/Box 2017 New York, NY 10013 Richmond, VA 23284

204 FLETCHER, MARK FRENCH, LAURENCE GARTIN, PATRICK Hampshire Constabulary RR #7 Box 395-9 U niv of Florida Chief Constable's Offc Hdqtrs Concord, NH 03301 Criminology/Law Winchester S022 5DB 509 McCarty "C" ENGLAND FREUND, MIRA Gainesville, FL 32611 Sociology Dept FLINT, GAIL Tel Aviv Univ GAUDIN JR, JAMES Kent State Univ Tel Aviv 69978 ISRAEL Univ of Akron Crim Just Stds Dept 138 Fir Hill/Rm 208 Kent, OH 44242 FREY, RICHARD Akron, OH 44325 SUNY-Brockport FLYNN, SUZANNE Crim Just Dept GEARY, DAVID Rutgers University Brockport, NY 14420 Virginia Cmwlth Univ Newark, NJ 07102 Admin of Just/Pub Sfty FRIDELL, LORIE Richmond, VA 23284 FOLEY, MICHAEL School of Criminology No address available Florida State U niv GElS, GILBERT Tallahassee, FL 32306 U niv of California FONG, ROBERT Program in Social Ecology Crim Just Dept FRITZ, NOAH Irvine, CA 92717 U niv of North Carolina Tempe Police Dept Charlotte, N C 28223 120 E 5th Street GENDREAU, PAUL Tempe, AZ 85281 Centracare St John Inc FORD, MARILYN Box 3220-B Volusia Co Dept of Corr FYFE, JAMES Saint John, NB E2M 4H7 1300 Red John Dr/Box 10629 American University Daytona Beach, FL 32120 Just/Law/Society Dept GETREU, ALAN Washington, DC 20016 No address available FOSTER, THOMAS Ohio State University GAINES, LARRY GIACOPASSI, DAVID 1680 University Drive Eastern Kentucky U niv Memphis St Univ/Crim/C J Mansfield, OH 44906 410 Stratton 405 Mitchell Hall Richmond, KY 40475 Memphis, TN 38152 FOX, JAMES SUNY-Buffalo/Crim Just GALE, KATHLEEN GIBBONS, OSWALD 1300 Elmwood Avenue Crim Just Dept Univ of Houston Downtown Buffalo, NY 14222 Elmira College 1 Main Street Elmira, NY 14901 Houston, TX 77002 FOX, JOHN Univ of Northern Colorado GARCIA, ALFREDO GIDO, ROSEMARY Sociology Department St Thomas Univ Sch of Law Social Rsch/Eval Greeley, CO 80639 16400 NW 32nd Avenue 157 Polsin Drive Miami, FL 33054 Schenectady, NY 12303 FRANCIS, CYNTHIA Atlanta Univ/CJ Admin GARCIA, MARGARET GIFFORD, L DOUG 740 Beckwith Street Chicago Police Dept Colorado Springs Police Dept Atlanta, GA 30314 2958 West Pershing 4309 Wilderness Trail Chicago, IL 60605 Pueblo, CO 81008 FRANK, JAMES Michigan St Univ/CJ GARRETT, CAROL GILBERT, JAMES 560 Baker Hall 4120 South Julian Way Kearney State College East Lansing, MI 48824 Denver, CO 80236 Crim Just Dept Kearney, NE 68849 FRAZIER, CHARLES GARRETT, GERALD U niv of Florida Center for Crim Just GILES, DAVID Criminology/Law U niv of Massachusetts 2409 Hideaway Court 509 McCarty "C" Boston, MA 02125 Tallahassee, FL 32303 Gainesville, FL 32611

205 GILL, PATRICIA GORDON� GARY GURIN, GERALD Criminology Dept Utica ColI/Syracuse Univ Hispanic Research Ctr Univ of South Florida Crim Just/Burrstone Rd Fordham University Tampa, FL 33620 Utica, NY 13502 Bronx, NY 10458

GILLHAM, JAMES GOULD, lARRY GURNACK, ANNE Buffalo St Coll/Crim Just Louisiana State Univ Univ of WI-Parkside/Pol Scn 1300 Elmwood 250 Himes Hall Molianaro Hall Buffalo, NY 14222 Baton Rouge, lA 70803 Kenosha, WI 53141

GILMERE, JULIE GRAMCKOW, HElKE HAARR, ROBIN Western IL Univ/Law Enf Admin Friedrich Naumann Fdtn Michigan State Univ 403 Stipes Hall 1000 6th St SW #516 School of Crim Just Macomb, IL 61455 Washington, DC 20024 East Lansing, MI 48824

GILSINAN, JAMES GRAY, KELSEY HACKETT, DA VID St Louis University Washington State U niv Youth Policy Institute 221 N Grand West 601 First Ave 1221 Massachusetts Ave NW St Louis, MO 63103 Spokane, WA 99204 Washington, DC 20005

GLADIS, STEPHEN GREEK, CECIL HAGAN, FRANK FBI Bulletin Univ of South FL/Crim Dept Mercyhurst College FBI 140 Seventh Ave South Grad Prog in Adm of Just Washington, DC 20535 St Petersburg, FL 33701 Erie, PA 16546

GlASSCOCK, BRUCE GREENE, JACK HAGHIGHI, BAHRAM Ft Collins Police Dept Temple Univ Univ of Dayton/Crim Just Box 580 537 Gladfelter Hall 300 College Park Dr Ft Collins, CO 80522 Philadelphia, PA 19122 Dayton, OH 45469

GLOVER-HALL, JULIA GREENWOOD, PETER HAGUE, JAMES Drexel University The Rand Corporation VA Commonwealth Univ Psych/Soc/Anthro Dept 1700 Main Street 816 W Franklin St Philadelphia, PA 19104 Santa Monica, CA 90406 Richmond, VA 23284

GOERDT, JOHN GRENNAN, SEAN HALE, DONNA Nat'l Center for St Cts Criminal Justice Shippensburg Univ/CJ 300 Newport Avenue Long Island Univ/CW Post 210 Horton Hall Williamsburg, VA 23187 Greenvale, NY 11548 Shippensburg, PA 17257

GOETZ, JULIE GROPPER, BERNARD HALEY, KEITH School of Criminology N at'l Inst of Justice OH Peace Off Trng Cncl Florida State Univ 633 Indiana Ave NW Box 309 Tallahassee, FL 32306 Washington, DC 20531 London, OH 43140

