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I ALPHASERVER 4100 SYSTEM ORACLE AND SYBASE DATABASE PRODUCTS Digital FOR VLM Technical INSTRUCTION EXECUTION ON ALPHA PROCESSORS Journal • Volume 8 Number 4 1996 Editorial The Digital Technicaljournal is a refereed The following arc trademarks of Digital Jane C. Blake, Managing Editor journal published quarterly by Digital Equipment Corporation: AlphaServer, Kathleen M. Stetson, Editor Equipment Corporation, 50 Nagog Park, AlphaStation, DEC, DECnet, DIGITAL, Helen L. Patterson, Editor AK02-3/B3, Acton, MA 017 20-9843. the DIGITAL logo,VAX, VMS, and ULTIUX. Hard-copy subscriptions can be ordered by Circulation sending a check in U.S. funds (made payable AIM is a trademark of AIM Technology, Inc. Catherine M. Phillips, Administrator to Digital Equipment Corporation) to the CCT is a registered trademark of Cooper Dorothea B. Cassady, Secretary published-by address. General subscription and Chyan Te chnologies, Inc. CHALLENGE rates are $40.00 (non-U.S. $60) for four and Silicon Graphics are registered a-ademarks Production issues and $75.00 (non-U.S. $115) for and POWER CHALLENGE is a trademark Christa W. Jessica, Production Editor eight issues. University and college profes­ of Silicon Graphics, Inc. Compaq is a regis­ Anne S. Katzcff, Typographer sors and Ph.D. students in the electrical tered trademark and ProLiant is a trademark Peter R. Wo odbury, lllustrator engineering and computer science fields of Compaq Computer Corporation. HP is receive complimentary subscriptions upon a registered trademark of Hewlett-Packard Advisory Board request. DIGITAL's customers may qualifY Company. HSPICE is a registered a·ade­ Samuel H. Fuller, Chairman for gifi: subscriptions and are encouraged mark of Metasoftware Corporation. IBM, Richard W. Beane to contact their account representatives. Power PC, PowerPC 504, and PowerPC Donald Z. Harbert 604 are registered trademarks and RS/6000 J. Electronic subscriptions are available at Richard Hollingsworth is a trademark oflnternational Business no charge by accessing URL William A. Laing Machines Corporation. Insignia is a trade­ http://www.cligital.com/infojsubscription. Richard F. Lary mark of Insignia Solutions, Inc. Intel and This service will send an electronic mail Alan G. Nemeth Pentium arc trademarks oflntel Corp01-ation. notification when a new issue is available Robert M. Supnik IPX/SPX is a trademark of Novell, Inc. on the Internet. ispLSI and Lattice Semiconductor arc regis­ Single copies and back issues are available tered trademarks of Lattice Semiconductor for $16.00 (non-U.S. $18) each and can Corporation. KAPis a trademark of Kuck & be ordered by sending the requested issue's Associates, Inc. MEMORY CHANNEL is a volume and number and a check to the a·ademark of Encore Computer Corporation. published-by address. See the Further Mental Ray is a a·ademark of Mental Images. Readings section in the back of this issue Metra! is a trademark of Berg Te chnology, Inc. for a complete listing. Recent issues are Microsofi:, MS-DOS, and Visual C++ are also available on the Internet at registered trademarks and Windows and http://www.cligital.com/i nfo/dtj. Windows NT are tradem<u·ks of Microsofi: DIGITAL employees may order subscrip­ Corporation. MIPS and R4400 are trade­ tions through Readers Choice at URL marks of MIPS Technologies, Inc., a wholly http://webrc.das.dcc.com or by entering owned subsidiary of Silicon Graphics, Inc. VfX PROFILE at the OpenVMS system Motorola is a registered a·adem,u·k of prompt. Motorola, Inc. Oracle is a registered a-ade­ mark and Oracle7, Oracle 64 Bit Option, Inquiries, address changes, and compli­ and Oracle Parallel Server arc trademarks mentary subscription orders can be sent of Oracle Corporation. PostScript is a to the Digital Technical]ournalat the registered trademark of Adobe Systems published-by address or the electronic Incorporated. Powerview is a registered mail address, Inquiries [email protected]. trademark ofViewlogic Corporation. can also be made by calling rJ1eJournal SPARCstation is a registered trademark office at 508-264-7549. and SPARCluster, SPARCserver, and Comments on the content of any paper and UltraSPAil..C are trademarks of SPARC requests to contact authors are welcomed International, Inc., used under license by · and may be sent to rJ1e managing editor at Sun Microsystems, Inc. SPEC is a registered rJ1e published-by or electronic mail address. trademark of the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation. SPICE is a trade­ Copyright© 1997 Digital Equipment mark of rJ1e University of California at Corporation. Copying without fcc is per­ Berkeley. SQL Server and System 11 are mitted provided that such copies are made trademarks and Sybase is a registered trade­ for use i11 educational institutions by faculty mark of Sybase, Inc. Sun is a registered members and are not distributed for com­ a·ademark and Ula·a is a trademark of Sun mercial advantage. Abstracting with credit Microsystems, Inc. Synopsys is a regis- of Digital Equipment Corporation's aurJ1or­ tered trademark of Synopsys, Inc. Te xas ship is permitted. Instruments is a registered trademark of Cover Design The information in rJ1ejourna./is subject Texas Instruments Incorporated. Timing The performance advantage of very large to change wirJ10ut notice and shonld not Designer is a registered trademark of memory teclUlology for commercial applica­ be construed as a commitment by Digital Chronology Corporation. TPC-C is a tions is a major theme in this issue of the Equipment Corporation or by the compa­ registered trademark of rJ1e Transaction journal. The cover is a collage of images nies herein represented. Digital Equipment Processing Performance CoLuKil. UNIX from the development of the AlphaScrver Corporation assumes no responsibility for is a registered trademark in rJ1e United 4100 four-processor symmetric multipro­ any errors that may appear in the journal. States and in other countries, licensed cessing system, which offers 8 gigabytes ISSN 0898-901X exclusively rJ1roughX/Open Company of memory and industry leadership per­ Ltd. Xilinx is a registered trademark of Documentation Number EC-N7629-l8 formance. This four-processor symmetric Xilinx, Inc. multiprocessing system is not only charac­ Book production was done by Quantic terized by very large memory but by low Communications, Inc. latency, high bandwidth, and 400-megaherrz microprocessors. The cover design is by Lucinda O'Neill of DIGITAL's Corporate Design Group. Contents ALPHASERVER 4100 SYSTEM AlphaServer 4100 Performance Characterization Zarka Cvetanovic and Darrel D. Donaldson 3 The AlphaServer 4100 Cached Processor Module 21 Maurice .B. Stcinm;m, George J. Harris, Architecture and Design Andrej Kocev, Virginia C. Lamere, and D. Roger Pannell The AlphaServer 4100 Low-cost Clock Distribution System Roger A. Dame 38 Design and Implementation of the Alpha Server 4100 CPU 48 Glenn A. Herdeg and Memory Architecture High Performance Design in the AlphaServer 4100 61 1/0 SJmuel H. Duncan, Craig D. Keefer, and Symmetric Multiprocessing System Thomas A. NlcL1ughlin ORACLE AND SYBASE DATABASE PRODUCTS FOR VLM Design of the 64-bit Option for the Orade7 Relational Vipin V. GokhJie 76 Database Management System VLM Capabilities of the Sybase System 11 SQL Server j 83 T.K. Rengara an, Maxwell Berenson, Ganesan Gop;!], Bruce lvlcCrc.Jd)', Sa pan Panigrahi, Srikanr Subram;1niam, and Marc B. SugiyamJ INSTRUGION EXECUTION ON ALPHA PROCESSORS Measured Effects of Adding Byte and Word Instructions P. David Hunter and Eric 13. Bcrrs 89 to the Alpha Architecture 8 1996 Digit;!\ Tccbnicll Journal Vol. No.4 Editor's Introduction Just 40 years ago, a machine called the The AlphaScrvcr 4100 cached pro­ demonstrate a clear performance ben­ TX-0-a successor to Whirlwind­ cessor module design is presented by efit tor decision support systems and was built at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory Mo Steinman, George Harris, Andrej online transaction processing. The to find out, among other things, if a Kocev, Ginny Lamere, <llld Roger author summarizes data that show core memory as large as 64 Kwords Pannell . Built around the Alpha 211 64 a clear benefit for a database with the could be built. Over tJ1e years mem­ 64-bit !USC microprocessor, the 64 Bit Option enabled running on ory sizes have grown so large that, module is the first ti·om DIGITAL the AlphaServer 8400 with 8 gigabytes in the '90s, tJ1e industry has felt the to employ a high-performance, cost­ of memory; in some cases, the pertor­ need to characterize memory in big etkctive synchronous cache rather mance increase was 200 times that machines as large. At five orders than a traditional asynchronous cache. ofrhe standard configuration. Sybase uery of magnitude greater in size than the Next, Roger Dame reviews the clock engineers T.K. Renga.rajan, Max TX -0 memory, the AlphaServer 4100 distribution system, the use of off� Berenson, Ganesan Gop�1l, I>rucc 8-gigabyte memory is indeed very the-shelf phase-locked loop circuits McCready, Sapan Panigrahi, Srikam brgc, even by today's standards. \Vhole as the basic building block to keep Subramaniam, and Marc Sugiyama databases can be designed to reside in costs low, and the signal integrity examine the technology of the memory. Very large memory technol­ techniques developed to optimize System 11 SQL Server that was spc­ ogy, or VLM, is a key to rJ1e system performance of the clock distribution citically designed for VLM systems. and application performance discussed system for a worst-case clock skew of In addition to achieving record results in this issue of the.fournal, which fea­ 2.2 nanoseconds, a goal which the with the SQL Server running on rhc tures the AlphaServer 4100 system, team far exceeded. A unique memory AJphaServer 8400, the engineers have database enhancements from Oracle architecture for the model 5/300£ is laid the groundwork for ti.Iturc main Corporation and !TomSybase, Inc., and the subject. of Glenn Herdeg's paper. memory database systems. extensions to the Alpha architccwre.
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