#82 1997

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Happy Inuk girl heeding her culture and elders.

Quviasuttukuluk Inuk niviaqsiaq naalanniqaqpuq piqqusirminit innarminillu. Inuktitut Inuktitut #82 1997 #82 1997 #82 1997 wloq5 Contents Ilulingit tt6v5 3 Letters to the Editor 3 Titiqqat 3 ≈6r{hwpu5 6 Editorial Letter 6 Aaqqissuijimit 6 lw svo6 Ms. Looee Okalik Lui Ukaliq eMs0/3iE/w5 ra¿5t8k5 9 Drumbeats of the Past 9 Qilaujjarnirijait Kinguvaattinnut 9 whmy Reprint/ISUMASI Isumasi yf x7ml wfxM 19 Ice & Fire 19 Siku ammalu Ikuala 19 y†?8 ≈{Sx8 Stephen Osbourne Sitiivan Aaspuan c9lˆ5 Z?mq5 x7ml wkw5 27 Qallunaat Government & Inuit 27 Qallunaat Gavamangit ammalu Inuit 27 ®5 fÎ Keith Crowe Kiit Kuruu tuu8i xJDto8k5 vtmπ5 41 Committee for the Disabled 41 Timiminni Ajurutilinnut Katimajiit 41 bwFt x3N4v6 Davidee Arnakak Taiviti Arnakkaq wkgcw5 W6fygcqtA5 moZw5 45 Elders Traditional Laws 45 Inutuqait Piqqusituqangitigut Maligait 45 u5tmbo4 Pond Inlet Mittimatalik stD8N6St5 55 You Can Go Back 55 Utirunnaqputit 55 ∫8 mv˜4M8 Don McLauchlan Taan Makalaaklan X5ns÷3J4 n8qJxl4 65 Strong Patsaujaarjuk 65 Patsaujaarjuk Sanngijualuk 65 Angutiik Marruuk Pisuttuuk 67 xa†4 m3Î4 Wh5©4 67 Two Men Walking 67 x3Nw5g6 xwWo Arnaitok Ipeelie Arnaittuq Aipili

≈6r{hwp: Editor: Aaqqissuiji: lw svo6 Looee Okalik Lui Ukaliq gnp: Translator: Tusaaji: ÷vo8 xwSD Jacqueline April Jaakalin Aipuru xuhos6t: Design: Amisuliuqti: ß35lx gn6goEπ5 Earthlore Communications Uutlua Tusaqtulirijiit Circulation: gÇDtos6t/xs9Mt5tp: Turaarutiliuqti/Aullatittiji: osD w84 Laro Inc. Liuru Ink wk4tg5 scoµZ6 ttC6bs?5g6 Inuktitut is a cultural magazine Inuktitut uqalimaagaq titiraqtauvattuq W6fyoE9li r[Z6gwJu5 wk8i5 serving Canadian Inuit. The views piqqusilirilluni kiggaqtuijumit Inunnit vNbusbi5. whm0JbsJ5 wkw5 expressed are not necessarily those Kanatamiutanit. Isumajjutaujut Inuit bW‰4n4f8•8Ω8q5g5. gi3DbsymJ5 of the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada. Tapiriiksakkunniinngaangittut. ttCZ5, si4√5, Wys/5, x0π5 x7m Submissions of articles, stories, poetry, Tunirrutausimajut titiragat, unikkaat, tt6gZ5 g8zhxtbsK5. xro6hw•5, photographs, and drawings are invited. pisiujat, ajjiit amma titiqtugat tunngasu- scoµZ6∫c5b3i6 x7m n6rtbZ3k5 For rates paid, subscriptions, and atitauvut. Akiliqsuiniit, uqalimaagaq- cspQx3F{n6 sKz: advertising contact: taaqattarniq amma saqqititagarnut qauji- giarvissaq uvunga:

Inuktitut Magazine Inuktitut Magazine Inuktitut Magazine Inuit Tapirisat of Canada Inuit Tapirisat of Canada Inuit Tapirisat of Canada 510-170 Laurier Avenue W. 510-170 Laurier Ave. W. 510-170 Laurier Ave. W. Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5 Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5 Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5 sçMs5: G^!#H @#*-*!*! Phone: (613) 238-8181 Uqaalaut: (613) 238-8181 gxF6g6: G^!#H @#$-!((! Fax: (613) 234-1991 Tuaviqtuq: (613) 234-1991

ISSN 0705-8527 © wkw5 bW‰4n5 vNbu !((& © Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, 1997 1 tt6vw5

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR TITIQQAT

Bxl lw, Bonjour Looee, Halu Lui,

scoµZ3u5 wk4t©u5 tr=Fsn5tx6v- I just received my copy of Uqalimaagarmit “Inuktituumit” tikivvi- sKz x7m xrosyx8i5 x0poxEym/m “INUKTITUT” magazine and the usaattiaqqauvunga amma akiliusiannit scoµZs2 yMWxz•5gj5. payment related to the rights of ajjiliarisimajama uqalimaagaup silapi- x0poxEym/C WsQ5tx6XC publishing my photography on the anganiittumut. vmQ/s5tx6ym7m5 xuhos6tk5 x7ml cover. Ajjiliarisimajara piugittiaqpara kamag- ≈6r{hwpk5 Gß5lx4f5H: bfuN6f6 My compliments to the printers ijauttiaqsimammat amisuliuqtinut ammalu mrmQx3NDtQN6gil. and designer (the EarthLore gang) aaqqissuijinut (Uutluakkut): takuminaq- gJwFs4v8iDmKz xuh4vi3i5 N7m for the treatment of the photo: the quq makimagiarnarutiginaqtunilu. *!u5 sWA˙tQZ/C4r5 WoExEym/4v result is beautiful and enlightening. Tujuiviukkannirumavunga amisukka- vt6h6ym/4v xgw8Nst9lQ5 x7ml I’ll appreciate receiving a few nirnit namma 81mit upigusuutigigaja- gi3DtQJ8NDmZ4r5. more copies of #81 for my personal rakkit piliriarisimajakka katiqsuqsima- dFxh5txC/6fz WoEctc4v8- archive and my portfolio presentation. jakka atuinnautillugit ammalu tunirruti- iExz scoµZ5tx¿l{y8k5. It will be my pleasure to collaborate gijunnarumagakkit. again with your excellent magazine. Quviasuttiarajaqqunga piliriqatiqa- bf˜EKA4, kkannirianga uqalimaagattiavaalussinnut. Ws3 biZ8 A bientôt, kNFs2 bs5gz Pierre Dunnigan Takulaarivuguk, x0posEp csp4vwp Image Nunavik Piur Tanigan photographe consultant Nunaviup Tauttunga wkw5 bW‰4n5 vNbu5: Ajjiliuriji Qaujikkaiji Inuit Tapirisat of Canada: w˚9lz rNsic6gz w2WQ5txCm, Inuit Tapiriiksat Kanatamit: sWAh5gzl bfuN6n6gz scoµZ- As an Inuk and as a person I was oxaymJu5 wkw5 vNbusbi5. very touched, proud and impressed Inuullunga kinauniqaqtunga ippigittiarama, W8NN3izi5 csp4vDm?4v ∫{huz with the recent publication of The upigusuttungalu takuminaqsaqtunga vmQ/cMs6g5. Inuit of Canada. I would like to uqalimaagaliangusimajumit Inuit Kana- ∫8N scoµZ6 nN/s5tx6ymFst7m5 extend my congratulations on a tamiutanit. Pinnanarninganit qaujikka- x0p8axq5 Ws9lt n8qic6gu5 superb job. rumavakka taassuminga kamagijaqalauqtut. bf{nst5t9lt. scoµZ3u5 bf/Exz This publication is incredibly Taanna uqalimaagaq sanajauttiaqsi- n6®Ju5 srs6b6©2 x7ml wkw5 done with such beautiful and powerful maviutimmat ajjinnguangit piulluti 2 xi3iz8i5 xbisizi9l dFxN6f6. images. It’s good to see a publication sannginiqaqtumit takussautittilluti. scsy4f5 NlNw6yQx6 ∫{hm scoµZs2 that captures the spirit and majesty Uqalimaagarmit takujarianga saqqiijumit nN/smizi5 NlN6f6 ∫8N scoµZ6 of the north and our people. Words ukiuqtaqtuup ammalu Inuit anirningannit NMs5ttx3m5 srs6b6©2 W8NN3izi5. cannot express how good it feels to ataniuninganillu quvianaqquq. Uqausi- wkw5 bW‰4n4f5 vNbu5 x7ml finally see a publication that captures kkut nalunaiqsigiaq taassuma uqalimaa- WoExcMs6g5 sWAh8i3i5 xw5gX4v the essence of the north. gaup sanajaumaninganit nalunaqquq bmguz xJ8q8ic6tt7mb. I would very much like to taanna uqalimaagaq nalauttitiarmat uki- congratulate the Inuit Tapirisat of uqtaqtuup pinnanarninganit. cmi5gx3usb6 x7ml n9o3usb6 Canada and especially the people Inuit Tapiriiksakkut Kanatamit (see below) who made this all possible. ammalu piliriaqalauqtut upigusunnirnit ∆y{ tEx6 xsXl4g6 aittupakka tamatuminga ajunnginniqa- txM rM/6 NXJ6-ws9 Qamani’tuatmiuq and Sallirmiuq qtitimmata.

“sfxq4fx W8NN6gu5 x{hÎtc6gt Moses Tiriaq Aupaluktuq Qamanittuarmiutaq ammalu scoµZosMs6ymJ5 ßuz ‘wkw5 vN- Della Kilajaq Napayok-Ell Sallirmiutaq busb5’, xs÷4 m3Î4 çq6ymo6t9lQ4: “This is the wonderful, dedicated team Muusis Tiriaq Aupaluktuq grjx5t: sw8t wxM{, csp4vwp of professionals who made ‘The Inuit of Tiala Kilajaq Napajuq-Iul ttC6t: swox7 GWs9H rx72 Canada’ booklet a success two summers nNmizi5 ≈6r{hwp: wxM{ x7m ago: “Ukuangikkua pinnanaqtumit assuruu- WoEπ5, ˙n8 wxM{ tiqaqtuti uqalimaagaliulauqsimajut kN8axoEp: ¿9g3 X˜pF4 Project Director: Wendy Ellis, uuminga ‘Inuit Kanatamiutat’, aujaak swÏt©zo6t5tp: m‰-y¥9 SÇ˙3 Consultant marruuk qaangiqsimaliqtillugik: d/8N¨4 gi3Dtc5txMsC{y wkw5 Written by: William (Bill) Kemp x7ml vNbusbsizb u{nk5.” Creative concept, design and Tukimuatti: Uinti Ialas, qaujikkaiji layout: Ellis & Associates, Titiraqti: Uiliam (Piul) Kiamp lwzw, Susan Ellis Sanamaninganit aaqqissuiji: Ialas amma Cartography: Valter Blazevic Pilirijiit, Suusan Ialas d/8N¨6Xl4 gÔtQvs6gMs6b8k5 French translation: Marie-Cécile Nunanngualiriji: Vaaltur Palaajivik scoµZ3j5 N7m &(j5 x7ml Brasseur Uiviitituungaliqtittiji: Marii-Sisiil Puraasuur s9l6ystj5. bwml sz?ExMsCFs4 Thank you kindly for your wonderful Qujannamiik tunirrutiqattialaurassi Inuit gÔyxE?5b8k5 *@j5 d/8N¨5bs6. contribution to Inuit and the nation.” ammalu Kanatamiutauningata missaanut.” 3 !(*) WQxoC∫3iq8i5 srs6bg4f5 Dear Ms. Looee, Luingai, v˚C/Ms6ymZm xuhx6t7mE5gz. xuh7mEs9lb vq6hx¬2 wlxA5 Thank you so much for your prompt Qujannamiiqpaaluk tujuutigikauqtu- wtF2XMs6ymZ5b trst?5gb response with issue #79 and for the lauqtannut uqalimaagarmut namma x3Fxi5, bwvi xuhk5 xq3Ck5 wonderful calendar. Also for 79mut ammalu ulluqsiutimut. Taimalu g8zhxtbs?J9lz. extending my subscription to #82. ungavarialauraviuk tujuusiarivattannut ra9o6X8i5 v˚6gz s4fy4no4ƒM- I made a number of canoe trips 82mut qujannamiittauq. s6ymKA5 ≈{gCwoxusbw8Ns9lb. through the Barrens in the early 1980 pigialirataarninginnit ukiuq- b7µMs6ymKA5 wMc6gb wk8i5 ’80s. Several came out at Hudson tatukkut kanuurajalauqsimagama xaNh5ti5 s4fy4no4 wt7ˆ3J7u5, Bay and ultimately Eskimo Point amisuaqtimmarittunga. Amisummari- sb6rs6gb yfw/3Ôui{nzi5 X3N5gb (Arviat) where I was welcomed into ulluta Kangiqsualuup Iluagut itivippala- s6h6©j5. many homes. uqsimagatta tikiutivattuta Arvianit, bm4fN8zoµ, v0÷E/4v xu˙K5 My last trip was down the Back taikani amisunut angirranut tunngasu- x7ml s9luj5 cspm0JtcDmic6fz River with an all-Australian party. atitauvajullunga. srs6b6gu5. We camped with some Inuit Kingullipaannit kanuuqtunga Ukku- hunters on Chantrey Inlet waiting siksalikkuulauqsimavugut Aasturailia- w2WN6gu5 WdpJ6, for the ice to allow us a passage to miutainnaulluta. Tammaalauqsimavugut Gjoa Haven. Inunnit ilaqaqtuta angunasuttinit Bxw2M8 From all this, I have many mem- Ukkusiksalik Itimnaarjummit, utaqqi- ≈{gCwox ories and a continuing interest in uqtuta sikuijarjuuminissanganit parnat- the North. tuta Uqsuqtuumut. svo3j5, Kind regards, Tamakkunanngalimaaq, kajjaarijakka d/8N¨6Xl4 scoµZ3k5, scoµZC˜k5 amisuuvut ammalu ullumimut qaujima- x7ml Wlx6gu5 s9l6ystj5 gÔtQ- Joss Haiblen jjutiqarumaniqaqqunga ukiuqtaqtumit. Ms6b8k5, dFx˙6tQ9ME5b4v. s9l6ys5 Australia yi=F7m nz•tbC x7ml csbµ5 Ippinaqtumit piqujijuq, m2W6tCwZ4f wk5tg5 scEs6n?2Sz. Dear Ms Okalik, wo8ixExcClx6t9lz scsy3u5 Haiplan w∫ox8u5 whmos6ymo6fzo woAm- Thank you very much for all the Aasturailia ic6gz wk5tg5. w˚yE/y bXw- magazines, booklets and especially 3ND¬/Fst7m5 xv3EJu5. m3Î4 bwm the calendar, it really fascinates me. Ukalirmut, dFxQ5txMs6∫4v scoµZ3u5 I have put it on my bed side shelf “wk4tgu5” N7m *!u5, m2W6gZ3u5 and everyday I turn over the cards Qujannamiiqpaaluk uqalimaagarnut, #(, Wys/5 GsW2Sz wk9MEsZmH and try to pronounce the words. In uqalimaagaralaanut ammalu piluaqtumit x7ml m2W6gZ3u5 $@u5, whmQ/Co my lessons my language is supposed ulluqsiutimut tujuutigilauqtannut, quvi- wk5tg5 tt6vsQxqb. dFxQ?4v. to be learning Italian but I have now asuutigillarittakka. Ulluqsiut sinivvimma scsy6 wk4 x0pgw8NE¿ scsys2 decided to learn as much as I can saanganiititara ammalu qautamaat map- wkw5V NlNw6yJmKz scoµZ3i5 of Inuktitut. Your way of life really piqtiraigakku Inuttitut uqariuqsavappunga. x0pi5 bfc5b6ym9lz N5tys6gi5, fascinates me. There are 2 things Ilinniariaqaraluaqtillunga uqausirmit bm4fx bf?5gQ5 ßmJi5 y3ˆc5bMs6- I really liked in “INUKTITUT” Itaalianmit isumaliuqsimaliqqungali ymZlx6gz. scoµZyo scoµMs6gA #81, page 39 was the poems iligumaniqaqtunga Inuttitut. Inuusirijasi x0pQ8qb5txzi bmgjz whmc- (I’m Proud to be an Inuk) and on tapairnaruluujaviutimmat akarrijumit. o6Sz kN5ti9o bm8N scsysc5b6y- page 42, I assume, in the top left Marruuk taima quviagittialauqtaakka m8q7m5. whm0JyuiCo xy0p6ym5txo6f6. hand corner is the alphabet. That uqalimaagarmit “Inuktituumit” namma vœhCgw8N6gQ5bwoy8z wkw5 really interested me. Is the name 81mit, mappiqtugarmit 39, pisiujat wo6fyz8i5, csp?9oxicDmgw8N- Inuk the same as the name Inuit? (Upippunga Inullariugama) ammalu tx6Szo wo6fy{y8i5, W6fyui{y8i5 I must admit that I had only seen mappiqtugarmit 42mit, isumagijarali x7ml w˚i{y8i5. the pictures published in newspapers Inuttitut titiqqaugiangita. Quviagivakka. tt6vsyx6ymZlx6gz wo8ix6ti5 about seal hunting and I was always Uqausiq Inuk ajjituinnarivaa uqausi- r8z3usbi5, ttCc5bEx{nClx6gz very anti-hunting. Having read that up Inuit? Nalunaiqsijumavunga uqali- xbsys8q5gj6vw. cs0ptcMs8q- booklet it has put a whole other maagarnit ajjinit takuqattaqsimallunga Mz ¬8•o scs¥5 x0pŒ8q8ic3iq8i5 side which is not even spoken of nattisiuqtunit, tamakkua takuvattugit kN{y8i5. iEs8ix6Szo s9¬Jµ6gu5 in this country and I am having uumajunit sirnaaqattalauqsimagaluaq- scsy{y8i5 iWos6ymJu5 gn˜Ex{n8i5. to rethink. tunga. Uqalimaagasili uqalimaalauqtugu 4 cspmJz W/{no6X¬Qx{nF5 Please don’t think that I am just ajjiginngitattiangani tamatumunga d/oKzo gÔtQMs6b8k5. r4fgw8N5tx5 idly curious about Inuit culture, I isumaqaliqpunga nunattinilli tamanna g8zhxt5tym7mb WFos6ym9lt9l have a real interest in your lifestyles, uqausiuqattaqsimanngimmat. Isumajjusi- WQx6gt sx5tu5 f∆u5, Xøyu5 history, people and culture. minirali assijjiqsimattialiqquq. ux l3j5, w9o8k5 tr5gA, d/Q5tx6Xy. I have had some letters from Kangiisuratuinnaqtugittailisinnga gn3FQ4v8iDuN˜6St5, d/8N¨Ωy5. pupils of a school at Cape Dorset, Inuit ilissi iliqqusingannit, qaujivallian- I hope to be a penpal to one or two iqarumatuinnatiaqpunga iliqqusissinnit, W8NN6gu5 ttC6g6, of them. I never knew about the piqqusiminissinnit ammalu inuunissinnit. mvwM X9j3 differences in language from one Titiqqausiaqsimagaluaqtunga ilinni- group to another. I hope one day aqtinit Kinngarmiutanit, titiraqattarias- that I will be able to hear a recording saaraluaqtunga atausiunngittumuqqai. of an Inuk speaking his/her native Qaujjitiqalaunngilangaluunniili uqausiit tongue. nunassinnit ajjigiinnginniqarninginnit. I know you are very busy and I Niriunniaqpungali ulluujumaaqtumit am grateful for all that you have uqausissinnit nipiliuqsimajumit sent to me. Everyone has been so tusalaariassannit. kind and generous with their time Qaujimajunga pijassaliqpaaluugiassavit from Superintendent Comeau to qujalivungali tujuutigilauqtannut. Kik- Sergeant Miller to yourself, I really kutuinnattiat tunngasuatittisimammata do appreciate it. piviliuqsimallutillu uvannit pigiaqtuti I hope one day to hear from you uattimit Kumuumit, paliisimut Mialurmut again, many thanks. ilinnut tikittugu, qujagittiaqpasi. Tusarvigikkanniruminalaaqputit, W8NN6gu5 ttC6g6 qujannamiingaasit. (yours sincerely) Mikiela Palmer Pinnanaqtumit titiraqtuq, Makaila Palmur

5 tt6v6 ≈6r{hwpu5

FROM THE EDITOR

TITIQQAQ AAQQISSUIJIMIT

wk4tg5 scoµZ3u5 scoµ6tk5, INUKTITUT magazine readers, Inuktitut uqalimaagarmit uqalimaaqtinut,

dFxN9ME{ymK6 tt6vsyx6X5gb It has been a jovial time for us to Quvianallarissimavuq titiqqausiaqpattuta vJœJi5 wvJ6gwJi9l wk4tg5 receive compliments and encour- kajungiijunit ikajuqtuijunillu “Inuktitut” scoµZ5t8i5. d/Q?{y w˚Jy w˚8- agement from our “INUKTITUT” uqalimaagattinnit. Qujagivassi Inuujusi q4vlx6gyl scoµZ5b wq3Cizi5 magazine readers. We thank you inuunngikkaluaqtusilu uqalimaagatta W/Exr9ot5tymZ{y. whmQ0JtQ/y Inuit and non-Inuit alike for the ingirraninganit pijariakillitittisimagassi. xw5©tQ?{ys s?5t8k5 scoµZK5 direction of our magazine is simpli- Isumagijjutigijasi aittuutigivassiu uvat- wo{y8i5 btc5tx3z5 scoµ6tsAF5, fied already with your support and tinnut uqalimaagavut ilissinnit tatiqat- gnpsAF5, ≈6r{hwpsAF5, xuhos6- understanding. Keep your ideas tiarngat uqalimaaqtiuguvit, tusaajiugu- tsAF5, xyQAit9¬8•5. streaming in as a lot of our success vit, aaqqissuijiuguvit, amisuliuqtiuguvit, x3ÇA !*)) xf8iq8i5 k8aq8i5, relies on each and everyone’s (readers, asigigunitilluunniit. wkw5 nwoio7u5 g8zhxt5tpsym7mb translators, designers, printers, etc,...) Arraagu 1800 akunninginnit nunn- w˚8q5gk5 xF5g6ymJq8•5gi5. participation. gunginnit, Inuit sailinilimmit tunngasu- bm4fx bm0/ sWQN6g5 w˚0JtQ/K5 From the mid-to-late 1800s, atittijiusimammata inuunngittunut avit- n8q0JtQZ5tA eM7¨6gu5 b=?nw8N3l Inuit have had to be harmonic and tuqsimajunginniittunit. Tamakkua d5t5gj5 iEsQym8qb5t8k5 trs0/- hospitable to non-Inuit in the vast tamajja upiginaqtut inuujjutigijavut san- symKA5 dFxN6gu9l. arctic regions. These are some of ngijjutigigattigu qilammiiqtumit tavva- b=?i scoµZ3u5, ®5 fÎ si4vs- the admirable qualities that Inuit sainnarlu quttittumut niriugisimanngi- t¿tA5 ck6 wkw5 gi3Dyx6ym7mΩ3u have acquired in strengthening tattinnut tikiujjausimavugut quvianaq- xsM5t0Jyi5 wkw5 yM3Jx3us5 themselves in such a short time tumillu. bf8N6gQ5. bwml ∫8 mv˜4M8 span and have, at the same time, Tavvani uqalimaagarmit, Kiit Kuruu bft2XtA xF5g6ymJi5 ck6 taken them to unbelievable heights unikkautivaatigut qanuq Inuit tunirrusi- xsM5ti6 mgw3icMs6ym7mΩ5. and glory with little or no great aqsimammangaarmi aulattijjusinit Inuit y†?8 ≈{Sx8 xyxA9o urge of expectancy. silarjuarmiut takunnaqtugit. Taimalu w6vsm5tic6gi W8NE/u5 In this issue, Keith Crowe takes Ta an Makalaaklan takutippaatigu avit- si4√c6f6 x{~J6 w5gxz3u5 us back to the introductions of the tuqsimajunit qanuq aulattiniq matuirni- X8i©3usb3u5. sfx b=? c9lˆ5 administrative procedures to Inuit qalauqsimammangaat. Sitiivan Aaspuan x7ml xyq5 n6®ymK5 of the circumpolar regions while asiagulli iqqaumattiniqaqtuni pinnari- wvJ6gw9lt9l s9lu mrmo6gu5 Don McLauchlan gives us a regional jamit unikkaaqaqquq Assaajuq wo6fy5t8i5 WD6X9oxi5ti9l. developmental view on operations. Ittuangarmit Pannituurmiutarmit. 6 s2WE/cD5b vJqDtcD5bl Steven Osbourne, on the other Ukua tavva qallunaat ammalu asingit W6fy5t8i5 wo6fy5bl xwCq8i5 hand, pays tribute to a past respected saqqiisimavut ikajuqtuillutillu ullumi xbsysctŒ8it8i9l, WoExE/5t8k5 Inuk elder, Aksayook Etoangat of makimaliqtumit iliqqusittinnit piruq- ce0JtQQx4vi3ix6bK5. Pangnirtung. It was these people pallianittinillu. Uppirijaqarutta kajun- W?9oxiE/5b xsMiz•o6t9lb and many other non-Inuit in this girutiqaruttalu piqqusittinnit iliqqusit- xSDtcs6t9lbl, x{˙QQxc6XK5 vast country who assisted in shaping talu airanginnit atausiuqatigiinnitinnil- ra¿K5 wkgcK9l ∫4fkz b=? our uniqueness in today’s growth lu, piliriarijattinnut qaqijjutigi- x6ftos6bsymZ5b s9luu5. st6t=- and society, and with perseverance giakkanirniaqtavut. FQixD5tA, whmosDtQym/ExcE?K5 in our belief of our cultural faith and Pivallianirijatta aulaninganiiliqtilluta hDyK5 w3abK9l whmosDtc3ixt9lb unity, we will excel in what we labour. apurutiqauqtillutalu, assuugigiaqaq- Z?moEi3u5, w˚ctŒ8i4f5, x?toE- In the process of our develop- pavut kinguvaavut inutuqavullu taakku- i4f5 x7ml wl7u6bsymi4f5 xi3i4f5, mental stages while faced with various nunga tavva aqqutiliuqtausimagatta cspmZ5b s9lu WFos5txD5b cs2Xj5 obstructions, we have to continue ullumimit. Utiqtivviginiaruttigu, g`ZFos5tx3ixC5b. x{˙Qc5bst?9- to credit our wise ancestors and isumaliurutigisimajariaqarivavut suru- lb5bs6 hoJ4f5 vJœ5txi4f9l elders as they are the ones who have sivut irngutavullu isumaliurutiqarniatil- bm8N wvÔtsixEK6 xJ8q8iE/5b dwelled the path for us today. In luta gavamalirinirmit, inuuqatigiin- w˚i5tA5. return, we have to be considerate nikkut, avatilirinikkut ammalu ilum- of our children and grandchildrens’ miqtausimanikkut anirnikkut, qaujima- W/Exr5gu5, well-being as we make decisions in gatta ullumi piviliuttiarutta qauppamut lw svo6 today’s political, social, environ- tunngaviliuttiarniaratta. Assuugiqatta- ≈6r{hwp mental and spiritual evolvement as utivallutattauq sulijukkut kajungiit- we know that making a difference tianikkullu tamanna ikajuutiuniarivuq today is opening up a solid footing ajunnginnirijatta inuunittigut. for tomorrow. Acknowledging one another with truth and encourage- Pijariakittumit, ment will help us to gain the Lui Ukaliq wealth of incredible virtue. Aaqqissuiji