GOLDSBOROUGH, DOROTHY GROSS-FARINA, SALLY HALLOWELL, LYLE Univ of Hawaii-Manoa/Soc Dept SE FL Inst of Crim Just St John's Univ /Soc Dept Porteus 247/2424 Maile Way 11380 NW 27th Ave Grand Ctrl/Utopia Pkwys Honolulu, HI 96822 Miami, FL 33167 Jamaica, NY 11439

GOMME, IAN GROSSI, ELIZABETH HALSTED, JAMES Memorial Univ of Newfoundland Indiana Univ of Penn Criminology Dept Sociology Dept 401 Barclay Heights Univ of South Florida CANADA, A1C 5S7 Indiana, PA 15701 Tampa, FL 33620

GOODSTEIN, LYNNE GUILD, THOMAS HALSTED, JANE Pennsylvania St Univ Political Scn Dept U niv of South Florida 13 Sparks Central State Univ Criminology Dept University Park, PA 16802 Edmond, OK 73034 Tampa, FL 33620

206 HAMM, MARK HAYES, CYNTHIA HENDRICKS, JAMES Criminology Dept California St Univ/CJ Ball State Univ/NQ 248 Indiana State Univ Box 701 Muncie, IN 47306 Terre Haute, IN 47809 Shingle Springs, CA 95682 HENRY, SHAWN HANDBERG, ROGER HAYES, HENNESSEY City & Regional Planning Political Scn Dept Tulane Univ/Soc Dept 278 Brown Hall/l90 W 17 Ave U niv of Central Florida 220 Newcomb Hall Columbus, OH 43210 Orlando, FL 32816 New Orleans, LA 70118 HERBST, EMILY HANNA, CHARLES HAYESLIP, DA VID Univ of Akron Sociology Department National Inst of Justice 138 Fir Hill/Rm 208 Duquesne University 633 Indiana Ave NW Akron, OH 44325 Pittsburgh, PA 15282 Washington, DC 20531 HERNANDEZ-ROJAS, HANSON, LINDA HAZELETT, MICHAEL PETRITA Univ of Florida/Offc of Dean Law Enforccement Admin NYS Dept of Corrctnl Srvcs ColI of Liberal Arts/Scns Western Illinois Univ State Office Bldg 2 Gainesville, FL 32511 Macomb, IL 61455 Albany, NY 12226

HARDYMAN, PATRICIA HAZELWOOD, ROBERT HEWITT, JOHN Nat'l Cnd/Crime/Del NCAVC Criminal Justice S I Newhouse Ctr Law/Just FBI Academy Ball State University Newark, NJ 07102 Quantico, VA 22135 Muncie, IN 47809

HARPER, HILARY HEAD, WILLIAM HICKS, REBECCA Criminology Dept Crim Just Dept Sociology Dept Univ of South Florida Univ of Texas SUNY -Stony Brook Tampa, FL 33620 EI Paso, TX 79968 Stony Brook, NY 11794

HARRELL, ADELE HEARD, CHINITA HIGGINBOTHAM, CHARLES The Urban Institute Sch of Pub/Env Affrs IACP 2100 M Street NW Indiana University 1110 N Glebe Rd/Ste 200 Washington, DC 20037 Fort Wayne, IN 46805 Arlington, VA 22201

HARRIS, JUDITH HECK, WILLIAM HIMELEIN, MELISSA U niv of South Carolina Northeastern St Univ Counseling Center 800 University Way Social Science Dept Univ of North Carolina Spartanburg, SC 29303 Tahlequah, OK 74465 Charlotte, NC 28223

HART, BARBARA HEFFERNAN, ALFRED HIRSCHEL, DA VID Social Sciences Dept Univ of Dayton/Crim Just Prog Crim Just Dept Univ of Texas 300 College Park Univ of North Carolina Tyler, TX 75701 Dayton, OH 45469 Charlotte, NC 28223

HATCHER, CHRIS HELFGOTT, JACQUELINE HODGKINSON, PETER Univ of CA/Study of Trauma PA St Univ/Adm of Justice Polytechnic of Central London 401 Parnassus Ave/Box CST 164 E McCormick Ave Apt #2 Red Lion Square San Francisco, CA 94143 State College, PA 16801 London, ENGLAND WC1R 4SR

HAWKINS, MICHELLE HELM, LISA HOFFMAN, VINCENT Criminology/ Crim Just 268 4th Street MI St U niv/Sch of Crim Just Memphis State Univ Troy, NY 12180 534 Baker Hall Memphis, TN 38152 East Lansing, MI 48824 HENDERSON, THOMAS HAWLEY, F FREDERICK Washington Projects Offc HOGUE, MARK Louisiana State U niv Nat'l Center for St Cts School of Criminology 1 University Place 1110 N Glebe Rd #1090 Florida State Univ Shreveport, LA 71115 Arlington, VA 22203 Tallahassee, FL 32306

