Ditandai Dengan Maraknya Tuntutan Kemerdekaan Papua Dan Menganulir Hasil Kemerdekaan Papua

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Ditandai Dengan Maraknya Tuntutan Kemerdekaan Papua Dan Menganulir Hasil Kemerdekaan Papua 181 Pottak Portogi Nainggolan Aktivita s I nte rnosiona 1 " " AKTIVITAS I NTERNASIONAL GERAKAN SEPARATISME PAPUA INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF PAPUA SEPARATIST MOVEMENT Poltok Portogi Nainggolan' Naskah diterima 15 SePtember 2OL4, direvisi t Oktober 2014, disetujui 20 Oktober 201-4 Abstroct yeors, in internationol oreno to gain Activities of papuo seporotist movement tend to increose in the lost few iicluding collections were carried out in wider support. This essoy is part of 2014 individuot reseorch report, for which dota ond stakeholders. Field tokorto and popuo thro:ugh librory reseorch and in.depth interviews with various experts and olso Manokwari city. This reseorch ond observation were conducted in Joyopuro ond Jayawijayo municipalities, secondory and primary doto resulted descriptive ond anolytical research opptied o qualitotive method, with which the selected. Reseorch reveal increasing from in-depth interviews were crosschecked ofter previously thoroughly findinqs build and spread their activities of popua seporatist movement in internotional oreno by using opportunities to gives responses reduce their opinions ond influences. The lndonesian government, in controst, odeguote, to inte rnotiono I imPocts. Keywords: Popuo, seporatism, OPM, MSG, internotionol octivities Abstrak melalui aksi yang Aktivitas gerakan separatis papua terus meningkat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, termasuk 2014, dengan pengumpulan data di dilakukan di dunia internasional. Tulisan ini bagian dari riset yang dilakukan tahun para pemangku kepentingan yang Jakarta dan papua, melalui studi kepustakaan dan wawancara dengan ahli dan Jayawijaya, dan Kota Manokwari' beragam. pengumpulan data dan observasijuga dilakukan di Kabupaten Jayapura, dengan meng- penelitian bersifat deskriptif-analitis dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Analisis data dilakukan mendalam, setelah terlebih dulu cross-check data sekunder dan primer yang diperoleh dari wawancara secara gerakan Papua di fora internasional, dipilah.Temuan penelitian mengungkap semakin aktifnya kegiatan separatis pengaruh mereka. Pemerintah Indonesia dengan berupaya terus mencari kesempatan dan membangun opini dan internasional berupaya merespons secara moderat untuk mencapai tujuannya dalam meredam dampak Vang diakibatkannYa. Kata kunci: Papua, separatisme, OPM, MSG, internasional Bambang I. PENDAHULUAN dua kali Pemerintahan Susilo Yudhoyono tidak sepi dari perjuangan tuntutan A, Latar Belakang kemerdekaan dan gerakan separatisme Papua, yang diperjuangkan oleh Organisasi Papua Sejak jatuhnya Pemerintahan Orde Baru Merdeka (OPM) dan organisasi sempalannya. Soeharto tahun Lg9g, aktivitas gerakan yang Empat kali masa pemerintahan sipil dan eks- pula menuntut dan memperjuangkan kemerdekaan militer pasca-soeharto, telah ditandai oleh papua dari Negara Kesatuan Republik lndonesia aksi-aksi bersenjata kelompok separatis, yang (NKRI) bangkit kembali. Naiknya Habibie, yang silih berganti, dengan pemimpin yang berbeda, kemudian digantikan Abdurahman Wahid namun satu tujuan, hendak mewujudkan ditandai dengan maraknya tuntutan kemerdekaan Papua dan menganulir hasil kemerdekaan papua. Selanjutnya, masa plebesit Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat (Act of pemerintahan Megawati Soekarnoputeri dan Free Choice --Pepera)yang dilakukan PBB tahun rnasiona|padaPusat1^,-ul-.o.bawahkordinasiUNTEA,yang tfanSisi PapUa di baWah lndOneSia pengkajian, pengotahan Data dan tnformasi (pEot) sekretaf.t-i."i.rt' mengawasi pengkajian, DpR Rt, tembaga: pusat Pengolahan oata dan Informasi Seiak 1963, befdaSafka n The NeW YOfk (P3Dll Setjen DPR Rl' Alamat: Gedung Nusantara I Lt. 2, Jl. Jend' Gatot Subroto, Senayan, Jakarta 1O270.dapat dihubungi di e-moil: [email protected]' t82 Kojion Vol. 19 No. 3 September 2014 hol. 781 - X99 Agreement Maraknya aksi-aksi militer gerakan dan cepat dicapai hasilnya jika dijalankan separatis Papua diikuti pula kampanye secara intensif. Hasilnya akan semakin optimal, kemerdekaan Papua dari Indonesia di dunia jika kampanye internasional dilakukan secara internasional, mulai dari lingkungan kawasan kontinyu dalam jangka panjang, dengan terdekat, yakni Pasifik Selatan hingga yang lebih penggunaan media komunikasi yang beragam. jauh seperti Eropa dan Amerika, serta dalam Jika kampanye internasional lebih bersifat organisasi multilateral seperti Uni Eropa dan propaganda, tidak lepas dari upaya melebih- global, yaitu PBB. lebihkan dan manipulatif, langkah diplomasi Aksi-aksi bersenjata dan kampanye internasional bersifat lebih realistis, karena internasional gerakan separatis Papua ini harus melakukan pendekatan fisik (tatap muka) merupakan gambaran dari realitas masih untuk