Simplistically, Ms. Looee Okalik Editor 7 8 eMs0/3iE/w5 ra¿5t8k5

DRUMBEATS OF THE PAST QILAUJJARNIRIJAIT KINGUVAATTINNUT

sN n6r÷Ms6ymJ6 scoµZ3u5 This is a reprint on Drum Dancing Una saqqijaalauqsimajuq uqalimaagarmit whmyu5 µ{y !(*&u5, x3ÇAz5 that was featured in March, 1987 Isumasimit 1987mit, arraagunga sivulliq- yK9o6Xu5 N7m !u5. ∫8N scoµZ6 Volume 1, No 1 in ISUMASI (whmy paamit namma 1mit. Taanna uqalimaa- kwbs˙6 wk7mEoEp4f8i5 - YOUR THOUGHTS), the Inuit gaq nuitausuuq Inummarilirijukkunnit vq6Oi6, kN5yx3u5. Cultural Institute publication in Kangirliniq, Nunatsiarmit. Rankin Inlet, N.W.T. w6vsmQ/w5 ju3i3j5 Recollections of the Dance Iqqaumagijait Mumirnirmut ttC6g6 ¬4 x3N5ˆ6 by Luke Arna’naaq Titiraqtuq Luuk Arnatnaaq hDyst9lz, eMs0/i4f5 ju3i6 In my childhood the practice of Surusiutillunga, qilaujjanikkut W8NNDtc6XJK6 x0pŒ8q5gi5. traditional drum dancing was mumirniq pinnanarutiqaqpajuvuq W6fygc6 eMs0/i4f5 ju3i6 important for many reasons. ajjigiinngittunit. x6fts?JK6 xz4f3u5 ek0Jtc3ix- Traditional drum dances were Piqqusituqaq qilaujjanikkut mumirniq i3j5, ˙3l cspFQix3lA g5gw5 sometimes called in order to ask a aqqutiuvajuvuq angakkurmit qinujju- hf5tx•8iq8i5. w˜8if9l xz4f6 shaman to do something, for example tiqarnianirmut, suurlu qaujiviginiarlugu sX5bs?JK6 xaNh5t5 ur0pDmi- to find where caribou were located. tuttuit sukuttianiinninginnit. Ilaannikullu c6gt tEZixi5 xuhi5. b=?i Sometimes a person might approach angakkuq upattauvajuvuq angunasuttit xz4f6 etuA5 eMDtc6XJK6. ∫8N a shaman for good luck in catching mikijjirumaniqaqtuti tiriganianit ek0Jto4 gi3DtcExc6XJK6 g{yC- an abundance of foxes in his amisunit. Tavvani angakkuq qitimigut

mrx8y ts9b eMs0/6†5 wMz ju6f6 wkgcw5 eMs0/t9lQ5 sztzi5. One of the MacKenzie Delta Drummer performers dances on as the elders drum in the background. Makiansi Tiulta Qilaujjaqtiit ilanga mumiqquq inutuqait qilaujjatillugit ungatinganit. 9 stc3i3uk5 gi3Dtui5 eM{y9li xz4ƒ2 trapline. This would involve tying qilarutiqaqpajuvuq. Taanna qinujjutilik elxzk5. bwml xa†5 isF6tf8i5 an object to the shaman’s waist. tunirrutiqariaqaqpajuvuq tussirau- iei5 is3Dtc6ymt9lQ5 xfislxo- The person asking the favour would tiqarnirminut tunirrutiminit qilassilluni Cw7mb, sb6rs6g5 eMs0/6gi5 come forward with a token object angakkuup qiluanganut. Taimalu ju6gi5 xW6ftc6XJQK5 N¨o3iq8i5 and tie it to the shaman’s belt. When angutiit niuviqtikunnit niqinit niurru- is3DtcEx6g6ymJi5 cspQx6gt. men who had gone for store-bought tiqaqsimatillugit akuniulualiraimmata, w9l‰4, GW6fygc4f5 sN7uc5bs†8- supplies were long overdue, people utaqqiuqtut qilaujjaqtunit mumiqtunit N˙4 xr5gCst9lt4H kNoC˜u5 vtZ- would call upon the shaman to find apiqqutiqaqpajugivut namiilirninginnit wZu4, g8zhxt5tπ5 dFxh5tx6XJK5 out where the men were. niurrutiqariaqtuqsimajunit qaujigiaqtuti. is3DxcExz ∫4fiz. iEs5gZMs- When illuriik (old friends, by Illuriik, (piqqusituqakkut unammiqa- ?J7mb ∫4fx w9l‰4 sN7uc5bsti- custom, always challenging each ttautiinnasuuk akitturautillutik) nunali- x3iq8i eMs0/6gcoDi ju3i4f5. other) met at a certain camp, the ralaamit katigaigamik, tunngasuatittijiit ∫8N W6fy6 m3Î8k4 w˚8k4 xg6bs?- hosts of these two people would be quviasuttiaqpajuvut niurruaqarianga overjoyed. There would be great taakkuninga. Niriuttugalauvajummata expectation that the two men taakkua illuriik unammiqattautiniarni- vh3i6 vg0pi3l would challenge each other during nginni qilaujjaqtuqaliruni mumirnikkut. the drum dance. This tradition Taanna piqqusiq marruunnuk inuunnuk eMs0/i4f5 ju3i3u5 could occur between two people atuqtauvajuvuq atikulugiinnuk uvvalu- dFxh8is?Ms6S4. with the same name (avvariik) as unniit illuriinnuk. Tamanna piqqusiq well as between illuriik. These are atuqtauvajujuq marruuk piqannariik some of the traditions that were kasuraimmatik unammiqattautillutik. The reunion and the practised upon the reunion of two Kasurniq katujjinirlu qilaujjanikkut sharing of the drum dance friends in challenge. The reunion mumirnirmit quviasunniuvalauqpuq. and the sharing of the drum dance Mumirniq ilaannikkut takurannaatit- was an act of joy. was an act of joy. tinituinnauvalauqquq. Tamanna ajjisivara Sometimes the dance is sheer ullumimit inngiqtiup takurannaatittini- entertainment. It is almost identical, nganut uvvaluunniit makkuttuup Kasurniq katujjinirlu at least to my thinking, to people mumiriaqturninganut qallunaatitut. qilaujjanikkut mumirnirmit going off somewhere for a musical Tamanna inunnut kipinnguijarniuvaju- quviasunniuvalauqpuq. performance or to a young people’s vuq, taimaattauq ullumi kipinnguijaq- teen dance. It is something to enter- pamimmata. tain people, similar to what is being Surusiutillunga qilaujjarmut mumiq- practised today in modern style. pajugivunga. Qaujimavajuvunga qilauj- JK6 xtflŒ8k4 s=?¬8•5 w9l‰8k4. As a child, I used to drum dance jarmut mumiqtuqarnianirmit unnumit bm8N W6fy6 xg6bs?JJ6 m3Î4 myself. I knew what kind of drum uqaqtuqaraimmat uvvaluunniit qaujik- Wc8N‰4 vhCw7mt4 sN7uc5bst9lt4. dance was to take place that night kaijigijiugaigama naajaivattunga nalu- vh3i6 vg0pi3l eMs0/i4f5 ju3i3u5 by hearing others talk of it and naiqsillunga qilaujjaqtuqarnianirmit dFxh8is?Ms6S4. from doing the chore of announcing mumiqtuqarlunilu. Quviagittiaqpaju- ju3i6 w˜8i4f5 bfC8ˆt5tigw8- to neighbours that the drum dance vara tamanna, niriunniqattiaqtunga Ns?Ms6f6. bm8N x0py?C s9luu5 was taking place. This was a happy pisirnit naalannianirnit (inngirusituqait) w8q6ts2 bfC8ˆt5tizk5 s=?¬8•5 moment for me, with the expectation ammalu takurannaaniarmigama pin- m4f5©2 juEx6g3izk5 c9lˆtg5. of listening to beautiful pihiit (tra- nanaqtunit aulajjusirijarnit qilaujjakkut bm8N wk8k5 rW8aw/3is?JK6, ditional songs) and watching the mumiusinillu ammalu takurannaatittijiit bwµ5bs6 s9lu rW8aw/6Xu7mb. unique movements of various drum qanuq nipjiqtiqtuqpanninginnit (quvia- hDyst9lz eMs0/3j5 dance performers and the way each sunnirminit nipikkut qaigallanniq). ju6XJQKz. cspm?JKz eMs0/3j5 performer uttered nipjiqtiqtuq ju6gc3ixi3u5 s8ku5 sc6gcCw7m5 (sounds of joy and excitement) Aaqqisuqtauningit Inngirusituqait s=?¬8•5 csp4vwpQpsZwZm ˆ/w- from their mouths. Titiraqtuq Nua Piugaattuq ?5gz NlNw6y9lz eMs0/6gc3- ixi3u5 ju6gc3lil. dFxQ5tx6- Composition of Traditional Songs Uqausissaqaviutippunga kisianittauq XJ?C bm8N, iEs8ic5tx6gz by Noah Piugaattuq ippigivunga namminiq aaqqissuijunnan- Wy3i5 ˆM8ixi3i5 Gw8qDygcw5H ngigianga pinnanaqtunit uqausirnit. x7ml bfC8ˆix3uZm W8NN6gi5 I have much to say, but I feel I am Aujautillugu Inuit nunakkut aullaaq- xsM0JyE/3i5 eMs0/4f5 jusyi9l not able to construct meaningful palaurmata tuttusiuqtuti, tammaapattuti x7ml bfC8ˆt5tπ5 ck6 phrases by myself. nunamit unnumut taqaaqsiqtuti. Tavvani 10 i2p6t6g6X8iq8i5 GdFxh8i3ui5 During the summer when Inuit tavva, taqaaqsisinnaaqtuti unnumit, iW4f5 cwZM8i6H. roamed the barren land in pursuit pisirmit inngigaliuliqpalauqtut. Pisiliuqtuq of caribou, they would find a tem- piliriaminit ammalu amisunit pijariaqa- ≈6rh6bsiq5 w8qDygcw5 porary or an overnight camp in which qtaminit uvvaluunniit qanutigi ilungiq- ttC6g6 kx WsZ5g6 to rest. It was at this time, while suutiqarmangaarmi pisiliaqaqpala- resting at their camp for the night, uqpuq. Pisiliani tammaavimminit inngi- scsy{ncFst2Sz, ryxi5bs6 w2WQ- that traditional song composition laarniaqtuniuk pivajuvuq nunaliralaar- Kz N7 ui6 ≈6r{hwJ8N8qQxz took place. The composer would muuruni uvvaluunniit qilaujjaqtunit W8NN6gi5 scsy3i5. sing about his work and about the mumiqtuniiliruni. xs/st9lA wkw5 kN4f5 xs9˜6X- many things that needed to be Pisiliuqtuq aipparmini ilisatittivaju- Ms3mb g5gys6gt, b7µX5gt kNu5 done, or about how desperate he givuq pisiliaminit taammungaaqtuniuk s8kj5 bç6y6gt. b=?i b=?, was. He would compose this song iqqaumagiuqsalluniullu. Pisiup uqausingit bç6yy8ˆ6gt s8ku5, Wy3u5 w8qZ- so he could sing it when he moved pijjutiqaqpajuvut qujalinirmit niqiqatti- oso6XMs6g5. Wyos6g6 WoExui5 to another Inuit camp and when aqtitaunirminut. x7ml xuhi5 W/Exc6bui5 s=?¬8•5 drum dances were held. Piqqusituqait qilaujjakkut mumirniit cktQ wlq6˙tc3mΩ3u The composer would teach the atuqtauvajuvut Iglulingmit. Iglulingmit Wyoxc6XMs6S6. Wyoxi b7µF7ui5 song to his spouse who would inuusiq assururnaqpajuvuq upinnarani w8q˜3ix6gis4 W?JK5 kNoC˜3∆Di memorize the words in advance. uumajurasuutissat amigaqsivajummata. s=?¬8•5 eMs0/6gi5 ju6g•oDi. The lyrics would suggest gratitude Uumajurasuutissait amigaqsivajummata Wyos6g6 xw2X3ui wont5t?- for being given sufficient food for ammalu taissumani umiaqaqpajunngi- JQK6 Wyoxui5 ∫7jΩ6gis4 sustenance. natta. Qajaq, pisissi ammalu qarjuk w6vsmQs6n9lis9l. Wys2 scsyq5 Traditional drum dances were atuqtauvajuvut tuttusiuqtunut. Qajaq W0Jtc6XJK5 d/oi3u5 iec5tx6- practised in Igloolik. Life in Igloolik taimatuuvajummat umiaqturutigillugu tbsi3uk5. was hard because there was hardly imakkut. Qangakallak Iglulingmiut tai- W6fygcw5 eMs0/4f5 ju3•5 anything to hunt with. Hunting jauvajujuugaluat Amitturmiut inunnut xg6bs?JK5 w[lo1u5. w[lo1u5 weapons were very limited and no ungasittumiunut. w˚y6 x{hD3N6XJK6 sW8NCi ßmJC- one had an umiaq (boat). A qajaq ˙t{n5 xuZ6y?J7mb. ßmJC˙t{nw5 (kayak), bow and arrows were used Pijjutaujut Pisirnut xuZ6y?J7mb x7ml bw{hmi for hunting caribou. A qajaq was Titiraqtuq Mikittuq Puruus suxc6XJ8qN5b. c/6, Wy{y x7ml the only way of travelling over c3J4 xg6bs?JK5 g5gys6gk5. water. At one time Igloolik was Ippigivungali namminiq pisiqutiqanngi- c/6 bwm©?J7m5 sux6gDtQ9lA called Amitturmiut by Inuit in dis- gianga inunniinginnaraluaqtillunga in- wm4f5. czv9M4 w[lo1us5 bw/s?J- tant lands. uillu pisiliuqattaqsimajutuqaugaluarmata. ÔZlx5 xu5g3us5 wk8k5 szy5gusk5. Pisiit aaqqisuqtauvannikuuvut tusaa- Purpose of Pihiit jauqullugit asiminnut. Uqausiqtaujut W0JbsJ5 Wy3k5 by Mikitok Bruce unikkaaqaqpalauqqut pisiliuqtiup pijun- ttC6g6 ur5g6 SÎ{ naqsinimininginnit inuusirminit, pilu- Personally I do not have a song of aqtumit taikkua asiminut tusaqtaujari- w2WQKzo N7ui6 Wydtc8qQxz my own, even though I have been aqammarittut. Asingit pisiit ikajuutiu- wk8•q8NClx6t9lz wkw9l Wyos- around since Inuit were very actively valauqput inuusittiarivaalliqullugit assu- c5b6ymJgcsZlx3mb. composing traditional songs. ruqtut. Asingilli pisiit sillujjutiqarvalup- W¥5 ≈6rh6bs?8iƒK5 gn/sd9lQ5 Pihiit were composed for others palauqput ammaluunniit Inuup pijun- xyu8k5. scsy6bsJ5 si4√c6XM- to hear. The lyrics told of the com- nanirjuanginnit nalunaiqsijjutauvalauq- s6f5 Wyos6ts2 WJ8N6yiuiq8i5 poser’s accomplishments in life, tuti kisugalaalunnit. Pisirmiittut uqau- w˚y3ui5, Wlx6gu5 bw4fx xyuk5 especially those that deserved to be siqtait kisutuinnaalunnit pijjutiqaqpala- gn6bs/Exc7mE5g5. xyq5 W¥5 heard by other people. Some pihiit uqput pisiliuqtiit namminiq aaqqissuru- wvÔts?Ms6S5 w˚y5txE¿9od9lQ5 contained words that could help majarminit niruagarminit aaqqissuivala- x{hD6g5. xyq9o W¥5 y9l0Jtc3?- others to lead a better life. Some uqtut uqausiqaqtunit kisutuinnattianit. l2XMs6S5 x7m¬8•5 w˚2 WJ8Ni3J- seemed to imply resentment to Pisiit inunnut isumaluarutauvalaunn- xq8i5 NlNw6y0Jbs?Ms6gt rhZ- something and others seemed to gittut sangugiarutauvalauqpulli isuma- ˜l8i5. Wy3¨5g5 scsy6bw5 rhgw8- portray a person’s great abilities in alujjutigijarminit ammalu sivuurajju- ˆl8i5 W0Jtc6XMs6S5 Wyos6†5 many things. The lyrics were about tiqaqunagit uqumaissautigijarminit N7 ui6 ≈6r{hDm/3ui5 iDxZ3ui5 all sorts of things because composers isumamitigut. Pingiganniq isumamut ≈6r{hw?Ms6g5 scsyc6gi5 were free to develop songs of their piunngilisautillariummat. Inuit sukku- rhgw8N5txi5. choice that spoke of many things. pammata isumaalunnirmut taimainnin- 11 W¥5 wk8k5 whmlxDbs?Ms8q5g5 Pihiit also served to keep people’s ginnut inuusirmit ilanngaisuungulluni. naQxDbs?Ms6S9o whµl0JtQ/3ui5 minds occupied, to divert them Inuit pijjutiqaluaqtuti pisirnit nuittini- x7ml yC0JtcdNQ5 sdmw{nstQ/3ui5 from cares or worries and to keep kuuvut immini annassimanasuaqtuti, whmutA5. WqZ8i6 whmj5 Ws8qo- them from being anxious due to inuusirminit sivituliqtittigiaqtuti. nst9MEs7m5. wkw5 h4fX7mb whµl8- burdens of the mind. Worry is a Ta mmanna pijjutauluaqquuqtuq pisir- i3j5 bwmw8iq8k5 w˚y3u5 wM8z- great destroyer. People often dete- nut inngigaliurnirmut. w˙a9li. wkw5 W0Jtclx6gt riorate from worrying and thus Pinnguatittiniq pinnanarivuq inuusi- Wy3i5 kw5tiƒK5 w7ui x8N{ymNhx- spoil a good life. I think the main rmut. Pinnguarniq atuqtauvalauqpuq 6gt, w˚y3ui5 yFgo6t5tQx6gt. reason why Inuit developed their ilairataarnikuit sailijuumiqullugit isum- b7m8N W0Jbslx6ƒ6g6 Wy3k5 songs was to occupy themselves, amigut. Tamanna pillugu qanuiliurniit w8qZos3i3j5. with the idea of extending their ingirratitauvalauqqut, quviasuttittivaal- life. This seems to be the whole ligiaqtuti uqumaissaqtunit isumakkut. idea behind the pihiit. Pingiganniq piunngimmat, inuusirmit wkw5 Wzh•8ΩzJ5 cb8a- Recreation is also important as nirivalliammat. Inuusittiarigiarniq atuq- tŒi5 sux3Jx3j5 ¥.†. Bxsj5 an addition to living. Recreational tauvaalliriaqaqquq turaagarijauluni, wrmK5. activities were held in an effort to pijariatugaluaqtillugu qakigiarniq. Inuit of three generations on ease the minds of those who had Taimaattauq innatinnut kiumaaqu- the C.D. Howe ship. lost a relative. That was the reason jauvajunngimmigatta, inuusittiarivaalli- Inuit pingasuniinngaangajut why activities were organized, to qujaulluta akuniiqtumit inuusiqarniaq- qatanngutigiinit umiarjuarmut make merriment to counteract the ulluta, kiumaaqujauvajunngittugut Sii.Tii. Haumut ikimavut. burdens of the mind. Worrying is inutuqattinnit. Tamajja tukinga taman- 12 W8axt5ti6 W8NNEK6 w˚y3j5. not good, it causes life to deteriorate. nalu uppirivara. Iqqaumajuinnaugiaq- W8ax3i6 xg6bs?Ms6S6 wMwC- Leading a better life must always aqqugut tamatuma tukinga inuusiqaku- ∫3ifw5 nwoÔud9lQ5 whmuA5. bm8N be a personal goal, although it is a taannirmut missiqarngat. W9lA ckwos3Ï5 wq3Ctbs?Ms6f5, difficult one to achieve. dFxh5t5t¿9oQx6gt sdmw{n6gi5 That is one of the prime reasons Pisiliuqattanirmut Pijjutiit whm4f5. WqZ8i6 Ws8q7m5, w˚y3u5 we were encouraged never to talk Titiraqtuq Luuk Arnatnaaq iE?9ox7m5. w˚y5txEQx3i6 xg6b- back to our elders, so we could live s¿9oExc6f6 gÇZE/sli, W/Ex- a better life. The whole purpose of Pisiliuqattaqsimavunga immini gZlx6t9lA crQx3i6. not lashing out at our elders is so iqqaumagiaqattaqtunga arraagunut bwµ5bs6 w8Nt8k5 rsµd/s?J8- we can live longer. That is the amisunut, qanuiqattarniminirnit q7uZ5b, w˚y5txE¿9od/s9lb meaning of it and I believe it to be quvianaqtut, qissaanaqtut assururnaqtut xf•6gu5 w˚yc3ixd9lb, rsµd/- true. We must always be careful to atuqsimajakka pillugit. Tamanna uvann- s?J8q5gA5 wkgc5t8i5. bm0/ remember that its purpose is to uinnaq iqqaumajjutigigiasuura ammalu grz bm8Nl s2WE?C. w6vsmJw8- help a person live longer. asikka tusaaqullugit, takuguti uvanni NsQxc6fA5 bmgm grz w˚yc- tatiqarjuumiliqullugit tukisijuumilutillu f∫8i3j5 u{yc3z5. Reasons for Composing a Song pijunnarniriliqtannit. Pisiqtigut taku- by Luke Arna’naaq junnaqsivammata atuqsimajannit Wyosc5bi3j5 W0J†5 ammalu qanuiliurutigisimajannit. ttC6g6 ¬4 x3N5ˆ6 My reason for writing a song is to remind myself, after many years, of Wyosc5b6ymKz w7ui w6vsmQxc5- things that have happened, of happy b6gz x3ÇAk5 xuhk5, ckwc5b3i- moments, sad moments and diffi- Wy6tA5 bfJ8N6y?7mb ui3i 5 dFxN6g5, e{nN6g5 x{hD3N6g5 cult situations that I have been xg6ym/8i5 x7ml xg6ym/4v W9lQ5. bm8N s?8kw8N6 through. This is all for my own w6vsm0JtQQx˙C x7ml xy4v gnd9lQ5, recollection and for others to hear, ckwosDtQym/8i5. bfAt s?8i btc3Ôuod9lQ5 gryÔ- so that when they see me they will ult9l WJ8N3iEo6b8i5. Wy6tA5 show a little respect because of Through my song, they will bfJ8N6y?7mb xg6ym/8i5 x7ml their understanding of my accom- see where I have been and ckwosDtQym/8i5. plishments. Through my song, they bwml W0Jbs7uJ6 eMs0/6gi5 will see where I have been and what I have done. juDm8iDm WyosExc6gz w8q6- what I have done. bsZ/6gu5 ju6gi5. bwm5bs6 wk7u5 Another reason is that if I wish Pisiqtigut takujunnaqsivam- xt6vt8i5 s=?¬8•5 Wc8NE/C to participate in a drum dance I mata atuqsimajannit ammalu sN7u5tJ6 is3D8iDi kNoC˜5t8k5, have to compose a song to be sung qanuiliurutigisimajannit. gi3Dyxc6t5tZ/6g5 xw5gc5bstlt during the dancing. And if a person eMs0/6gi5 ju6gc3izi5. gi3Dt- with the same name as mine, or my {n8i5 xw5©tcC/6gz Wct8k5 x7ml friend in challenge, arrived as a visitor gi3Dt{nui s?8k5 WZ/6gi. bm8N to our camp, there would be an Taimalu pijjutaummijuq qilaujjaqtu- xg6bs?JJ6 dFx˙tc6gt bfc5b- exchange of gifts during the drum nit mumirumanniruma pisiliuriaqaq- sti3ui. w˜8i4f5 s8k4f5 rW8aN6X- dance. I would produce a gift for tunga inngiqtaugajaqtumit mumiqtunit. JÔZlx6 x7ml W[ZN6XJ9li my friend and he would produce a Taimattauq inummit atiqqatinnit uvval- si4√6gxExz ˆMstc6XJ8qN5bo, gift in exchange. This was practised uunniit piqannarijara unammittijuq iWosDti5 x7ml bMÏni5. bm4fx in appreciation for seeing each other. niurrunniruni nunaliralaattinnut, tunir- Wbc8qt9lQ5 iXw5©?JKA5 bwµ4 Sometimes the evenings were rusiaqaqtittigajaqtut aittuqattautilunu W¥5 xg6bs?JK5 rW8aw/sbs9lt. lonely and it was difficult to think qilaujjaqtunit mumiqtuqarninganit. of stories to tell because there were Tunirrutissannit aittuutiqarajaqtunga sN7uŒ2X5g5 no radios, recorders or television. piqatinnut ammalu tunirrutissamini Without them it was very quiet so uvannut pigajaqtuni. Tamanna atuqtau- wkw5 wMq5 W6fy4f5 sN7uc5bs†8- pihiit were used to break the boredom. vajujuq quviasuutiqaqtuti takuqattau- N6ymK5—-m3Î4 w˚4 Wirnst?5gt4 tinirmini. dFxh5gt s?¬8•5 w˜8i4f5, w9l‰4. Antagonists Ilaannikkut unnukkut kipinngunaq- sN7uc5bstŒ5 W4vsirnst?JK5 pajujuugaluaq ammalu pigganaqpajullu- w˜9¬8•5 xaNh8i4f5 Wirnsto6- Some Inuit were traditional antag- ni unikkaaqtuarianga naalautiqaqpajun- X5gt, w6vNw3i4f5, ej{y5txE8i r - onists—two people who competed nginattali, nipiliurutinit ammalu talavi- nst9lt, yMgi6nsNh5gt Ns4fgw8- for fun or even, sometimes, illuriik. isanit. Tamakkua pitaqanngitillugit 13 nipaittuuvajuvugut taimaak pisiit atuq- tauvajuvut kipinnguijautaulluti.

Unammigiippattut

Inuit ilangit piqqusikkut unammiqat- tautiinnaqsimavut — marruuk inuuk pinikisautivattutik quviasuttuti uvaluun- niit ilaannikkut, illuriik. Unammiqa- ttautigiit pikkaunikisautivajuvut ilaallu- unniit angunasunnikkut pinikisautiliq- pattuti, iqqanairnikkut, qimussittiarin- nikisautilluti, silatuniqsaunasuttuti naukkutuinnaluunniit isumanaqtukkut. Taimalu uqausiusimagivuq unammigiit kasuraigami angunasuttuti ninngautiliq- palauqsimavuuk uvvaluunniit asiagut pinikisautiliqpajulluti.