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208 JAMIESON, KATHERINE JOHNSON, V SCOTT KAHN, NAOMI Crim Just Dept Eastern NM U niv/Psych Dept Georgetown U niv Univ of North Carolina Station 25 Washington, DC 20057 Charlotte, NC 28223 Portales, NM 88130 KALINICH, DAYID JANEKSELA, GALAN JOHNSTON, CHARLES Michigan St Univ Admin of Just Dept No address available School of Crim Just Wichita State U niv 536 Baker Hall Wichita, KS 67208 JONES, ALICE East Lansing, MI 48824 IL Crim Just Info Authority JANIKOWSKI, W RICHARD 120 South Riverside Plaza KANIA, RICHARD Memphis State Univ Chicago, IL 60606 U niv of Louisville 405 Mitchell Hall School of Just Admin Memphis, TN 38152 JONES, CHARLES Louisville, KY 40292 Crim Just Dept JEFFERY, C R Troy State University KAPPELER, VICTOR School of Criminology Troy, AL 36082 Central MO State Univ Florida State Univ 313 Humphreys Tallahassee, FL 33206 JONES, DAVID Warrensburg, MO 64093 Univ of Wisconsin JENGELESKI, JAMES Public Affairs Dept KAUFFMAN, KIM Crim Just Dept Oshkosh, WI 54901 Univ of Arkansas/CJ Shippensburg Univ 2801 South University Shippensburg, PA 17257 JONES, SANDRA Little Rock, AR 72204 Ctr Stdy of Comm /Race Rels JERIN, ROBERT Brunel Univ KAUNE, MICHAEL Salem State College Oxbridge UB8 3TH Radford University 352 Lafayette Street ENGLAND Crim Just Dept Salem, MA 01970 Radford, VA 24142 JU, XING JODARSKI, JULIE U niv of Cincinnati KELLER, ROBERT U niv of Cincinnati Sociology Dept ML 378 Univ of Southern CO/Soc Dept Crim Just ML 108 Cincinnati, OH 45221 2200 Bonforte Blvd Cincinnati, OH 45221 Pueblo, CO 81001 JUNG, YOUN-WOO JOHNSON, BRUCE San Jose State Univ KELLEY, THOMAS Northwestern Univ 134 Dansen Drive Wayne State Univ Urban Affrs/Policy Rsch San Jose, CA 95116 Crim Just Dept Evanston, IL 60201 Detroit, MI 48202 JURKE, GLENDA JOHNSON, BYRON Mail Station KELLING, GEORGE Memphis St Univ/Crim/C J Box 88938 Northeastern University 405 Mitchell Hall Sioux Falls, SD 57105 College of Crim Just Memphis, TN 38152 Boston, MA 02115 JUSZKIEWICZ, JOLANTA JOHNSON, ELMER Pretrial Services Rsc Ctr KELLY, MA Rt #2/Box 331 1325 G Street NW #620 No address available Reed's Station Road Washington, DC 20005 Carbondale, IL 62901 KELLY, ROBERT KACI, JUDY Brooklyn ColI/Ed Srves JOHNSON, KATHRINE CA State Univ/Crim Just Bedford Ave/Ave H Criminology Dept 1250 Bellflower Blvd Brooklyn, NY 10019 Indiana Univ of Penn Long Beach, CA 90840 Indiana, PA 15705 KEMPF, KIMBERLY KAFTAN, STEPHAN Univ of MO/Admin of Just JOHNSON, MARSON Minot St Univ/Crim Just 8001 Natural Bridge Rd Univ of South Florida 500 University Avenue St Louis, MO 63121 3433 Winter Lake Road Minot, ND 58701 Lakeland, FL 33803

209 KENDALL, JERRY KNEPPER, PAUL KURTZ, P DAVID Univ of Evansville School of Justice U niv of Akron 1800 Lindon Avenue Arizona State U niv 138 Fir Hill/Rm 208 Evansville, IN 47722 Tempe, AZ 85287 Akron, OH 44325

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210 lAWRENCE, JAMES LILLY, J ROBERT LOZANO, NORMA Bur of Health Systems Eval Northern Kentucky U niv c/o J Michael Olivero NYS Cmsn of Correction Sociology Dept Crim Just Dept Albany, NY 12212 Highland Heights, KY 41076 Univ of TX-Pan American Edinburg, TX 78539 lAWRENCE, RICHARD LIN, BILL St Cloud St Univ/CJ Stds Sam Houston State Univ LUDWIN, WILLIAM Stewart Hall 245 College of Crim Just Sch of Pub/Env Affairs St Cloud, MN 56301 Huntsville, TX 77341 Indiana University Fort Wayne, IN 46805 lAWRENCE, SALLY LINDQUIST, CHARLES Gainesville Police Dept U niv of Alabama LUND, DENNIS 721 NW 6th Street Crim Just Dept Crim Just Dept Gainesville, FL 32601 Birmingham, AL 35294 Kearney State College Kearney, NE 68849 lAYNE, KAREN LINGAMNENI, JAGAN Las Vegas Metro Police Dept Governors State Univ LURIGIO, ARTHUR 400 East Stewart Avenue College of Business Loyola Univ/Crim Just Las Vegas, NV 89101 University Park, IL 60466 820 N Michigan Ave Chicago, IL 60611 LeBEAU, JAMES LIPSEY, MARK Southern Illinois Univ Box 1781 LUTZE, FAITH Ctr for Study of Crime Ouray, CO 81427 Pennsylvania State Univ Carbondale, IL 62901 102 Waring Hall LITTLE, ROBERT University Park, PA 16802 LEE, AUSTIN Crim Just Dept MA Treatment Ctr /Research Univ of North Carolina LUXENBURG, JOAN Box 554 Charlotte, NC 28223 Soc/Crim Just Dept Bridgewater, MA 02324 Central State Univ LOFGREEN, VICTOR Edmond, OK 73034 LEE, JULIA Stepehn F Austin St Univ Marin Institute Box 6178/SFA Station LYNCH, GERALD Box 3358 Nacogdoches, TX 75962 John Jay College Long Beach, CA 90803 899 Tenth Avenue LONG, BILLY New York, NY 10019 LEE-SAMMONS, LYNETTE 1214 Ledford Street Political Science Dept Elizabethton, TN 37643 LYNCH, JAMES Washington State Univ American University Pullman, WA 99164 LOUIS, PAUL Just/Law/Society Dept Memphis St Univ/Crim/CJ Washington, DC 20016 LEIBER, MICHAEL 405 Mitchell Hall Univ of Northern Iowa Memphis, TN 38152 LYNCH, MICHAEL Sociology Dept School of Criminology Cedar Falls, IA 50614 LOVEDAY, BARRY Florida State Univ Birmingham Polytech/Mgmt Dept Tallahassee, FL 32306 LEONARD, REX Perry Barr, Birmingham B42 2SU SS Box 5027 ENGlAND LYNCH, RICHARD Univ of Southern Mississippi New England College Hattiesburg, MS 39406 LOVELL, RICK Arundel Sussex U niv of Wisconsin BN18 ODA ENGlAND LETMAN, SLOAN Box 786 Chicago St Univ/Corrs Dept Milwaukee, WI 53201 LYNCH, RON 95th St at King Drive No address available Chicago, IL 60628 LOVRICH, NICHOlAS Washington State Univ MAAKESTAD, WILLIAM LIBERTON, MICHAEL Political Scn Dept Management Dept Criminology Dept Pullman, WA 99164 Western Illinois U niv U niv of South Florida Macomb, IL 61455 Tampa, FL 33620

