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DRAFT SECTION 21 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT GUIDANCE FOR MARINE COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS IN HAWAII DRAFT - FEBRUARY 2018 DRAFT Contents 21.0 ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT GUIDANCE FOR COASTAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTS IN HAWAII ................................................................................................................................... 1 21.1 FRAMEWORK FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTS .................................................................... 4 21.2 DETERMINE THE NEED FOR A SLERA ........................................................................................ 5 21.3 SCREENING LEVEL ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ...................................................................... 5 21.3.1 Preparing for a SLERA ...................................................................................................... 6 21.3.2 Components of a Marine Sediment SLERA .................................................................... 9 21.3.3 Step 1B: Screening Level Site Characterization Data..................................................... 10 21.3.3.1 Step 1b, Task 1. Describe Environmental Setting ...............................................10 21.3.3.2 Step 1b, Task 2. Compile Available Site-Specific and Reference Data on Chemicals and Endpoints .................................................................................................... 17 21.3.3.3 Table 21-Step 1b, Task 3. Select Assessment and Measurement Endpoints ...... 17 21.3.3.4 Step 1b, Task 4. Identify Complete Exposure Pathways and Potential Routes of Exposure ............................................................................................................ 25 21.3.3.5 Step 1b, Task 5. Develop the Screening Level Preliminary Conceptual Site Model 25 21.3.4 Step 2: Estimating Exposure and Effects ...................................................................... 36 21.3.4.1 Step 2, Task 1. Compile Screening levels ........................................................... 36 21.3.4.2 Step 2, Task 2. Calculating Contaminant Concentration(s) in Sediment and Water ................................................................................................................. 41 21.3.4.3 Step 2, Task 3. Estimating Daily Ingested Dose to Birds and Mammals ............. 41 21.3.4.4 Step 2, Task 4. Calculate Site-Specific Hazard Quotients ................................. 44 21.3.4.5 Step 2, Task 5. Decision Checkpoint .................................................................. 45 21.3.5 Step 3A: Refine Screening Level Default Assumptions ................................................ 45 21.3.5.1 Step 3a, Task 1. Conduct Background Screening .............................................. 45 21.3.5.2 Step 3a, Task 2. Evaluate Magnitude of Screening Level Exceedance and Frequency of Detection ..................................................................................... 46 21.3.5.3 Step 3a, Task 3. Refine Conservative Exposure Assumptions .......................... 46 21.3.5.4 Step 3a, Task 4. Obtain HEER Office Concurrence on Refinements ................. 47 21.3.5.5 Step 3a, Task 5. Recalculate HQs using Refined Exposure Assumptions .......... 47 21.3.5.6 Step 3a, Task 6. Develop SLERA Risk Characterization and Decision ............... 47 21.3.6 Uncertainty ..................................................................................................................... 47 21.4 ANTICIPATING AND ADDRESSING DATA GAPS ........................................................................... 48 21.5 SUMMARY OF DECISION LOGIC FOR ERAS ................................................................................ 50 21.6 BASELINE ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ............................................................................... 54 21.6.1 BERA Refined Problem Formulation ............................................................................. 55 21.6.1.1 Sediment Dynamics ........................................................................................... 55 21.6.1.2 Chemicals of Potential Ecological Concern........................................................ 56 21.6.1.3 Ecological Receptors (Assessment and Measurement Endpoints) ................... 56 21.6.1.4 Refined Conceptual Site Model ......................................................................... 56 21.6.2 BERA Study Design and Data Quality Objectives ......................................................... 57 DRAFT – February 2018 Page 21-i DRAFT 21.6.2.1 Laboratory Analyses .......................................................................................... 57 21.6.2.2 Sediment Sampling ........................................................................................... 58 21.6.2.3 Pore Water Sampling ........................................................................................ 60 21.6.2.4 Surface Water Sampling .................................................................................... 61 21.6.2.5 Biological Surveys .............................................................................................. 62 21.6.2.6 Field-Collected Tissue Sampling ........................................................................ 63 21.6.2.7 Toxicity Testing ................................................................................................. 66 21.6.2.8 Laboratory Bioaccumulation Testing ................................................................ 68 21.6.3 Data Analysis and Interpretation .................................................................................. 69 21.6.3.1 Field Notes ......................................................................................................... 69 21.6.3.2 Analytical Results .............................................................................................. 70 21.6.3.3 Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Tests .................................................................. 71 21.6.4 Risk Characterization ..................................................................................................... 72 21.7 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 74 Figures Figure 21-1. Food Chain Models Can Support Development of Conceptual Site Model ........................ 27 Figure 21-2. A Simple Diagrammatic Conceptual Site Model for a Rocky Intertidal Habitat with Hardbottom (such as Ilio Point, Moloka‘i) ........................................................................... 30 Figure 21-3. Conceptual Site Model for a Rocky Intertidal Habitat with Hardbottom ........................... 31 Figure 21-4. Conceptual Site Model for a Soft-Bottom Bay/Harbor Habitat (such as Hanale‘i Bay, Kaua‘i, or Pearl Harbor, O‘ahu) ............................................................................................ 32 Figure 21-5. Conceptual Site Model Prepared for a BERA at Pearl Harbor ............................................. 33 Figure 21-6. Conceptual Site Model Focused on Exposure of a Single Receptor Group (Water Birds) to a Single COPEC (Arsenic) in Sediments and Surface Water at Waiākea Pond on Hawaiʿi Island ...................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 21-7. Conceptual Site Model Focused on a Single Class of COPECs (Energetic Compounds Associated with Discarded Munitions) ................................................................................ 35 Figure 21-8. Interim Decision Logic for Sediment Investigations in Hawai‘i ........................................... 51 Figure 21-9 (continued). Interim Decision Logic for Sediment Investigations in Hawai‘i ...................... 52 Tables Table 21-1. SLERA Framework ..................................................................................................................... 6 Table 21-2. Components of a Marine Sediment SLERA ............................................................................. 9 DRAFT – February 2018 Page 21-ii DRAFT Table 21-3. Unique or Distinct Aquatic Habitat Types and Locations in Hawai‘i ..................................... 12 Table 21-4. Point Sources of Target COPECs in Hawai‘i ............................................................................ 15 Table 21-5. Assessment and Measurement Endpoints: Coastal Marine Sediments .............................. 19 Table 21-6. Elements of a Marine Sediment Ecological CSM................................................................... 26 Table 21-7. HDOH HEER Office Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines for Selected Chemicals .............. 38 Table 21-8. Selected Species Profiles ........................................................................................................ 43 Table 21-9. Data Gap Analysis ................................................................................................................... 49 Table 21-10. Questions Guiding Decision Logic for Contaminated Sediment Investigation .................. 50 Table 21-11. Required, Preferred, and Optional Data for Sediment ERAs ............................................... 53 Table 21-12. Typical Depths of Biotic Zone1 .............................................................................................. 59 Table 21-13. Typical Tissue Volumes Required for Selected Chemical Analysis ...................................... 64 Table 21-14. Example of Qualitative Field Notes .....................................................................................
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