N¬8•5 whmN6g4f5. bwml scsy- Each antagonist would try to be Arnait Piniarningit symQK6 sN7uŒ5 vhCwZu xaNh5gt better than the other one as far as i8 zsto6XMs6ym4 s=?¬8•5 xyxA5 hunting, working, having a better Inuit katigaigami qilaujjaqtunit mumiq- Wirnsto6XJ9lt. dog team, being smarter or things tuni, arnait pisirminit inngiqpajuvut like that were concerned. It has also angutiillu qilaujjaqtuti. Pisiit uqausiq- x3Nw5 Wix3iq5 been said that when antagonists tangit unikkaaqaqpajuvut inuup atuqsi- happened to meet while hunting majanganit inuusiminit, quvianaruni wkw5 vtZwZu eMs0/6gi5 ju6gi, the two would fight or compete in uvvaluunniit qissaanaqtuni. x3Nw5 Wy3ui5 w8q6XJK5 xa†9l some way. eMs0/6gt. W¥5 scsy6bq5 si4√- Pisiit Missingit c6XJK5 w˚2 xg6ym/zi5 w˚yui5, The Women’s Role dFxNDi s=?¬8•5 e{nN6gi. Inuit pisingit pigianngautiqasuunguvut Once the people were gathered at a imailiuqtumit “hamaija”, “panngmaija” W¥5 u{yq5 drum dance ceremony, women were uvvaluunniit “unngmaija”. Uqausiqtait free to begin singing the traditional isuliit “hamamit” pijjutiqaluasuunguvut wkw5 Wyq5 WQx8zstc˙aK5 songs and men were free to begin imaup sinaanganimiutanit. Taimalu wmwos6gu5 “Bxmw/”, “X81mw/” drum dancing. The lyrics of the “panngma” pijjutiqasuungulluti nunaq- s=?¬8•5 “s81mw/”. scsy6bw5 traditional songs usually tell of the pasimmiutanit. Taimalu uqausiq “unng- whø5 “Bxmu5” W0Jtclx˙aK5 person’s life experiences, happy ma” pijjutiqasuungulluni imarmiutanit wms2 yˆziusbi5. bwml “X81m” moments in his life or hardships ammalu “ava” pijjutiqasuungulluni W0Jtc˙a9lt kN6Xy7usbi5. bwml that he had gone through. nunaqpasiup ilukkanimmarianimiutar- scsy6 “s81m” W0Jtc˙a9li nit. Taimalu pisiq uqausiqtalik imaak wm3usbi5 x7ml “x?” Compositional Terms “qanngmaa” uvvaluunniit “aninaa” W0Jtc˙a9li kN6Xys2 pijjutiqaqpuq arnamit irnilimmit talli- Traditional Inuit songs usually start manit uvalluunniit amisuuniqsanit. off with compositional terms like Taimaarujuk Inuit pisituqangit tukiqaq- “hamaijaa”, “pangmaijaa” or “ung- pajuvut inngiqtautillugit. Wzh5 yM3Jx3us5 vtmπ5 maijaa”. The term “hama” implies r[Zg6tq5 x0pŒu5 t9o3ic6S5 the coastal area while “pangma” Iqqaumattiniq Mumirnirmit eMstj5. refers to the inland area. The term Titiraqtuq Luuk Arnatnaaq Three circumpolar representatives “ungma” refers to something off- share the same heartbeat to a shore while “awa” refers to some- Uqariakkannirumavunga pijjutigillugu drum. thing in the inland interior. The qilaujjarmut mumirniq. Surusiutillunga, Pingasut silarjuarmiut katimajiit term “qangmaa” or “aninaa” implies qilaujjanikkut mumirniq tigumiaqtaum- kiggatuqtingit ajjigiimit that the pihiq is that of a woman marijummat iliqqusirmit. Suqquisuppunga tillirniqaqput qilautimut. who has five or more sons. These takuvajugama qilautinit angiliriittunit 14 wl4vi7mExiusb3i5. bwml Wy6 are some of the expressions that taimailluariinngittunit. Ajjigiipalukka- scsy6bo4 wµ4 “c81µ” s=?¬8•5 occur in an Inuk’s traditional song. luaqtuti kisianili angijuutauniqsait “xiˆ” W0Jtc6S6 x3Nu5 w3io7u5 angiluaqtuujaaqpajuvut. Mikiniqsailli b9omi5 s?9¬8•5 xu˙i6ni5. bwµDJ4 Remembering the Dance qilautit, uqaujjaulauqsimanira malittugu, wkw5 Wygcq5 grc6XJK5 by Luke Arna’naaq nurrarajammit sanajausimavajuvut. w8q6bst9lQ5. Qimirrutiaqpajugakkit ammalukitau- I would like to expand a little on jingajut avalungit ammalu tigummivin- w6vsm5ti6 ju3i3u5 the subject of drum dancing. During git qilautit, suqquigijakkullu imaittuuvaju- ttC6g6 ¬4 x3N5ˆ6 my childhood, at a time when the vut: qilautit pijaaqqutakkut tigummivin- traditional drum dance was very git sanningajumit sanajausimavajuvut scEx4v8iDmKz W0JtQ9lA eMs0/3j5 much a part of our lives, I recall akunninganiilluarati. Tigulinga qitin- ju3i6. hDyst9lz, eMs0/i4f5 seeing various sizes of drums. They ganiippajunngittuq qilauti naammatiq- ju3i6 tAux6bs7mEJ7m5 wo6fy3u5. were almost identical except the simattianianngimmat. Qilautiup qaanga h6fwh2Sz bf?JZm eMsti5 larger drums seemed oversized. katagiakiqullugu ammalu ataa — uqin- xqo‰5gi5 bwmw9lx‰8q5gi5. The smaller drums, from what I niqsaugami uvaatigarniniqsauvajuvuq. x0pŒXl4vlx6gt ryxio xqÔbs- was told, had fawn skin stretched Tigulinga taimaak sanasimavajuvuq i6nw5 xqlx6©÷6XJK5. uri6nw9o over the frame. mumiqti isumaalugijaqaqunagu taimail- eMst5, scs0/sMs6ymiC mo5gA, I used to observe the round luariatutittinirmit mumiliqpat qilauj- k3CC/7u5 nN/sym?JK5. frames and handles of the drums jalirunilu. Qilautit taimaak sanasimajut eu3Dtx6XJZ4r5 x7mlrbspzJ5 and to my recollection they were pijariakimmata. Ullumilisarmilli qilau- x?lq5 x7ml tA7uFq5 eMst5, like this. Drums were purposely timit uutturaqsimagama aulatarningin- made with the handles secured niqsauvut sanasimannginnami taissuma- slightly at an angle and off centre. nitut. Pillariilli atuqtugit akaujummari- s9luon3u9o eMstu5 The handle is purposely off centre uvut aulatarniqtutillu. Quvvasinninga ß5gC6ymZm xsMb3iq8- so the drum will be off balance. uqumainniqsaugami, qilaujjaqtuq i6nsK5 nNym8q8Nu The top of the drum will want to imminik ammuatittigunnaqquq assu- bw{hmig5. fall, while the bottom — because it runngilluni ammuattiarunnaqtumit. is lighter — will want to be on top. Imminilli ammuagunnatiarmat. Qilaujja- The handle was placed like this qtuq qummuatittikannirunnarmat I have tried the modern to eliminate stress in the dancer from anaulituinnarluni. drums but they are much trying to keep the drum balanced Amiq ammajuqanngitiaqtuni pivaju- harder to handle compared during the drum beating. Drums vuq. Ammaraimmat amiq tavvasainnaq to the genuine drums of old. that are made like this are surprisingly agguaqtauvajuvuq amirmut. Amiit saa- easy to handle. I have tried the tturuluuvajuvut taimaattauq agguaq modern drums but they are much saatturuluugiaqaqpajugivuq. Qilautiup Ullumilisarmilli qilautimit harder to handle compared to the aminga qausiugiaqainnaqpajuvuq atuq- uutturaqsimagama genuine drums of old. The real taunilimaanganit. aulatarninginniqsauvut ones were extremely comfortable to Anautarli immusiqsimasuunguvuq sanasimannginnami handle. Because the top is heavier, tutturajammut (miqquijaqsimajumut) one does not need to help it to fall tapisimallugi qilauti qilaujjarutauliruni taissumanitut. down. It does it on it’s own. All one nipiqquqtuluaqunagu. Taimaak tusarni- needs to do is lift it back up with niqsaummat anauliqtaq. Uattiaruli each belt. pijariatuniqsauvajuvuq naalagasuttugu h6fwQ/4f9l wmw5©?JK5: eMst5 The skins were absolutely free of upinnarani anautanga tapisimajumut W÷6fb4f5 tA7uFq5 n8izJu5 holes. Whenever there was a small attunaamut immusiqtausimavajuvuq, nN/sym?JK5 xf8iz•9lxCt. tAoz hole in the skin it was patched up qilauti anaugaimmagu nirumituinnaq- etz•2XJ8q5g6 eMst ˆ7mt6ym- right away by sewing a piece of skin pajuvuq. 5txix8q7m5. eMsts2 çz vbQ- over it. The drum skins were Ilaannilausungaq qilautiup aminga xrd9lA x7ml x∫ — se8i6nsZu extremely thin, so the patch had to tasisariatugiatunaqtuq. Sanillivut s¿tZ3ii6ns?JK6. be very thin as well. The skin of aigiaqaqattajujavut ikajuqtiginiaqtugit tAoz bwµ4 nNym?JK6 ju6t the drum had to be soaking wet tasisarniaqtugu qilautiup aminga. whµlQ/cdNA bwmw9lxExgt5ti3u5 during the entire time of it’s use. Sanillitta illuvigangata igalaanganut juo6X5 eMs0/oDil. eMst5 bwµ4 The katuk, or drum beater, is upattuta qaiqqujivajuvugut uqautillugit, nNymJ5 W/Exr7mb. s9luon3u9o wrapped with a caribou skin (with ‘Qaiqqujauvutit tasisaigiaqturlutit.’ eMstu5 ß5gC6ymZm xsMb3iq8i6- the hair off) in two layers to prevent Taimalu uqaujjaujuq tukisivajuvuq 15 nsK5 nNym8q8Nu bw{hmig5. W9M- the drum from making too much qanuilittarmangaatta. Tukisivajuvurlu ‰9o xg6gQ5 xvsJ7mEsK5 xsMb3- noise as it is beaten. That way the mumiqtuqarnianirmut parnaijarnitinnit. i6gt9l. doz sdmw8i6nsZu, beating sound is much nicer to listen Amiq tasisaqtausimaliqtillugu nipit- eMs0/6g6 w7ui4 x7jxt5tA8N6f6 to. In the old days it was difficult to tiarinniqsaulisuunguvuq atattialirami x{hD8q5gu5 x7jx5txD8N6gu5. make a drum beat sound because qilautiup avalunganut ammalu amma- w7ui9o x7jxA8Ntx3m5. eMs0/6g6 the beater was cushioned by a double d7jxt5tv8iD8N3m5 xNsogw8N3li. layer of rope wrapped around it, xu6 x7mJc8qtx6gi W?JK6. thus making the surface of the x7mCw7m5 xu6 b=?nw8N6 x[Ax6- beater fairly soft. wkw5 xgi jusycEK5 bs?JK6 xu3j5. x¨5 n5gD¬?JK5 Sometimes there are occasions eMs/3j5. bwµ5bs6 x[Ax6 n5gD¬Qxc6XJQK6. when the skin of the drum needs to eMsts2 xuz csysQxcw8N6XJK6 be re-stretched. We would be asked xg6bsioµzi5. to call the neighbours to come over Each person has his own xNsb3o w7jy6ym˙aK6 g5gC/7j5 to help with the stretching. We would unique style of drum Gu6fw/6ymJj5H bWym9lQ eMst go up to the ice window of a neigh- dancing movement. eMs0/DbsoDi iW6f6glxdNA. bour’s iglu and call in “You are bwµ4 gn3ii6ns7m5 xNso6b6. invited to come over for the sx5txDo W/Exgi6ns?JK6 stretching process.” That was all Inuit atuni mumiusiqarivut ˆMZh5gA sW8NCi xNsbz bWymJj5 we said but the person understood qilaujarmut. x5gˆj5 w7jy6bsym?JK6, eMst what was meant. They knew it xNsZw7mA iDugw8N6XJ9li. meant re-stretching of the drum w˜8iMshz6 eMsts2 xuz skin and an upcoming drum dance bynExgQxgN6g6. ni9oK5 xwQx- procession. juqarunniiqtuni. Amiup aminga niqika- cc5bJ/K5 wvJ6tQix6gQ5 byn3i- Once the skin has been re- llaijaqtausimaliqtuni saallitiaqpalauqpuq, x6gA eMsts2 xuz. ni9o5b stretched it makes a better sound avalungali qijummit sanasimalluni. w9lFZzb wZ˜zk5 sX5gb cw6f- because it is snugly fitted all around Inuit atuni mumiusiqarivut qilauti- p?JKA5 scst9lQ5, ‘cw6f/sKt5 the frame of the drum and the mut. Summat taimaittarmangaarmi bynwQx6g3lt5.’ bwml scs0/sJ6 whole skin is very tight and free qaujimanngittunga. Ilangit siiqqumigut gry?JK6 ckwo5b3mΩ5b. gry?- from holes. The skin, with all the isivigunnangittut, nangituinnasuungu- JK3l ju6gc3ixi3j5 X3Nw/3it8i5. excess tissue scraped off, is very vut qilaujjaqtuti. Ilangilli kaivallasuun- xu6 byn6bsymo6t9lA iW5txE- thin and the frame is made of wood. guvut nillilaurati. Ilangit assururvalusu- 8i6nso˙aK6 xb5txoCu eMsts2 Each person has his own unique ut anauliqattatarminit ilangillu atausi- x?lzk5 x7ml x7mJcD8•6gi. style of drum dancing movement. aqtuti uijjallasuunguvut qilaujjanirmini xus2 xuz iev9Mw/6bsymo6gi Why this is so, I cannot tell. Some mumiqtuti. Quvianallarippajujuq taku- n9otx6XMs6S6, x?lzo eJ7u5 do not do the knee-bending motion, rannaaqtugit upinnarani asinginnit nNym9li. they just stand still while they beat takurannaarassaqtaqaqpajunngittuq. wkw5 xgi jusycEK5 eMstj5. the drum. Some move around in a Ilangilli aulajjusittiarittualuuvut h7m5 bwmw5b3mΩ3u cspm8q5gz. circle without ever uttering a sound. mumiqtuti qilaujjasinnaat uvaavattuti wMq5 ¥6fuA5 wyFA8Nq5g5, Nqg- Some appear to struggle with the nirumittukulummit. Ilangillu utirjaraq- w8N˙aK5 eMs0/6gt. wMq9o drum but eventually seem to over- tuti ullassarasuunguvut ammalu asingit vw?9M˙aK5 i9oMsCt. wMq5 come it while still in a drum dance qiggiqtasuungulluti iniminit asianuuq- x{hD3?l˙5 xNsoc5bb3ui5 wMq9l procession. It used to be fun watching tuti aulaniqaqtuti taimaalluaq. xbsyx6gt sw0/9M˙aK5 eMs0/- them because there was nothing Takujaraigama inunnit mumiqtunit i3ui ju6gt. dFxN9ME2XJJ6 else to watch. Some are so good in qilaujjarmut uvannit apiqsusuunguvun- bfC8ˆ6gQ5 sW8NCi xyq8i5 their motions that they move back ga summat taimaimmangaarmi. Ataa- bfC8ˆC{n6bc6XJ8q5g6. wMq9o and forth gracefully. Others just tagijujara, Alungajuq, illatittigajuppaju- xsM0Jy5txE5gx¬K5 ju6gt run back and forth while some vuq takurannaaqtunit mumiqtuni qilau- eMs0/y8ˆ5 s¿?5gt iDu5gfl7u5. seem to jump from one place to jjaqtunilu. Ijjuaqpajuvara mumiusinga wMq9l st3/C6gt s9M{nC˙aK5 another in successive moves. qilaujjarusinga kisianili tukisijuvunga x7ml xyq5 e[Q6b˙a9lt wiui5 When I see people drum dancing pijariakinnginninganit. Mumiqtillugu, xyx˚Cu xsMic6gt ho bwµ9lx6. motionlessly, I question why they uijjalappajummat ukuvattuni ammalu bf/CwZm wk8i5 ju6gi5 do that. My late father, Alungajuq, asinginnit aulajjusiruluujarnit pivajullu- eMs0/3j5 s?8i5 xW6h˙aKz h7m5 often made spectators laugh while ni. Mumilaurani suli inunnit uqaujjiva- bwmw7mΩ3u. x∫bQJ/C, xlzJ6, he drum danced. I tried imitating juvuq, ‘Illautiqarumagussi uvannit atii w9Mt5tZJ2XJK6 bfC8ˆ6gi5 ju6gi him but learned that the way he illautiqarniaqpusi. Kajusiumagajanngi- 16 eMs0/6gil. w0Jx6XJ?C jusyz did it was not easy to do. While he langa pigganaluanngippat illatittinikkut eMs0/Dyz ryxio gryJKz W/E- danced, he would twist and turn, inunnit.’ xr8q8izi5. ju6t9lA, sw0/M2- bend low and do all sorts of motions. Siksigaq pigganaqtusiurvaluppajuvuq XJ7m5 sf?5gi x7ml xyq8i5 Before dancing he would tell the qilautiup uqumainninganut, mumili- xsM0JyD¬/3i5 W?J9li. juMsCi people, “Laugh at me if you will. I raigami ajunnginiqsauvaliqpajujuugalu- ho wk8i5 scs0p?JK6, ‘w9Mstc- would not continue if it was not so aq. Uliut sajuttittivajujuq natilimaara- DmA{y s?8i5 x† w9Mstc3ix6Sy. hard to find jokes to make people aluujaaqtumit qilaujjalirataarnirminit — vJysmZ/8qMz W[ZNlx8q2X5 laugh.” natiraq aputi sanasimattiaraluaqtillugu w9Mt5ti4f5 wk8i5.’ Siksigaq was a person who used aulajjanniaranilu — nujangillu namutu- y4yZ6 W[ZN6gys3?l2XJK6 eMsts2 to appear to have much difficulty innaaluk aulavajulluti. Alianaippajuvut sdmw8izk5, juoCwZu xJ8qi6- with the weight of the drums, but takurannaaqtugit. Inuit takurannaaru- ns?o6XJÔZlx6. sos5 nJ5t5t?JJ6 seemed to take control while still maningit qilaujjaqtunit mumiqtunit NtoµÇ¬÷6gu5 eMs0/oC∫3i3ui5 — drum dancing. Uliut seemed to ullumi ajjisigassauvuq kikkunnut takun- NtC6 xSt nNym5txClx6t9lA shake the whole floor during the naaqtaujumavattunit kaupuannguanit. xsM0/8ixCil — k/q9l Njgw8- initial stages of his drum dancing Qaqsauqtau taima takuranniqpaju- ˆl4 xsM?J9lt. xoxNw2XJK5 — although the snow floor was givuq ajjiungittumittauq mumiusiqaq- bfC8ˆ6gQ5. wkw5 bfC8ˆDmiq5 solid all right and wasn’t about to pajummat qilaujjanirminit. Aulajjusingit eMs0/6gi5 ju6gi5 s9lu move — and his hair would fly all malittiaqpajummata qilautimit suurluli x0pyZ{nsK6 r4f8k5 bf8ˆ6bsJm?5- over too. They were fun to watch. ilagijauliqtutut qilautiminut. Aulaninga gi5 vsSx8axi5. c6ns6bs bwm People’s desire to watch drum dance nirumittiaqtuni — sauniminit sakkutti- bfC8i6XJQK6 x0psq5gu5bs6 performances can be compared to juqtitut pivajummat — nujangit namili- jusyc6XJ7m5 eMs0/i3ui5. xsM0- their desire to watch cowboy maaliqtuti pivajuvuq. Sikaati ajjiungim- Jyq5 mo5tx6XJ7mb eMstu5 ˙3lo movies today. mijumit mumiusiqaqpajugivuq qilauj- wMQ/so6gg5 eMstuk5. xsMiz Qaqsauq was another person jaqtuni. Qilautiminit uqissaqtutitut iDu5tx6gi — nsiui5 n4f5tJ6- who possessed a unique style of piliqpajujuq, attittualummiiliqpattuni tg5 W?J7m5- k/q5 Nuoµo6gt drum dancing. His movements qilautinga taimali qummuatittialiqpat- W?JK6. appeared to bend along with the tuniuk. Surusiullunga takurannaaqpaju- y√t x0psq7uJu5 jusyc6XJQK6 drum’s as though making him part vara amma ijjuaqpajullugu aulajjusingit eMs0/6gi. eMstui5 se{n6gtg5 of it. He would move very gracefully piviqatualiraigama. Wo6XJJ6, x5t5gxl7¨o6X5gi — as though getting rid of all his Ullumi qilaujjariaqalirniruma, qauji- eMstz bwmo d7jxt5txo6X5gis4. bones — with his hair spread wildly manngilangali qanuq aulaniqattalirajar- hDys9lz bfC8ˆ6XJ?C x7m everywhere. mangaarma. w0Jx6XJ9lA xsM0Jyq5 Scottie also had an unusual way WFcgxoCwZm. of drum dancing. He would make s9lu eMs0/Exco3iDm, cspm8- the drums appear to be very light, qMzo ck6 xsMic5boC/3mΩ3m. bring them low to the floor and lift them up higher again. I used to watch him as a child and imitated his movements whenever I had a chance to drum dance. If I were to do it again today, I am not sure how I would perform.

wk7mEoEp4f5 Inuit Cultural Institute P.O. Box 113 Rankin Inlet, N.T. X0C 0G0 Tel: 819-645-3010 Fax: 819-645-3020

17 18 yf x7ml wfxM

ICE AND FIRE

SIKU AMMALU IKUALA

ttC6g6 y†?8 ≈{Sx8 by Stephen Osbourne Titiraqtuq Sitiivan Aaspuan sN scoµZ3u5 Zw{5u5 n6r÷Ms6ymJ6 This is a reprint of an article that Una uqalimaagarmit Gaistmit saqqijaala- sW3z{nu5 !((^u5, x3ÇAz8i5 % was in the GEIST magazine (The uqsimajuq Upirnngassaamit 1996mit, N7m @!. Zw{5 vNbu5 scoµZsK6 Canadian Magazine of Ideas and arraagunganit 5 namma 21. Gaist, wlocs6gi whmQ0JbsJi5 x7ml Culture) in Spring of 1996, Volume 5 Kanatamit uqalimaagauvuq iluliqauqtuni wo6fyoE9li. scoµZ3u5 kw5tp, — Number 21. The publisher of the isumagijjutaujunit ammalu iliqqusilirilluni. y†?8 ≈{Sx8, gÔtQJ/z5 ∫8N magazine, Stephen Osbourne, sent the Uqalimaagarmit nuittiji, Sitiivan Aaspuan, scoµZ5t8i5 wk4t©u5 kw˜d9lis. article to us for consideration of including tujuutigijujanga taanna uqalimaagattinnit d/8N¨4 y†?8 w6vsm0JtQ9lA it in our cultural and educational Inuktituumit nuilaaqulluniu. Qujannamiik w5gxz3j5 ∫8N ttCMs6ymZFs4- magazine, INUKTITUT. Thank you Sitiivan taanna iqqaumajjutigillugu w5gxz5 bf8NJZ5tA sWQ9ltA Stephen for your tribute to Etoangat as Ittuangarmut titiralauqsimagaviuk. m4f5©JtA5 w8ND6X9oxJtA9l. dFxQy- he was a hero in many of our youthful Ittuangat takunnajugattigu upigillutigu s4 ∫8N ttC6ymJ6 x{h5bs6 s?A5 and maturing eyes. Enjoy reading it as makkuttuujutigut innaruqpalliajutigullu. W8NN6g4f5 w6vsm/sJµ3uZ5b czrx6. someday we, too, will be remembered Quviagisiuk taanna titiraqsimajuq assut- for our distinct qualities and nature. tauq uvagut pinnanaqtukkut iqqaumajau- x3Çi ˚=Ï?st9lA, x∫bZ &)i5 jumaarmigatta qangakiaq. x3ÇAc6gi, xs9MMs6ym7m5 ¿8ƒKu5 Last year in November, my father, ≈g¿j5 bf/6g6gi cspmpui5 x{nJ6 who was seventy years old, flew from Arraani Nuuviivvautillugu, ataataga w5gxz3u5 X8i©3usbu5, er6bi. Vancouver to Ottawa to see his old 70nit arraaguqaqaqtuni, aullalauqsimam- ∫8N x3ÇAc6gi ($i5 xw5©yx6∫- mentor Aksayook Etoangat of mat Vaankuuvumit Aatuvaamut taku- x∫bsJ6 dFxh5gi eg3zui vv5g6 N7m5gi5bs6 ieu5 w9lusctuk5. A content father carries his child on his shoulders with some meat he is packing for his family. Ataataujuq quviasuttuni qiturngamini kakattuq nammattunittauq niqimit illumiuqatiminut. 19 t9lA won3NDtu5 gi3Dy3u5 vNb¨8- Pangnirtung, Baffin Inland, who jaqtuqtuni qaujimajiminit Assaajuq Ω6gu5 Z?N pxkDu5. G∫8N gi3Dyx6 was ninety-four years old and would Ittuangarmit Pannituurmiutamit, vNbu5 won3NDtsK6 Wp5ttx3i3ui5 be in Ottawa to receive the Order Qikiqtani, taanna arraaguqaqtuni 94nit kNi vNb r[Zg5tx6gAH. x0pu5 of Canada from the Governor aittuusiaqtaajummat ilisarnarutimit bf9lQ x∫b4f4v w5gxz4f, x∫bZ General. In the snapshot my father Kanatamiinngaaqtumit Gavana Jianur- bri6n3ÔK6 ixd3u6vw ryxio bm4® is taller than Etoangat by more than umit. (Taanna tunirrusiaq Kanatamit w5g3u5 ®Nc6gt4, x7ml bfJ8N6vC a head, but they have the same faces ilisarnarutiuvuq pijittitiarnirminit x∫bm wpq4 iDr8i6nso3iq4 of old men, and I can see that my nunani Kanata kiggatuttiaqtugu). x3ÇAw5 eu3Do6gQ4 e8z6©÷o6gi father’s eyes have narrowed over the Ajjimit takullugi ataatakkukka Ittuan- bwµ4 w5gxzs2 yMgiztg5. years into a permanent squint nearly gakku, ataataga takiniqsaarjuuvuq ≈g¿u5 W6y3z5 x∫bm czb˙z as intense as Etoangat’s. niaqurmiqqai kisianili tamakkii itturmit m8gExj5 vJ¥8NoJ7m5 m8gExu5 ≈g¿j5 My father’s plane had been forced kiinaqaqtutik, ammalu takujunnaqqara XyExcoMs6ym9li ACwBxs8ftA5. by a blizzard to land in Montreal ataatama ijingik nirukinniqsaulirningik bm8N x∫bm sN7u5ti6 xgoCus and then he had to backtrack to arraaguit qimirruliqtugik qinngaqtuu- dFxQgw8NMs6ym¿ ∫{huz xa7u5 Ottawa through the blizzard on a jaaliqtuni taimaak Ittuangaup silatuni- vt7m5tixoCu wontMs6ym/zb Greyhound bus. This gave my father ngatitut. w9lFZos3i3u5 yfu5. xs9MMsCi the satisfaction of having to overcome ¿8ƒKu5, WNhxD¥5 c5tv9Mw5 obstacles in order to be with the yK3zA5, x∫bZ xi5tMs6ymJ7m5 man who fifty years ago had shown bwmw5©?J7mb wk8k5 scsy6bi5 wk5t©zJi5 eu3D- him how to build a snow house w9lQ/sJ5 scsyc6gt9l ix6gi, ∫8N w5gxzs2 wvJ6gis (illuvigaq) on a frozen sea. A few scsy3u5 xqJ6√f7m ≈6rh3iMs6ym/z x3ÇAw5 xuh5 weeks before leaving Vancouver, my gnMs6ym8q7mE5bzi5 çq6ymo6t9lQ5. scsy3u5 wk5t©- father got out the Inuktitut dictionary zJu5 w6vsm0JtcExcMsCu. w5g- and grammar that he had made under gnEs6bzi5. xz5, w6vNw/ctc6ymo6g6 Wzhi5 Etoangat’s instruction so many years gqo‰i5 cb8atŒi5 G¬5∫i5 ago. He needed to brush up on the These were the homes of the c9lˆ•8Ω6ymJi5H, c9lˆtg5 language. Etoangat, who had worked permanent population, the people scEs6ni3u5 WqAhoMs6ymZi. with three generations of doctors who called themselves human b=N5bs6 yMgiz bf{nsQK6. from the south, had never found it beings in a language neither w5gxzs2 xs9M3iz ≈g¿j5 necessary to learn English. This yK9oX5txE9lis c9lˆk5 xs9MEs- was part of his genius. of my parents had ever DtQJ¿. kNui5 X8i6©u5 xs9MCu The trip to Ottawa was the first heard before. wcl5tA5 x6fn6gi w3abzb time Etoangat had ever been south tAxEMs6bzb Fos2 xw2XE9lis. of Baffin Island. He flew from Taimaittuuvajummata inunnut wcl8i5 xs9MCu dMs{yMs6S4 Pangnirtung on Cumberland Sound illugijaujut uqausiqaqtutillu er6∫¬2 kNFs9l wrCnzi5 gCw8- to Iqaluit on Frobisher Bay with his uqausirmit angijuqqaakumma N6gt ≈g¿j5. Xiz ¬y tAxz5bs6 grandson Billy and then they got tusaalauqsimanngimmar- yK3zA5 ≈g¿oxMs6ymK6 gJ3uF{- the flight out over Hudson Strait nui5 ≈6r{hw/6g6gi x7ml and down to Ottawa. His daughter ittanganit tusariuqtanganit. ≈8kÇ{nq8i5 w5gxzs2 eiC/Qx6gi. Lucy had flown out a few days early xqJ6√4v X8i6©∆Ms6ym7mt4 to confirm the hotel and arrange !($^u5 sux3Jxƒ6gt b6r9lxu5 for the tuxedo. Aatuvaamit piqsirngat ataatama qan- trstZh8iMs6ym9lt er6bi5 x7ml My parents went to Pangnirtung gatasuunga Manturiamut kajusiinnali- tk0pFxl4ƒ6gt. xˆNZ x3ÇAcMs6- in 1946, on a ship that took a month jummat, Manturiamit Aatuvaamut ymK6 @!i5, x∫bZ @#i5. x0pi5 to make its way around Baffin Island paasiriaqalilauqsimalluni Guraihaun- bf9lQ k∫uixWs÷6g5. w5gxz5 and into Cumberland Sound. My kutigut. Tamanna ataatama unammi- suxC˜3¨5gi is=FsEx6ymMs6ymK6 mother was twenty-one and my ttiniq atuliramiu quviagituinnalauqsi- kN∆Dt9liQ9l. hDyf¬÷Ms6ymÔ4 father was twenty-three. In the mavaa taassuminga angummit katim- x{nJ3j5, x3ÇAw5 xuhv9Mw5 çq3mb photographs they look completely mattinialirami ilisatilauqsimajangata scstoMs6ymZz bwµ4. w6vNw÷- brand new. Etoangat was there in illuvigaliurnirmit sikumit. Aullalaurani EMs6ym7mA ßmNhx6t5giQ4 ∫4fx the small boat to greet them and Vaankuuvumit, pinasuarusiit qattikallait kox‰4\swŒ4. swox7 Mw/8 mrx8ys2 bring them ashore. They looked sivurngagut, ataataga anittilauqsima- Z?mQt9lis, x∫bZ to/sMs6ym7m5 like children to him, he told me jummat uqausiqtanit inuttituungajunit X8i6©j5 gdzJoEpD6gi, many years later. It was his job to qimirruniaqtuni, taanna Ittuangaup ika- w6v6gwFoEpC˜a9li x7ml keep them alive. My father had juqtuniu aaqqisurnilauqsimajanga arraa- 20 kNo7u5 ¬5∫E/s9li. bm8N been designated coroner and justice guit amisut qaangiqsimaliqtillugit. ra9o6XsMs6ymJ6 Wz8N6Xy7u5 of the peace, as well as settlement Uqausirmit inuttituungajumit iqqauma- xuxovu5 xsMbE/sJ4f5, bwµ4 doctor, by the government of jjutiqariaqalaurami. Ittuangat, iqqanai- x∫bm w5gxzs9l whmQisn8iq7- William Lyon Mackenzie King. This jaqatiqaqsimaliqtuq pingasunit tungiliri- mE5t9li0J4. xuxc8q5gi5 x0pi5 was during the last phase of the init qatanngutigiinit luuttaanit qallu- bfym/4f5 szyŒ5©bsK5 w9lw5 colonialist project in North America, naaniinngaaqsimajunit, qallunaatitut N2X6bsymJ5 wms2 r9oQ/zi5- although neither my parents nor uqariuqsanirmit pingigusulilauqsimagani. isF6t4f5, xJE6hwp4f5, Xøy4f5, Etoangat thought of it that way then. Tavvuunattauq silatuninga takussaugivuq. ≈8ixF4, ¬5∫4f5, x7ml ci8qi6nw5 In the photographs can be seen a Ittuangaup aullarninga Aatuvaamut urÔbsi6nw5 xM4vsmQK5 NJ6bs- scattering of permanent buildings sivullipaattiarilluniu qallunaanut aullar- q8Nq5g5 c3mw5 wiyym9lt along the foreshore — Hudson’s iurutigijuvaa. Nunaminit Panniqtuumut ∫ir5gt kNg5. bwmw5©?J7mb Bay Company post, missionary’s aullarami Iqaluttigut aqqusaaqtuni wk8k5 w9lQ/sJ5 scsyc6gt9l house, police station, hospital, doc- irngutangata tiguarilauqtangata Viliup scsy3u5 xqJ6√f7m gnMs6- tor’s house, and then on closer aipparilluniu. Iqalunnit aullarami ym8q7mE5bzi5 gnEs6bzi5. scrutiny, an array of smaller, imper- qulaussilauqpuuk Qikiqtaniup Nunaviullu w5gxzs2 wontoMs6ym7u/q5 manent dwellings that seem in ikirasanganit turainnaqtuti Aatuvaamut. scsy3ui5 kˆgx3mb trstui5. black and white, to blend with the Paninga Luusi tiguangattauq sivurngagut w5gxz5 ho m4ft9lA, koxz rolling tundra. These were the Aatuvaalialauqsimavuq tujurmivissaminit hlZo4 ci7mMs6ym7m5 ≈8ixFox- homes of the permanent popula- aaqqissuijaqtuqtuni ammalu aannuraas- DtMs6ym9lis X8i6©j5. eM7usJ4f9l tion, the people who called them- sanginnit Ittuangaup qinirajagiaqtuni. w6vNw/oMs6ym9li ≈8ixF7u5 selves human beings in a language Angijuqqaakka Panniqtuumuulauq- ≈8ixN6gc7mE5t9lAl !(#)2 k8a- neither of my parents had ever simammatik 1946mit umiarjuakuuqtuti q8i5. w˚y3i5 x8NwMs6ymK6 heard before. Etoangat began taqqilluamit tikiutigasunnilauqsimalluti xuhi5 SMC2X5gi tk0pFx¬2 kNo- teaching them that language on Qikiqtanit ammalu Tinujjivialukkuuqtuti. C˜q8•5gi5. kNoC˜3usbw5 sy9liQ5 their first day ashore. Anaanaga arraaguqalauqsimavuq 21nit, s9lk5 s8kk9l xuhk5 ≈8ixFoxDt- When Etoangat was still a young ataataga 23nit. Ajjinit takullugi nuta- Ms6ym?w5 X8i6©j5. b=?gx6 man, his wife became ill and he took aminiapiujaaqtut. Ittuangat umiaralaar- ß5©tsK6 w5gxzs2 WJ8N3iEMs6y- her to the hospital at Pangnirtung. miittuni niuvviuriaqsimalauqsimavuq