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214 OPOLOT, JAMES PATTERSON, RONALD PHILLIPS, JEANNIE Texas Southern Univ Box 660 Western Carolina U niv 3100 Cleburne Street Haysville, NC 28904 Crim Just Dept Houston, TX 77004 Cullowhee, NC 28723 PATTON, DEBORAH ORVIS, GREGORY Tallahassee Police Dept PHILLIPS, PETER Crim Just Dept Tallahassee, FL 32303 Utica ColI/Syracuse Univ Univ of Alabama Burrstone Rd Box 202 Birmingham, AL 35294 PAYN, BETSY Utica, NY 13502 Washington State U niv OTT, KAREN Political Scn Dept PIERCE, GLENN Criminology Dept Pullman, WA 99164 Northeastern Univ Indiana Univ of Penn 360 Huntington Avenue Indiana, PA 15705 PEAK, KENNETH Boston, MA 02115 Crim Just Dept OVERSON, H WAYNE Univ of Nevada PIKE, M JOYCE Weber State College Reno, NY 89557 Crim Just Dept Crim Just Dept Univ of Alabama Ogden, UT 84408 PEAT, BARBARA Birmingham, AL 35294 Crim Just Dept #3487 PACE, KIM New Mexico St Univ PINCU, LESTER Univ of Florida/Offc of Dean Las Cruces, NM 88003 California St U niv ColI of Liberal Arts/Scns Criminology Dept Gainesville, FL 32511 PEETZ, TODD Fresno, CA 93740 City & Regional Planning PALMIOTTO, MICHAEL 278 Brown Hall/l90 W 17 Ave PINTO, J Armstrong State ColI Columbus, OH 43210 Sociology / Crim Just Government Dept CA St U niv/Stanislaus Savannah, GA 31419 PELFREY, WILLIAM Turlock, CA 95380 School of Just Admin PARKER, KEITH U niv of Louisville PINTRICH, LYNDA Univ of Nebraska Louisville, KY 40292 Middlesex Comm ColI 722 Oldfather Hall Building 5/Room 204 Lincoln, NE 68588 PELZ, C TERRY Springs Road TX Dept of CJ/Inst Div Bedford, MA 01730 PARKER, MARY Rt 3/Box 59 Univ of Arkansas Rosharon, TX 77583 PODBOY, JOHN 2801 South University Box 488 Little Rock, AR 72204 PELZ, MARY Kenwood, CA 95452 Univ of Houston Dntwn/Soc Scn PARRILL, LEWIS One Main Street POGREBIN, MARK Univ of North Dakota Houston, TX 77002 Univ of Colorado/Crim Just Box 6211 1200 Larimer St/Box 142 Grand Forks, ND 58206 PENNEL, ROGER Denver, CO 80204 Crim Just Admin PARSONAGE, WILLIAM Central Missouri State Univ POLAND, JAMES Pennsylvania St Univ Warrensburg, MO 64093 California St Univ /CJ 102 Waring 6000 J Street University Park, PA 16802 PETRAITIS, JOHN Sacramento, CA 95819 Loyola U niv of Chicago PASTERNACK, STEVE Psychology Dept POPE, CARL New Mexico St Univ 820 N Michigan Avenue U niv of Wisconsin Box 3J Chicago, IL 60611 Crim Just/Box 786 Las Cruces, NM 88003 Milwaukee, WI 53201 PETTIWAY, LEON PATTERSON, BERNIE Crim Just Division PORTER, JANET Valdosta State ColI Univ of Delaware Crim Just Dept Offc of Dean/Sch Arts/Scns Newark, DE 19716 Univ of Nebraska/Omaha Valdosta, GA 31698 Omaha, NE 68182

215 POTGIETER, P J RATLEDGE, ED RENGERT, GEORGE Univ of Zululand ColI of Urban Affairs Temple University Private Bag X101 Univ of Delaware Crim Just Dept Kwadlangezwa 3886 Newark, DE 19711 Philadelphia, PA 19122 SOUTH AFRICA READ, EMILY RENNINGER, PHILLIP POTLER, CATHERINE U niv of Alaska Bur of Stats/Policy Rsch No address available 3211 Profidence Dr PA Cmsn on Crime/Box 1167 Anchorage, AK 99508 Harrisburg, PA 17105 POTTER, GARY Police Studies REBOUSSIN, ROLAND RHOADES, PHILIP Eastern Kentucky U niv FBI Academy Corpus Christi St Univ/CJ Richmond, KY 40475 NCAVC 6300 Ocean Drive Quantico, VA 22135 Corpus Christi, TX 78412 POWELL, WALTER Slippery Rock Univ REDDINGTON, FRANCES RHYNHART, FRED Political Science Dept Sam Houston St Univ Northern Kentucky Univ Slippery Rock, PA 16057 Crim Just Center Political Science Dept Huntsville, TX 77341 Highland Heights, KY 41076 PRENTKY, ROBERT MA Treatment Ctr/Resea rch REED, GEORGE RICH-GOLDSCHMIDT, Box 554 Crim Just Dept WENDY Bridgewater, MA 02314 Point Lorna College 3800 W 12th St Rd San Diego, CA 92106 Greeley, CO 80631 PRESTWOOD, DELLA Crim Just Program REED, SUSAN RICHEY, JIM Univ of Central Florida Crim Just Program No address available Daytona Beach, FL 32015 U niv of Wisconsin Oshkosh, WI 54901 RICHWINE, DAVID PRICE, BARBARA Dauphin Co Juv Prob Dept John Jay College REED, THOMAS 25 South Front St/7th FI 899 Tenth Avenue Eastern Kentucky U niv Harrisburg, PA 17101 New York, NY 10019 Stratton 105 Richmond, KY 40475 RIGBY, GERALD PRICE, TYRONE Bowling Green St U niv Univ of MD /Eastern Shore Cmps REESE, KENNETH Crim Just Program Social Sciences Dept Georgia Southern ColI Bowling Green, OH 43403 Princess Anne, MD 21853 Political Scn/PA/CJ Statesboro, GA 30460 RILEY, JUDITH QUINN, JAMES Western Michigan Univ Univ of North Texas REICHEL, PHILIP Sociology Department Crim Just Institute Univ of Northern Colorado Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Box 5053 Sociology Department Denton, TX 76203 Greeley, CO 80639 RITTI, R RICHARD Pennsylvania State U niv RAGGIO, CAROLE REID, SUE 102 Waring Hall Broward Co Sheriffs Offc School of Criminology University Park, PA 16802 Box 2505 Florida State Univ Ft Lauderdale, FL 33303 Tallahassee, FL 32306 RIVERA, LUCI California St Univ RAHAV, GIORA REIMER, JEFF Crim Just Dept Sociology Dept Sociology Dept Los Angeles, CA 90032 Tel Aviv Univ TN Technical Univ Tel Aviv 69978 ISRAEL Cookeville, TN 38501 ROBBINS, FRANKLYN Comm CoIl of Rhode Island RANKIN, JOSEPH REINERTSEN, ROBERT 1762 Louisquisset Pike Sociology Dept Western Illinois U niv Lincoln, RI 02865 Eastern Michigan U niv Stipes Hall Ypsilanti, MI 48197 Macomb, IL 61455

