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Chapter 8 1. Ancient Members of The Chapter 8 1. Ancient members of the group __________ were the first living organisms on earth. A) Archaea B) Protists C) Fungi D) Plantae E) Animalia 2. Because protists groups cannot be drawn back to a single common ancestor the group is considered to be A) polygynous. B) polyphyletic. C) holophytic. D) autotrophic. E) monophyletic. 3. Protists are believed to have arisen about __________ years ago. A) 100 billion B) 10 billion C) 1.5 billion D) 100 million E) 10 million 4. The most recent classification scheme put forth by the International Society of Protistologists places protists into six A) phyla B) classes C) kingdoms D) super groups E) genera 5. In a protist, the portion of the cytoplasm that lies just beneath the plasma membrane (pellicle) is called the A) cell wall. B) cell membrane. C) hypoplasm. D) endoplasm. E) ectoplasm. Page 1 6. Contractile vacuoles in freshwater protozoans function to A) remove excess water. B) remove the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism. C) capture prey. D) increase the efficiency of movement. E) destroy infectious bacteria. 7. In some protists, food may be ingested in a special region, the A) cytopyge. B) oral hood. C) cytopharynx. D) oral aperture. E) cytosome. 8. In heterotrophic protists, digestion and transport of food occurs in A) ingestion vacuoles. B) contractile vacuoles. C) egestion vacuoles. D) food vacuoles. E) cytopygial vacuoles. 9. Egestion vacuoles release their contents by A) simple diffusion. B) osmosis. C) active transport. D) facilitated diffusion. E) exocytosis. 10. Egestion vacuoles release their contents through the A) cytopyge. B) oral pore. C) anus. D) cytopharynx. E) mouth. 11. The principal nitrogenous waste of protozoans is A) guanine. B) ammonia. C) urea. D) uric acid. E) urine. Page 2 12. In protists, both gas exchange and excretion occur by __________ across the plasma membrane. A) endocytosis B) active transport C) diffusion D) exocytosis E) facilitated diffusion 13. The common means of sexual reproduction among ciliated protists is A) budding. B) fragmentation. C) schizogony. D) conjugation. E) multiple fission. 14. __________ occurs in protists when a large number of daughter cells are formed from a single parent cell. A) Multiple mitosis B) Fragmentation C) Budding D) Binary fission E) Schizogeny 16. Protists in this super group are amoeboid in morphology and have very fine pseudopodia called filopodia. A) Excavata B) Amoebozoa C) Rhizaria D) Chromalveolata E) Actinopoda 17. “Red-tides” are caused by A) radiolarians. B) foraminiferans. C) sporooans. D) volvicines. E) dinoflagellates. 18. The protozoan Trypanosoma brucei is the causal organism of the disease A) African sleeping sickness. B) malaria. C) leishmaniasis. D) trichina. E) balantidiasis. Page 3 19. The vectors of Trypanosoma are A) Aedes mosquitoes. B) all species of flies. C) tsetse flies. D) all species of mosquitoes. E) all species of ticks and mites. 20. __________ is one of the opportunistic diseases affecting AIDS patients in the United States. A) Trypanosoma B) Nosema C) Entamoeba D) Toxoplasma E) Plasmodium 21. Toxoplasmosis is primarily carried to humans by A) the tsetse fly. B) the mosquito. C) chickens. D) consumption of contaminated water. E) cats. 22. Pseudopodia that are broad and are used for locomotion and engulfing food are called A) lobopodia. B) filipodia. C) reticulopodia. D) axopodia. E) amphipodia. 23. Members of the genus Amoeba ingest food by A) absorption. B) active transport. C) phagocytosis. D) exocytosis. E) facilitated diffusion. 24. A(n) ________ protozoan would possess a lobopodium. A) Euglena B) Dinoflagellate C) Sporozoan D) Amoeba E) Ciliated Page 4 25. The pathogenic amoeba that causes dysentery in humans is A) Entamoeba gingivalis. B) Amoeba proteus. C) Entamoeba coli. D) Amoeba difflugia. E) Entamoeba histolytica. 26. The white cliffs of Dover are an example of a/an __________ chalk deposit. A) foraminiferan B) radiolarian C) heliozoan D) difflugian E) arcellian 27. Some of the oldest eukaryotic fossils are A) difflugians. B) radiolarians. C) arcellians. D) heliozoans. E) bacteria. 29. A process known as __________ begins the sexual phase of the coccidean life cycle. A) exogeny B) schizogeny C) endogeny D) gametogeny E) sporogeny 30. Ancient Egyptian records indicate humans were infected with which parasite? A) Toxoplasma. B) Isospora. C) Trypanosoma. D) Eimeria. E) Plasmodium. 31. All ciliates have a large __________ nucleus that controls normal functions. A) diploid B) polyploid C) haploid D) monoploid E) heteroploid Page 5 32. Of the protozoans listed below, which one is capable of photosynthesis? A) Giardia B) Toxoplasma C) Euglena D) Trypanosoma E) Plasmodium 33. Many __________ are symbiotic in the digestive tracts of ruminate ungulates (hoofed mammals), and aid in digestion for their hosts. A) englenoids B) trypanosomes C) amoebae D) sporozoeans E) ciliates 34. In the ciliates, one or more __________ serve as the genetic reserve of the cell. A) macronuclei B) polyploid nuclei C) triploid nuclei D) heteroploid nuclei E) micronuclei 35. Protozoans in this group are nearly all parasites of humans. A) Apicomplexans B) Dinoflagellates C) Ciliophorans D) Formaniferans E) Tubulineans 36. Ciliates have a distinct “cell mouth” called a A) protostome. B) cytostome. C) picnostome. D) phagostome. E) cytopore. 