yKoK5 wkw5 wkQx5gt xs9MZ2XJK5. Travelling in large groups was common in the past. Sivulivut Inuit inugiattuti aullagajuppajuvut. 21 Soon he was working for the hospital, nunamuurutillunigillu. Surusikuluuja- and in the great paratyphoid epidemic alauqsimajuuk Ittuangarmut, arraaguit of the late thirties, he saved the lives amisukallait qaangirmata uqautililauqsi- of many people in Cumberland magaanga taimaak. Iqqanaijaarilauqsi- Sound, working tirelessly over many mammagu uumanasuaqtittunigik days and nights carrying the sick taakkua nuliariik/uigiik. Uiliam Laijan from their camps in to the hospital. Makiansiup gavamagitilluniu, ataataga This was one of the things he was tilijaulauqsimammat Panniqtuumut known for around Cumberland tuqungajulirijiruqtuni, iqqaqtuiviliriji- Sound, where he earned great respect ralaangulluni ammalu nunalimmit luut- as hunter and trapper, guide and taarijaulluni. Tamanna kingulliq- protector. Late into his seventies he paulauqsimajuq pingannaqpasimmit was still taking visitors onto the Amialikamit aulatarijaujukkut, taimaak land and the sea, a territory of five ataatama Ittuangaullu isumaginiusan- thousand square miles of water and ningimmarittillunijjuk. Amiaqanngi- ice, tundra and mountain, that was ttunit ajjinit takusimajakkut ungasigiit- m/3Jxqb wMQ/z5 tk0pFx¬2 to him no territory at all, but the tuutauvut illuit nappaqtausimajut imaup kNoC˜q8i5. bµil ho cspm÷a- place where he lived. killigijanganit- niuviqtikkut, ajuriqsui- JK6 xaNhA8Ntx3izk5, ur0pD8- I asked my father how it was jikkut, paliisikkut, aanniavik, luuttaakkut, Ntx3izk5, xs9Mt5tx?sQxzl x7m that Etoangat could manage without ammalu qaninnginiqsait mikijuutauniq- nS0pp5tx?sizk5. &)q8•o6t9lAo English and my father waited a sait alakkaumagivut najuqtaunginnan- SMC5ti5 ho xs9Ms0p?JK6 kNj5 moment and said: “He always seemed gittut qarmait inisisimalluti taanikittuti wm3j9l, yFgio7j5 %,)))i5 mwoi5 to know my mind, he taught me nunatut. Taimaittuuvajummata inunnut bW5gA wms9li yƒ9lil, kNw8N- everything the same way he taught illugijaujut uqausiqaqtutillu uqausirmit s9li x7m c6vwNs9li. bm8N kN his children.” A page in my father’s angijuqqaakumma tusaalauqsimanngi- x{nJj5 xF5g6ymisJ8qM6 journal bears a single notation: mmarittanganit tusariuqtanganit. kNQJ¿o NJZz. “Explanation of thunder and light- Ittuangaup ilisatililauqsimammijangit x∫bZ xWEMs6ymZ4f ckxl9ø8N ning from Etoangat: He begins by uqausirminit nunaatuarmata tikiutiminit. w5gxz5 c9lNs/D8NCi WJ8Ni6v, urinating. Then he strikes flint for Ittuangat suli makkutillugu, nulianga whm6n6ysvw8N6gi x∫bZ scJK6: fire. Then he rubs violently on a Sulugaalik qanimmalauqsimammat aan- “whm8ii8N grysm5txJJ6 wont2- piece of stiff seal skin, in order to niaviliarutilauqsimalluniu Panniqtuu- XJ9lizl bwµ5bw8N6 eg3zqtg5.” soften it.” Another page carries the mut. Qilammiujukkullu iqqanaijalila- x∫bm ttCq8i5 scsyc6ym7mb title “Water Substitutes in the Arctic” uqsimalluni aanniavimmit aannianaq- NMs5tJu5: grz v9o6 x7ml followed by short instructions, two tuqammarittillugu 1930p nunngun- wK¬us2, w5gxzs2 scsyq8i5. of which are: “If you are to be away ginnit. Inuusirnit annailauqsimavuq ‘dw5b6ft5. xsµ[Qt5t9li from camp, eat a lot of fat while on amisunit pularappattuni Tinujjivialuup wfxMos5b6f6. bwml eyZ/7u5 the trail. In this way you will be nunaliralaanginniittunit. Nunaliralaar- egm8q5gu5 xQs5tlt5 xe9on3lA.’ less thirsty,” and “If there is glacier miutait usillunigit ullunut unnunullu m2W6gZ3u5 xyxi5 sc6ymQK6 ice, make a hole in it big enough amisunut aanniaviliarutivalauqsimavait xtc6gu5, ‘wm3j5 ra=Ï0J5 srs6- for your head, and build a fire in Panniqtuumut. Tavvatuaq uuttuutiuvuq b6gu5’, moZi5 Nw5gi5 sc6ym9lt, the hole with oil or fat, using a Ittuangaup pijunnarnirijarjuangita ilagi- m3Î4 wmwozÔ4: ‘kNoC˜3u5 xs9M6y- piece of cloth for a wick. After a jangat Tinujjivialuup nunaliralaangin- mixDF5, x6f∫i5 s6hg6ym9lxv9M- few minutes, blow aside the fat and nit. Tamaanilu suli qaujimajaangujuvuq ix6ft5 bwµ4 wuDo6nCw8ixq8NF5.’ soot, and drink the water.” angunasugunnatiarninganut, mikijjirun- bwml, ‘xsJw5g3u5 iM6bcDi, In his hotel room in Ottawa, natiarninganut, aullatittiavaugiangalu Sgølt5 ixd6tg5 xqtQJu5, Etoangat told Lucy and Billy the amma sapujjijittiavauninganut. 70ngin- wfmos3lt5 xg3lt5 s6hu5, story of my father and the parka. niiliqtilluguli pularattinit suli aullaujji- c9lˆ6bu5 xsmos3lt5. w3œ8N6, They had made camp far out on vajuvuq nunakkut imakkullu, sivitunil- ni3?3lQ5 s6h6 x7m Xs6, wu3u5 the ice of Kingait Fiord and my immut 5,000nit mailinit tapittugu wuC{nc5txoC/6ft5.’ father, worried about how he would imaulluni sikuullunilu, nunainnaulluni ≈g¿u5 gJ3uFzb w9lDyzi5, get his clothes on in the morning amma qaqqainaulluni. Tamanna nuna w5gxz5 ¬yj5 Foj9l si4√c6S6 in the tiny space of the snow house, Ittuangarmut avittuqsimaniujunngilaq x∫b8i5 do5bzi9l. yfj5 r8zwi5 devised the plan of assembling his nunagijuvaali najuganga. b7µ3iJ7mt4 x∫b4f4v, WqZ5gi two parkas (the inside one a duffel Ataataga apirilauqsimagakku qanual- x∫bZ ck6 x8kÇ6gC/3mΩ3u parka and the outside a fur parka) ulliinna Ittuangat qallunaujarunnarani 22 s9 ˜D6v5 WFr5g¨t9lQ5 w9lFZ3u5. beforehand by inserting the inside pijunnaniqqa, isumaqsaqsiukainnaqtuni whmo3i6f6 bW9liQ4 do5bq4 m3Î4 one into the outside one. Then, in ataataga uqajuvuq: “isumannininna Gwl9o6 do5bs/{n/s9li yM9o6 underwear, trousers and boots, he tukisiumattiajujuq ilisatippajulluningalu do5bs9liH wl9o6 x∫•t5gis would rush out of the snow house taimaattainnaq qiturngangititut.” Ataatama yM9o6 yM∫•t5gis. ∑, c3ov9- and drop the parka set over his titiranginnit uqausiqaqsimammata M{ym9li, c3o{ym9li Í5tym9lil, head before freezing to death in the nalauttijumit: tukinga kalliq ammalu gxÏ8N6 W6y6gu vsgw8NExc- gale force wind. (The temperature ivuluumiup, Ittuangaup uqausinginnit. C/6gis do5bi. Gi9Mh8ic6gi was forty below zero.) When the ‘Quittaqqutit. Aumaaggitittilluni $)u5H do5bExco3m5, w5gxz5 moment came, Etoangat was outside ikualaliuttaqquq. Taimalu qisigajammit e7uu8i uxi6yy8ˆ5 sb6rs6f6. with the dogs, waiting. My father qitumanngittumit agiuttillutit aqillisaq- x∫bZ yMj5 x{n√K6 w9lFZui5, rolled out of the illuvigaq, leapt to tunigit.’ Mappiqtugarmit asianit uqaq- wyZuk5 mr5gi, vsgw8No6gis4 his feet, dropped the double parkas simagivuq atiqaqtumit, ‘Imarmut do5bi ixduA5 xwuA9l. xt5txC- over his head and thrust his arms kinguvviijjutit ukiuqtaqtumit’, maliganit lx6gis4, xbsyfl7u5 b7m6ym- into the sleeves. It was a smooth naittunit uqaqsimalluti, marruuk ic6gi: wl9oz do5bs/6 operation, but for one detail: the imailingajuuk: ‘Nunaliralaarmit aullaq- w9lxkΩ6 bW8iCus4 yM9o3j5: inside parka was backwards to the simaniaruvit, aqqutaanit uqsutuqsima- wl9ozb ff2Xz ®N3ui5 so{y9li outside one; the inner hood fell lluakallaniaqqutit taimaak imiruliqsara- xkEu5 nS7u5txo6gi ryxio bs- onto my father’s face, perfectly innianginnavit’. Taimalu, ‘Aujuitturmit gZcD8•6f6 yKi3ui5 ®Nuk9o ff2- protecting him from the wind but nilaqtaqaruni, putuliilutit niaquqtitut blinding him at the same time by angitigijumit, ikumaliurlutit aturlutit freezing instantly to his face. As he uqsumit, qallunaaqtamit aumaliurlutit. w5gxzs2 x∫bz, scrambled to get the parkas off and Irngiinnaq, sanirvarlugit uqsuq amma xat3Jx6, cspm÷aM- reassemble, my father could feel his pauq, imirmit imirassaqattialirajaqqutit.’ hands freezing but then Etoangat Aatuvaamit tujurmivingata illurusin- s6ymK6 Wh4vs9li, was there laughing and rubbing his ganit, Ittuangat Luusimut Vilimullu n8qÔ9li wyZq5 kNj5 hands and helping him work the unikkaaqaqpuq ataatannit qulittanganil- g7mic5tx6gt. stiff garments back onto his body. lu. Sikumut Kinngainit tammaar- There was nothing to worry about, nijummatik ataatakkukka, pingigattuni he said, as far as he knew no one ataataga qanuq annuraaqturajarman- Etoangat’s father, had ever died from the cold while gaarmi ullaaruqqat pivikittumiitillugit Angutirjuaq was known in putting on a parka. This was an illuvigarmit. Isumalirniqquq qulittungik his day as a great walker, important thing for me to know at marruuk tapillunigik (ilulliq qulittaujas- a strong man whose feet the time, my father said, when he told sajaulluni silalliq qulittaulluni) ilulliq adhered to the ground. me the story only a few weeks ago. ataaniitittuniu silalliq silataaniitittuniu. When Etoangat was a child, the Ii, qarlikallassimaluni, qarlissimaluni European whalers were still operating puuttisimalunilu, tuaviinnaq piqsiqtumi Ittuangaup ataatanga, in Cumberland Sound. This was kautuinnariaqarajaqtuniu qulittani. Angutirjuaq, qaujimajaan- before World War I. In the stories of (Nillasunniqaqtuni 40mit) Qulittari- gulauqsimavuq pisukka- Etoangat’s childhood which my aqalirmat, Ittuangat qimmiminni mian- ulluni, sanngijuulluni father transcribed into his journals, iqsisinnaat utaqqiuqquq. Ataataga sila- the past can be heard as two different mut assakaavuq illuvigaminit, isigamin- isigangit nunamut stories: one, familiar to me, begins ut makittuni, kautuinnaliqtuniuk qulit- tummaniqattiaqtuti. in Europe and is often told as the tani niaqumigut aimigullu. Atittiaral- discovery of the north; the other is uaqtuniuk, atausikulummit tammaqsi- much more elusive, and begins maniqaqtuni: ilullinga qulittaujaq illua- Xz iW5bstQ7m5. gxFC6gi do5b- entirely elsewhere, in a place outside nungaaq tapinniramiuk: ilullingata w6gi ≈6r5txEx6gis, x∫bm of my imagination. In this direction kukuppaanga kiinarminit ulissilluni x[Zi w2WQ¿4 dxvn5©4. w5gxz3o lie the stories of Etoangat’s ancestors, anurimit sapummittialiqtuni kisianili bfC8ˆCu ≈Jx¬o6f6, x[Zui x{no9li beginning with his father, tautugaqarunniiqquq sivunirminit wvJChΩo6f6 do5bzi5 x∫bm Angutirjuaq, a word that might be kiinaminulli kukuppaanga nipittauti- rSw0÷Ch5gis4 wl9oz egzJx¬- translated as irascible. Etoangat’s gimmat. Tuaviraqtuni qulittaiqtuni o‰6t9lQ4 do5∫4. Wq8NMs8q5gÎ6, father, Angutirjuaq was known in aaqqittiariaqtuniu, ataatama aggani x∫bm scstoJ¿z, gn3N6gcMs6- his day as a great walker, a strong ippigivaak quakasattuuk. Ittuangarli ym8q7m5 dx6gui3u5 do5bCh5gu5. man whose feet adhered to the takurannaarami aajualuuliqquq, aggamini bm8N gnDuNJK6 s?8k5, x∫bm ground. During a heavy famine at assalilluni ikajurasungaaliqquq qulittan- 23 scstoMs6ym¿z ci5g4f5 Paalli camp, when the last of the ganit ataatama kipuijjaarasuttuniuk si4vstZuz bmguz. dogs had been eaten, a woman ilullinga qitungajualuuliriiqtillugik w5gxz5 hDysJK6 x=?Zh5†5 respected for her dreams reported a qulittaak. Pinginnalaunngitturuuq, w6vNw/6Xt9lQ5 tk0pFxl7u5, yK9- dream which indicated that Etoangat’s ataatama uqautilijuvaanga, tusarnaqtu- o3u5 sNb6gcMs6t8NA ho. w5g- father might be able to save the qalauqsimanngimmat quaqtuminirmit xzs2 si4√q8i5 hDysi3ui x∫bm camp by walking to Kekerten, a qulittarasuttumit. Tamanna tusarumi- ttC6ym/q8i5, yKoq5 m3Dwi distance of a hundred miles over najuvuq uvannut, ataatama uqautilila- x0pŒ8q©8i4 bf/{ns4: xbsy6, rough ice, which he would have to uqsimavaanga qanittukkut unikkautig- cspm/4f5, si4√c6f6 c9lˆ5 cover in three days if no one was aminga tamatuminga. to die. At Kekerten, he would find Ittuangat surusiujuvuq avvagasuttiit supplies and dogs with which to iqqanaijaqpatillugit Tinujjivialummit, swQ/6 er6bk5 xhw9˜ carry them back. This was very sivullirmit unataqtuqalauqtinnagu suli. WhQxy5bi6f6, bwm8zi9l nearly an impossible thing to do, but Ittuangaup unikkaanginnit surusiunir- bf/s4vNiMs6ymZi. Etoangat’s father set out immediately mini ataatama titiraqsimajanginnit, to do it. On the third day the woman sivulingit marruini ajjigiinngituunnik respected for her dreams reported takujassauvuuk: atausiq, qaujimajakkut, The husband then set out that Etoangat’s father had succeeded unikkaaqaqquq qallunaat nanisitillugit and that he would be arriving the ukiuqtaqtumit; aippangali nalunarnisat- for Kekerten himself, and next day with food and supplies. tiammariulluni, pigiarniqaqtuni qanig- he was never seen again. This news enraged the husband of iniusanngitanganit, nunamit isumagi- the dreaming woman (possibly he janniigunnangimmarittumit. Tamaan- Uigijaq Qikiqtanut asuillaa was jealous of Etoangat’s father). iittumit Ittuangaup sivulingita unikkaangit pisugiasittaniqquq, The husband then set out for iniqaqput, pigiarniqaqtuni ataatanganit, Kekerten himself, and he was never Angutirjuarmit, uqausiq taanna missita- taimannganillu taku- seen again. The next day Etoangat’s aqtigassauvuq pavvinaqtumit. Ittuangaup jaukkannilauqsimagani. father appeared in the camp with a ataatanga, Angutirjuaq qaujimajaangu- qamutik (sled) loaded with food lauqsimavuq pisukkaulluni, sanngijuul- and ammunition, and all but the luni isigangit nunamut tummaniqa- Niyt9lQ5 srs6b6gu5; xw2Xzo husband of the woman respected ttiaqtuti. Paallimit nunalimmit kaanna- NlN3in5tx7mEs9li, WQx3ic6gi for her dreams were saved. qtuqaqtillugu, kingullipaattiaq qimmiq ciQisn8qbzi5, kNu5 whmQ/8- Sometime in 1947, which is the nirijaunnilauqsimammat, arnamit sin- •A8Nq7mE5gu5. bµ•5gu5 w5gxzs2 year I was born, Etoangat told natuqtuqalauqsimalluni Angutirjuarmit yKoqb si4√q5 wic6S5, WQx3- my father that people around annassigunnarajaqtumit pisulluni Qikiq- ic6gi x∫bzi5, xat3Jx3u5, Pangnirtung had been rethinking tanut, ungasinniqaqtumut 100 mailinit scsy6 ∫8N u{y∫6tZ{nsK6 X=FN6- a very old question: which was sikukkuurlugu, ullunut pingasunut gu5. w5gxzs2 x∫bz, xat3Jx6 stronger, the cold or the heat? pisugiaqarajaqtuni inummit tuqujuqat- cspm÷aMs6ymK6 Wh4vs9li, Traditional opinion had held the tailitittigiarluni. Qikiqtanuuruni n8qÔ9li wyZq5 kNj5 g7mic5t- two to be in equilibrium, but sunakkutaanit qimminillu utiujjigajaq- x6gt. X9ou5 kNo7u5 √8N6gc6t9lA, recently people had begun to think tuni. Taimanna pijariakikkajanngittuq ra9oX5tx6 e7u6 iE/s8iMs6ym7m5, in other ways and now some were ajurnakasakkajaqtungilaa, asuillaa x3Nu5 y8Ng6gcMs6ym9li xat3- saying that the cold was stronger Angutirjuaq pisugiasittaniqquq irngiinnaq. Jx3u5 x8N{yA8NC/6gu5 Wh9li because people could be killed by Ulluup pingajuanit arnaq tatigijaujuq er6bk5, szy8ic6gj5 !)) mwoi5 it, whereas the sun had never been sinnatukkut unikkaaqalirnirivuq Angu- yf4ƒ3lA, s9lk5 Wzhk5 WhQxcC/6- known to kill anyone. This was my tirjuaruuq turaagaminut tikiutittianir- gi wk7u5 gdJc5bwot5tQx3li. father’s introduction to the mutability mat ammalu qauppat tikilaarniarniraq- er6b˚Di hN4f∫i5 e7ui9l of the world of human beings. tuniu sunakkutaanit qimminillu utiu- sts0pZ/6gi. bwm8N W/Exr4v/8- Etoangat had no desire to go jjiluni. Arnaup sinnatuqtuminiup uinga q5g6 xJ3Nvn4v/6gq˜, xhw9˜ looking around Ottawa, but preferred ninngattualuunniqpuq (siggasuqquuq- xat3Jx6 WhQxy5bi6f6 w3œ8N6. instead to hang around the Chateau tuni Angutirjuarmit). Uigijaq Qikiqtanut s9¬2 WzJxi5 x3N6 btQ/sJ6 Laurier with his relatives and with asuillaa pisugiasittaniqquq, taimannganillu y8Ng4f5 si4√co3iEK6 xat3JxÎ6 my father, taking it easy and talking takujaukkannilauqsimagani. Qaummat gÇZuk5 trst5txi3m5 x7ml cs2X5 about the past. This was fine with asuillaa Angutirjuaq tikittalirniqquq tr˜3ix3iC6gis hN4f∫i5 e7ui9l my father, who had never hung nunalimmut qamutiggiqtuni kisutuinnat- sts0pli. x3Ns2 y8Ng6guis2 around in a hotel before in his life. tianit niqinit sakkunillu usilluni, arnaup swz i8z5gx¬9li Gy[Zh6ƒ6gi The night of the ceremony my sinnattusuup uinga annanngitatuarilluniu. 24 xat3Jx3u5H. swQ/6 er6bk5 1947rujummit taima, arraagumit xhw9˜ WhQxy5bi6f6, bwm8zi9l inuuviminirnit, Ittuangaguuq ataatannit bf/s4viMs6ymZi. cs7m5 xhw9˜ uqaujjinirmat Pannituurmiutait qanigi- xat3Jx6 tr5bo3i6f6 kNo7j5 janganit apiqqutiqarnirmata tukisijjuti- cjt[Q6gi sy9li rhgw8N5txi5 gijumajarminit: naliak sannginiqsaum- iei5 n4fi9l, x3Ns2 y8N5g˙2 swz mangaat, nillaq uvvaluunniit uqquuniq? x8N8qbgxE9lis. Piqqusituqakkut isumagijaujjuti tamakkiik !($&DJ7u5 bwm, x3ÇAu5 akuliriinniqariangita, kisiani qanittukkut w˚Fui3i5, w5gxzÅ6 x∫b8i5 uqaqtuqaqpaliqtuni nillaq sannginiqsa- scs0pi3m5 X8i©3usbw5 ciQ/zi5 ugianga inunnigguuq tuquraisuungum- xW6ftc3i3mb gry0JtQJm/3ui5: mat, siqiniq qaujjitiugani tuqurailauqsi- Nox4 n8qi6ns7mΩ5, i9M6 s=?¬8- magianga. Taanna ataatama qaujjiallag- •5 s6ƒi6V W6fygc4f5 whmQ/s0Jt utigilauqsimavaa silarjuarmiunguqatigiit bm4®4 xfo‰8icExqb, ryxi ci5- nipiqaqattautinngigiangita. g4f5 sc6gc6Xo6gi i9M6 n8q- Ittuangat Aatuvaamiittuni qimirru- i6nsQxz wk8i[Å6 gdCw˙a7m5, gianga pijunngilaq, kisianili tujurmivim- yei6 cs0ptsZi gdCwMs6ymQxz. miinginnalauqpuq Saatu Luuriaimit ∫8N x∫bm cs0px9MAtQMs6ym¿ ilaminit qanissainaqtuni ataatannillu, yM3Jx3usactŒ5 iWcc5bst8q- pinnajattuni unikkaaqasijaattutillu ¬y xmDxo4f WctŒ4 dFxh5gt Qxqb. atuqsimajarminit. Ataataga qanuissala- u6fw/w4 ey8i. w5gxz5 ≈g¿¨5gi eu3DQxz unngilaq, tujurmivimmiirajalauqsiman- WJ8qM6, ryxio gJ3uF7¨q8NM- Lucie Amarualik and a friend ngitiaqtuni inuusilimaanganit. Tunirru- s6S6 ng ¬Exwu5 wMui5 ci{nw- joyfully scrape fur off sealskins. siarvingata unnunganit, ataataga uta- N6gi x∫b8i9l, W8N/5gi si4√- Luusi Amarualikku piqatigiik qqiulauqsimavuq tujurmivimmit uqauj- cy÷5gt9l xg6ym/3ui5. x∫bZ quviasuttuti miqquijaivuuk qisinni. jaunnirami takurannaatissait iniqarun- ckw{nMs8qM6, gJ3uF7¨C/Ms6ym8- niirmata Kuin kiggatuqtingata (Gavana qtx6gi w˚yoµzi5. gi3Dyx3Fzb father remained in the hotel as he Jianuruup) illuqutinganit. Tujurmiviup s8kz i 5, x∫bZ sb6rsMs6ymK6 had been told that there was no pularavvinganiiliqtuti qaujigami Ittua- gJ3uF7u5 scs0/s8iCu bfC8ˆt{nw5 room in the Governor General’s ngat silallirninganit, illurusinganut wicD8•3mb fw8 r[Zg6tzb GZ?N house for onlookers. He went utirniqquq aissiqtuni niaqurmiutiniaqt- pxkÎ2H w9ldtzi5. gJ3uFs2 down to the lobby with Etoangat aminit. Tujurmiviup pularavvinganut SMC=Fz•o6gt cspZu w5gxz5 and when they saw that a thick icy utilirniqquq anaujuqsiutimut nasarmit yM9o3izi5, w9lDyzk5 st3i6f6 rain was falling, Etoangat returned atuqtuni. Tavvauliqpuq ataatama ixd3ustix6bui5 xw{y6gi. gJ3- to his room to get something to isumatujuujinga, anivallialiqtuq Saatu uFs2 SMC=Fzk5 sto3i6f6 xNs- put on his head. When he got back Luuriai tujurmivinganit Kuin kiggatu- J6ystj5 Nn3u5 xg6gi. b=?so6S6 to the lobby he was wearing a base- qtingata illuqutinganut pijjusiaqtitauja- x∫bm whmgÔpz, xi?9oxo6g6 ng ball cap. Here then was my father’s qtuqtuni ilisarnarutimit kiggatuittiarni- ¬Exw gJ3uFzi5 fw8 r[Zg6tzb mentor, setting off from the steps nganit Kanatamit: naittuulluni pinniq- w9ldtzk5 W0Jyx6tbs/6g6gi of the Chateau Laurier to receive tuni angut ijikittukuluulluni, pittariinit won3NDtu5 r[Zgw5tx3izi5 vNbu5: the Order of Canada: a short, annuraattiaqsimajuq, nasaqsimakallat- Nw5©9li W8i6gi xa5 wpr5gf¬9- handsome man with very narrow tuni tiqqialimmit ullatuqsiutiinnillu isi- li, W5b‰i5 x8kÇ5tx6ymJ6, eyes, in tuxedo, baseball cap and gaujaqsimalluni. Angut taanna immini Nn6ymv9M5gi t6rxo7u5 s9Mg6ys- running shoes, a man who referred takunnatuinnaqtuq inutuinnaugiassami- †8i9l wyZs/6ym9li. xa5 ∫8N to himself as Inutuinnaq- a word ni- uqausiq taanna ataatama uqausiq- w7ui bf8Ngw8N6g6 wkgw8NsQx{- my father’s dictionary translates as tanginnit titiraqsimajuq tukiqaqtuni nui- scsy6 ∫8N x∫bm scsy6b- “merely a human being.” ‘inutuinnattiaq.’ q8i5 ttC6ymJ6 grc6gi ‘wkgw8N5tx6.’ Etoangat died in Pangnirtung in Ittuangat inuujunniijuvuq Panniqtuumit January, 1996. He is remembered in Jaannuali 1996mit. Iqqaumagijauvuq uki- w5gxz5 w˚J8•JK6 X8i6©u5 the north and in the south. uqtaqtumit qallunaanilu. ÷8kxo !((^u5. w6vsmQ/sK6 srs6b6gu5 c9lˆil.

25 26 c9lˆ5 Z?mq5 x7ml wkw5 — Nw5g6 si4√6

QALLUNAAT GOVERNMENTS AND INUIT — A BRIEF HISTORY

QALLUNAAT GAVAMANGIT AMMALU INUIT — NAITTUQ UNIKKAAQ

®5 fÎ GglZ6H Keith J. Crowe Kiit Kuruu (Tulugaq)

