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Rethinking the Somali State
Rethinking the Somali State MPP Professional Paper In Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Public Policy Degree Requirements The Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs The University of Minnesota Aman H.D. Obsiye May 2017 Signature below of Paper Supervisor certifies successful completion of oral presentation and completion of final written version: _________________________________ ____________________ ___________________ Dr. Mary Curtin, Diplomat in Residence Date, oral presentation Date, paper completion Paper Supervisor ________________________________________ ___________________ Steven Andreasen, Lecturer Date Second Committee Member Signature of Second Committee Member, certifying successful completion of professional paper Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 5 The Somali Clan System .......................................................................................................... 6 The Colonial Era ..................................................................................................................... 9 British Somaliland Protectorate ................................................................................................. 9 Somalia Italiana and the United Nations Trusteeship .............................................................. 14 Colonial -
FBI054535 ~~N Diaspora Customs Traditions :··
ACLURM055018 FBI054535 US Somali Diaspora 8 Clan I0 Islamic Traditions II Flag . 12 Cultural Customs 16 Language ··13 .1ega[.Jssues .. :.... :"'. :·· .•... ;Appendix :,:·.\{ ... ~~N FBI054536 ACLURM055019 ~~ ~A~ History (U) 21 October. 1969: Corruption and a power vacuum in the Somali government Somalia, located at the Horn of Africa (U) culminate in a bloodless coup led by Major near the Arabian Peninsula, has been a General Muhammad Siad Barre. crossroads of civilization for thousands of years. Somalia played an important role in (U) 1969-1991: Siad Barre establishes the commerce of ancient Egyptians, and with a military dictatorship that divides and later Chinese, Greek, and Arab traders. oppresses Somalis. (U) 18th century: Somalis develop a (U) 27 January J99J: Siad Barre flees culture shaped by pastoral nomadism and Mogadishu, and the Somali state collapses~ adherence to Islam. Armed dan-based militias fight for power. (U) 1891-1960: European powers create (U) 1991-199S:The United Nations five separate Somali entities: Operation in Somalia (UNISOM) I and II- initially a US-led, UN-sanctioned multilateral » British Somaliland (north central). intervention-attempts to resolve the » French Somaliland (east and southeast). civil war and provide humanitarian aid. » Italian Somaliland (south). The ambitious UNISOM mandate to rebuild » Ethiopian Somaliland (the Ogaden). a Somali government threatens warlords' >> The Northern Frontier District (NFD) interests and fighting ensues. UN forces of Kenya. depart in 1995, leaving Somalia in a state (U) ., 960: Italian and British colonies of violence and anarchy. Nearly I million merge into the independent Somali Republic. refugees and almost 5 million people risk starvation and disease. Emigration rises (U} 1960-1969: Somalia remains sharply. -
Somalia: Researched and Compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 5 July 2010
Somalia: Researched and compiled by the Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland on 5 July 2010 Information required on the Somali clans/tribes Marehan and Marjeteen, particularly their relations with the Bajuni Noufail Are the Bajuni Noufail being discriminated against by the other two clans? Information on the Somali clans/tribes Marehan and Marjeteen and their relations with the Bajuni was scarce among the sources consulted by the Refugee Documentation Centre within time constraints. Dr Joakim Gundel is quoted in an Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD) COI Workshop as follows: “The Darood are commonly divided into three major groups referred to as Ogaden, Marehan, and Harti. The Harti are composed of the Majerteen who now are found in Puntland mainly, and the Dulbahante and Warsangeli who mainly live within the borders of Somaliland. Puntland almost entirely overlaps with the Majerteen clan family.14 The Marehan inhabit South-Central Somalia, where they are dominant in Gedo region.” (Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD) (15 May 2009) Clans in Somalia - Report on a Lecture by Joakim Gundel, COI Workshop Vienna, p. 12) A document from the Danish Refugee Council/Novib-Oxfam states: “Luuq, which is located in the Southern region of Gedo, shares much of the history of the Raxanweyn and the Geledi Sultanate as their Gasargude Sultanate was closely linked with the Geledi. Here too, you find that nomadic clans have settled and mixed with the sedentary people, however here the nomadic element was primarily represented by the Marehan from the Darood clan family. -
From the Bottom