37. An economically important disease of poultry is A) trypanosomiasis. B) pebrine. C) foul brood. D) coccidiosis. E) sarcocystitis. Page 6 38. Sexual reproduction of ciliates involves a process called A) conjugation. B) gametogony. C) sporogony. D) cohabitation. E) copulation. 39. An important parasitic ciliate that lives in the large intestines of humans, pigs, and other mammals is A) Entamoeba gingivalis. B) Trypanosoma brucei. C) Balantidium coli. D) Plasmodium falciparum. E) Entamoeba histolytica. Page 7 Chapter 9 1. One proposed mechanism for the evolution of multicellularity involves an ancestral multinucleate cell in which plasma membranes formed between nuclei, resulting in a multicellular organism. This proposed mechanism is referred to as the __________ hypothesis. A) colonial B) syncytial C) polyphyletic D) metazoan E) synthetic 2. This group of animals does not possess embryological tissue layers. A) scyphozoans B) ctenophorans C) poriferans D) anthozoans E) hydrozoans 3. Which of the following items is NOT found in sponges? A) choanocytes B) tissues C) pinacocytes D) porocytes E) mesohyl 4. Contractile pinacocytes that can regulate water circulation in some sponges are called A) spongiocytes. B) choanocytes. C) porocytes. D) archeocytes. E) amebocytes. 5. Just underneath the pinacocyte layer of a sponge is a jellylike layer referred to as the A) ectoderm. B) endoderm. C) mesoderm. D) mesohyl. E) endochyme. Page 1 6. The collar of a choanocyte A) regulates the diameter of the osculum. B) filters food from the water. C) creates currents in the water. D) regulates the diameter of the ostia. E) secretes digestive enzymes. 7. The taxonomy of sponges is determined by A) the shape of the choanocytes. B) the complexity of the osculum. C) the material that composes the skeleton. D) the presence or absence of porocytes. E) the shape of the body of the sponge. 8. The __________ is the simplest, but least common body form of sponge. A) leucon B) sycon C) demosponge D) ascon E) sclerosponge 9. The porocytes of ascon sponges lead to the outside via openings called A) spongocoels. B) atriopores. C) blastopores. D) oscula. E) ostia. 10. The single large opening at the top of the spongocoel is the A) osculum. B) atriopore. C) ostium. D) mouth. E) anus. 11. __________ sponges have incurrent canals formed by infoldings of the body wall. A) Sclerosponge B) Sycon C) Leucon D) Calcisponge E) Ascon Page 2 12. Sponges may gain nutrition by all of the following modes EXCEPT A) filtration. B) trapping of food items by the collar. C) active transport of nutrients. D) phagocytosis. E) active predation. 13. The unique adhesive cells of ctenophores are A) statoblasts. B) cnidoblasts. C) colloblasts. D) pleuroblasts. E) statoliths. 14. The most complex sponge body form, the __________, is characterized by multiple oscula and a complex canal system where choanocytes reside in small chambers. A) leucon B) ascon C) sycon D) polyp E) medusa 15. Excretion and gas exchange in sponges are accomplished by A) active transport. B) diffusion. C) contractile vacuoles. D) nephridia. E) osmosis. 16. Which of the following would NOT be found in the body of a sponge? A) ameboid cells B) choanocytes C) pinacocytes D) spicules E) colloblasts 17. Eggs and sperm of sponges are commonly formed from A) pinacocytes. B) porocytes. C) choanocytes. D) spongiocytes. E) sclerocytes. Page 3 18. Ctenophores move via bands of cilia called A) lappets. B) rhopalia. C) comb rows. D) acontia. E) tentacles. 19. Freshwater (and some marine) sponges form resistant structures which function in asexual reproduction, called A) brown bodies. B) larvae. C) statoblasts. D) spores. E) gemmules. 20. Gemmules contain masses of __________ which can survive freezing or drying. A) amoeboid cells B) porocytes C) choanocytes D) spongin E) pinacocytes 21. Members of class __________ are those historically used as commercial sponges. A) Calcarea B) Demospongiae C) Hexactinellida D) Syconidae E) Leuconidae 22. Members of the phylum __________ are characterized by radial (or biradial) symmetry, diploblastic organization, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes. A) Mesozoa B) Placozoa C) Cnidaria D) Porifera E) Ctenophora 23. Which of the following is not a characteristic of animals in the phylum Cnidaria? A) diploblastic, tissue level organization B) gastrovascular cavity C) nervous system in the form of a nerve net D) bilateral symmetry in the adult form E) specialized cells called cnidocytes Page 4 24. Members of the cnidarian class __________ never have a medusa stage. A) Mesozoa B) Hydrozoa C) Scyphozoa D) Anthozoa E) Cubozoa 25. Cnidarians exchange respiratory gases and nitrogenous wastes via A) active pumping. B) movement of cilia. C) active transport. D) movement of microvilli.
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