®5 /KE fÎ GglZs9li wk8k5 csp- Keith Jaffrey Crowe (known to Kiit Jafuri Kuruu (Tulugaulluni Inunnut m÷aJ6H btQ/s5tx6f6 wk8k5 Inuit as Tulugaq) is well respected qaujimajaangujuq) tatigijauttiaqquq srs6b6gusk5. ®5 w˚Ms6ymJ6 by Inuit across the north. Keith Inunnut ukiuqtaqtumiunut. Kiit inuu- x3ÇAw5 &) çq6t9lQ5 BwsWs3 was born 70 years ago to Herbert lauqsimavuq arraaguit 70 qaangiqtillugit x7ml pxy /KEj5 ÷8kxo #)u5 and Jessie Jaffrey on January 30 in Hiupiur ammalu Jiasi Jafurimut Jaannuali ux8yb8, w8ZM8u5. kv6ts9li Menston, England. Younger child 30mit Miansitan, Ingalanmit. Nukaq- N/ui5, ®5 koxo4 wx5Nu5 Wzhi5 of two, Keith is married to Edna tiulluni najaminit, Kiit nulialik Iatnamit Xic6gt Gkv6t6Xdtz with three daughters (the youngest pingasunit paniqaqtuti (nukaqtiqpaaqu- w˚J8•Ms6ymJ6 x3ÇAc6gi !$i5H one passed away at an early age of tinga inuujunniilauqsimajuq arraagu- x7ml5bs6 w3abc6gt4 tnmi5. ®5 14) and are blessed with four qaqtuni 14nit), ammaluttauq irnnguta- grandchildren. Keith resides in qaqtuti tisamanit. Kiit nunalik Aatuvaamit Ottawa and is active sitting on the katimajiuqataulluni Nunavut nunata- yK9o6XE/scbsJ5 wkw5 Nunavut Land Claim Agreement arutingata angirutingata sapunniatik- ttC6†5/NvtEπ5: „b w3i6, Arbitration Board and also rents kunginnut. Taimalu illuqutiqaqtuni ysC wfux6 x7ml JxNy ~M∆i. out units to tenants in the Ottawa- atuqtuaqtauvattuni Aatuvaa-Kaarutan One of the earliest Inuit Carleton area. nunalingata iluanit. writers/editors: Peter Ernerk, Sarah Ekoomiak and Introduction Matuiruti Joanasie Salomonie. Sivulliqpaarijauqataujut Inuit Vikings occupied the southern tip Qallunaat umiaqtuqtiit (Vaikinngs) titiraqtiit/nakatirijiit: Piita Irniq, of Greenland from about 1000 AD nunaaqsimalauqsimavut Akukittuup Siura Ikumiaq ammalu Juanasi to about 1400 AD, and a small nigiani arraagumit 1000mit arraagu Saalamuuni. group lived on the south coast of 1400mut, ammalu arraagu 1000mit 27 kNo4 ≈g¿u5 vtmpscbs9li kNK5 Labrador for perhaps a few years, Laapatuap nigiani qattiinnaruluittauq kN∫Dtzb xqDtz5b nS8ixt4f- about 1000 AD, but the Viking umiaqtuqtiit najuutilauqsimammijut q8k5. bwml w9ldtc6gi xg6gx6- occupation did not change the arraagunut amisuunngittunut. Qallunaat bs?5gi ≈g¿-√Db8 kNozb wlxi. independence and culture of the umiaqtuqtiit asijjiilauqsimanngittut Inuit that they encountered. Such najuqtangita Inuit iliqqusingannit mgwDt changes began about 1550 AD in imminiqsurninginnillu. Asijjipallianiilli Labrador/ Newfoundland, “about suujurnaqsilauqsimavut arraagu 1550mit c9lˆ5 sux6g6†5 G?wr81{H 1700 AD in Greenland and about Laapatuamit/Niuvaunlaanmit, 1700mit kˆ6ymMs6ymK5 xfr5©2 iQxi 1800 AD in Canada, Alaska and Akukittunit ammalu Kanatamit, Ala- x3ÇAu5 !)))u5 x3ÇA !$))j5, Siberia.” askamit ammalu Saipiuriamit 1800mit. x7ml x3ÇA !)))u5 ˜Xgx2 iQxi From Siberia in the West to Saipiuriap uannanganit Akukittuup c5†8NDlw5bs6 sux6g6†5 NÔtM- Greenland in the East, the first kanannanganut, sivulliqpaat qallunaat s6ym7uJ5 x3ÇAk5 xu˙8q5gk5. Qallunaat to disturb the Inuit aullaqtiit qaujisasuut, avvaniaqtiit, niur- c9lˆ5 sux6g6†5 xy0πMs6ym8q5g5 were explorers, whalers, traders rutiqasuut ammalu ajuriqsuijiit pavvisa- NJ6bqb wkw5 wo6fyz8i5 w7u- and missionaries. They changed ilauqsimavut. Taakkua asijjiijuvut Inuit i6h3iq8i9l. xy0pX9ox•9o the economy, culture and religion pivallianinginnit, iliqqusingannit ammalu ˙J3N6yMs6ymK5 x3ÇA !%%)u5 of the Inuit in much the same way uppirningannit. Taimaassainnapaluk ˜Xgxu5\is?s8˜8u5, !&))u5 everywhere, but could not impose namilimaaq asijjiqsimaliqtillugit, kisian- xfr5gi5 x7ml vNbu5, x˜{vu5 Qallunaat legal and political systems. ili qallunaat maliganginnit amma gava- x7ml nwWsExu5 !*))u5. When foreign governments began malirininginnit aittuutiqarunnajugati. nwWsEx2 sx8Nzi5 xfr5©2 to take over the lives and lands of Ungasittumiut gavamait kamagiann- vN8Nzk5, yK9o6X5 c9lˆ5 xs9M6†5 the Inuit, each one had different galiqtillugit Inuit inuusinginnit nuna- cspn˙5, x=?ix6†5, is3Dtc˙5 rules, which affected the speed of nginnillu, atuni piliriaqajuvut maliga- x7ml xJE6hwπ5 X=FnwMs6ymK5. the changes in the four regions. tigut, attuikallattualuulluti asijjiinikkut ∫4fx xy0πJK5 wkw5 W?9oxiq8i5, tisamanit avittuqsimajunit. wo6fyz8i5 x7ml s2W3iz8i5. Russia bwµ{nw8NXl4 Nuoµ6 xy0p6ymo6- Ulaasa t9lQ5, ryxio c9lˆ5 moZq8i5 Before the year 1905, Russian x7m Z?moEiq8i5 xw5©tcD8NJZt. emperors controlled a vast area that 1905rulauqtinnagu, Ulaasaamiut suun- szy5gus5 Z?mw5 vmQx8zo6t9lQ5 included many aboriginal people, guningit aulattilauqsimavut sivitujual- wkw5 w˚yq8i5 kNq8i9l, xgi including about 2,000 Yupik. The ummit nunamit najuqtauqasiujjamit WoExcJK5 moZtA5, x5gwv9M5gx- Communists then took over, and nunaqaqqaaqtunut, immaqaa amisuu- ¬9lt xy0πi4f5 tnmi5 xF5g6ymJi5. organized all of the aboriginal nilinnit 2,000nit Juppiknit. Katujjijiujulli nations into self-governing republics (kaamiunis) kamajiungaalilauqsimavut s˜n within the Soviet Union. Each aaqqissuilauqsimallutillu nunaqaqqaaq- republic was represented within tunit namminiqsuliqsatittilluti Suuviat !()%DMs6t8NA, s˜nus5 ˙aiq5 the Soviet parliament. Because Juunjian iluani. Avittuqsimajut atuni xsM5tMs6ymK5 yFgJxl7u5 kNu5 the Yupik were so few, they were kiggatuqtauniqajulluti Suuviat gavamaup NJ6bscys0/u5 kNc6√6gk5, w7mç included within the republic of iluani. Juppikkut qattiinnauluarninginnut, xu˙io8i5 @,)))i5 J2W4i5. vg0p- their Chukchi neighbours, and were ilaliujjausimajuvut sanillinginnut psJ9o G√usi{H vmpsΩoMs6ymK5 moved away from their traditional Suutsikkunnut, angunasuvvigivattami- ≈6r{hwMs6ym9lt9l kNc6√6gi5 hunting grounds. Under Communist ninginnit nuttiqtitaulauqsimalluti. N7 ui6ho6nt5t9lt ˙Fx5 Ô8px8 rule, native languages and cultures Katujjijikkut maligangitigut, nunaqa- wlxi. xF5g6ymJ5 xgi r[Zg6bs- were accepted, and a special uni- qqaaqtut uqausingit ammalu iliqqusingit icJ9lt ˙Fx5 Z?ms2 wlxi. J2W4f5 versity was built for the “little kajungiqsaqtauvajuvut, ammalu taakku- c5†8Nslx3iq8k5, wMos0/symJK5 peoples” and school books were nungalluataq ilinniarvialummit matuiq- ni9oq8k5 ˙5y4f8k5, xaNh=FQ?5- published in Yupik. In 1938 three sijuqalauqsimavuq ‘inuralaanuungaju- buiq8i5 k5t6tbsMs6ym9lt. Yupik men had qualified as airplane mit’. Ilinniarutissaillu Juppiktitut titira- vg0pp4f5 moZqtA5, kNc6√6g5 pilots. During the Cold War with qsimalluti. Pingasut Juppik angutiit scsyq5 x7ml wo6fyq5 vJq6- the USA, the Yupik of Russia lost aqutirulauqsimavut qangatasuunut n6bs?JK5, x7ml ∫4fkz9lxb6 most of their contact with their 1938mit. Unatarniqalauqtillugit Ula- wo8ix3Fxl7u5 mgw6yJcMs6ymK6 relatives in Alaska, and have suf- asaakkut Amialikakkullu, Juppikngujut ‘wkC˜˚zJu5’. wo8ixDt{nw9l fered hardship ever since the Ulaasaamiut ilaminit Alaaskamiittunit J2W4tg5 ttC6ym9lt. Wzh5 J2W4 collapse of the Russian communist ataniqajugunniiqqut. Taimannganillu xa†5 xdtDMs6ymK5 czb˙k5 system. gavama katanniqalauqtillugu 28 !(#*u5. sNb3icMs6t9lQ5 s˜n4f5 America Ulaasaakkut katujjijiuningat uqumais- xuxov4f9l, J2W4aJ s˜nus5 wMui5 saqtugalausimaliqqut. x˜{v¨5gi5 xbicJA8•6f5. The American government bought bwm8zi9l Z?m vb8icMs6t9lA Alaska from the Russian government Amialika s˜n4f5 vg0ppsiz5 sdmw{n6gZ- in 1867, and declared it a state in Msymo6f5. 1959. The federal government passed Amialikakkut gavamangat niuvilauqsi- an Organic Act that dealt with the mavut Alaaskamit Ulaasaakkut gavama- xuxov administration of Indian, Aleut and ngannit 1867ngutillugu, avittuqsimaju- Inupiat affairs. At first, services such ruqtilauqsimallugu 1959mit. Gavama- xuxov4f5 Z?mz5 isFMs6ymK5 as education and health were dealt tuqakkut atuliqtittilauqsimavut inuujunut x˜{vu5 s˜n4f5 Z?mz8i5 !*^&- with by missionaries and traders, piqujamit aulattinirmit attuijunit Allanit, at9lA, xF5g6ymJD6tMs6ym9lA using money from the government. Aliutnit ammalu Inuppiarnit. Sivulli- !(%(u5. Z?mgc4f5 xgo6t5tM- Annual ship patrols were begun rmit ilinnianirmut aanniaqtulirinirmut s6ymK5 w˚Jk5 Wd/u5 xsM5ti3u5 along the coast of Alaska, and even- pijjutaujut kamagijaulauqsimajuugaluat x5gwJi5 x9Mi5, xos5i5 x7ml tually the State government formed ajuriqsuijinut ammalu niuviqtikunnit wk2Wx3i5. yK9o3u5 wo8ixi3j5 its own Native Service. atuqtuti kiinaujanit gavamakkunnit. ≈8ix6goEi3j5 W0JbsJ5 vmQ/sM- In 1897 reindeer were imported Arraagutamaaqsiutit umiarjuarmut s6ymÔZlx5 xJE6hwpk5 x7ml from Siberia to improve the economy mianiqsijiit pigianngalauqsimavut isF6tf8i5 xg6gt ®Ns/i5 of some Alaskan Inupiat. Village sinaanganit Alaaskaup, taimalu avit- Z?m4f8i5. x3ÇAbµ6yst5 sux3Jx3j5 councils were set up, and aboriginal tuqsimajuup gavamanga saqqiililauqsi- leaders were elected to the State mavuq nunaqaqqaaqtunut piniarninit. government. Compulsory military 1897mit, Alaaskamiutait Inuppiakkut xfi W?9oxi3j5 x{hÎtc- service helped to produce aboriginal pivaalliqullugu qungiit tikititaulauqsi- Ms6t9lQ5 !(&!u5, leaders, who strengthened a growing mavut Saipiuriamit kiinaujaliurutissa- x˜{vus5 kNc6√6g5 movement for settlement of land nginnut. Nunalinnit katimajiit aaqqitta- kN∫D7u5 wi9MwMs6ymK5, claims. After a long political struggle, ulauqsimavut ammalu nunaqaqqaaq- yK9oXs9lt9l. in 1971, the Alaskan Native Land tunut sivuliuqtiit niruaqtaulauqsimalluti Claims Settlement was reached, the avittuqsimajumut gavamamut. Pijariaq- After a long political struggle, first of its kind. The Inupiat and allaritturlu unaliit ikajuutiulauqsima- other aboriginal corporations now givut nunaqaqqaaqtunit sivuliuqtirur- in 1971, the Alaskan work with various levels of govern- nirmut, sannginiqaliqtuti nunataarnirmut Native Land Claims ment in administering programmes. aulajjaijunnasilluti. Akuni pivallianirmut Settlement was reached, the In 1972 the Inupiat of the assuruutiqalauqtillugit 1971mit, Ala- first of its kind. Alaskan north coast succeeded in askamiut nunaqaqqaaqtut nunataarum- obtaining a regional (Borough) status, mit inillailauqsimavut, sivullipaullutillu. with taxation powers over rich oil Inuppiat ammalu asingit nunaqaqqaaq- Akuni pivallianirmut assu- and gas reserves. The American tut kuapariisangit ullumi iqqanaijaqa- ruutiqalauqtillugit 1971mit, philosophy is one of integration of tiqaqpaliqqut gavamait quvvasinniqaqa- Alaaskamiut nunaqaqqaaq- minorities, which achieves efficiency tigiittuti aulattijiuqatigiittutillu. tut nunataarummit at the cost of aboriginal languages 1972milli Inuppiat Alaaskamiutait inillailauqsimavut, and cultures. pingannaqpasianit sinaanganit tigusiju- nnalauqsimavut piuniqsamit avittuqsi- sivullipaullutillu. Denmark majuup namminiriliqtunijju (Puuru), suunguniqaliqtuti taassiijainirmit atuq- Whalers arrived in Greenland during tugit uqsualuk ammalu gaasi. Amialika- ux i6yπ5 WQx8zMs6ymK5 yˆzi5 the 1700s. Soon followed by Danish miut isumangit attittumit ikajuqtuiniq- x˜{vs2, bwml xF5g6ymÔ2 Z?mz missionaries and traders, who often aqqut tamatumunga inillainirmit, n6®oMs6ymK6 kNc6√6gk5 Wix3ii5. became agents for the Danish gov- taimainninganut ippigusuttianiqsauvuq !*(&u5 x˜{vusbw5 wk2Wx4f5 ernment. In 1782 the government nunaqaqqaaqtut uqausingannit W¿9od9lA, dœ5 trtbsMs6ymK5 issued some Instructions for Trade iliqqusingannillu. nwWsExu5 ®Ns/osDt{nq8k5. kN- that covered political, social and o8i5 vtmπ5 ≈6r5bsMs6ymK5 x7ml economic matters. Later, a Royal Tianmaak kNc6√6gk5 yKos6†5 iDx6bsM- Greenland Trading Company was s6ym9lt xF5g6ymJj5 Z?mj5. set up, and became a kind of Avvaniaqtiit tikilauqsimavut Akukittu- W/Exc9ME5g3l sNø5 wvÔtsMs6- Te rritorial government. Danish nut 1700nginnit. Kinguningagut malit- 29 ymQK5 kNc6√6gi5 yKos6tD3i3j5, policy encouraged the Kalaallit taulauqsimalluti Tianmaakimiut ajuriq- n8qico6gt kN∫3i3j5 xsM0/wJ8N- (Greenlandic Inuit) language and suijinginnit ammalu niuviqtinginnit, y9lt. xfi W?9oxi3j5 x{hÎtcM- culture, but many small communities taakkua pijittiraqtiuluannguaqpajujut s6t9lQ5 !(&!u5, x˜{vus5 kNc6- were closed down, and ocean Tianmaakiup nunangannut. 1782mili √6g5 kN∫D7u5 wi9MwMs6ymK5, fishing supplanted hunting as a gavamakkut tunirrutiqalauqsimavut atu- yK9oXs9lt9l. wk2Wx5 x7ml xyq5 main economy. agarnit tauqsiijjutaulluni sapuulutaullu- kNc6√6g5 fxX‰nq5 s9lu w6vN- During the Second World War, ni pivallianirmut, inuuqatigiinnirmut w/ctc6Xo6f5 Z?mw5 d=?y8ic- American and Canadian officials ammalu kiinaujalirinirmut piqqutinit. ctŒ5gt xsM5tpsctŒ5gt9l. and troops were sent to Greenland, Kinguniagut, pinnanaqtumit Akuki- !(&@u9o wk2Wx5 x˜{vusbw5 and this speeded up the moderniza- tturmiut matuiqsilauqsimavut tauqsi- Wz8N6Xyxi5 yˆzi5 tAyJ8NMs6ymK5 tion of the Kalaallit. Several political ivimmit kampanimit, avittuqsimajumut Wsi6nu5 xF5g6ymÔ2 N7uiEo6gi0J parties were formed, and in 1979 gavamarulauqsimalluni. Tianmaakimiut GÍDH, ˙aico6gt ∫{¥/wi3u5 xg6gQ Home Rule was established, giving piqujangat kajungiilauqsimavuq Akuki- s6hxl4 x7ml Zy. xuxovus5 whmq5 Greenland parliament control of tturmiutat (Kalaallit) uqausingannit x5t5gu5 wvJ6gwic6f5 bmgjz everything but military matters and ammalu iliqqusingannit, kisianittauq wi9Mwi3u5, bwmw8izk5 w2WAh5t- large scale mineral or oil development. nunaliit mikiniqsait matujaulauqsima- xi6nsK6 kNc6√6g5 scsyz8i5 givut, ammalu iqalugasunniit anginiqpau- wo6fyz8i9l. Canada — Labrador titaulauqsimalluti kiinaujaliurnikkut. Unatarniqaqtillugit kingullirmit, tx8µ4 The Inuit of Labrador were the first Amialikamiut ammalu Kanatamiutait to experience invasion from Europe, pijingit ammalu unalingit Akukittunut x=?ix6†5 trMs6ymK5 xfr5gk5 beginning about 1500 AD. They aullaqtitaulauqsimavut, tamannalu tua- !&))q8i5. raizA5 mo5bsMs6y- were pushed northward gradually viqtumit qallunarjirailauqsimalluni m9lt tx8µrus5 xJE6hwpq8i5 x7ml along the coast. During the 1770s Akukittumiutanit. Amisukallaillu gava- isF6tq8i5, ∫4fx Wp5tC6tslx8- Moravian missionaries established malirijiit aaqqittaulauqsimalluti, ammalu ax6XJJ5 tx8µrs2 kNz8k5. !&*@uo themselves among the Inuit and set 1979mit angirramit gavamangat inillat- Z?m4f5 gi3DtcMs6ymK5 xgxZ3i5 up communities, with councils of taujuvuq, iluunnanginnit tigumiaqtitil- bs6¥0Jbs9li nÍlbs9li W?9oxi3j5, church elders, trading posts and luni Akukittumiut qanuiliurnirijangin- w˚ctŒ8i3j5 x7ml ®Ns/oEi3j5 organized commercial fishing. Other nit tigumiarniqanngikkaluaqtuti W6fti5. raixA5, W8NN6gu5 xfr5- traders also set up posts, and the unataqtussanit ammalu angijuutanit g3us5 mgw6yMs6ymK5 bs6¥F7u5 British colonial government in ujarannianirmut uqsualunnianirmut v7Xiu5, xF5g6ymJj5 Z?mDMs6ym9li. Newfoundland funded some of the piniarninit. tx8µrus5 Wd/z5 vJœMs6ymK6 educational and medical activities xfr5g3usb5 Gv˜PO5H scsyz8i5 of the missionaries and traders. The Kanata — Laapatua x7ml wo6fyz8i5, ryxi5bs6 Grenfell Foundation of England kNø5 uri6nw5 mg/sMs6ymQK5, began medical boat patrols of the Inuit Laapatuarmiut qallunaanut attuq- x7ml wclZh8•5 xqi6XstbsM- coast, and set up hospitals with tauniqaqqaarnikuuvut inuusingat, s6ym9lt ®Ns/os3i4f5. some help from the Newfoundland arraagu 1500nginniqqai. Pingannaqpa- sNb3ic6t9lQ5 ra9o3u5, xux- administration. sianut nuttiqtitaulauqsimalluti sukkait- ovus5 x7ml vNbusbw5 Wpq5 In 1927, the British government tumit imaup sinaanganut. Arraaguit x7ml sNoq5 xfr5gk5 xs9M6tbs- decided on a border between 1770nginnit ajuriqsuijiit Muraivian Ms6ymK5, bm8Nl gxF6gu5 c9lN3- Newfoundland and Canada, which aaqqiilauqsimavut imminnut Inuit pCwMs6ym9li xfr5gusbi5. xuhv9- placed Port Burwell (Kidlinerk) in nunanginnit tussiavinnit, katimajiqauq- Mw9l Z?moEπ5 ≈6r5bsMs6ym9lt, Canada despite its historical link to tuti inutuqarnit, niuviqtikunniingaaqtu- x7ml !(&(u5 xq3Cu5 Z?mz5 Labrador. In 1935, the government nit ammalu iqalugasuaqtinit. Asingit- wi9M5bsJK6, w¬8Nq8i5 tAux6- of Newfoundland set up a police tauq niuviqtiit inillalauqsimajuugaluat, tt9li xfr5gus5 ckwos3iE/q8i5 force for Labrador called the Rangers. ammalu Puritismiutait gavamangat tAux3ic8q4vlx6gt sNb6g{ni5 This force was succeeded later ingirrajjutissanit atuinnarukkailauqsi- x7ml xqÔbi5 s/C8ixi3j5 by the Royal Newfoundland majut Niuvaunlaanmut ilinnianirmit s6hxl8ixi3j5 Wix3ii5. Constabulary, and later by the ammalu aanniaqtulirinirmit atuqtauni- RCMP. In 1942 the Newfoundland aqtunit ajuriqsuijinut ammalu niuviqti- vNb—˜Xgx Department of Natural Resources kunnit. Gurianviulkut katujjiqatigiingat took over all trading in Labrador. Ingalanmit pularaqattalilauqsimajut wkw5 ˜Xgx3us5 c9lˆk5 Qallunaat settlers and the Inuit in umiakkut aanniaqtulirijiulluti imaup x5g6bsic6√3iƒK5 w˚yz5, x3ÇA Labrador shared a difficult existence sinaanganit, aanniavinnilu sanalauqsi- 30 !%))q8i6vw. Wz8N6Xyxk5 k5t6- during the economic depression of malluti ikajuqtutaulluti Niuvaunlaan tbsMs6ym9lt h4vw5gu5 wms2 the 1930s. avittuqsimajuup aulattijinginnut. yˆzk5. x3ÇAw5 !&&)q8i5 xJE6- The Second World War brought 1927milu, Puritiskut gavamangat hwπ5 jCwFx8 ≈6®Ms6ymK5 w7u8k5 a large American air base, and a isumaliulauqsimavut killiliurijumalluti wkw5 kNq8i5 g{yxF8i5, vtmpc- new town at Goose Bay to which Niuvaunlaan ammalu Kanataup nunan- s6gt wkgc3i5, isF6tf8•Ω6gi5 many Inuit moved for employment. ganit, taimaikkami Killiniq Kanatami- x7ml wclZhx6ti5. xyq5bs6 After the war, the government of iliqtuni ilijaulauqsimavuq attuaniqat- isF6†5 wi9MMs6ymÔZlx5, x7ml Newfoundland increased its tiaraluaqtillugu Laapatuarmut. 1935mili, SEt{usbw5 Z?mz5 wq3C0Jt{ni5 interest in Labrador, and in 1949 Niuvaunlaan gavamanga aaqqiilauqsi- xgw8ND4vwMs6ymJ5 is?s8˜8j5 Newfoundland/Labrador became a mavuq paliisikkunnit Laapatuamit wo8ixi3u5 x7ml ≈8ix6goEi3u5 province of Canada. A funding atiqaqtuti Rainjursnit. Taakkua king- xg6bsix6gi5 xJE6hwpk5 x7ml agreement was reached between uningagut aulataulilauqsimajut Ruajul isF6tf8i5. AEx8Fs9f5 vg0pctŒz5 Newfoundland and federal govern- Niuvaunlaanmit Paliisikkunnit, kingu- w8ZM8u5 SMCc5boMs6ymJ5 sux4f5 ment, providing for aboriginal niagut Kanatamit aulatauliqtuni ullumi ≈8ix6goEps9lt wms2 yˆzi5, community programmes. During paliisikkuuliqtu. 1942mit Niuvaunla- ≈8ixF8il nNMs6ym9lt wvJ6gb- the 1950s, with the agreement of anmit atukkannirassanut pilirijiit kama- s9lt is?s8˜8 xF5g6ymÔ2 xsM5- the provincial governments, several jiulilauqsimajut niuviqtikunnit Laapa- tpq8k5. Inuit communities in northern tuamit. 1930nginnit qallunaat nunata- kNF7usbw5 wkw5 Aws= wo8ix3Fxlx•5g5 ®5 fÎ x5t˜u5 nsux•5gi. Inuit of Nunavik at Guelph University with Keith Crowe at the bottom left hand corner. Nunavimmiutait Inuit Guiuv Ilinniarvialuaniittut Kiit Kuruu attilaamit saumianiittuni. 31 aqpalliajut ammalu Inuit Laapatuarmiut nunaqqatigiittialaunngittut kiinauja- tigut katassimatillugik tamakkiik. Kingullirmit unatavijjuanirmit tiki- raqtittilauqsimavuq unataqtussaqarvi- jjuamit, nunalimmit saqqiilauqsimalluti Guus Paimit inunnut nuttirviulauqsi- majumit iqqanaijaassasiuqtunit. Unata- riirmata, Niuvaunlaan gavamangat iqqummarutiqarniqsaujuvuq ilisaqsiliqtu- ti Laapatuamit. 1949milu Niuvaunlaan ammalu Laapatua avittuqsimajurulauq- simavuq Kanatamit. Angirutimit ingir- rajjutissanut inillailauqsimavut Niuva- unlaan gavamatuqakkungit, isumaliurvi- qaqtitausimalluti qanuiliurutissait nuna- qaqqaaqtunut. 1950nginnit, angirutiqa- lauqtillugit gavamait, amisukallait Inuit nunalingit pingannanganiittut Laapa- tuamit issinnaqtaulauqsimalluti, taimaimmat nuttiqtuti ullumi najuliqta- minnut. 1972mili, gavamakkut aaqqis- suijingit qaujisalauqsimavut inuuqatigi- innikkut kiinaujaliurnikullu aulaningin- nit Laapatuamit, taimailauqtillugit piju- majjutiliulauqsimavut gavamatuqakkut ammalu avittuqsimajunganit gavaman- git quvvariaqtittigumalluti qanuiliuru- taujunit. Jiuri Silit tikkuaqtaulauqsima- juq iqqaqtuijiralaaruqtitaulluni Laapa- !(@&ul, SEt{f5 Z?mz5 Labrador were abandoned, and the tuamut, ammalu Jaimisi Igluliuqti mali- whmosMs6ymK5 r9oosEJm9lt people moved to existing communities galirinirmut aulattijiruqtitaulluni. is?s8˜8 x7ml vNbs2 kNzi5, further south. Then in 1972 a royal Tamaanissainnaq, Laapatuamit Inuit bwmw4vu r9oi6 vNb¨o6gi commission examined social and katujjiqatigiingat aaqqittaulauqsimavuq wo/sMs6ymK6 x5gxic5txClx6- economic conditions in Labrador, taimalu nunataarnirmut aivaniqalilauq- t9lA ˜Xgxj5. !(#%uo, is?s8˜8 and as a result of its recommendations, simavut. Z?mz ≈6®Ms6ymK6 Xøy4f8i5 both the federal and provincial ˜Xgxu5 xtc6gt Cw8J3{i5. ∫4fx governments increased their pro- Kanata, Nunatsiaq ammalu Kupak raizA5 xsMbsoMs6ymJ5 DxJ9 grammes. Gerry Sillett was appointed is?s8˜8u5 Xøy4f8i5, raixA5 as justice of the peace in Labrador, 1877mit Nunatsiarmit katimajiit vNbu5 xsMbso6gi s9lu Xøy4ƒ- and James Igloliorte as magistrate. aaqqittaulauqsimavut, taakkua pilirijim- o6g5. !($@u5 is?s8˜8u5 At about the same time, the Labrador mariit aaqqittausimajut Aatuvaamiittuti wq3C0Jt{nk5 WoEπ5 vmpsoMs6ymJ5 Inuit Association was formed, and qaujimanikittuti Nunatsiap qanuilinga- isF6tf8i5 ˜Xgxu5. c9lˆ5 kN∫6- eventually began the land claim ninganit ammalu qaujimattiaratittauq process. nunaqaqqaaqtunit. Nuavai ammalu Tianmaakki unammigijaqalauqsimam- usE XiAy6 Gvy8{H Canada, Northwest Territories mata Kanatamit nunaqutitaarumalluti bf{nst5tJ6 ey7u5 nNsZ3u5 & Quebec ukiuqtaqtuup quttittungata nunanginnit. ut3u5. Tamainninginnut, arraagutamaat umiar- Mary Panigooshee (Cousins) In 1877 a Council of the NWT was juap uattingit ammalu paliisiit najuqtingit, displaying a beautiful sealskin- formed, comprising a few officials suurlu Huursul Qikiqtamit, 1903mit, made duck. in Ottawa who knew little about the aaqqittaulauqsimavuq Kanataup gava- Miuri Panigusiq (Kasins) takus- territories, particularly the aboriginal mangannut. Umiarjuanut uattiit inun- sautittijuq qisimmit sanaugarmit people. Norway and Denmark nit qallunaat nunangannuurujjilauqsi- mitirmit. challenged Canada’s ownership of mavut piluaqtumit puvalluttunit, 32 X9oxJ5 x7ml !(#)q8i5 wkw5 some Arctic islands, and as a result, taqqinit amisunit ammalu arraagunit ˜Xgx3us5 kN6vtŒ5txMs8q5g5 annual ship patrols and some per- aanniavimmiiqattajulluti uvvaluunniit ®Ns/tA5 vb{ymt9lQ4 bm4®4. manent police posts, such as the isumaqattiangittukkuvimmit, najuqta- ra9o3u5 sNbF0Jxi3u5 xuhi5 one on Herschel Island, 1903, minni naliannit ilippajuvut qallunaatitu- trC6t5tMs6ymK6 sNb6g{nc3F0Jxu5, were established by the Canadian urnirmit uiviitituurnimilluunniit, ilaan- kNo7u5 n6®Ms6ym9lt Å{ Xwu5 government. The patrol ships nikkut puiguqpattuti inuttitut uqausi- wk8k5 k5t3FsMs6ymJu5 w6vNw÷{- brought some Inuit south, especially rmini. Inuit tusaajiujunnasittiaqtuti nys6gi5. sNb‰3mb, is?s8˜8 TB patients, who spent months or pivajuvut unikkaaqarunnaqsivattuti Z?mz5 w6f7mDtc3i6nsJK6 won6y- years in hospitals and sanatoriums, iliqqusirminit ammalu sanauganginnit. o6gt ˜Xgxu5. !($(ul is?s8˜8 where they learned English or Taimaak tagga ullumi niuviassausuun- x7ml ˜Xgx xF5g6ymJDMs6ymK6 French, and sometimes forgot their guliqqut Inuit sanaugangit pigiannga- vNbu5. xqDtu5 wq3C0Jt{nk5 own language. Often they became utaulauqsimammata taissumani. wi9MwMs6ymK5 is?s8˜8 Z?mgc4- important interpreters between 1900 pigiarninginnit, niuviqtikkut fq5, whmos3Fc6tbsym9lt ckwo- cultures, and handicrafts made by ammalu ajuriqsuijiit kamajiuvajuvut sDt{nw5 kNc6√6gk5. !(%)q8i5, Inuit patients were the beginnings aanniaqtulirinirmit, ilinnianirmit xqDtcMs6t9lQ5 Z?mw5, xuhv9Mw5 of the thriving arts and crafts business ammalu asinginnut piliriangugialinnit. wkw5 kNoq5 Wz8Nz•5g5 ˜Xgxu5 of the present day. Paliisikkut kamagijaqaqpajuvut gavama- w{y8N6bsMs6ym9lt, bwmw7m5 k5t6gt Throughout the early 1900s, kkut piliriassanginnit, taissumani pinir- s9lu NJo6bu8k5. !(&@uo, Z?m4f5 traders and missionaries continued luttut amisuuvajunngimmata. Taima- ≈6r{hwpq5 cspnMs6ymK5 w˚ct- to act on behalf in terms of medical tualluataq inuaqsijuqalauqpajuju, pijju- Œ8i4f5 ®Ns/os3if9l xsMiq8i5 help, education and other matters. tauluaqsimavurli tukisiumaqattautittia- ˜Xgxu5, bwmwMs6t9lQ5 WJm0Jt- The police performed many gov- nginniq uqausikkut iliqqusikkuluunniit. osMs6ymK5 Z?mgc4f5 x7ml xF5- ernmental roles, but crime was rare, Qaujimajaanguniqpaanguvurlu g6ymJzi5 Z?mq5 d=?Ex6t5tAm9lt except for several murders which Nukaallaup inuaqsinimininga Jainsmi. ckwosDbsJi5. psE yo5 t4fx6b- were in most cases the result of Tavvani iqqaqtuiji ammalu iqqaqtuijilir- sMs6ymJ6 w6v6gwpC˜D6tbs9li misunderstanding of language and ijikkut Mittimatalimmuulauqsimavut ˜Xgxj5, x7ml /wuy w[los6t culture. One of the best known is iqqaqtuijaqtuqtuti 1923mit, Nukaallak moZoEi3j5 xsM5tpD6tbs9li. bµ- the Nukadlak/Janes murder, in which tigujaulauqsimavuq arraagunut pinga- i{nw8N6, ˜Xgxu5 wkw5 vg0pct- a judge and court were brought to sunut Situuni Mauntan anullassiivimmit Œz5 ≈6r5bsMs6ymK6 bwml Pond Inlet for the trial in 1923. Maanituupamit. Anullassiivimmit kN∫3i3j5 xw?icoMs6ymK5. Nukadlak served three years in jail anigami nunaminut utiqtitaulauqsima- at Stoney Mountain Penitentiary in vuq Qikiqtaaluup pingannanganut. vNb, kN5yx6 x7ml fX4 Manitoba and returned home to Taissumanittauq arraagunut amisunut North Baffin after serving his time. qallunaat aulajjusingat iqqaqtuinikkut !*&&u5 kN5yx3u5 vtmπ5 For many years though, however, nalunaijaqtausimattiajunngimmat Inun- ≈6r5bsMs6ymK5, ∫4fx WoEp7m‰5 very little was done to explain to the nut, ammaluunniit tukisijauttiarasula- ≈6r5bsymJ5 ≈g¿¨5gt cspmir5gt Inuit the Qallunaat justice system, uqsimanngiinnajummat Inuit iliqqusin- kN5yx2 ckwozizi5 x7ml or to understand the code of the Inuit. gata aulaningat. cspm5txCt5bs6 kNc6√6gi5. The responsibility for government 1920 pigialirataarninginnit uqsualu- kx?w x7ml tx8µ4r sN7uQ/cMs6- activity in the Arctic was vaguely mmit nanisijuqalauqsimammat ualiniup ym7mb vNbu5 kNdt∫Dm9lt srs6- defined, and was divided up between naqsanganit, ammalu tauvassumungas- b6©2 d5t5gzb kNq8i5. bmw8- departments of the federal govern- sainnaq allait akunninginnit angirutiit iq8k5, x3ÇAbµ5 sux3Jx2 sx5tq5 ment. In 1912 the territory of the inillattaulauqsimalluni. Angiruti x7ml Xø¥5 NJ6tq5, ˙3l Bß3h9 Inuit of Quebec was given to that kingulliq Inunnut nunanit ilaliujjigalu- er6bu5, !()#u5, ≈6r5bsMs6ymK6 Province, but the provincial govern- aqtuni ualinirmiutanit, uqausiqtanga vNbs2 Z?mz8k5. sux3Jxk5 sx5†5 ment refused to accept responsibility Mangirlaluup takunnaqtuniu, tunirru- wk8i5 c9lˆ5 kNz8˚D0pMs6ymK5 for the welfare of Inuit. In 1939 the taq angiruti atiliunngiinnalauqsimavaat. Wlx6gu5 S?9l5gi5, b6ri5 xuhi5 Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Umimmannut mianiqsiviit saqqita- x7ml x3ÇAi5 ≈8ixF7¨c5bJ9lt “Eskimos were Indians”, and were ulauqsimagivut Nunatsiarmit, akarrija- s=?¬8•5 whmc5txq5g4fF7u5, therefore a federal responsibility. aqpagati ilaanni gavamakkunnut ammalu NJ6bu8i Nox8i5 wo2XJK5 c9lˆ- By the early 1920s oil had been niuviqtikunnut Inunnit inillaivalliaga- t©3i3u5 swÏt©3iu9¬8•5, w˜8i4f5 discovered in the Mackenzie River suttillugit nunalissanginnit, mikijjirviit SwA6X5gt wk5tg5 scsy3ui. wkw5 valley, and treaties were made with qanigijanginnit. Ukiuqtaqtumulli tikiuj- gnpsJ8Ny5tx6gt W?JK5 si4√c- the Indians there. Although Treaty jausimajut qanimannait, qisiit akitturi- D8N6y?5gt wo6fy3ui5 x7ml nNs- II included the lands of the Delta arningit ammalu uumajukissarniit assu- 33 Zq 8i5. bwµ4 b[Z s9lu isFx{ns- Inuit, on the advice of their leader ruutauvajuvut Inunnut. Taimainnatuk- ˙ao6f5 wkw5 nNsZq5 WQx8zs- Mangerlaluk, they rejected an offer kuutillugit Inuit ikajuusiaqtitaugiann- bsMs6ym7mb bw{hmi. to sign the treaty. galilauqsimavut. Taakkua ikajuusiarutiit !()) WQx3iq8i5, isF6t4f5 Musk-Ox sanctuaries were estab- aulatauvajuvut paliisinut, tauqsiititti- x7ml xJE6hwπ5 vmps?JK5 lished in the NWT, conflicting at jinut, ilisaijinut uvvaluunniit ajuriqsui- ≈8ix6goEi3u5, wo8ixi3u5 x7ml times with the government and jinut. Sunakkutaat tunijaujut makua- xyq8k5 WoExaQxo8i5. Xøy4f5 Hudson’s Bay Company plans to rujuuvajuvut: palaugaaq, sakkuit, vmQ/c6XJK5 Z?m4f5 WoEx{nq8i5, relocate Inuit to new trapping areas. tupissaja ammalu asingit. bw{hmi Wi3l5g5 xu˙?J8q7mb. Imported diseases, fluctuating fur Tuavirnatukkut aturiaqaqtillugit bwmgx9lxb6 wkx6yJcMs6XJJ, prices and shortages of wildlife ikajuusiarutiik, akaunngiliurutiusinna- W0Jbslx6ymK3o grysmc5bst5tx- brought hardship to the Inuit, and aqpajugivut, Inuit ilangit uqaqpattuti q8i6 scsy4f5 wo6fy4f¬8•5. the government introduced relief naammangimmata ikajuusiarutivut, cspm÷ai6XaK3l k√9Ms2 rations. These rations could be issued ilangillu uqaqpattuti ikajuusianukua wkx6yiuiz /w8{u. b=?i by police, trader, school teacher or mikillitirijut upigusunnitinnit immini- w6v6gwp x7ml w6v6gwpoEp4f5 missionary, according to a scale of qsurunnanittinillu Inuujutigut. 1935mit u5tmbo7∆Ms6ymK5 w6v6gw/6g6gt items including flour, ammunition, taima qungiit tikiujjaulauqsimavut !(@#u5, k√9M4 tA/sMs6ymK6 canvas, etc. Alaaskamit ungavaqtitaulauqsimavullu x3ÇAk5 Wzhk5 y©i ms8b8 Although the rations were neces- ualinirmut Inuit kiinaujaliurningit xk9M{¥F7u5 µi©Xu5. xk9M{¥F7u5 sary in emergencies, they became a quvvariaqtauqujaulluti tavvuuna. xiZu kNuk5 st6tbsMs6ymK6 controversial institution, with some Ta manna ingirratitagaq ingirraniqalil- er6∫¬2 Wz8Nzk5. bw{hmi5bs6 people saying that the supplies given lattaalauqsimanngittuq kiinaujali- x3ÇAk5 xuhk5 c9lˆ5 xsM0Jyz5 were inadequate, and others claiming urnikkut kisianiqai arraaguit 40t w6v6gwi4f5 NlNw/6- that the rations undermined the pride qaangiqsimaliqtillugit. bsym5txJ8q7m5 wk8k5, x7m¬8•5 and independence of the Inuit. In Ukiuqtaqtumit naalautiqarviit gry/s5txChMs6ym8œ8NJ7m5 wkw5 1935, reindeer from Alaska were aaqqittaulilauqsimagivut gavamakkun- wo6fyzb xsMiz5. driven to the Mackenzie Delta to nit, unatavijjuaqtuqaliqtillugu kingul- !(@) WQxoC∫3iq8i5 s6hxl7u5 help the economy of the Inuit lirmit 1939mit. Sanajuqalilauqsima- NiyJcMs6ym7m5 sxois2 N6nzi5, there, but the project did not succeed llunilu unataqtussanut mivvinit x7ml bs?{hjz{nw8N6 x9Mw5 until about forty years later. ammalu tulattarvinit, taakkualu asijji- xf8iq8i5 xqD†5 wi9M5bsMs6- Radio stations were set up across igutinit Inunnut nuittiigutauqasiutim- ym9li. xqDt ra9o6 wk8k5 kNi5 the Arctic by government, and with marilauqsimavut. Asijjiigutiit saqqiiju- wMos0pZlx6gi sxoi3usbi5, the outbreak of World War II in vut iqqanaijaassanit, illutaqauliqtuni, scsy6bz mq3M¬2 bf8N6gis, 1939, the construction of military aulausirijjutinit taimalu iliqqusiq gi3Db6 xqDt xtos8œ8NMs6ym¿5. airports and bases brought great asiinnalilluni nutaaruqpallialiqtuni. su7m8k5 uxi6yÏ5 n6rbsMs6ym- changes to many Inuit. The changes Unatarniq isulimmat, surusiaqiti- QK5 kN5yx3u5, xv3E÷6XZt w˜8i included wage labour, permanent tauqattalilauqsimavugut ammalu Z?m4f8k5 x7ml isF6tf8k5 wk8i5 housing, mechanical equipment and ningiuqinit/ittuaqinillu pigiaqtitilluti. wi9Mw?9oxZh5t9lQ5 kNo{nq8i5, a new culture. As the war ended, Niuvirvinit ukiuqtaqtumit kiinaujat ur0p3Ï5 ciQ/q8i5. srs6b6gj9o family allowances and pensions were kinguvviititaulilauqsimavut nalunaik- trs0/symJ5 cim8Nw5, e¥5 xr5g- introduced, and money began to kutanit atuqtauvattuminirnit niuviqti- Ex 3iq5 x7ml ßmJr{n3•5 x{hÎbs- replace the Hudson’s Bay Company kunnit. Unatarniq (Kuut Uar) 1950mit ?JK5 wk8k5. bwmw8Ng4ƒt9lQ5 wkw5 tokens. The Cold War of the 1950s matuiqsilauqsimagivuq unataqtussanut wvÔyx6tbsQx8zoMs6ymK5. ∫4fx brought more military establishments tulattarvinit ukiuqtaqtumit, qaujima- wvÔyxD†5 xsMbs?JK5 Xøyk5, to the Arctic, and it became apparent naqsilauqsimavurlu piuniqsamit aulat- bs6¥t5tpk5, wonwpk5 s=?¬8•5 that a better system of administration tinirmit nuittuqariaqalirninganit. xJE6hwpk5. hN4f∫5 gi/sJ5 was needed. 1953mit gavamatuqakkut inuliriji- mfxDÔ?JK5: XMsZ6, n4fw5, gW{n/ In 1953 a federal Department tuqakkungit aaqqittaulauqsimavuq x7ml xyq5. of Northern Affairs and National Aatuvaamit, ammalu katimajiralaamit gxF3Ng4f5 xgExc6t9lQ5 Resources was formed in Ottawa, saqqiijuqalauqsimalluni iqqanaijaqtu- wvÔyxD†4, xvs8qosDtsy8ˆ6XJQK5, and an interdepartmental Committee nit inunnut kamajilluatanit. Sivullipa- wkw5 wMq5 sc6X5gt ˆ7mq7mb on Eskimo Affairs was reinstated. allu marruuk nuttiritittiniq Kangi- wvÔyxDtK5, wMq9l sc6X5gt The first of two relocations of Inuit qsualuup iluanit ukiuqtaqtuup quttit- wvÔyxkfx ur9otEJ5 sWAh8it8i5 from eastern Hudson Bay to the tunganut aulajjattaulauqsimavuq. w7ui6hD8Ni5ti9l w˚JtA5. !(#%u5 high Arctic, was made, and in 1956 1956mili sivulliqpaat inulirijiit bwm dœ5 trs0/sMs6ymK5 x˜{vu5 the first Northern Service Officers iqqanaijalilauqsimalluti kamagijaqaq- 34 sz?6tbsMs6ymK9l sxoi3j5 wkw5 were hired to perform a wide range tuti avittuqsimajut ammalu nunaliit ilu- ®Ns/os3iq5 d=?Ex6bsd/s9lt of regional and community work. ani. Tikirarningit tamakkua qallunaat, b=N. bm8N wq3CtbZ6 wq3Cico9- The arrival of these new qallunaat iqqanaijaaqauqtuti makuninga: inuliriji- M5∫Ms6ym8q5g6 ®Ns/os3i4f5 ryx- residents, together with social it, pivalliajulirijiit, aulausirijiit ammalu icw x3ÇAw5 $)5 çq6ymo6t9lQ5. workers, economic development illuliuqtiit, tuaviqtualummit nuittilauq- srs6b6gu5 ˆMstc3Ï5 ≈6r5bs- staff, mechanics and construction simavut asijjiinirmit ilangagut akaun- oMs6ymQK5 Z?m4f8i5, sNbF0Jx6- workers, brought fast and often ngiliurutauvattuti ammalu asijjiigiatu- gco6t9lA ra9o3u5 !(#(u5. unwelcome change, and redistribution naqpajulluni aulattiniujunit ammalu nNJcoMs6ym9lil sNb6g{nk5 of roles and power. suunguniqarniujunit. u=Fi5 x7ml gM5b3Fi5, ∫4fxl Some of the northern service Ukiuqtaqtumit inulirijiujut pigiaqtit- xy0πAti5 wk8k5 kw5†Abscyst7m- officers began community councils, tilauqsimavut nunalinnit katimajinit, EMs6ymK5. xy0πA†5 n6®JK5 w6v- but these failed because no tamakkua kajusiniqajugati upinnarani Nw÷{ni5, w9lbcso6gi, xsMs- arrangement existed at that time taimaak aulaniqaqsimanngimut suungu- yE0Jti5 bwml wo6fy6 x¥8No9li for delegation of powers to the niqaqtunit aulattinirnit katimajitigut. k∫D6X9oxo6gi. sNb3i6 who7m5, councils. During the late 1950s, 1950li nunngunginnit Kivallirmit pirli- hDyxetbsc5boMs6ymKA5 x7ml starvation in Keewatin devastated ajut sukkuilauqsimavut Inunnit, gava- iqsei5\w5gxei9l WQx6tt9lt. the Inuit there, and the government makkullu qanuqtuurutiqalilauqsimalluti isF3Fi5 srs6b6gu5 ®Ns/5 ra=- nunaqpasirmiutanit nuttitittugit nunaup ÏtbsoMs6ymK5 NlNw4fbi5 xg6b- sinaanganut, ilagijaulluni Kangiqsiniq s?5gui3i5 isF6tf8i5. sNb3i6 Gƒ5 yK9oX5txu5 wkw5 ujaranniarviqaliqtunilu. Inuit ilangit sx3H !(%)u5 mgw6yMs6ymQK6 x5gwMs6ymK5 WFc6t- nuttiqtitaulauqsimavut Kuujjuaraapimmit sNb6g{nk5 gM5b3Fi5 srs6b6gu5, Kuujjuaraalummut. Taimalu akaqsan- cspmN6yMs6ymK3l Wsi6nu5 bs9lt9l Z?m4f5 gittunit nipaaqtuqalirmat qallunaanit xsM5ti3u5 kw5gcExco3izi5. Wd/os3iq8i5. Kivalliq pijjutaulluni pilirijiit amisu- !(%#u5 Z?mgc4f5 wkoEpgc4fq5 ruqtitaukkannilauqsimavut inuliriji- ≈6r5bsMs6ymK6 ≈g¿u5, x7ml It was the first time that tuqakkunnit. vtmpC˜u5 n6®JcMs6ym9li w6vN- Inuit had an opportunity to 1958mili, Aip Uppik, Singiqtuq, Jaan w/6gi5 wk8k5 vmp9lxbi5. yK9oX9l Ajaruaq ammalu Juajji Qunniaq qaiqqu- m3Î4 k5tEt5ti6 vq6hx¬2 wlxi5 influence government policy. jaulauqsimavut ilagijauqujaulluti kati- srs6b6©2 d5t5gzk5 xsM0/5bsM- majiralaamut Inunnit kiggaqtuijunit. s6ymK6. !(%^uo yK9o6X5 wkoEπ5 Sivullipaattiamit Inuit Ilaijja Manirajak ammalu Miuri Panigusiq, w6vNw/oMs6ym9lt vmQ/c6gt attuilauqsimavut piviqaqti- tamakkiik iqqanaijaqtuuk Aatuvaamit xF5g6ymJ5 x7ml kNø5 wlxi. taullutillu gavamakkut ilagijaulauqsimagivuuk. Sivullipaattia- trC3iq5 bm4fx c9lˆ5, w6vNw÷- mit Inuit attuilauqsimavut piviqaqti- cs6gt mfiz: wkoEπ5, W?9oxJ- piqujaliurninginnit. taullutillu gavamakkut piqujaliurningin- oEπ5, xsMsyEπ5 x7ml w9los6†5, nit. Arraagumit taassumingassainnaq, gxF6gxl7u5 kw5tMs6ymK5 tisamaujuqtut Inuit angutiit ukiuqtaqtu- xy0πi3u5 wMzA5 xvs8qosDb- responded by relocating inland people miutat Akukittunuuqtitaulauqsimavut s?5gt x7ml xy0πQxgN6XJ9li to the coast, including Rankin Inlet tauqsiiniqaqtitaulluti iliqqusirmit qimir- xsM5tisJi5 x7ml ˙aic3isJi5. with its new nickel mine. Some Inuit rujaqtuqtitaulluti. srs6b6gu5 wkoEpsJ5 were relocated from Fort Chimo to 1964mit, ilinniarviit najuqtausuut WQx6t5tMs6ymK5 kNo8i5 vtmpi5, Churchill, and a public outcry in the matuiqtaulauqsimavut najugaqaqtuti bm4fx vJyicJZt sW8NCi bwµ4 south about the Keewatin situation unataqtussanut illuqutigijaulauqsimaju- xsMic6ym8qj5 ˙aic6gi5 xsM- resulted in expansion of the new nit Kuujjuaraalummit, taikani matuin- 5ti3i5 vtmptA5. !(%)o k8aq8i5 Department. galauqsimalluni 1973rurasunninganit. r?9o3u5 W3oxJ5 h4fwMs6ymK5 In 1958, Abe Okpik, Shingituk, Makkuttuit Inuit angutiit arnaillu illu- wk8i5, Z?m4f9l ck6©DtcoMs6ym- John Ayaruak and George Koneak qalauqsimavut taakkunani ilisavattutillu 9lt kN6Xy3usbi5 k5tt5gQ5 kNs2 were invited to participate in a qallunaanut avatijausimalluti. Taakkua yˆzk5, wMQ/s9li vq6Oi6 s/- meeting of the Eskimo affairs sivulliqpaulauqsimavut attuqtauniqarni- C8ix3Fco6gil. wMq5 wkw5 Committee. Elijah Menarik and paulluti iliqqusikkut, amisuullutittauq k5t6tbsMs6ymK5 ƒ0JxÇW7u5 ƒ0Jx- Mary Paneegoosilk, who were ullumi sivuliuqtiuliqqut. Çl7j5. bwml xv6nq5gi5 iX6g- working in Ottawa, also attended. 1960nginnit aanniaviit, ilisaviit ammalu co3m5 c9lˆi5 r?9o6 W0Jbs9li It was the first time that Inuit had illuit atuqtuarassait sanajaulauqsimavut WoEπ5 xuhD6tbs4v8iMs6ymK5 an opportunity to influence govern- nunalinnit. Nunaliillu pirulirmata, wkoEpgc4f8i5. ment policy. In that same year, eight nunaliralaaminiugaluat najuqtaujunni- 35 !(%*uo, xw2 s2W4, yq6g6, ÷8 Inuit men from across the Arctic ipallialilauqsimavut. Ukiuqtaqtumit x/Dx6 x7ml Jx0p d8ix6 cw6f- were taken on a tour of Greenland, tusaqattautiliriviit Siipiisiikkunnut /sMs6ymK5 wMQ/sd/s9lt vtmp- the first of many cultural exchanges. uqaqtiulluti Ilaijja Manirajak ammalu C˜j5 wk8i5 r[Z6gwJi5. wMw0/ In 1964 a residential school was Aani Palluq, ikajuqtuilauqsimavut tasi- miC/4 x7ml usE XiAy6, bm4®4 created in some former military uqtiuliqtuti Inunnut nunalinniittunut w6vNw/6©4 ≈g¿u5 wMQ/sMs6ym- buildings in Churchill, where it ukiuqtaqtumit. Kinguniagullu Inuit Q4. yK9oX5txu5 wkw5 x5gwMs6- operated until 1973. Young Inuit Takunnarassalirijikkut ammalu Tarramiut ymK5 WFc6tbs9lt9l Z?m4f5 men and women lived and studied Nipingat nuitaulilauqsimavut aqquta- Wd/os3iq8i5. x3ÇAu5 ∫{huz{nw8N6, there, in a Qallunaat environment. ulluti talaviisait ammalu naalautiit. tnmsJ6g5 wkw5 xa†5 srs6b6- They became the first generation Ualinirmiut Inuit niruarunnarniqa- gusb5 xfr5g˚6tbsMs6ymK5 bs6- with a foot in both cultures, and qtutuqauliqtillugit 1949minit gavama- ¥ic6tbs9lt wo6fy4f5 eu3D/6g6- many of them are leaders today. tuqakkunnut, sivullipaattiamit gavama- tbs9lt. Throughout the 1960s, nursing tuqakkunnut niruarnamut niruarniula- !(^$u5, wo8ix3Ï5 NJ6bs˙5 stations, schools and rental houses uqsimavuq kanannaqpasirmit 1963mit. mgw6bsMs6ymK5 NJZc6gt sNb6- were built in all communities, and Nunaliup ilanganit, qimussirijaujuu- g{nk5 w9ldtQ/sMs6ymJi5 ƒ0JxÇ- as the communities grew, the old galuat qimmiit tuquralauqsimavut aan- l7u5, bwvi mgwzMs6ym9li camp system of life on the land niaminnuttauq. Taikkualu qimussiit !(&#DCh8izi5. m4f5gw5 wkw5 faded away. The Northern nunalinnut tikiutiqqaaqtut niruarun- xa†5 x3Nw9l w9lcMs6ymK5 Broadcasting system of the CBC, naqsililauqsimalluti! ∫4fNi won?5gt9l, c9lˆk5 with announcers such as Elijah 1967mit Nunatsiarmut Kamisina x?t/sym9lt. ∫4fx yK9o6XsMs6ymK5 Menarik and Annie Padlo, helped nuttilauqsimavuq Aatuvaamit Jalunaimut x5g6bsic3iXs9lt wo6fyz5 to link people all over the Arctic. kanissariakkaniqtuni Inunnit. Arraagu- x5g6bsic6gt wo6f¥8i4 bm4®8i5, In time, the Inuit Broadcasting millu tavvanissainnaq sivulliqpaamit xu˙9lt5bs6 s9lu yKos6tso6f5. Corporation and Taqramiut Nipingat avittuqsimajumit katimaniqalauqsimavut !(^)q8i5 ≈8ixÏ5, wonÏ5 came into existence in both television Kivallirmit ammalu ukiuqtaqtuup x7ml w9lw5 xg6gxC{nw5 nN/s- and radio medium. qitiani. 1965mit Aip Uppik tikkuaqta- Ms6ymK5 kNo8i5. kNø9l WDo3mb, Although the Inuit of the Western ulauqsimavuq sivullipaulluni Inuulluni kNoC˜uisZlx5 NJ6bsJ8•X9oxo- Arctic had been voting for a federal katimajiruqtuni Nunatsiap katimajingi- Ms6ymK5. srs6b6gu5 gnc5bstoEÏ5 member of Parliament since 1949, nnut. 1966mittauq taima Saimuuni ¥„¥4f8k5 sc6ts9lt wMw0/ miC/4 the first federal election was held in Maikul sivulliqpaulilauqsimagivuq niru- x7ml ≈i X9l6, wvJ6gwMs6ymK5 the Eastern Arctic in 1963. In one aqtaulluni katimajiruqtuni. 1960mut bys6tso6gt wk8k5 kNo8•5gk5 area, most of the sled-dogs had died tikittugu, Ilagiisakkut piruqpallianiqain- srs6b6gu5. raixA9l, wkw5 in an epidemic, and the political najuvut ingirrajjutiqaqtitaulluti inuliriji- bf8NC{noEp4f5 x7ml b3Cus5 iWz5 party that delivered dogs to the tuqakkut piruqpalliajulirijikkunginnit, kwbsoMs6ymK5 x6fbs9lt bMÏnw5 community first, got the vote! pigiaqtitauniqaqsimajutuqauliqtillugit x7ml ˆMs†5. In 1967 the Commissioner of kuapait 1958mit Kupak Tarranganit. sxoi3us5 wkw5 iDxD8N3ic6g- the Northwest Territories moved Avittuqsimajuq pilirivik ammalu piru- gcso6t9lQ5 !($(ui5 Z?mgc4f8k5, his office and staff to Yellowknife, a qtulirijikkut qaujisatuinnaqtuti pigiaqti- yK9oX5txu5 Z?mgc4f8k5 iDx3Nj5 little closer to most Inuit, and in the ttilauqsimavut iqalugasuarnirmit, iDx3isMs6ymK6 vN8N6Xy3u5 !(^#u5. same year the first regional Inuit qisilirivinnit, qattaarjulaanuuqqainiq, kNos2 wMzi5, ej{yE/sÔZlx5 conferences were held, in Keewatin piruqsiivimmit, immussiugalirinirmit e7¨5 gdCMs6ymK5 ≈8ixu8k5bs6. and Central Arctic. In 1965 Abe amma timmialirinirmit. Taimalu nutti- bw4fxl ej{¥5 kNo8k5 trst6√6g5 Okpik was appointed the first Inuk tiqtitaulauqsimalluti umimmait. iDxD8N6yoMs6ym9lt¡ member of the NWT Council, and Ilaannikkut qimmiit ikajuusiarniqpauva- !(^&u5 kN5yx3j5 vuyN k5tMs6- in 1966 Simonie Michael became juvut usikaqtaivattuti, kisianittauq kua- ymK6 ≈g¿u5 /lNwj5 vi{nEx4v- the first Inuk elected to the Council. pait ingirraniqattiaqsimagivut piliri- i6gi wk8i5. x3ÇAu9l b=?i{nw8N6 Arctic co-operatives continued to aqaqtuti qaujimajauniqammariliqtutillu yK9o6Xu5 xF5g6ymJu5 vtmicMs6- multiply throughout the 1960s, titiqtugarnut sanaugarnullu. ymK5 r?9o3u5 x7ml srs6b6©2 sponsored mainly by the Industrial Inuit ilangit qallunaatitut atirusirnit etxi. !(^%u5 xw2 s2W4 t4fx6- Division of NA&NR, after the tigusisimagaluaqtillugit, amisuittauq bsMs6ymK6 yK9oXs9li w˚9li beginning in Ungava, Québec, 1958. atuagatuqarnit malippalauqput. Tama- vtmpD6gi kN5yx2 vtmpq8k5. The Division, and the Department kkuattauq akaunngiliurutauvalauqtuti !(^^u5bs6 bwm nw∆i mwf9 of Agriculture, experimented with aanniavinnut, ningiuqitaaqpattunut/- yK9o6XsoMs6ymQK6 iDx6bs9li many economic activities such as ittuaqitaaqpattunut ammalu asinginnut vtmpD6gi. !(^)j5 tr5gA, wMŒn4f5 fisheries, tanneries, canneries, gar- ingirratitagarnut. Ilisarnarutiit atuqtau- 36 Slide