216 ROBERSON, CLIFF ROUNDS JR, DELBERT SANBORN JR, JOSEPH California State Univ 137 S Tenth Street Glassboro State ColI Criminology Dept Indiana, PA 15701 Law/Justice Studies Dept Fresno, CA 93740 Glassboro, NJ 08028 ROUSE, TIMOTHY ROBERTS, ROBERT Colorado State Univ SANCHEZ, JOSE James Madison Univ B 249 Clark/Soc Dept Crim Just Program Political Science Dept Ft Collins, CO 80523 Kean ColI of New Jersey Harrisonburg, VA 22807 Union, NJ 07083 ROYO, SHEILA ROBINSON, DINAH NYC Crim Just Agency SANDERSON, JACQUELINE Univ of TN/Pol Scn 305 Broadway USTreasury 1001 McClung Tower New York, NY 10007 33 Oldfield Drive Knoxville, TN 37996 Montgomery, AL 36117 RUSH, JEFFREY ROBINSON, ROBIN Jacksonville State U niv SAPERS, HOWARD Brandeis Univ jNat'l Inst Sent 115 Brewer Hall John Howard Society Alter-Heller Sch/Box 9110 Jacksonville, AL 36265 706 McLeod Bldg Waltham, MA 02254 10136 - 100 Street RUSHING, HON CONRAD Edmonton, ALBERTA T5J OP1 RODRIGUEZ, ANNA Superior CtjSanta Clara Co c/o J Michael Olivero 191 N First Street SAPP, ALLEN Univ of TXjCrim Just San Jose, CA 95113 Crim Just Admin Edinburg, TX 78539 Central Missouri St Univ RUSSEL, ROBIN Warrensburg, MO 64093 ROEBUCK, JULIAN Univ of Nebraska/Omaha Atlanta Univ/Crim Just Annex 4O/60th & Dodge St SAULTERS-TUBBS, CECILIA 740 Beckwith Street Omaha, NE 68182 Crim Just Dept Atlanta, GA 30314 Univ of Alabama RYAN, PATRICK Birmingham, AL 35294 ROGERS, ROBIN Criminal Justice Rt 2 Box 17-A1 Long Island UnivJCW Post SAYLES, SUSAN Robbinsville, NC 28771 Greenvale, NY 11548 School of Criminology Florida State Univ ROGERS, ROBERT RYAN, ROLAND Tallahassee, FL 32306 Univ of Tennessee Arapahoe Community ColI Crim Just Dept 5900 S Santa Fe SAYLOR, BO Chattanooga, TN 37403 Littleton, CO 80120 Fed Bureau of Prisons Ofc of Rsch/Dev ROLD, BILL SABATH, MICHAEL 320 First St NW Rm 300 Prisoners' Rights Project Indiana Crim Just Inst Washington, DC 20534 Legal Aid Society 101 W Ohio St/Ste 1030 New York, NY 10013 Indianapolis, IN 46204 SAYNE, DAWN Univ of Cincinnati ROSENBAUM, JILL SAGATUN, INGER 7432 State Rt 128 Crim Just Dept San Jose St Univ Cleves, OH 45002 California St Univ Admin of Just Dept Fullerton, CA 92634 San Jose, CA 95192 SBARBARO, EDWARD Regis College ROSS, JEFFREY SALEM, RICHARD 27 Bel Vista Ct Univ of Colorado Sociology Department Pueblo, CO 81001 Ctr for Comp Politics U niv of Wisconsin Boulder, CO 80309 Whitewater, WI 53190 SCHAFER, NANCY U niv of Alaska ROTHMAN, ESTHER SALTZMAN, LINDA 3211 Providence Correc Educ Consortium Center for Disease Control Anchorage, AK 99508 2910 Thompson Avenue 1600 Clifton Rd NE/Rm 103236 Bldg 3/Rm 346 Atlanta, GA 30333 Long Island City, NY 11101

217 SCHMALLEGER, FRANK SENG, MAGNUS SIEGEL, DOROTHY Pembroke State Univ Loyola U niv of Chicago Stdy/Prev Cmps Violence Sociology/Social Work 820 N Michigan Avenue Towson State Univ Pembroke, NC 28372 Chicago, IL 60611 Towson, MD 21204

SCHMEIDLER, JAMES SHANNON, DOUGlAS SIEGEL, STEVEN Psychiatry/Biomathematical Scns Criminology Dept Denver Dist Attny's Offc Mt Sinai Sch of Medicine California State Univ 303 W Colfax Ave/Ste 1300 New York, NY 10029 Fresno, CA 93740 Denver, CO 80204

SCHNEID, TOM SHAPIRO, CAROL SIEH, EDWARD Eastern Kentucky U niv Rutgers U niv/Sch of CJ Criminology/CJ Prog Stratton 253 15 Washington Street Niagara University Richmond, KY 40475 Newark, NJ 07102 Niagara University, NY 14109

SCHNEIDER, VICTORIA SHARPE, VICTORIA SILVERMAN, MITCHELL Univ of Michigan St Clare's Hospital Criminology Department ICPSR/Box 1248 415 W 51st U niv of South Florida Ann Arbor, MI 48106 New York, NY 10019 Tampa, FL 33620

SCHOENTHALER, STEPHEN SHASHIKAlA, M R SIMMONS, TRACY Sociology / Crim Just Atlanta Univ/CJ Inst NC Central Univ CA St Univ/Stanislaus 740 Beckwith SUrry 106 Smokehouse Lane Turlock, CA 95380 Atlanta, GA 30314 Cary, NC 27513

SCHWARTZ, AUDREY SHEPHERD, ROOSEVELT SIMON, KATHLEEN No address available Crim Just Dept Appalachian State Univ Shippensburg University Political Science Dept SCHWARTZ, JAMES Shippensburg, PA 17257 Boone, NC 28608 c/o James Inciardi Univ of Delaware/Crim Just SHERMAN, lAWRENCE SIMONSEN, CLIFFORD Newark, DE 19716 Crime Control Institute Central Washington U niv 1063 Thomas Jefferson St NW 606 9th Avenue S SCOTT, DONALD Washington, DC 20007 Edmonds, WA 98020 Louisiana State Univ Crim Just/750 Himes Hall SHIELDS, DEANNA SIMS, VIC Baton Rouge, lA 70803 Indiana Univ of Penn Lamar Univ 205 Walsh Hall Box 10026 SEIDMAN, ELEANOR Indiana, PA 15705 Beaumont, TX 77710 Comm Srvc Prog/Suffolk Co Bldg 16/County Center North SHIGLEY, RICHARD SINGH, MAHENDRA Veterans Memorial Hgwy Stephen F Austin St U niv Crim Just Dept Hauppauge, NY 11788 Box 6178/SFA Station Grambling State Univ Nacogdoches, TX 75962 Grambling, LA 71245 SELF, RUTH Governmental Studies Srves SHOOK, LYLE SIZEMORE, SHAWNA Washington State Univ Auburn Univ 7917 Fir Drive Pullman, WA 99164 7300 University Drive Temperance, MI 48182 Montgomery, AL 36117 SELLERS, CHRISTINE SlANE, ALTON Sociology Department SHUMAKER, TIMOTHY Muhlenberg College Northern Arizona Univ Rt 1 Box 74 2400 Chew Street Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Marshall, IL 62441 Allentown, PA 18104