Conflict Early Warning Early Response Unit From the bottom up: Southern Regions - Perspectives through conflict analysis and key political actors’ mapping of Gedo, Middle Juba, Lower Juba, and Lower Shabelle - SEPTEMBER 2013 With support from Conflict Dynamics International Conflict Early Warning Early Response Unit From the bottom up: Southern Regions - Perspectives through conflict analysis and key political actors’ mapping of Gedo, Middle Juba, Lower Juba, and Lower Shabelle Version 2 Re-Released Deceber 2013 with research finished June 2013 With support from Conflict Dynamics International Support to the project was made possible through generous contributions from the Government of Norway Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Government of Switzerland Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the official position of Conflict Dynamics International or of the Governments of Norway or Switzerland. CONTENTS Abbreviations 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENT 8 Conflict Early Warning Early Response Unit (CEWERU) 8 Objectives 8 Conflict Dynamics International (CDI) 8 From the Country Coordinator 9 I. OVERVIEW 10 Social Conflict 10 Cultural Conflict 10 Political Conflict 10 II. INTRODUCTION 11 Key Findings 11 Opportunities 12 III. GEDO 14 Conflict Map: Gedo 14 Clan Chart: Gedo 15 Introduction: Gedo 16 Key Findings: Gedo 16 History of Conflict: Gedo 16 Cross-Border Clan Conflicts 18 Key Political Actors: Gedo 19 Political Actor Mapping: Gedo 20 Clan Analysis: Gedo 21 Capacity of Current Government Administration: Gedo 21 Conflict Mapping and Analysis: Gedo 23 Conflict Profile: Gedo 23 Conflict Timeline: Gedo 25 Peace Initiative: Gedo 26 IV. MIDDLE JUBA 27 Conflict Map: Middle Juba 27 Clan Chart: Middle Juba 28 Introduction: Middle Juba 29 Key Findings: Middle Juba 29 History of Conflict : Middle Juba 29 Key Political Actors: Middle Juba 29 Political Actor Mapping: Middle Juba 30 Capacity of Current Government Administration: Middle Juba 31 Conflict Mapping and Analysis: Middle Juba 31 Conflict Profile: Middle Juba 31 V. -
Part H Background to the Somali War 1 Introduction
PART H BACKGROUND TO THE SOMALI WAR 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIA 1.1 The Somali People Somalia1 covers almost 640,000 square kilometres in the north-eastern tip of the Horn of Africa. In the main this is a semi-desert region, with a vegetation cover and water resources that dictate a pastoral nomadic existence for the majority of the population. The exception is the area between the two southern rivers, the Shabelle and Juba, and in valleys of the northern escarpments, where higher rainfall and richer soils provide land suitable for agriculture. r The Somali-speaking people form one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa, living dispersed throughout the Horn, from the Awash Valley, through the Ethiopian Ogaden, and into northern Kenya as far as the Tana river. A Cushitic-speaking family or 'nation' of people, Somalis belong to the Hamitic group of peoples, which includes the Afar, Oromo, Saho and Beja peoples of the Horn. The Somali are distinguished by a shared common ancestry, a single language, an Islamic (sunni) heritage and a way of life that is overwhelmingly pastoral. The Somali are divided into six 'clan families' — Dir, Issaq, Darod, Hawiye, Digil, and Rahanweyne — which are further divided, according to agnatic descent, into subsidiary clans or lineage groups (see diagram 1) (Lewis, 1961). The Somali kinship system and the flexible and shifting alliances of clan kinship groups are fundament- ally entrenched in the social, political, and economic culture of the Somali people. Until the colonial period the Somali 'nation' did not form a single political unit; any concept of political identity was based on clan affiliation. -
LANDINFO TEMANOTAT, Or Topical Note, Has Been Prepared by Norway’S Country-Of-Origin Information Centre (LANDINFO)
This LANDINFO TEMANOTAT, or Topical Note, has been prepared by Norway’s country-of-origin information centre (LANDINFO). It may contain selections, comparisons and evaluations of information provided by a variety of LANDINFO sources as well as LandInfo’s own evaluation of one or more of the sources TEMANOTAT cited. REGION: Horn of Africa COUNTRY: Somalia SUBJECT: Political and security conditions in southern Somalia DATE: 8 October 2007 Introduction This Topical Note supplements and updates the report on LandInfo’s fact-finding trip to Nairobi in March of this year.1 This note contains no recommendations by LandInfo with regard to asylum or return policy. The general political situation The Somali reconciliation conference in Mogadishu was concluded in August. It produced a number of resolutions and gave the country’s transitional authorities, the TFG, a mandate to carry forward the transitional period to 2009. The TFG is to submit an action plan that will result in a new constitution, multi-party politics and free, democratic elections. In the meantime, regional institutions are to be developed and regional administrative bodies established. In light of today’s challenges in Somalia, these are formidable tasks. The Somali people obviously want to establish representative government that is capable of securing law and order and helping the country onto its feet again. To be successful, many interests will have to be balanced, including powerful economic interests. The TFG is already meeting resistance and will inevitably encounter more of it. Some opposition groups will continue using military means. According to diplomatic sources, the strength of the opposition will depend on how well the TFG manages to persuade average citizens and their clans that the TFG is the right organization to do the job. -