WD6X9oxicw8NJK5, wq3C0Jtc6tb- dening, pigs and poultry, and the vannikuit (ammalukitaat Inuit kinauni- s9lt wkoEpgc4f5 WD6X9oxJo- relocation of musk-oxen. Sometimes nginnut ilisarnarutiuvajujut atirusiqta- Ep4fq8i5, WQx6tbsic6ymJgc- the local dogs were the chief bene- aqtulauqtinnagit) atuutiqarunniiqsima- so6t9lQ5 fxXw5 !(%*u5 fX4 ficiaries of such projects, but the julluti. Taima 1963mit, Pannituurmiutait b3Czi5. xF5g6ymJ6 WoEF4 co-operatives have been successful Inuit niruaqujaulilauqsimavut qanuq x7ml WD6goEp4f5 cspngw8N6gt in the field of now famous Inuit atirusiqarumammangaarmi qaujisauta- WQx6t5tMs6ymK5 wclZhx3i3u5, arts and crafts. usinnaaqtuti. Asuillaak taimaikkami Aip eyoEF8i5, c5∫3J˜˚6vwi6, Although some Inuit had adopted Uppik kinguniagut atirusitaaqtittilila- WD6¥F7u5, w7j{ysZoEi3u5 x7m the use of Qallunaat-style surnames, uqsimajuq asinginnit nunalinnit Nuna- t7uxoEi3u5. bwml k5tt6tbsM- the majority followed traditional tsiarmit. Inuit atirusiqauttialiqqut titi- s6ym9lt su7mw5. w˜8i4f5 e7¨5 practice, which caused problems for raqsimajukkut, atikkanniqauraluaqtuti wvÔyx3i6Xs?JK5 syv6bw?5gt, the administration of hospital, pension ilangit piqqusirminit malittuti. 1960p ryxi5bs6 fxXw5 wq3Cic5tx6y- and other programs. The identifi- nunngunginnit, inulirijituqakkunnit mQK5 WoExc6gt cspm/sic7m- cation-discs (round-numbered innarnut ilisavilirijiit uqalimaagaliuqpa- Eo6gt9l tt6gZ3k5 nNsZ3k9l. identification discs previously used lijugivut avittuqsimajunuungajunit, wkw5 wMq5 c9lˆtg5 xtDy3i5 by Inuit to identify themselves before aaqqissuijiqaqtuti Tagaaq Kuurlimit, tAyymZlx6t9lQ5, xuhw5bs6 xgxZ- they acquired their last names) were Jaipiti Nunngarmit, Juanasi Saalamu- gc3i5 mo2XMs6S5. bm4fx5bs6 xvs8- outdated, and so in 1963, Inuit of unimit ammalu asinginnit. Uqalimaagait qosDbs?Ms6gt ≈8ixF8k5, iqs- the Pangnirtung region were asked unikkaaqaqpajuvut aulajjapallianirmit e∫6X5gk5\w5gxe∫6X5gk5 x7ml to choose surnames, as a “trial run”. imminiqsupallianirmit ammalu nunata- xyq8k5 wq3CtbZ3k5. won3ND†5 They did so, and a few years later arasuarnirmit pijjutiqaqtuti. Tamaani- xg6bs?8ifw5 Gx7mlr∫5 wkw5 Abe Okpik conducted Operation ssainnapaluttauq, gavamatuqakkut kiin- rNsiq8k5 won3NDts?JJ5 xtDy6- Surname throughout the NWT. aujaqaqtittivalijuvut ingirrajjutissanut 37 ∫6gMs6t8NQ5H x©tcD8•6ymJ9lt. Inuit now have an “official” surname, nunaqaqqaaqtunut katujjiqatigiinut. bwm !(^#u5, X8i©3usbw5 wkw5 but use one or more traditional names Ualinirmili makitaniqaliriijulluti iDxd/soMs6ymK5 ck6 xtDycDm7- or nicknames as well. During the COPEkut, Inuit Tapiriiksakkut Kana- mΩ 3u cspnstsy8ˆ6gi. xhw9˜4 late 1960s, the adult education staff tamit ammalu Inuit Kupakmit Katujji- bwmw4vu xw2 s4W4 raixA5 xtD- of NA&NR started some regional qatigiingat saqqitaulauqsimalluti 1971mit. y∫6t5toMs6ymJ6 xyq8i5 kNo8i5 newspapers, edited by Tagak Curley, Kinguniagut saqqitaulauqsimalluti kN5yx3u5. wkw5 xtDycs5txo6f5 Zebedee Nungak, Joanasie Salomonie Laapatuamit Inuit Katujjiqatigiingat ttC6ymJ4f5, xt4v8icsClx6gt and others. The papers contributed ammalu Pauqtuutikkut. wMq5 W6fy3ui5 mo5gt. !(^)2 to a growing movement towards Alaaskamiut nunataarutingata k8aq8i5, wkoEpgc4f8i5 w8N3k5 self-government and settlement of angirutingat nalunaiqtaulauqsimavuq wonFoEπ5 scoµZos6XoJQK5 claims. About that time too, the 1971mit, ammalu amisukallait Kana- xF5g6ymJ˚zJi5, ≈6r{hwpc6gt federal government began to supply tamit iqqaqtuivinit ikajuqtuilauqsimal- bZ6 ƒ3ou5, /wWt k8z3u5, JxNy core funding to aboriginal associa- luti nunaqaqqaaqtut pijunnautinginnut. nM∆iu5 x7ml xyq8i5. scoµZw5 tions. The Committee for Original Gavamatuqakkut nalunaiqsilauqsimavut si4√c6XJK5 xsM0/X9oxi3u5 w7u- People Entitlement (COPE) already nunataarutinut piqujanit 1973mit. i6hX9oxi3u5 x7ml kN∫Chx3i3u5 existed in the Delta, and the Inuit Nunataarutinut aivaniit pigiarniqalauq- W0Jtc6gt. bµi{nw8NXl5bs6, Z?m- Tapirisat of Canada and the Inuit of simalluti pigiarutiqaqtuti Kupakmit gc4f5 ®Ns/c6t5t?oJK5 wq3C0- Quebec Association were formed in 1975mit, pinnanarniqpausimaqquuqtuq Jt{nk5 kNc6√6gk5 vg0pctŒk5. 1971. The Labrador Inuit Association aulajjaigiarnirmut gavamanit ukiuqtaq- sxoi3uo mrbico‰J9lt COPEf5, and Pauktuutit followed. tumit, piluaqtumit pivallianiujunut wkw5 bW‰4n4f5 vNbu5 x7ml wkw5 The Alaska Native Claims Agree- tukimuagutiit ilagijaujjuti Kativikkut fX4u5 vg0pctŒz5 n6rbsMs6ym9lt ment of 1971 was announced, and a gavamangannut ammalu Nunavut avit- !(&!u5. raixA5 n6rbsMs6ym9lt number of court decisions in Canada tuqsimajungannut. Pivallianinga Kan- ˜Xgxu5 wkw5 vg0pctŒz5 x7ml favoured aboriginal rights. The federal ataup ammalu avittuqsimajuit mirngui- Xs6©t4f5. government announced its policy on sirvingit, ilangit ilagijauniqaqtuti nuna- x˜{vus5 kN∫Dtzb xqDtz5 the settlement of land claims in 1973. taarutinut, piliriqatigiinnirmut tunngavut NlNw6bsMs6ymK6 !(&!u5, x7ml The negotiation of land claims, ammalu Inuit ataningit nunanut amma- xuhv9Mw5 vNbu6 w6v6gwFi5 wv- beginning with the Québec settle- luttauq Kanatalimaamut saqqikanniqtuti. J6gwMs6ym9lt kNc6√6g5 WJ8Ns- ment in 1975, is probably the most Akaunngiliurutiuvurli gavamatuqakkut tq8k5. Z?mgc4f5 NlNw6yMs6ymK5 important action of government in kiinaujatigut ikajuqtuigunnaqsimatillugit kN∫Dtk5 Wd/i5 !(&#u5. kN∫Dtk5 the Arctic so far, especially if the nunataarasuarnirnut ammalu Ilagiisa- xw?•5 WQx3icMs6ym9lt WQxDt- political provisions for Kativik region- kkunnut (kuapanut), kiinaujatigut c6gt fX4u5 !(&%u5, W8NN3i6Xsy- al government and the new Nunavut makippallianinganullu kiinaujjattautig- m6ƒ6g6 xsM0/wQx3i3j5 Z?mi5 sr- Te rritory are included. The creation illuti pirurnikuummati nunaliilli mikigami s6b6gu5, Wlx6gu5 W?9oxisJk5 of national and territorial parks, ajuqsaqsimalluti piluaqtumit kuapakkut. grjxA†5 wMQ/s0Jt vtF4f5 Z?mz8k5 some as part of the claims process, Kupakmit piluaqtumit tamanna akaun- x7ml kNK5 xF5g6ymJz8k5. W?9o- are also part of the new relationship ngiliurutaq assuruutausimavijjuaqquq. xiz vNbs2 x7ml xF5g6ymJw5 between the Inuit to their lands, Uqalimaagaq saqqirataajujuq (“Angi- u3awy3Fq5, wMq5 wMQ/sic6gt and to the rest of Canada. juqqaat Uqaqatigilauqtugit Uqaqatigiliq- kN∫Dtk5, WoEctŒ8i3j5 g8zK5 It is unfortunate that although tugit Nunaqaqqaaqtut Sivuliuqtit”, x7ml wkw5 xbiq5 kNk5 the federal government sponsored Miuripiul Mitsul titiraqtiulluni) x7ml5bs6 vNboµj5 n6rv8i6gt. both the land claims process and unikkaaqaqpuq taimailingalirninganit xvs8qosDtsK3o Z?mgc4f5 the co-operatives, the economic and ammalu qanuq tuaviqtukkut Inuit ®Ns/tA5 wvJ6gwA8N6ymt9lQ5 philosophical nature of the instantly iqqanaijaqtit qummuapallianiqarningit kN∫Chx3i3k5 x7ml wMŒn4f8k5 wealthy corporations is different iqqanaijarvinit kuapariisauguni, GfxXk5H, ®Ns/tA5 mr2X9oxizk9l from that of the locally funded and iliqqusilirijikkuuguti uvvaluunniit ®Ns0/5bstQ9lt WD3iƒ7mt kNø9o therefore, poorer, co-operatives. In gavamakkuniippat. urZu xJ6n6ym9lt Wlx6gu5 fx- the case of Quebec, the difference 1979mittauq Piita Itinnua sivullipa- X4f5. fX4u5 Wlx6gu5 bm8N xvs8- has caused a long struggle. A book ulluni Inuulluni Kanataup illurjuan- qosDb6 x{hÎbsymF0Jx6f6. sco- recently published (“From Talking ganut sivuliuqtirulauqsimavuq, king- µZ6 n6rC∫JJ6 G“xqJ6√5 scctQM- to Chiefs to Native Cooperate Elite” uliqaqtuni Taam Sulukmit ammalu Jaak s6gQ5 scctQo6gQ5 kNc6√6g5 by Marybelle Mitchell) describes Anaruarmit. Inuit kiggatuqtauningit yKos6t5”, usEWs9 u5h9 ttC6- that situation, and the emergence quvvasinniqaqtummariuvuq Nunatsiap ts9liH si4√c6S6 bwmwozo3izi5 of an Inuit élite who move within sivuliurvingannit ammalu Kativiup x7ml ck6 gxF6g4f5 wkw5 w6vN- the executive levels of the corpora- gavamaliurvingannit, taimaimmimmat 38 w/6t5 d7jxX9oxic3iq5 w6vNw- tions, cultural associations and gov- avittuqsimajunit nunalinnilu gavama- /3Fi5 fxX‰nsAi, wo6fyoEp4ƒAt ernment organizations. qarviit niruaqtausimavinnit. 1984mili s=?¬8•5 Z?m4f•2X5. In 1979 Peter Ittinuar became Saali Uat kinguliqaqtuni Uili !(&(u5bs6 „b wt8kx yK9oX- the first Inuk in the Canadian House Aatamsmit issivautaqalilauqsimavuq s9li w˚9li vNbs2 w9l3Jxzk5 of Commons, followed by Tom Suluk Sanatkunnit (Kanatamut piqujanit yKos6tDMs6ymK6, raoc6gi ∫7 and Jack Anawak. Representation atuliqtittijiit nuqqatittijiilluunniit.) hl4u5 x7ml ÷4 xNDx3u5. wkw5 of Inuit in the NWT Assembly and Iluunnangagut Inuit ilagijauniqarniq- r[Zg6bsiq5 d=?y8ic6g7mEsK6 the Kativik government is high, as pausimavut gavamait piruqpallianinganit kN5yx2 yKos3Fz8i5 x7ml vtFs2 it is in regional and local government takuttialiqtugit Kanatamiutait. Z?mos3Fz8i5, bwmw7u7m5 xF5g6- and other elected bodies. In 1984 Ilisaviit najuqtaugiatusuuminiit ymJi5 kNo8il Z?mc3Ï5 iDx6bs- Charlie Watt followed Willie Adams ammalu ilisavituinnait matuingaliqtil- ymF8i5. !(*$uo no sx5 raoc6gi into the national Senate, and all-in-all, lugit aulatauvajuvut gavamatuqakkunnit, swo ≈b7{u5 w{y?sbcoMs6ymK6 Inuit are probably more active in asiaguttauq Inuit ilisajaqtuqsimaurivut nN5f8i5 GvNbj5 Wd/i5 xgo6t5tπ5 government at all levels, than the iqqanaijaqtiulimmassavinnut ukiuqtaq- k6vt5tπ9¬8•5H. w¬8NzA5 wkw5 wM- average Canadian. tuup iluanit uvvaluunniit silatinganut - Q/sic3i6XsymK5 Z?mw5 WD6X9- In addition to residential and atuqtaugajunngittuq tamanna kisianit- oxizi5 bf5txo6gQ5 vNbusbw5. day-schools funded or operated by tauq sanngatinnaqtuq, turaaqtuni wonÏ5 NJ6bsQxg˙u•5 x7ml government, Inuit have attended tamanna asijjipallianirmut. wonFgw8Nw5 mgwzo6t9lQ5 various vocational courses in and Una titiraqtara tukisitittigiarutiuvuq xsMbs?JK5 Z?mgc4f8i5, xyxA5bs6 beyond the Arctic — an undramatic inulirijituqakkut aulanimininganit wkw5 won/6g6ymsEK5 w6vNw/6- but strong, constant force for change. saqqitauniminirnit, kisianittauq gava- tso7m{nF8k5 srs6b6©2 wlxi5 This article has stressed the role matuqakkut, Kanataup avittuqsimavingit s=?¬8•5 yMtzk5 — xg6bsZJ8- of the (now) Department of Indian ammaluunniit ukiuqtaqtuup avittuqsi- q5g6 bm8N ryxi5bs6 n8zt8- and Northern Affairs, but many other majungit, tamakkua tamarmi attuiniqa- N6g6, gÇ6gi bm8N xy0pX9oxi3j5. federal and provincial or territorial qsimagivut gavamanit — sannginiq- sN ttC6bC gryt5tQxDtsK6 agencies make up the total influence samit attuisimavut tamakkua tamajjau- wkoEpgc4f5 xsMiuizi5 n6rbs- of government — far greater than galuaqtillugit talaviisait, sikituut, qara- iui3i5, ryxi5bs6 Z?mgc4f5, vNbs2 television, snowmobiles, computers, saujait, inuuqatigiit qanuittutuinnauga- xF5g6ymFq5 x7m¬8•5 srs6b6©2 society at large, and all other elements. luaqtillugit ammalu kisutuinnaugalu- xF5g6ymJq5, bm4fx bm3u x5gw- During the last hundred years, aqtillugillu. ic6ymQK5 Z?mi5 — n8qi6nu5 Inuit have made steady progress in Arraaguit 100 qaangiqsimajut x5gwymK5 bm4fx bm0/sZlx6t9lQ5 influencing government policies, takuliqtugit, Inuit sivumuassimaniqatti- bMÏnw5, yr©5, cCns/w5, w˚ctŒ5 and in participating in the process aqput attuilluti gavamait piqujanginnit, ckw5ggw8NsZlx6t9lQ5 x7ml of government. They now face the ammalu ilagijauniqaqtuti makippallia- rhgw8NsZlx6t9lQ9l. challenge of adjusting to two new ninganut gavamangita. Ullumi unam- x3ÇAw5 !)) çq6ymJ5 bfo6gQ5, Te rritories, and in Quebec, the mitimmarippaliqtut aaqqiigialiqtuti wkw5 yKjx{ymic5tx6S5 x5gw9lt possibility of separation. There has nutaannik marruunnik avittuqsimajuun- Z?mw5 Wd/q8i5, x7ml wMQ/si- been no major migration of Inuit nik. Taimalu Kupakmit, avippallianiu- c6gt mr2X9oxizk5 Z?mqb. s9lu out of their homelands, and the tuinnariaqaqtuni. Taimalu Inuit aullaa- sN7ut7mE2Xo6g5 ≈6®Qxo6gt k∫8i4 hamlet-sized population of Inuit in tiqsimaluanngilat sivitujumit nunaminnit. m3Î8i4 xF5g6ymÔ8i4. bwml fX4u5, Ottawa is almost all connected to Nunalimmilu Aatuvaamit haammalatitut xF2X9oxisgw8NExc6gi. bwml government. For the foreseeable suurlu Inuit ataniqaqtuinnapaluuvut wkw5 xs9˜t6ymlx8qM5 yFgJu5 future, in view of the lack of an gavamakkunnut. Sivunissavut takullutigu, kNu8i5. kNo7ul ≈g¿u5 B≈7mMtg5 adequate economic base, the pre- suqquimanikikkaluaqtillugit Inuit kiin- ˙3l wkw5 xbic6gw8NX¬K5 Z?m4f8k5. dominant role of government seems aujalirinirmit, aulattiniqattianiqsaq yKi{nK5 bf9ltA, h6fwmir4vlx6- bound to continue. gavamamut takujassauvuq, kajusiniqat- t9lQ5 wkw5 ®Ns/oEi3u5, xsM5tic5- tiarunalaaqtunilu. txi6n6 Z?mj5 bf/{nsK6, vJyic5- This is great background information txDN˜6gil. for students and adults Keith, thank you Qujannamiik Tulugaaq tukisitittigiakkan- for sharing your insightful knowledge on nirunnaravit Qallunaat tujjaigiarnimin- d/8N¨4 glZ6 gryt5tQx4v8iD8NCF5 the early trenches of Qallunaat (white inginnit Kanataup Ukiuqtaqtungannut c9lˆ5 g0/wQx3iuiq8i5 vNbs2 men) and how they had impact on Inuit arraaguit 50tit tungaanut. Tamanna srs6b6gz8k5 x3ÇAw5 %)5 gΩk5. in the Canadian Arctic 50 or more qaujikkaigiarutittiavauvuq ilinniaqtinut bm8N csp4vwQxDt5tx?sK6 wo8i- years ago. Qujannamiingaasit! innanullu. Qujannamiingaasit! x6tk5 w8Nk9l. d/8N¨Ωy5¡ (Thank you once again) 39 40 tuu8i xJDto8k5 vtmπ5