SENESE, JEFFREY SIEDSCHlAW, KURT SLOAN, JOHN Indiana University c/o Dennis Lund Univ of Alabama Sch of Pblc/Env Affs Kearney St Coll/Crim Just Crim Just Dept/Univ Stat 1700 Mishawaka Ave/Box 7111 Kearney, NE 68849 Birmingham, AL 35294 South Bend, IN 46634

218 SLOAN, RONALD SPARGER, JERRY STEPHENS, OTIS Aurora Police Dept Memphis State Univ Univ of Tennessee/Pol Scn 15001 E Alameda Drive Criminology/Crim Just 1001 McClung Tower Aurora, CO 80012 Memphis, TN 38152 Knoxville, TN 37996

SMITH, BEVERLY SPATARO, LUCIAN STEWART, JAMES Illinois St Univ /Crim Just Ohio University Nat'l Institute of Justice 401 Schroeder Hall ColI of Business Admin 633 Indiana Avenue NW Normal, IL 61761 Athens, OH 45701 Washington, DC 20531

SMITH, DALE SPEIGLMAN, RICHARD STITT, B GRANT Univ of Washington Marin Inst Pry of AI/Drug Prob Univ of Nevada 203 Smith Hall/D P -35 1040 B Street/Ste 300 Crim Just Dept Seattle, WA 98195 San Rafael, CA 94901 Reno, NY 89557

SMITH, GREG SPERGEL, IRVING STOHR-GILLMORE, MARY Law Enforcement Admin U niv of Chicago /Sch Soc Srvc Washington State U niv Western Illinois Univ 5801 S Ellis Avenue Political Science Dept Macomb, IL 61455 Chicago, IL 60637 Pullman, WA 99164

SMYKLA, JOHN SPOHN, CASSIA STOHR-GILLMORE, MICHAEL Crim Just Dept Univ of Nebraska/Omaha Washington St Univ/Pol Scn U niv of Alabama Crim Just/Annex 37 725 Johnson Tower 725 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 Omaha, NE 68182 Pullman, WA 99164

SNIPES, JEFFREY SROKA, JOSEPH STOJKOVIC, STAN Pennsylvania St U niv North Carolina Central Univ U niv of Wisconsin 102 Waring Hall 6802 Lockwood Drive Crim Just/Box 786 University Park, PA 16802 Durham, NC 27712 Milwaukee, WI 53201

SODERSTROM, IRINA STANFORD, ROSE MARY STRAWBRIDGE, PETER Ctr /Study Crime/Del/Corr Univ of South Florida/Ft Myers John Jay College Southern Illinois U niv 8111 College Parkway SW 899 Tenth Avenue Carbondale, IL 62901 Ft Myers, FL 33919 New York, NY 10019

SOKOLOFF, NATALIE STEINMAN, MICHAEL STROHBEHN, JASON John Jay College Univ of Nebraska U niv of Northern Colorado 899 Tenth Avenue 504 Oldfather Hall McCowen Hall/Room 124 New York, NY 10019 Lincoln, NE 68588 Greeley, CO 80631

SORENSEN, JONATHAN STEINMANN, RICK STUART JR, A J College of Crim Just Univ of MO/Admin of Just N at'l Character Lab Sam Houston State Univ 8001 Natural Bridge Rd 4635 Leeds Avenue Huntsville, TX 77341 St Louis, MO 63121 El Paso, TX 79903

SOSKIS, JOQUE STEPHENS, DARREL SULLENBERGER, TOM Political Science/Sociology Police Exec Rsch Forum Southeastern LA Univ U niv of North Florida 2300 M St NW /Ste 910 Box 535\Box 535 Jacksonville, FL 32216 Washington, DC 20037 Hammond, LA 70402

SOURYAL, SAM STEPHENS, GENE SWANSON, CHARLES Sam Houston St Univ College of Crim Just U niv of Georgia College of Crim Just U niv of South Carolina Institute of Government Huntsville, TX 77341 Columbia, SC 29208 Athens, GA 30602

SOUTHERLAND, MITTIE STEPHENS, JAY SWINNEY, VINCENT Police Studies Dept School of Criminology Washoe County SherifPs Ofc Eastern Kentucky U niv Florida State U niv 911 Parr Blvd Richmond, KY 40475 Tallahassee, FL 32306 Reno, NY 89512

219 SYKES, GARY THOMAS, MIKE TOLONE, WILLIAM Southwestern Law Enf Inst c/o Dr Hendricks Sociology Department Univ of Texas/Dallas Ball State Univ/NQ 248 Illinois State U niv Richardson, TX 75083 Muncie, IN 47306 Normal, IL 61761

TAFOYA, SHARON THOMAS, PAUL TOMLINSON, THOMAS Crime Control Rsch Corp Fed Correc Inst/Englewood Law Enforcement Admin 1063 T Jefferson St NW 9595 W Quincy Avenue Western Illinois Univ Washington, DC 20007 Littleton, CO 80123 Macomb, IL 61455

TAFOYA, WILLIAM THOMAS JR, JOHN TOWBERMAN, DONNA Behav Science Unit 23 Windsor Drive VA Commonwealth Univ FBI Academy Indiana, PA 15701 816 W Franklin Street Quantico, VA 22135 Richmond, VA 23284 THOMPSON, JOEL TAGGART, WILLIAM Pol Scn/Crim Just TRAVIS III, LAWRENCE Univ of North Carolina Appalachian St Univ U niv of Cincinnati Pol Scn/070A Hamilton Hall Boone, NC 28608 Crim Just ML 108 Chapel Hill, NC 27514 Cincinnati, OH 45221 THOMPSON, ROGER TAKATA, SUSAN Crim Just Dept TRITT, HOWARD Univ of WI/Parkside Univ of Tennessee Kent State Univ Soc Dept/Greenquist Hall 212 Fletcher Hall University Drive Kenosha, WI 53141 Chattanooga, TN 37403 New Philadelphia, OH 44663