Somali Networks: Structures of Clan and Society
www.gsdrc.org [email protected] Helpdesk Research Report Somali networks: structures of clan and society Róisín Hinds 05.06.2013 Question Identify and synthesise studies on networks in Somalia, focusing on the structures of Somali clan and society, and including transnational as well as national networks. Contents 1. Overview 2. Key texts 3. Literature on clan and society 4. Literature on transnational networks 5. Additional references 1. Overview This annotated bibliography focuses on issues of power, participation and governance in relation to Somali networks. There is a healthy body of academic literature examining Somali social structures, including networks and clans. Specific detail on the power relations and differentials between and within clans, however, is scarce. Experts attribute this lack of knowledge to the complexity and fluidity of power relations, and the fluidity of clans themselves.1 The Somali majority belong to four patrilineal clan families: the Darod, Hawiye, Dir, and Rahanweyn (Minority Rights Group 2012, p. 7). These are divided into sub-clans, which can be divided further, illustrating the complexity of the clan system. Minorities are comprised of three distinct social groups: the Bantu, Benadiri, and ‘occupational groups’ (p. 7). The latter can be classified into a further three groups: Midgan or Gaboye, who are traditionally hunters and leatherworkers; Tumal, traditionally blacksmiths; and Tibro, traditionally ‘ritual specialists’ (p. 12). 1 Expert comments Some of the specific details on power, participation and governance identified in the literature include: . Majority clans have exerted dominance over minority groups (Majid and McDowell 2012; Minority Rights Group 2012). Particular aspects of minority exclusion and abuse include: limited access to justice; denial of rights to education and livelihoods; hate speech; and the prevention and punishment of intermarriage with members of majority clans (Minority Rights Group 2012). -
Analysis of Displacement in Somalia
Public Disclosure Authorized ANALYSIS OF DISPLACEMENT IN SOMALIA Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank | Social Development | Global Program on Forced Displacement | July 2014 Public Disclosure Authorized © 2014 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Email: [email protected]. Web site: www.worldbank.org/forced-displacement All rights reserved. Disclaimer This paper is a product of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors or the governments they represent. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. Tana Copenhagen ApS Klosterstræde 23, 1st 1157 Copenhagen K Denmark Cover Photo: United Nations Photo/Tobin Jones Acknowledgements This report was produced by the Tana Copenhagen research institute under an initiative by the Global Program on Forced Displacement of the World Bank. The report is researched and written by Erik Bryld, Christine Kamau, and Dina Sinigallia of Tana. -
London Conference Final Lists
WILL Somali PM’s SOMA OIL AGENDA GOING TO BE THE BEGINNING AND THE END OF FARMAAJO ADMINISTRATION? By: Abdirazak Fartaag Does Britain have a hidden agenda in the upcoming London conference? Are they taking advantage of the lack of institutions in Somalia? Britain, being a colonial master, understands that the country has been faced with progressive clan balkanization. Britain also understands that in the Somali institutions, no one expects certain standards of behaviour from others; everyone in the public sector acts on narrow self-interest. The ongoing dilemmas and obstacles to progress in both the public and private sectors are really the result of the behaviour and attitudes of the entire pool of public servants, proxy government employees, the few well- connected entrepreneurs, journalists, civil society, and the traditional leaders. They seem to understand that they are dealing with, or for that matter, managing an entire new elite (Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, Hassan Ali Khaire and Mohamed A. Farmaajo) incapable of questioning anything. They also understand that Somali leaders are hardly concerned with economic policy implementation or enforcing governance benchmarks and constitutionalism. Painful as it is, corrupt British elites also understand that Somalia’s public servants, in particular, the so-called regional presidents – Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud (aka “Silanyo”), Abdiweli Mohamed Ali (aka “Gas”), Ali Abdullahi Osoble (aka “Ali Amore”), Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden (aka “Sakin”), and Ahmed Mohamed Islam (aka “Madobe”) - have little affinity for the type of clan pluralistic democratic practices and respect for fundamental human rights expected of them. But it is not without basis to say that this is occurring subtly while pandering to Western countries, in particular, Britain and its lobby to gain power and prestige. -
Somalia and Eritrea Addressed to the President of the Security Council