SPECIAL COMMITTEE FOR THE DISABLED

TIMIMINNI AJURUTILINNUT KATIMAJIIT

ttC6g6 bwFt x3N4v6 by Davidee Arnakak Titiraqtuq Taiviti Arnakkaq sfx tuu8i xJDto8k5 vtmπ5 ≈6rM- This Special Committee for the Ukua Timiminni Ajurutilinnut Katimajiit s6ymJ5 tyWE $, !((%u X8i6©u, Disabled was formed on December aaqqiilauqsimajut Tisipiri 4, 1995mi ck6©Dt{nui5 ≈6r{hwymJ5. bm4fx 4, 1995 in Pangnirtung to look into Panniqtuumi qanuqtuurutissaminit tuu8i xJDtø5 ˙3l gn8q5g5, what can be achieved for the particu- aaqqissuisimajut. Tamakkua timiminni bsg8q5g5, tuu8i5 wMfw5, WhA8N- lar group. These people in the ajurutiliit suurlu tusaanngittut, tautun- q5g5 x7ml whmu8i5 xJø6v˙5. disability category are people who ngittut, timiminnit ilakuit, pisugunnan- bm4fx ck6 vmQ/s5txv8iD8N3mΩb have a hearing impairment, are gittut ammalu isumaminnit ajuliiqqasu- b=?i X8i6©u, bm4fx tuu8i blind, physically impaired, a walking ut. Tamakkua qanuq kamagijauttiaka- xJDtø5 bw/symJ5 ≈8ixF7u5 impairment and are either mentally nnirunnarmangaata tavvani Panniqtuumi, x?t5 G@)H sz∫•8iC6bso3mb. impaired. We set up the committee tamakkua timiminni ajurutiliit taijausi- vtmp{ni bm4fiz wvJChx3ix6gi to see what can be made available to majut aanniavimmit avatit (20) ungata- ≈6®Ms6ymJA5 b=?i X8i6©u Z?mK5 the disabled in order to improve the aniinniraqtaulirmata. B≈mM4f5 sX5gtA ckwosDm7mΩ5b programs for them as the nursing Katimajissani tamakkuninga ikajura- xq6tZh5gQ5 bmguz vmQJm/5t8i. station in Pangnirtung has reported suarniaqtuni aaqqiilauqsimajugut tavvani xhw9˜4 B≈mM4f8i5 xq6bsZ5b over twenty cases with disability in Panniqtuumi gavamavut Haamalakkut vtmp{ni vt6hwoMs6ymJA5 wk8i5 the community. upattutigu qanuiliurumammangaatta bmguz wvJDmJi. xhw9˜ ˆ7my7mb Firstly, we checked to see if we angiqtigasuttugit tamatuminga kamagi- would have enough people to form jumajattinni. vtmpC˜i5 n6®if5 sƒK5: oy a committee, then we approached Asuillaak Haamalakkunnit angiqtau- uxo v4r4, bwFt x3N4v6 x7ml the hamlet office with our set agen- gatta katimajissani katiqsuililauqsima- W5ys˜6 eM=?6. da for them to approve our goal in jugut Inunnit tamatuminga ikajurumajuni. Founders of the committee: Leesee increasing the programs for the Asuillaa naammasimmata katimalila- Mary Kakee, Davidee Arnakak disabled people. uqsimajugut qanuiliuqattaniarmangaatta and Pitseolak Kilabuk. Once we had the go ahead from ammalu qanuiliurumaniarmangaatta Katimajiralaanit saqqiinikut the hamlet office, we officially tamakkua timiminni ajurutiliit qanuq ukuuvut: Lisi Miali Kakkik, formed the committee made up of kamagijauttiakannirunnarmangaata Taiviti Arnakkaq ammalu people whom were willing to make katimajissani pigiaqtittinivut kiinau- Pitsiulaaq Qilavvaq. time for the group. We defined our jamik aturata. Kisiani namminittinni 41 vtmoMs6ymJA5 ckwosc5bix3mΩ5b goals in finding ways of improving ippiajuttinni nuattilluta tusaumajaujju- x7ml ckwosDmix3mΩ5b bm4fx the programs for the disabled and tissatinni pigiarutiqaqtuta nunattinnut tuu8i xJDtø5 ck6 vmQ/s5txv8- setting forth ways of what more to tusaumajauttiarumamut. Tusautittinnut iD8N3mΩb vtmp{ni WQx6t5tiK5 achieve for the group without any Panniqtuumi aqqutiulluni kisiani ®Ns/u4 xgCb. ryxi N7ui5t8i financial assistance at hand. It was naalautikkut tusaumatittijunnaratta. w2WxJ5t8i kx5t9lb gnsm/s0Jt{- from our own pockets that we had Ta makkua namminiq katimajiit ika- nt8i WQxDtc6gb kN5t8k5 gnsm- money to begin our work informing jurumanirminik atuqtuti aulammata. /s5txDmj5. gnst5t8k5 X8i6©u our community fellowmen of our Tamakkuali timiminni ajurutiliit ippigi- x6fts9li ryxi ˆMst4f5 goals and agenda. The community jauttiariaqarngata kamagijauttiariaqaq- gnsmt5tJ8NC5b. radio station is our main vehicle of tutillu. bm4fx N7ui6 vtmπ5 wvJDmi3ui4 getting our message across to the Uvvaukua tamatuminga aulajjaigia- xg6gt xsM7mb. bm4fxo tuu8i local members. qsimajut: Lisi Miali Kakkik, Taiviti

vtmpC˜5 vtmpq5 xbqXl2S5: ox wF4, iFx6yx6 Ns9M6, bwy ®Nw8N6, oy uxo v4r4, nox Nvh4, πb¬ ≈fl0J4, yøN rn6 x7ml bwFt x3N4v6. Majority of the members on the Committee for the Disabled: Leah Evik, Niviaqsiaq Nowdlak, Daisy Keenainak, Leesee Mary Kakee, Salia Nakashuk, Jeetaloo Akulujuk, Selena Kisak and Davidee Arnakak. Katimajiralaat katimajingit atangipalupput: Lia Ivik, Niviaqsiaq Naullaq, Taisi Kiinainnaq, Lisi Miali Kakkik, Saalia Nakasuk, Jiitaluu Aakulujjuk, Siliina Kisaq ammalu Taiviti Arnakkaq. 42 xJDtø5 w2WQ/s5txExc3zb The volunteers are the dedicated Arnakkaq ammalu Pitsiulaaq Qilavvaq. vmQ/s5txExc6gt9l. ones who have created the committee. Panniqtuumi timimini ajurutilinni s=?sfx bmguz xsM0/wQx6ymJ5: The disabled people have to be taken isumaalugijaqaqtuti. oy uxo v4r4, bwFt x3N4v6 x7ml care of and provided for much better Uvvattaungukua Timiminni W5ys˜6 eM=?6. X8i6©u tuui than they are at the present time. Ajurutiliit Katimajingit tamatuminga xJDto8i whµlQ/c6gt. The founding members of the assuruutiqattiaqtut kamagijaminni s=?5bsafx tuu8i xJDtø5 committee for the disabled are: ammalu katimavissanga naammassi- vtmpq5 bmguz x{hÎtc5tx6g5 Leesee Mary Kakee, Davidee gaimmat katimajaqtutiaqpattut: vmQ/u8i x7ml vtmF{nz ˆ7m{yZw7m5 Arnakak and Pitseolak Kilabuk. angijuqqaaq — Taiviti Arnakkaq, vtm/6gtx6X5g5: xqJ6√6- bwFt Their concerns with the disabled tungilinga — Jiitaluu Aakulujjuk, x3N4v6, gqoz- πb¬ ≈fl0J4, individuals and as a group are truly inuusuttuniinngaaqtuq — Siliina Kisaq, w˚h5g•8Ω6g6- yøN rn6, solid and earnest. innatuqaniinngaaqtuq — Lia Ivik, w8Ngc•8Ω6g6- ox wF4, ttC6t- Here is the list of all the members titiraqti — Lisi Miali Kakkik, ammalu oy uxo v4r4, x7ml vtmπ5- bwy of the Special Committee for the katimajiit — Taisi Kiinainnaq, ®Nw8N6, iFx6yx6 Ns9M6, nox Disabled, and they attend well for Niviaqsiaq Naullaq, Saalia Nakasuk, Nvh4, /wf c6vy6 x7ml W5ys˜6 the meetings when called for: Jaiku Qaqqasiq ammalu Pitsiulaaq eM=?6. ∫4fx b=? vtmπ5 bm4fkz President- Davidee Arnakak, Qilavvaq. Taakkua tavva katimajiit tuu8i xJDto8k5 bµi X8i6©u5. Vice-President- Jeetaloo Akulujuk, tamakkununga timiminni ajurutilinnut Youth representative- Selena Kisak, tamaani Panniqtuumit. gÇDtZ: Elder representative- Leah Evik, Davidee Arnakak Secretary/Treasurer- Leesee Mary Turaarutiga: P.O. Box 58 Kakee and the rest of the people Davidee Arnakak Pangnirtung, NT X0A 0R0 who form the committee are: Daisy P.O. Box 58 sçMstZ: G*!(H $&#-*^!$ Keenainak, Niviaqsiaq Nowdlak, Pangnirtung, NT X0A 0R0 Salia Nakashuk, Jaco Qaqqasiq and Uqaalautiga: (819) 473-8614 Pitseolak Kilabuk. This is the com- mittee overseeing the people with disabilities in Pangnirtung.

For correspondence: Davidee Arnakak P.O. Box 58 Pangnirtung, NT X0A 0R0 Ph: (819) 473-8614

43 44 wkgcw5 W6fygcqtA5 moZw5 — u5tmbo7u5

ELDERS TRADITIONAL LAWS — POND INLET

INUTUQAIT PIQQUSITUQANGI- TIGUT MALIGAIT — MITTIMALIMMIT

sN ttC6ymJ6 vt6h6bsymJ6 This is a compilation of some Una titiraqsimajuq katiqsuqtausimajuq u5tmbo7usk5 wkgc3k5 w2WQ0Jtc5- judicial issues that the elders in Mittimalimmiunut inutuqarnut ippigi- txCu n8qJu5 moZoEi3j5 x5gwJi5. Pond Inlet had felt strongly about jjutiqattiarami sanngijumit maligaliri- bm4fx n6r6bq5 cspm0Jts5txD8N6g5 and had addressed to resound a nirmut attuijunit. Tamakkua saqqiq- ck6©Dt{n5tx?s9lt9l, ra¿5b more resourceful and constructive tangit qaujimajjutiuttiarunnaqtut xv3EJu5 x6ftQc5bMs6ym7m0J method with issues pertaining to qanuqtuurutissattiavaullutillu kingu- tAux6gi0J. ∫4fx wkgcw5 law of which our ancestors had vaatta akarrijumit aqqutigiqattalauqsi- bfJmic6f5 wvJ6©t{ni5 wk8k5 practised successfully in their time. mammajju tigumiaqtunijju. Taakkua wacystlQ5 W6fyzb moZq5 These well-being elders would like inutuqait takujumaniqaqqut ikajuq- s9luu5 moZsJk5, wkw5 w7ui to see the benefits of these tradi- tuutissanit Inunnut inguqasiutilugit bf8Ntx3ÔuJ8Nd9lQ5 xq3Cui5, tional corrective measures incorpo- piqqusingata maligangit ullumimut kNo7ui5 x7ml xF5g6ymJu8i5. rated to the present justice system maligaujunut, Inuit immini takunna- to enable the Inuit with a more tiarjuumijunnaqullugit angirraminit, wkgcw5 n8qis?Ms6S5 wk8k5 positive and better outlook on nunalimminit ammalu avittuqsimaju- themselves and their surrounding minit. sx5txÎJJu5 x{hD3N6gcw8N6XJK6. family, community and region. wkw5 trbsMsCt c9lˆk5, xz4fw5 Inutuqait Sannginiuvalauqput wk8i5 wvJ6t9lxbs?JK5. wkw5 Elders were the Strength Inunnut wkgcw5 vtZJ2XJK5 scctŒ2X5gt. of the Inuit Uattiaruujujumit assururnaqtuqainnaq- In the old days there were always pajuvuq. Inuit tikitaulaurati qallunaanut, widNFst5©4 iFx6yx4 hard times. Before Inuit saw the angakkuit inunnit ikajuqtilluatauvajuvut. xm6gx6gt xqctŒ8i3j5 tr2Í4. white people, there were shamans Inuit inutuqait katigajuppajuvut Adorable girls carrying babies to help them. Inuit elders gathered uqaqatigiippattuti. Inummit nilliagu- come to an agreement maturely. to talk. Even if an individual did manngituqtaqaraimmat angakkumut Iniqunaviutittuuk niviaqsiak not want to talk, the shaman would asuillaa tunirrutaulirami nilliagunnasit- amaaqtuaqtutik angiqatigiinnirmut counsel them and encourage them tiaqpajuvuq. Inuk taanna quviasuliqtuni tikippuuk. to talk. The person would then pivajuvuq. Taimaak Inuit pijjusiqaqpa- 45 Slide

wk7u5 i9oxAm8qg6bcCw7m5 xz4fj5 become all happy again. That was juvut kamattiaqtuti maligarminit xhw9˜ gi3DbsoCu i9oxA8Ny5tx6- how Inuit maintained their laws piqqusiminillu. XJK6. wk4 ∫8N dFxho6gi and beliefs. W?JK6. bwµ4 wkw5 W0Jyc6XJK5 Inutuqait Maligangit vm5tx6gt moZ3ui5 W6fyui9l. Elders’ Laws Taissumanili inutuqait maligaqauqpaju- wkgcw5 moZq5 The elders had their own laws in galuarmata, maligarnit pitussivattuti those days, laying down the law as aaqqitiaqtugit, iqqaqtuijiqaqpajunngim- bw{hmio wkgcw5 moZcs6XJZlx3- they saw it, as there were no judges matali paliisiqaratillu taissumani. mb, moZ3i5 xkø?5gt ≈6rtx6gi, or policemen in those times. If there Pinirluttuqaraimmat inutuqait taimatu- w6v6gwpc6XJ8q7mbo XøycCt9l was any criminal activity elders got uvajummata katittuti uqausiqariaqtuqtuti bw{hmi. Wi3l5gcCw7m5 wkgcw5 together and discussed the crime. qanuiliurutaujumit. Ullumili tamanna bwm©?J7mb vt5gt scsycEx6g6gt Today this method is no longer atuqtauniqarunniirmat. Ullumimut ckwosDbsJu5. s9luo bm8N xg6b- practised. Up to the present time tikittugu Inuit maliganginnit titiraqsi- sicD8•3m5. s9luj5 tr5gA wkw5 there have been no written laws in majunit pitaqalilauqsimanngimmat. moZq8i5 ttC6ymJi5 WbcoMs6y- Inuit culture. Inuit want their tradi- Inuit maligatuqaminit uummaikanniru- m8q7m5. wkw5 moZgcui5 ß7mwv8i- tional laws revived. It would not be mavut, titiraqtaukarlugit pijariatugajan- DmK5, ttC6bsv3lQ5 W/ExgZ/8q7mb. difficult to transcribe them. ngimmata.

≈8t xsM5J5 x3Fx3usb6 wl7u6bsymJg5 x7ml yKj5 bfJg5 x0poxaK6. Andy Aulatjut of Arviat in a spiritual and vision-like pose. Aanti Aulatjut Arviarmiutaq ilummiqtausimajutut ammalu sivumut takujutut ajjilianguvuq. 46 WC/8•5, r˙7mbV Crimes, what are they? Pirajanniit, Kisuummata?

WC/8•5 ckw5ggw8N5txaJ8N6f5. Crime can be a lot of things. Criminals Pirajanniit qanuittutuinnattiangujun- WC/ZJ˙5 Xy/snCw2S5 WC/5gcCw7m5. who are always in trouble are always naqqut. Pirajagajusuut pasijausaraipput wkw5 Xy5tZJ˙aK5 Wi3l5gcCw7m5 suspected when a crime has been pirajattuqaraimmat. Inuit pasittigajusu- WC/ZJ2X5gi5, Wi3lAbsJ6 xw5©- committed. People start speculating unguvut pinirluttuqaraimmat pirajaga- bso6gi Nox8k5 ∫4fkz. b=N when a crime has been committed, juppattunit, pinirlugutaujuq aittuuta- scsy{ni5 mgwD0/snCw2S6 WC/w5 that the crime was perpetrated by uliqtuni naliannut taakkununga. Tavvuuna t4fxg6bso6gt. rN WC/5gui6 those repeat offenders. This is where uqausissanit matuirujjausaraippuq pira- cspm/sgxCu, wkgc3k5 scctQ- the gossip begins about those crimi- jait tikkuatuqtauliqtuti. Kina pirajat- /so˙aK6, W6fyui5 mo5gt nals. If the person who committed tuminiq qaujimajautuarami, inutuqa- WC/5guis2 whmgizi5 Wsi6nj5 the crime, was known, then the elders rnut uqaqatigijaulisuunguvuq, piqqusi- bys6yo6gt Wi3lv8idp8qi3j5. would talk with them, and in their minit malittuti pirajattuminiup isuma- own way would convince the person tuninganit piuniqsamut tasiuqsiliqtuti scctc3i6 WC/2X5gi5 not to commit further offences. pinirlukanniqujinnginirmut. wkgcw5 csp4vwps?JK5 WC/5gu- Counselling Offenders Uqaqatiqarniq Pirajappattunit i3i5 scctc6X5gt. trstMs6t8NQ5 ho c9lˆ5, xz4fw5 x6fti5 noAw- Elders used to counsel offenders by Inutuqait qaujikkaijiuvajuvut pirajattu- ps?JK5 wkdtuk5. wkw5 wkgcw5 talking to them. Before the arrival minirnit uqaqatiqaqpattuti. Qallunaat vt2XJK5 ck6©Dt{ni5 miAw9lt. of the white men, shamans were the tikiutilauqtinnagit suli, angakkuit aqqu- Wi3l5gui6 xvs8qosCw7m5 gi3Dt- common intervenors. Inuit elders tinit saliguijiuvajuvut inuqutiminut. so6XJK6 xz4f3j5, whµ¬tui5 often gathered to discuss the situa- Inuit inutuqait katippajuvut qanuqtuu- n6®JmZi, xz4ƒ2 scctQ?J¿ bwml tions. Whenever a person was Wi3lAtui NlNw/5txo6gi bwm- uncooperative in discussing their w2XJK6. Wi3l5gui6 dFxho5tx6gi worries, the shaman would counsel wkgcw5 csp4vwps?JK5 W?JK6. ∫8N W0Jyui6 xg6bso6- them and allow them to admit to ri6X5 w6v6gwFk5, wk8k5 wvÔts7- their problems. The offender then WC/5gui3i5 scctc6X5gt. mE4v/6g6, Wi3lAbsJ6 sdmwlx8- admitted to their crime and became q4fi. wkgcw5 r8åm/sc5bD8NC- happy. The offender no longer com- Elders used to counsel offenders /6g5 w6v6gwFk5 miAwpso3lt mitted crimes from then on, instead by talking to them. Wi3l5gk5. following the guidance of the elders. w2WAho6t5tQx3i6 xy5t8i5 Talking to Offenders Inutuqait qaujikkaijiuvajuvut pirajattuminirnit scs0Jwi6 bsg8q5gu5 hdlA, Elders would get together and uqaqatiqaqpattuti. s=?¬8•5 s8i3¬tc3i6 rNu5 cspm8- counsel an offender, as long as the q9lA ho, ∫4fx ß5©†4, bm4fx crime committed was not as violent wkgc3i5 xvE/s8qtx6f5. wkw5 as a murder. Elders would talk to rutissamit maniguilluti. Pinirluttuminiq wMq5 scsy{no˙a7mb r4f8i5 the offender to ease his or her mind. akaunngiliuraimmat isumaaluutiminit xaNh5tx˙i5, ®Ns/o8i5, Wdtc5- The offender would realize that it saqqiijumagani, tunirrutauliqpajuvuq tx6gi5, kox5txE5gu5, sw5txE5- was bad to commit crimes and they angakkurmut uqaqatigigiiramiullu taimalu gu5, e7u5txE2X5, iec5txDt would not commit a crime again. This pinirlugutiminit nalunaijattialiqtuni s=?¬8•5 rhgw8N5txu5 y[Z˙tcDt. was the traditional way of dealing with taimaippajuvuq. Pinirluttuminiq quvia- wkgcw5 ho bm4fiz xqDtc8q5- criminals. If this method were to be sulittiaqtuni pivajuvuq. Taanna pijjusimi- txEK5. wkgcw5 scsy{ndp8q7mb enforced by the courts it would be niq atuqtauliqqiniqpat iqqaqtuivinut, wk7u5 b=?sMqgx6X5, wkw5 very beneficial for Inuit. If the crime inunnut ikajuutiummarikkajaqtuq, pinir- W6fyz8i5 bm8N yd5tE7m5. N7ui6 committed is not too serious, the lugutaujuq uqumailuanngikkuni. Inutuqait b=?st9lA scstΩ3lAo iDxZE- elders could be requested by the kinnguumajauqattarunnarajaqtut iqqaq- /sΩClx3m5 wkgc3k5. court to intervene with the offender. tuivinut maniguijiuliqtuti pinirluttumut. w˚ct5t8i5 Ns5tg5txq8i6 Influence on Other People Ippigusuliqtittigiarniq Asittinnit