TAYLOR, DOROTHY THOMSON, J MICHAEL TROJANOWICZ, ROBERT Dorothy Taylor & Assocs Pol Scn Dept/LA 217G 560 Baker Hall 29106 East Chanticleer Dr Northern Kentucky Univ Michigan State Univ Southfield, MI 48034 Highland Heights, KY 41076 East Lansing, MI 48824

TAYLOR, ROBERT THRAPP, MIKE TROSTLE, LARRY Social Sciences Dept Aurora Police Dept California St Univ/CJ Univ of Texas 15001 E Alameda Drive 1250 Bellflower Blvd Tyler, TX 75701 Aurora, CO 80012 Long Beach, CA 90840

TA YLOR, WILLIAM TIEMAN, CHERYL TSAO, TONY Univ of Southern MS/CJ Sociology Department SUNY/School of Crim Just Box 5127/Southern Station Radford University 135 Western Avenue Hattiesburg, MS 39406 Radford, VA 24142 Albany, NY 12222

TERRILL, RICHARD TIMM, HOWARD TUNNELL, KENNETH Georgia State Univ PERSEREC Eastern Kentucky U niv Crim Just Dept 99 Pacific Street 410 Stratton Atlanta, GA 30303 Building 455/Suite E Richmond, KY 40475 Monterey, CA 93940 TERRY, CLINTON TYLER, NEAL Florida Int'l U niv TJADEN, CLAUS Pueblo Community College Crim Just/ACl-281 4120 South Julian Way 3080 East Main North Miami, FL 33182 Denver, CO 80236 Canon City, CO 81212

TESKE JR, RA YMOND TOBOLOWSKY, PEGGY UCHIDA, CRAIG Crim Just Center Univ of North Texas National Inst of Justice Sam Houston State Univ Box 5053 633 Indiana Avenue NW Huntsville, TX 77341 Denton, TX 76203 Washington, DC 20531

THOMAS, CHARLES TOLLETT, TED UNNITHAN, PRABHA Univ of Florida FL Dept of Health/Rehab Svcs Colorado State Univ College Liberal Arts/Scns 2811-C Industrial Plaza Dr Sociology Department Gainesville, FL 32511 Tallahassee, FL 32301 Ft Collins, CO 80523

220 VAN DUYN, JULIA VINTON, LINDA WALKER, SAM California State Univ Florida State Univ Univ of Nebraska Omaha 4351 Prospector Road School of Social Work Crim Just Dept Loomis, CA 95650 270 Bellamy Bldg Omaha, NE 68182 Tallahassee, FL 32306 VAN NESS, SHELA WALKER, SANDRA-GAIL Indiana State Univ VOGEL, RONALD Co P S Evaluation Project Crim Just/253 Reeve Hall Univ of North Carolina 1287 Fairfield Road Terre Haute, IN 47809 Crim Just Dept Victoria, BC V8V 3B3 Charlotte, NC 28223 VAN VOORHIS, PATRICIA WALLACE, DONALD Crim Just ML 108 WACHTEL, DAVID Crim Just Admin Univ of Cincinnati Lexington Comm College Central Missouri St U niv Cincinnati, OH 45221 Oswald Bldg/Cooper Drive Warrensburg, MO 64093 Lexington, KY 40506 VAN LANKVELT, JODI WALSH, WILLIAM c/o Richard Salem WADE, JOHN Pennsylvania St Univ U niv of Wisconsin/Soc Dept Law Enforcement Admin 901 Oswald Tower Whitewater, WI 53190 Western Illinois U niv University Park, PA 16802 Macomb, IL 61455 VANAGUNAS, STANLEY WALTERS, STEPHEN Arkansas State Univ WAGNER, ALLEN U niv of WI/CJ Dept Political Scn/Box 1750 Admin of Just Dept 428 Warner/1 University Plz State University, AR 72467 U niv of Missouri Platteville, WI 53818 St Louis, MO 63121 VAUGHN, JOSEPH WANBERG, KENNETH Central MO State Univ WAKEFIELD, J St of CO /Div of Youth Svcs Crim Just Admin Sociology/Crim Just 13884 W 69th Avenue Warrensburg, MO 64093 CA St Univ/Stanislaus Arvada, CO 80004 Turlock, CA 95380 VAUGHN, MICHAEL WANDLING, MIKE Central MO St Univ WAKEFIELD, WILLIAM U niv of Evansville Crim Just Adminldg Univ of Nebraska Omaha 1800 Lindon Avenue Warrensburg, MO 64093 Crim Just Dept Evansville, IN 47722 Omaha, NE 68182 VENEZIANO, CAROL WARNER JR, JOHN Crim Just Dept WALDRON, C DONALD Sociology Dept Southeast MO St Univ c/o Marson Johnson West Virginia Wesleyan ColI Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 U niv of South Florida Buckhannon, WV 26201 Lakeland, FL 33803 VENEZIANO, LOUIS WARREN, JANET Southeast MO St Univ WALKER, BRENDA ILPP /Blue Ridge Hosital Psychology Department 621 South Albany Box 100 Cape Girardeau, MO 63701 Yuma, CO 80759 Charlottesville, VA 22901

VERMILYE, JOHN WALKER, CHRISTOPHER WATSON, PATRICIA No address available Camosun Coll/Crim Just College of Crim Just 3100 Foul Bay Rd U niv of South Carolina VICTOR, ELIZABETH Victoria, BC, V8P 4X8 Columbia, SC 29208 Crim Just Division Tiffin University WALKER, JAMES WATSON JR, GEORGE Tiffin, 0 H 44883 Wright State Univ Justice Studies Dept 3640 Col Glenn Highway Chadron State College VIEGAS, KENNETH Dayton, OH 45435 Chadron, NE 69337 Univ of Oregon 115 Hendricks Hall WALKER, JEFFERY WEBB, VINCENT Eugene, OR 97403 Sam Houston State Univ Crim Just Dept College of Crim Just Univ of Nebraska/Omaha Huntsville, TX 77341 Omaha, NE 68182