United Nations S/2013/413 Security Council Distr.: General 12 July 2013 Original: English Letter dated 12 July 2013 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea, and in accordance with paragraph 13 (m) of Security Council resolution 2060 (2012), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea. In this connection, the Committee would appreciate it if the present letter, together with its enclosure, were brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council and issued as a document of the Council. (Signed) Kim Sook Chairman Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea 13-36185 (E) 150713 *1336185* S/2013/413 Letter dated 19 June 2013 from the members of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea We have the honour to transmit herewith the report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea, in accordance with paragraph 13 (m) of Security Council resolution 2060 (2012). (Signed) Jarat Chopra Coordinator Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea (Signed) Jeanine Lee Brudenell Finance Expert (Signed) Emmanuel Deisser Arms Expert (Signed) Aurélien Llorca Transport Expert (Signed) Dinesh Mahtani Finance Expert (Signed) Jörg Roofthooft Maritime Expert (Signed) Babatunde Taiwo Armed Groups Expert (Signed) Kristèle Younès Humanitarian Expert 2 13-36185 S/2013/413 Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council resolution 2060 (2012): Somalia Contents Page Abbreviations................................................................. -
No Redress: Somalia's Forgotten Minorities
report No redress: Somalia’s forgotten minorities by Martin Hill A Bantu girl inside her family home, Mudug, Puntland. Petterik Wiggers/Panos. Acknowledgements MRG is grateful for the cooperation and interest of numerous This report is part of an MRG project to secure protection international and Somali organizations and individuals who and promote fundamental freedoms of vulnerable minorities were consulted or interviewed for this report, and especially in Somalia, funded by the European Union under the Somali minority organizations and minority interviewees. European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, and by Irish Aid. The objective of the project is to strengthen the Commissioning Editor and Project Coordinator: Marusca monitoring and advocacy capacity of Somali civil society Perazzi. Report Editor: Helen Kinsella. Production organizations and human rights activists representing coordinator: Kristen Harrison. Typesetting: Kavita Graphics. vulnerable minorities, and promote their public participation at local, national and international levels. The contents of this The author report are the sole responsibility of MRG, and can under no Martin Hill is an independent consultant. He holds a PhD in circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the Social Anthropology from the London School of Economics. European Union or Irish Aid. He was Researcher on the Horn of Africa for Amnesty International from 1976 to 2008, and Visiting Fellow of the MRG’s local implementation partner is the Somali Minority Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, Rights and Aid Forum (SOMRAF), a Somali not-for-profit for several years. human rights, aid and development organization based in Nairobi with presence in Somalia, Somaliland, Djibouti and Minority Rights Group International Ethiopia. -
Somalia's Forgotten Minorities
report No redress: Somalia’s forgotten minorities by Martin Hill A Bantu girl inside her family home, Mudug, Puntland. Petterik Wiggers/Panos. Acknowledgements MRG is grateful for the cooperation and interest of numerous This report is part of an MRG project to secure protection international and Somali organizations and individuals who and promote fundamental freedoms of vulnerable minorities were consulted or interviewed for this report, and especially in Somalia, funded by the European Union under the Somali minority organizations and minority interviewees. European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, and by Irish Aid. The objective of the project is to strengthen the Commissioning Editor and Project Coordinator: Marusca monitoring and advocacy capacity of Somali civil society Perazzi. Report Editor: Helen Kinsella. Production organizations and human rights activists representing coordinator: Kristen Harrison. Typesetting: Kavita Graphics. vulnerable minorities, and promote their public participation at local, national and international levels. The contents of this The author report are the sole responsibility of MRG, and can under no Martin Hill is an independent consultant. He holds a PhD in circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the Social Anthropology from the London School of Economics. European Union or Irish Aid. He was Researcher on the Horn of Africa for Amnesty International from 1976 to 2008, and Visiting Fellow of the MRG’s local implementation partner is the Somali Minority Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London, Rights and Aid Forum (SOMRAF), a Somali not-for-profit for several years. human rights, aid and development organization based in Nairobi with presence in Somalia, Somaliland, Djibouti and Minority Rights Group International Ethiopia.