mempengaruhi pihak lain, terlebih adanya kelompok-kelompok dalam masyarakat terhadap mereka yang belum memiliki simpati Papua yang belum dan tidak dapat menerima dengan aspirasi si pelaku (aktor) secara hasil Pepera tahun 1959, yang dinilai telah langsung. direkayasa oleh pemerintahan militer Soeharto Muncul dan maraknya kembali gerakan untuk kepentingan politik integrasi nasionalnya. separatisme Papua, yang diikuti dengan Kampanye internasional separatisme Papua berbagai kampanye internasional dan melalui arena diplomasi itu sendiri merupakan perjuangan di arena diplomasi internasional, kelanjutan dari keterbatasan gerakan separatas telah membawa kondisi wilayah bagian paling dalam melakukan perlawanan fisik melalui timur lndonesia itu dari semula lebih terisolasi, berbagai aksi militer, mengikuti tesis Clauswitz, sebagai isu lokal, menjadi perhatian yang menyatakan bahwa diplomasi adalah (komunitas) internasional. Internasionalisasi kelanjutan perang dalam bentuk lain.1 Seperti Papua memang menjadi buah dari kebijakan halnya perjuangan bersenjata, kampanye sekuritisasi Papua melalui pendekatan internasional dan perjuangan diplomasi keamanan yang berlebihan selama periode gerakan separatis Papua juga mengalami Soeharto, dan gagalnya implementasi kondisi pasang-surut, seirama dengan kondisi pendekatan kesejahteraan melalui Kebijakan kapasitas aktor-aktornya dan dukungan para Otonomi Khusus (Otsus) di era reformasi. simpatisannya dalam mempengaruhi opini Internasionalisasi Papua, walaupun secara internasional dan pengambilan keputusan di sadar tidak diinginkan sama sekali oleh meja-meja perundingan multilateral. Tetapi, Pemerintahan Megawati, tetapi pada eranya seperti halnya konflik berskala rendah yang mengalami perkembangan. Karena, di satu sisi, mengalami fluktuasi, kampanye internasional kemampuan diplomasi internasional gerakan gerakan separatis Papua melalui jalur diplomasi separatis yang semakin meningkat dan berhasil, formal dan publik --jalur satu hingga tiga, yang dan di lain pihak, buruknya kinerja pemerintah dilakukan pemerintah, parlemen, dan media dalam menangani dan menyelesaikan massa-- bukan berarti sudah habis atau lenyap pekerjaan rumah terkait isu-isu separatis di sama sekali, selama gaung kampanyenya belum dalam negeri. Ketidakmampuan rezim hilang sama sekali dari peredaran, termasuk Megawati melanjutkan reformasi sektor yang muncul melalui fasilitas media publik, keamanan secara tuntas dan mengontrol khususnya internet. secara efekfif militer di era baru pasca-militer, Belajar dari strategi ahli komunikasi dan dan terbatasnya kinerja diplomasi Kementerian propaganda, kampanye internasional, atau Luar Negeri dalam menangani isu-isu diplomasi internasional di era kemajuan separatisme Papua dan manuver-manuver teknologi yang pesat, semakin efektif perannya kampanye internasional para aktor non-negara, turut berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya t Carf von Clausewitz, On Wor, Radford Virginia: Wilder publications, 2q)8, p.37. 183 Poftak Partogi Nainggolan Aktivitas I nte rnosional..'. perlawanan dan pamor gerakan tersebut di perkembangan komunisme di kawasan Asia dunia internasional. Tenggara, sikap AS kemudian banyak menolong Secara geografis, populasi dan lndonesia dalam menekan Belanda, agar tidak kulturnya, Papua sulit diingkari terkait dengan dapat mempertahankan posisi politik dan Pasifik Selatan. Integrasi dengan NKRI memang pengaruhnya sebagai bekas negara penjajah, lebih bersifat politis, tidak dapat dilepaskan dari untuk dapat mengontrol Papua. Dukungan AS sejarah kolonialisme dan perkembangan politik atas Indonesia membuat pelaksanaan Pepera yang terjadi pasca-pendudukan Belanda. Dalam berjalan lancar, dan hasil referendum atau konteks inilah dapat dilihat relevansi gerakan plebesitnya tidak pernah diganggu-gugat separatisme Papua dengan cara perjuangan hingga beberapa dasa warsa ke depan, sejalan baru mereka di arena diplomasi internasional, dengan berhasilnya perusahaan multinasional yang mencoba meraih simpati dan dukungan (MNC) tambang terbesar di dunia asal AS, dari lingkungan regional terdekat, yakni Freeport McMoRan, mendapatkan konsesi bangsa-bangsa di Pasifik Selatan serta Australia jangka panjang untuk mengeksploitasi dan Selandia Baru. Mengingat pengakuan kekayaan tambang tembaga dan emas di internasional juga merupakan salah satu Grassberg, Papua sejak tahun L967. prasyarat yang harus dipenuhi untuk berdirinya Upaya kampanye internasional dan jalur sebuah negara yang independen, maka diplomasi gerakan separatisme Papua telah kampanye internasional dan perjuangan diperluas, dengan memanfaatkan jalur diplomasi gerakan separatis Papua bukan parlemen atau diplomasi parlemen. lnisiatif merupakan strategi dan modus perjuangan mereka tampak lebih progesif dengan upaya baru. Meraih dukungan internasional atas salah satu tokohnya, Benny Wenda, yang upaya memperoleh kemerdekaan sudah ada pernah ditangkap aparat
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