221 WEGNER, W FRED WESTON-HENRIQUES, WIECHMAN, DENNIS Indiana Univ of Penn ZELMA Univ of Evansville Criminology Dept John Jay College 1800 Lindon Avenue Indiana, PA 15705 899 Tenth Avenue Evansville, IN 47722 New York, NY 10019 WEINMAN, BETH WIEGAND, BRUCE c/o James Inciardi WHEATON, DAVID Justice/Law/Society Dept Univ of Delaware Tennessee State Univ American University Crim Just Division Crim Just Dept Washington, DC 20016 Newark, DE 19716 Nashville, TN 37209 WIGGINS, MICHAEL WEISBURD, DAVID WHELAN, DA VID Central Missouri St Univ Rutgers University Western CT State U niv Crim Just Admin 15 Washington Street 181 White Street Warrensburg, MO 64093 Newark, NJ 07102 Danbury, CT 06810 WILBANKS, WILLIAM WEISHEIT, RALPH WHERRY, VERNON 6639 SW 116 PI # H Crim Just Sciences Mercyhurst College Miami, FL 33173 Illinois State Univ Glenwood Hills Normal, IL 61761 Erie, PA 16504 WILKINSON, WILLIAM Univ of Texas-Pan American WELCH, MICHAEL WHITE, JONATHAN 1614 Ridgely Road St John's Univ Grand Valley State U niv Brownsville, TX 78520 Sociology Dept Crim Just Dept Jamaica, NY 11439 Allendale, MI 49401 WILLIAMS, DINA School of Criminology WELDON, WARD WHITE, MERVIN Florida State U niv Univ of Illinois at Chicago Sociology Department Tallahassee, FL 32306 (M/L 147) Box 4348 Clemson University Chicago, IL 60680 Clemson, SC 2%34 WILLIAMS, FRANK California State Univ/CJ WELLS, CHRIS WHITE, STEPHEN 5500 University Pkwy c/o John Campbell Political Science Dept San Bernardino, CA 92407 NCAVC Appalachian State U niv FBI Academy Boone, NC 28608 WILLIAMS, GERALD Quantico, VA 22135 Aurora Police Dept WHITEHEAD, JOHN 15001 East Alameda Dr WELLS, DOUGLAS East Tennessee St Univ Aurora, CO 80012 c/o John Campbell Crim Just/Criminology NCAVC Johnson City, TN 37614 WILLIAMS, HAMPTON FBI Academy Univ of Southern Mississippi Quantico, VA 22135 WHITESIDE, KIMBERLY SS Box 5027 NC Central Univ/CJ Prog Hattiesburg, MS 39406 WELLS, EDWARD Box 18065/Student Union Illinois St Univ/Crim Just Durham, NC 27707 WILLIAMS, JACK 401 Schroeder Hall Pennsylvania St Univ Normal, IL 61761 WHITTLE, RANDY 102 Waring Colorado State Univ University Park, PA 16802 WERLICH, THOMAS 1705 Heatheridge K-I05 Ctr /Study Crime/DelJCorr Ft Collins, CO 80526 WILLIAMS, JIMMY Southern Illinois U niv Univ of Alabama Carbondale, IL 62901 WIATROWSKI, MICHAEL Crim Just/Box 870320 Florida Atlantic University Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 WESTERLUND, ALAN Boca Raton, FL 33432 c/o Marson Johnson WILLIAMS, LINDA Univ of South Florida WICKMAN, PETER Univ of South Florida 3433 Winter Lake Road Sociology Department Criminology Dept Lakeland, FL 33803 SUNY ColI of Arts/Scn Tampa, FL 33620 Potsdam, NY 13676

222 WILLIS, PATSY WOLLAN, lAURIN ZENDZIAN, CRAIG Tallahassee Police Dept Florida State Univ 226 Pattonwood Dr Tallahassee, FL 32303 157 Bellamy Bldg Southington, CT 06489 Tallahassee, FL 32306 WILSON, DEBORAH ZEVITZ, RICHARD School of Justice Admin WONG, KC Marquette University Univ of Louisville U niv of Louisville Lalumiere Hall/Room 340 Louisville, KY 40292 School of Just Admin Milwaukee, WI 53233 Louisville, KY 40292 WILSON, FRED ZUPAN, LINDA Univ of AR/Crim Just WOOLDREDGE, JOHN Crim Just Dept 2810 South University New Mexico St Univ Univ of Alabama Little Rock, AR 72204 Crim Just/Box 30001 Birmingham, AL 35294 Las Cruces, NM 88003 WILSON, GEORGE North Carolina Central U niv WORDEN, ROBERT 301 Crim Just Bldg Michigan State U niv Durham, NC 27707 School of Crim Just East Lansing, MI 48824 WINDHAUSER, JOHN Louisiana State Univ WOTHKE, WERNER 2826 Dakin Avenue No address available Baton Rouge, lA 70803 WRIGHT, BENJAMIN WINESBURG, MELISSA Louisiana State U niv U niv of Cincinnati Crim Just/250 Himes Hall 3315 Jefferson Ave #15 Baton Rouge, lA 70803 Cincinnati, OH 45220 WRIGHT, KEVIN WINFREE JR, L THOMAS Fed Bur of Prisons New Mexico St Univ Research/Dev Crim Just/ Box 30001 320 First St NW/Room 300 Las Cruces, NM 88003 Washington, DC 20534

WISH, ERIC YARNOLD, BARBARA Nat'l Institute of Justice Saginaw Valley St U niv 633 Indiana Ave NW Political Science Dept Washington, DC 20531 University Center, MI 48710

WITT, BETSY YEARWOOD, DOUGlAS Sam Houston State U niv North Carolina Central Univ Crim Just Center Crim Just Dept Huntsville, TX 77341 Durham, NC 27707

WODARSKI, JOHN YEUDALL, LORNE University of Akron No address available 138 Fir Hill/Room 208 Akron, OH 44325 YUSLUM, TERESA Dauphin Co Juv Prob Dept WOIKA, NANCY 25 South Front St/7th FI Political Science Dept Harrisburg, PA 17101 State Univ of New York Binghamton, NY 13901 ZALMAN, MARVIN Crim Just Dept WOLFE, NANCY Wayne St University College of Crim Just Detroit, MI 48202 Univ of South Carolina Columbia, SC 29208 ZAVARIS, ARISTEDES No address available

223 NOTES

224 NASHVILLE

Music City U. S. A.

ACJ S

1991 Annual Meeting

March 5 - 9, 1991

Stouffer Nashville Hotel

Nashville, Ten nessee

Theme:

Drugs, Crime, and Public Policy

Persons interested in participating in the 1991 Annual Meeting should contact Gary Cordner, 1991 Program Chai r, Eastern Ken­ tucky University, College of Law Enforcement, Department of Police Studies, 41 0 Stratton Building, Richmond, KY 40475-0957.