Ns5tg5txq8i6 rhgw8N3u5 Telling a blind person what to do, Uqaujjuiniq tautunngittumit suqulugu, xi3io7u5 Ws8qi6XsiC6bs˙6 or saying bad things about people uvvaluunniit unnirluutiqarniq kinamit 47 w˚2 Wi3lA8N6bq8i5. rhgw8N6 without even knowing them first, qaujimanngillugu, taakkua uuttuutiik, xi3io4 w2W8ixic3m5 v2Wxh8i3u5 are examples of things the elders tamakkua inutuqarnit akarijaunngiti- w˚Ai, e7usAi s=?¬8•5 ßmÔAi. would disapprove of. Some people aqqut. Inuit ilangit uqausissalisu- ßmJ6 iE/six8qgxDi gdbsli, start spreading gossip when a person ungummata kikkunnit angunasuttiasu- ßmJ6 ∫8N gdbsQxc8q7mE5©Zlx6. is a good hunter, has money, good unit, kiinaujalinnit, piqutiqattiaqtunit, xy8i5 Wi3l4fF5, scsbs˙aK3o equipment, a nice wife, a good nuliattiarittumit, uittiarittumit, qim- Wi3lAtQ/w5 wo8k5 st3F{nc˜6g6 husband, a good dog, good food or mittiarippat, niqiqattiaruti uvvaluunni- xyxA5 x6ftc3li. wkgcw5 anything of this sort. Elders did not it kisutuinnattiamit siggasuutiqaqtuti. csp8iCwZu Ns5tg5txq5gu5, appreciate that either. The elders Inutuqait suli tamakkuninga angiru- vtctc6XJK5 Wi3l5gui3u5 do not want people to gossip behind tiqanngittiarivut. Inutuqait uqausis- ≈6®QxEx6gt ckwosDtui3ui5. other peoples backs, as that is break- saqujinngimmata inummit tavvaunngi- wkgcw5 ck6 ≈6®Qx3i3u5 rNj5 ing the tradition of Inuit lifestyle. tuaqpat, Inuit piqqusingannit tamanna ckwosDtui3u5 cspm7mb, xgZgcui4 Direct confrontations are most likely siquttirimmat. Namminiq tavvautil- munw0Jy3ui5 xg6gt. the preferred methods that elders lugu uqautingaarluguli niruagarijaun- suggest. gaaraluarmat inutuqarnut. gnc5bstiui6 Mistreating Another Person Inuuqatittinnit Nauttituttianginniq vtctc3i6 x7ml scctc3i6 wkgc3i5 nwoN6g7mEsK6 xvsyÔu- Mistreating anything that is alive is Nauttituttianginniq kisutuinnarmit N6gil. wkgcw5 vtZwZu ≈πctŒ2- one of the most vicious acts a person anirnilimmit piunnginiqpauniraqtausu- X5gt xqctŒA8•X5gt W?JK5, can do. Anything that breathes can uq Inuup pinirlugunnaqtanginnit. ryxi5bs6 w¬8Nt xqctŒ8i3j5 feel fear, whether it be a human being, Kisutuinnaq anirnilik ippinnianiqarmat a dog or other animal. If an animal kappiasunnirmit inuuguni, qimmiuguni ∫8Nl w7ukw8N6 which is being killed is not going to uvvaluunniit uumajuuguni. Uumajuq be eaten, then the animal should not nirijaunianngituaruni tuqutauluni, taan- wp6ym0Jtc6X4fi be killed. If you mistreat another, it na tuqutaugiaqanngimmarittuugaluaq. t9oc5bi3ui, X=Fn5- is said that it will get back at you in Asinnit pinirlukkuvit, uqautausuungu- buizb w2WQ0Jtq5 another way in the future. If elders vurli pinirlugutigijait ilinnut utirvissaq- xvs8q0JtQΩ˙EQ9liQ5. found out about an unseemly act, alaaqtuq asiagut aqqutiqarluni sivunin- they would get together with the nit. Inutuqait qaujinniraigami nauttitut- person and find some path towards tiangittumit, katiqatiqaqpajuvut pinir- When the thief keeps their correcting the behaviour. Elders luttuminirmit aaqqiigiariaqtuti qanuiliu- actions to themselves, then will find a way to help the individual rutiminirminit. Inutuqait aaqqiigiarnir- the victim becomes uneasy comprehend the error of their ways, mit kinamut qanuiliurutiminirmit qauji- with their own feelings. using traditional healing methods. mammata, atugatuqaminik mamisai- jjusirminit atuqtuti. Communicating Together Taannalu imminuinnaq Tusaqattautiniminiq ijiqsimajjutiqaqpakkuni Meeting and talking with elders has tilliqattanirmini, pavvisat- a humbling and peaceful effect. When Katiqatiqarniq ammalu uqaqatiqarniq taminingata ippigijjutingit elders met amongst themselves there inutuqarnit sailinaqtummariuvuq akaus- would sometimes be agreements and ijuuminaqtunilu. Inutuqait katigaigami akaunngijjutigingaa- disagreements, but when a good aajiiqatigiippattuti angiqatigiigunniipat- suurigillunigit. course of action was reached by tuti pivajuvut, kisianittauq iluunnati consensus, that course of action angiqatigiinnirmut tikippajuvut aulajja- would be taken. The ones who had giarutimit maniguiliqtuti. Taikkua angi- trst?JK5 xsM0/QxDtu5 miAwo6gt. disagreed in the first instance would qatiqanngigianngalauqtuugaluat sivurn- bw4fx xqctc8qQx8zMs6©Zlx5 disagree no longer. gagut angiqatigijaulituinnaqpajuvut. yK3zA5 xqctQ/so6XJK5. Stealing Tillinniq t9o8i6 Elders do not want anyone to Inutuqait kinatuinnattiamit qangatuin- wkgcw5 rNgw8N5txu5 czgw8N3l steal at any time. Stealing changes narlu tilliqattaqujinngitiaqqut. Tilliqat- t9oc5bdp8qtx6f5. t9oc5b3i6 everyone and elders do not wish to tarniq inunnit asijjiittiasuungummat wk8i5 xy0π5tx˙a7m5 x7ml see this. When one looks satisfied ammalu inutuqait taimailiuqtunit taku- 48 Slide

wkgcw5 bwmwos6gi5 bfJmhw5- after stealing, then it is known it jumasuittuulluti. Kina tillittuminiulauq- ©9lt. rN t9o5guisMs6gi was from their desperation and tuni alianaigusuutiqatuinnaliqpat qauji- xoxNwA˙tcgw8No6X5 cspmN˙aK6 poverty that they stole. When the manasuunguvuq ilungiqsuutiqaqtuni wlq6˙tc6gi x7ml xJ6ni3uk5 thief keeps their actions to themselves, ammalu ajuqsanirminut tillijjutiqalu- t9o0Jtclxo3izi5. ∫8Nl w7ukw8N6 then the victim becomes uneasy alirninganit. Taannalu imminuinnaq wp6ym0Jtc6X4fi t9oc5bi3ui, with their own feelings. Nobody ijiqsimajjutiqaqpakkuni tilliqattani- X=Fn5buizb w2WQ0Jtq5 appreciates people who steal. Elders rmini, pavvisattaminingata ippigijjutin- xvs8q0JtQΩ˙EQ9liQ5. r4foµXlw5 can meet with a thief and inform git akaunngijjutigingaasuurigillunigit. xv6n8qM5 t9o˙i5. wkgcw5 them not to steal anymore, then Kikkulimaapaluit akaqsanngilat tillisuu- vtctcD8N6f5 t9o˙i5 they can observe that person to help nit. Inutuqait katiqatiqarunnaqqut scctQQx3liQ5 t9oc5bExc8qi3ui5, ensure they will not steal further. tillisuunit uqaqatigigiarlunigit raixA9l sx5t/so˙a9lt wvJ6- tilliqattariaqannginirminit, kinguniag- h6bsQx6gt t9oc5b3ixD8•3iq8k5. Safe Shelter ullu uattijaulisuungulluti ikajuqsuqtau- giaqtuti tilliqattarniarunniirninginnut. eµÏ5 Elders think the new law towards safe shelters has to change. In the Qimaaviit wkgcw5 w2WQK5 eµF8k5 moZw5 communities there are safe shelters, xy0p6bs/Exc6gQ9li0J. kNø5 and there are some things that need Inutuqait ippigivut qimaavinnut mali- eµF5bcs3mb x7ml cspmN6S6 to be changed. When a woman with gait asijjiqtaujariaqaqtugillunijju. wMq5 moZqtA5 xy0pExø5. x3N6 children goes to a safe shelter with- Nunaliit qimaavittaqaurmata ammalu

wk4 kv2Wx6 xq3Cs0pK6 wclC∫ui5 wMc6gi Wc8NE/ui5. An Inuk boy brings home a nice sized catch of a fish with his friends. Inuk nukappiaq angirraujjivuq iqalurataaminit ilaqaqtuni piqannarijaminit. 49 eg3zo4 eµF7∆Cu csp4vwZi out a solid reason, and without ilangit maligangitigut asijjirialiit qauji- swui 5, bm8N ≈8•is7m5 swQ/u5, notification of the husband, that hurts manaqtuti. Arnaq qiturngalik qimaav- eg3zE/i5 x7ml wkgc3i5. the husband, the children and the immuurami qaujikkaigani uiminit, w˜8i4f5 rN¬8•5 csp4v6bsZi elders. Sometimes, without anybody tamanna aanniiniummat uigijamit, x3Nw5 eµF7∆v6bs˙a7mb, bwmw5- being notified, a woman may be qiturngarijanit ammalu inutuqarnit. gc6t9lA wMQ/sJ5 vœhCo˙a7mb placed in a shelter and this causes Ilaannikkut kinaluunniit qaujikkaqtau- N¨o3iq8i5. bm8N xvs8qosDbs7m5 family members to wonder where she gani arnait qimaavimmuukaqtausu- wkgcw5 w2WQlx6f5 ≈6rQx6bs/- is. That can prove to be inappropriate ungummata, taimaittuqaqtillugu ilagi- Ex c3m5 moZ6tA5. x3N3o kNo7ui5 so the elders feel the regulations need jaujut kangiisuralisuungummata nami- xs9M6tbsZu eµF7j5, cspymQKA5 to be revised to better the system. ilirninginnit. Tamanna akaunngiliuru- Z?mw5 xvs8qosDbsJ8No3iq8i5 When a woman is sent out of the taummat inutuqait ippigiluaqqut aaqqi- s•8Nt5tZwZu x3Nu5 st6t5tA8- community to a shelter, we have seen giaqtaujariaqarmat maligaqtigut. too that the government regulations Arnarli nunalimminit aullaqtitaugami sometimes prevent the woman from qimaavimmut, qaujisimagivugut gava- s˜nus5 ˙5y8 bfC8ˆt5tK5 returning to her community and mait akaunngiliurutaujunnalirninginnit wo6fyzb WJ8N3iqbl family that can also be a problem. uniinnatittigaigami arnamit utiqtitti- W8NN3iq8i5 vtF7u5. This situation also needs to be gunniiqtuti nunaminut illumiuqatimin- Russian Chukchi’s demonstrate revised and improved. ullu. Tamanna aaqqigiarviqarialik piu- their cultural and prideful skills niqsamut aqqutiliuqullugu. at an assembly. Divorce Ulaasaamiut Suutsit takuran- Avinniq naatittivut iliqqusingata pijun- Elders, adults and teenagers are all narningitalu pinnanarninginnit affected by divorce. Divorce influ- Inutuqait, innait ammalu inuusuttuit kativvimmit. ences both men and women. One tamarmi attuqtauniqasuunguvut avit- 50 •6gt kNuk5 w9lusctuk9l. bm8N of the many reasons for couples tuqaraimmat. Avinniq attuivammat ≈6rQx3Fc6tbsQxo4 Wsi6nj5 breaking up is extramarital affairs. angutinit arnanillu. Sivullipaujjivuq x6ftosd9lA. When they have another partner avittunut apurutauluasuuq asinniaqat- in mind couples begin to head for tarniq. Naliak isumalituarami kinamit xF8i6 divorce. Today’s ways are much dif- aippaqarajariarmini avinnirmut turaal- ferent from the old days. Of course isuunguvut. Ullumi piqqusiujut ajjigin- wkgcw5, w8Nw5 x7ml w˚h5gw5 there are other reasons too; money ngittialirmagit piqqusituqauvajujutut. bm3u x5g6bsic˙aK5 xF5gk5. situations, household goods or Assuttauq ullumi pijjutaujut amisuulir- xF8i6 x5gw?7m5 xati5 x3Ni9l. clothes. The couples begin to think mata; kiinaujat, illumut piqutiit uvvalu- xF2X8i6 yK9oXs0pK6 xy8ixc5- one is better than the other. Today unniit annuraat. Aippariit isumalisu- b3i3u5. Nox4 whmogxCu rNu5 there is not as much to worry about, ungummimmata nallia piuniqsaulirian- xw2XcC/Ex3ui xF8i3j5 gÇo˙aK5. with good housing provided, goods gita. Ullumittauq pinginnangijjutiit s9lu W6fysJ5 x0pQ8q5txo3mQ5 and clothing being easier to access qattiinnauniqsauliqtuugaluat; illuqaqti- W6fygcs?JJg5. x{h5bs6 s9lu and government assistance being tauttiarniq pillugu, sunakkutaat atuin- W0JbsJ5 xu˙o3mb; ®Ns/5, w9lj5 available to those in need. Alcohol nauniqsauliqtuti ammalu tigutuinnauli- Wd†5 s=?¬8•5 x8kÇ5. xw2X‰5 and drugs are much too easy to qtuti annuraat ammalu gavamakkut ika- whmo˙a7u7mb Nox Wsi6nso- obtain and create a real problem juutingit atuinnauliqtuti pilirmata. Exqb. s9lu5bs6 Wq8Nq0J†5 sometimes. Elders have to start Taakkuattauq imialullu ammalu aanga- c5†8Nsi6nso6©Zlx5; w9lc6tbs5- jaarnaqtut atuinnauniqsaulirmimmata tx3i6, hN4f∫5 xgw8Nsi6nso6gt akaunngiliurutanittauq nuittijjutauvat- x7ml tAgw8Nso6gt x8kÇ5 x7ml s9lu W6fysJ5 tuti. Inutuqait matuirutikkanniriaqali- Z?m4f5 wvÔtq5 xgw8Nso6gt x0pQ8q5txo3mQ5 qtut uqalimaqatiqarnikkut makkuttunit Wo3mb. ∫4fx5bs6 wuxl4 x7ml piqqusituqait qaujikkautigikkanirlunijju ≈z÷3N6g5 xgw8Nsi6nso6gt W6fygcs?JJg5. ilivviuliqullugit. Kina ilungiqsuutiqaq- xvs8qosDbi5bs6 kw5t0Jbs?4rK5. tuni piujukkut piliriniqaqtillugu, wkgcw5 mgwDt4v8iExco6g5 Today’s ways are much dif- taimaippajummati sivulivut, takullugu scomctc3i4f5 m4f5gi5 W6fygcw5 ferent from the old days. tusaqtugulu tamanna upigusunnaqtu- csp4vstQ4vi3li0J wobs4v8id9lQ5. aluummat. Maligaqtaqaraluarngat rN wlq6˙tc6gi WsJ4f5 WoE- kisulimaattianut. Malittussatuinnaulira- ic6t9lA, bwmw2XJ7mt yKoK5, Ullumi piqqusiujut luaqtugulli piqujatuqattinnit taimaikkutta bf9lA gn6gAl bm8N sWAh8N6gx- ajjiginngittialirmagit ikajuqatigiilluta ilikkanirlutalu ¬7m5. moZ6bcClx3z5 rhoµ5txk5. piqqusituqauvajujutut. piliriqatigiinnirmit pigajarauatta. mo5g{ngw8NsoClx6gA9o Wd/gc5- t8i5 bwmw4f5b wvJctŒ9lb Imminiirniq wo4vi3lbl WoEctŒ8i3u5 WZ/C5b. consultations with the youth on Inuit isumavammata imminiiriangita, w7u•3i6 the traditional methods and advise taissumanialunit tamanna atuqtausi- them. When someone is working mavuq. Qaujimalluta Inuit taimaak wkw5 whm?7mb w7u•Exqb, hard, as our ancestors did in the old isumajunnaqtut, inugianit imminiiq- bw{hmixli5 bm8N xg6bsymK6. days, this is good to see and hear of. tuqaraimmat tamanna amisunit cspm9lb wkw5 bwµ4 whmJ8N6g5, There are laws for everything. We avatinginniittunut aanniivammat. wkQxi5 w7u•6gcCw7m5 bm8N xuhi5 should be complying with our own Kinatuinnaq kisutuinnattiamit pijjutiqa- x?t5t•5gi ≈8•?7m5. rNgw8N6 traditional laws and in that way help- lirunnarmat imminiirumanirmut tik- rhgw8N5txu5 W0JtcoD8N3m5 w7u•D- ing each other out and finding a sense iutigaigami. Inutuqailli uppirijaqarmata mi3j5 trstZwZu. wkgcw9o s2WE- of teamwork in all that is done. kina pijjutiqarajannguangikkaluarmat /c3mb rN W0JtcC/8axq4vlx3m5 imminiirumanirmut. Kina isumagijju- w7u•Dmi3j5. rN whmQ0JtcD8Nq4v- Contemplating Suicide tiqarunnangikkaluaqtillugu innarnit, lx6t9lA wkgc3i5 w7u•3i3u5 inutuqaittauq imminiirnirmit isumagi- whmQ/cD8NEK5, xvs8q0Jtco6gt Some people think about suicide, it jaqarunnarivut, akaunngijjutiqalisuun- w7u•3i3u5 w2WQ/co˙aQK5. w7u•E- has always been that way. Knowing gulluti imminiirnirmit ippigijaqaliraiga- x{noCwZuÅ6 sc˙aK5 w2WQ˙a9lt9l that people think like that, it hurts mi. Imminiiriassaaliraigamiguuq uqasu- xv3Eq0Jtc3i3ui5 ci{nExqb many people around them. People unguvut ippigisuungullutillu akarringi- wMui5, w3iq8i5, Xiq8i9l, can have all kinds of reasons to reach jjutiqarnirminit qanissariangita ilaminit, ie r{ni3uk5 blD4ft˙aZu s=?¬8•5 the point of desiring to commit irninginnit, paninginnillu, niqikissa- w7ui4 xsMJ8Nq8i3uk5 blD4ft- suicide. Elders believe that there nirminut talurukkutisuungugami uvval- 51 o˙aZu. bm4fiz W0JtcoCwZu can be no purpose in contemplating uunniit imminik aulajunnanginnirminut w7u• Ex{no˙aQK5 wkgcw5. m4fgw9o suicide. Even though no one thinks talurkkutilisuungugami. Tamakkuninga xyxA5 x0pQ8qb5txuA5 W0Jtc- of the elders’ situation, elders are pijjutiqaliraigami imminiirias- ˙aK5. xbsy6 W0JbsJ6 Ns5th6- uncomfortable about it. Elders say saalisuungugivut inutuqait. Makkutuilli bstx8qi3uk5, wMuk9l x©t- they can be uncomfortable around asiagut ajjiginngitattiamigut pijjutiqasu- c8q8iC6bs?5t9lQ5. w7ui4 wMui5 relatives, sons, daughters or because unguvut. Atausiq pijjutaujuq nauttisuq- xv6nq0JtcoCwZu wuxl7j5 ≈z÷3- of lack of food or because they cannot tautiannginirminut, ilaminullu atuu- N6gk9¬8•5 n˙aK5. xyq9l W0Jbs- move themselves around, that is tiqannginniraqtauvattillugit. Imminik lx˙aQK5 m4f5gk5 w7u•Dmo3Jbs9lt when they too start considering ilaminit akaqsangijjutiqaliraigami imi- mfx: xJ6n3i6, xro{ni5 xro6hw- suicide. Young people, on the other alummut aangajaarnaqtunulluunniit Qxgi6, s=?¬8•5 Wi3l5guisZwZu hand, have greatly varying reasons. saasuunguvut. Asingillu pijjutauluasu- xvs8qosDtQo3m0J bmgjz w7u•3i3j5 One reason is that they are mis- ungugivut makkuttunut imminiiru- treated, being told by relatives that malirjutaulluti makua: ajuqsarniq, they are useless. When they become akilissanit akiliqsuigiatuniq, uvvaluun- wkw5 wkgc3ui uncomfortable around relatives they niit pinirluttuminiugaigami akaunngili- scctc3icExc6S5 turn to alcohol and drugs. Some urutigilirmajju tamatumunga immini- vmQ/s8qΩ3lt Xøy4f8k5 other reasons youth begin to irnirmut tikiumalisuungugivut ippig- x7ml w6v6gwFk5. consider suicide is when they hit inirmigut malittuti. Ikajuutillari- poverty, bills to pay, or even guilt ugajaqqurli inutuqait nunalinnit tukili- over criminal acts they have com- uqtigijaujunnarajaqqata qanuinnatukku- Inuit should be allowed to mitted. They feel the guilt and uliraiguti makkuttuit, immaqaa maliga- become uncomfortable. It would liarimmarillugu piugajaqtuq. Inuit receive counselling from benefit the communities if elders inutuqarmini uqaqatiqarniqariaqaqput the elders, rather than were to intervene in situations like kamagijaunngingaarluti paliisikkunnut being dealt with by police these, perhaps even incorporating ammalu iqqaqtuivinut. Inuit inutuqait and the courts. this into law. Inuit should be allowed ikajuqtuiniqarunnaviutimmata atuuti- to receive counselling from the elders, qarluti qaujimanirmini, silatunirmini rather than being dealt with by police ammalu pijunnanirmini. Inutuqait Inuit inutuqarmini and the courts. Inuit elders can be isumassaqsiurialiit namminiq piqujar- uqaqatiqarniqariaqaqput beneficial by making use of their minit titiraqsimajuniitittilirunnariangita kamagijaunngingaarluti knowledge, wisdom and skills. Elders nuqqatittigiarutaujunnarajarmata should consider preparing a written imminiirumaniqaqpattunut. paliisikkunnut ammalu law incorporating their traditional iqqaqtuivinut. prevention methods to deal with sui- Ilagijamit Kujanninniq cidal persons. Kikkut kujannipattut ilaminnit akaunn- trsmo˙aQK5 w2WQi3uA5 mo5gt. Intercourse with relatives gittuliurivapput tamatuminga piniarni- wvÔt9MEsZ/6f3o wkgcw5 kNo8i5 qaraigami. Taimaittailigiaqaraluarmatali gros6tQ/sJ8NC/6vb ckw8Ng4ƒo- Those who have intercourse with upinnarani auqaqatigimmajju. Inutuqait CwAt m4f5gw5, w7mç moZoxE7mE9l A their relatives commit an indecent makkuniqsanit tamatuminga tukisiu- WsZ/6g6. wkw5 wkgc3ui scc- act. They must avoid this because maqujittiaqput. Arnaq makkuluaruni, tc3icExc6S5 vmQ/s8qΩ3lt their blood lines are much too close angutiup sukkugunnarmagu anirnimigut, Xøy4f8k5 x7ml w6v6gwFk5. wkw5 to each other. Elders want to ensure timimigut isumamigullu. Inutuqait qau- wkgcw5 wvJ6gwicD8NFst7mb the younger generation understand jimammata kisumit uqausiqarmangaarmi x©tc3lt cspmi3ui, yMgi3ui this. If a girl is too young, then the ippigillutillu tamatuminga qanuqtuuru- x7ml WJ8Ni3ui. wkgcw5 whm{n6- man can harm her spirituality, along taugiaqarninganit nuqqautauniaqullugu. ysExø5 N7ui6 Wd/3ui5 ttC6ym- with her physical and emotional Qaujimanarmat nalia arnaq kujannitta- J•t5toD8NExqb k6vt5tQxDbs- being. Elders know what they are ulauqsimajuq ilaminut. Tavvuunali inu- J8NC/3mb w7u•Dmic6X5gk5. talking about and feel very strongly tuqait taakkuninga kujannittauqattaqsi- that something has to be done to majunit uqaqatiqarunnaqattarajarmijut. wMQ/u5 f/8i8i6 prevent this kind of thing. It is not hard to spot the ones who have been Inuaqsiniq r4f5 wMu8i5 f/8iX5g5 the victims of incest and the elders xvs8q5gosE?2S5 bmguz can meet with the victims in their Inuaqsiniq pinirlunniujunit piunnginiq- Wix3icCwZu. bwmw5bwoQxcC- communities. pattianguvuq. Amisunit pijjutiqauqtuti 52 lx3mbo sW8NCi xscctQ7m0J. Murder Inuit inuaqsijjutiqasuunguvut. wkgcw5 m4fi6ni5 bmguz grys- Taassuma Inuuup inuaqsinirmit isuma- md p5tx6S5. x3N6 m4flxDi, xats2 This is the most horrible of all crimes. jjutingit nuattualuulisuunguvut. h4fA8N3mA xi3iuA5, tuuA5 whmuA9l. There are all kinds of reasons that Inutuqait taimaalluunniit isumagiurni- wkgcw5 cspm7mb rhu5 scsyc3- cause people to commit murder. unngilat. Ilangillu Inuit isumagialisuun- mΩ3u w2WQ9lt9l bmguz ck6©D- Once they start contemplating it all guvut inuaqsigianga kangiigijauniqarati. bsQxc3izi5 k6vsbsixd9lA. sorts of reasons start to build within Uattiaruli inutuqait sivurngagut qauji- cspmN3m5 Nox x3N6 f/8i5bsM- them. Elders never thought that mavaliqpajuvut kina inuaqsinirmit s6ymJ6 wMuk5. b=No wkgcw5 way. Some people start considering isumaqalirmangaarmi. Tavvuunali ∫4fiz f/8i5bsc5b6ymJi5 it without others knowing about it. isumaqaqtiusimajuq inutuqarmi uqaqa- scctcD8Nc5bC/3uJ5. In the old days the elders would tiqalirami, isumajjusirijanga asijjirun- find out about it and they would naqpuq unnirluutigilugu isumagijjutinga wkx6yi6 meet to discuss the situation with qanuiliurialaunnginirmini. Inuk isuma- the individual contemplating murder, jjutilik taimaak isumassaqsiurunnaqsiva- wkx6yi6 Wi3l8isJi5 Ws8qi6- thereby changing the person’s mind juvuq ammalu sailinirmut tikigunnaqsi- X5txaK6. xuhi5 W0Jtcs6gt before they acted on their plan. The vajulluni isummiqtaugiatuarami. wkw5 wkx6y0Jtc˙a7mb. ∫{hm person would take time to think Taimaak inutuqait tamatuminga kamag- w˚2 wkx6yi3u5 whm0Jtq5 kx5gx- things over and would settle down ijaqattiaqpalauqsimavut. ¬o˙aK5. wkgcw5 bwµ9¬8•5 again. This is how elders used to whmQs3is8qM5. wMq9l wkw5 work things out. Innauniqsanit Naalanniq whmQxo˙aK5 wkx6yQxz vœQ/- sicCt. sx5txDo wkgcw5 yK3zA5 Listening to the Inutuqait makkuttunit naalaqujivut cspm?o6XJ7mb rN wkx6yi3u5 Older Generation angijugijaminit upinnarani inutuqait whmco3mΩ5. b=No whmc6tsymJ6 qaujimajut kisumit uqausiqarmangaar- wkgc3u5 scctcoCu, whm0JyE/z Elders want the young people to mi. Makkuniqsait naalaqujauttiaqput xy0pD8N6S6 s8i3¬tQlA whmQ0Jtz listen to the older people because inutuqarnit upinnaranittauq inutuqait ckwosExMs8qi3ui. wk4 whm0Jto4 they know what they are talking silatturnikuit qaujimanitaaqsimallutillu bwµ4 whm{n6ysD8N6y?JK6 x7ml about. The younger generation is immikkut inuulaurmigami uvattut nwoi3j5 trA8N6y?J9li wh7u6bsQ- encouraged to listen to the elders makkutillugit taimalu qinuittuulirnir- xgxCwZu. bwµ4 wkgcw5 bmguz because elders have obtained wisdom minut tikittuti. Taimaak makkuttuit vmQ/c5tx6XMs6ymK5. and knowledge through their own naalattiaqujauvut innauniqsait nilliatil- experiences and patience. Therefore lugit. w8Nsi6ni5 ˆM8i6 the youth are expected to listen to the older generation when they speak. wkgcw5 m4f5gi5 ˆMdpK5 xqJQ/ui5 sW8NCi wkgcw5 cspmJ5 rhu5 scsyc3mΩ3u. m4fi6nw5 ˆMd/s5tx6S5 wkgc3i5 sW8NC i5bs6 wkgcw5 yM5g3ifw5 cspmi∫6ym9lt9l w7u4f5 w˚Ms3uZu s?5g5 m4ft9lQ5 bwml ekw5©o3i3uk5 tr5gt. bwµ4 m4f5gw5 ˆM5txd/sK5 w8Nsi6nw5 i9oxt9lQ5.

53 54 stD8N6St5 ttC6g6 ∫8 mv˜4M8

YOU CAN GO BACK by Don McLauchlan

UTIRUNNAQPUTIT Titiraqtuq Taan Makalaaklan

≈6r{hwpj5, Dear Editor, Aaqqissuijimut, vJq6n6bsMsC8k ttCd/s9lk We were encouraged by Dave Webster Kajungiqsaqtaulaurannu titiraqujaullunu bwFt sx2ybj5 whmQ/5t8i5 srs6- to send you in a copy of some of our Taiviti Uapsitamut isumagijattinnit ukiuq- b6gu5 kNc3i3u5 ck3o x0pŒ8q8- impressions of differences in northern taqtumit nunaqarnirmit qanurli ajjigiin- ico3mΩ5 x3ÇAw5 %) sz∫k5 living over the last 50 years and more. nginniqalirmangaat arraaguit 50 ungataanut çq6ymo6t9lQ5. ∫8 yK9o6Xu5 Don first went north in 1937 and stayed qaangiqsimaliqtillugit. Taan sivulliqpaamit srs6b6goxMs6ymK6 !(#&u5 x7ml in Chesterfield Inlet, Lake Harbour ukiuqtaqtulialauqsimavuq 1937mit ammalu kNcMs6ym9li w[loZ3J7u5, r7uD7u5 and Baker Lake, apart from holidays nunaqalauqsimalluni Igluligaarjummit, x7ml cmi5gx3u5, xf8izA5 evE- until 1949. In view of life today, it Kimmirummit ammalu Qamanittuarmit, x6XJZlx6gi !($(DCh8izi5. s9lu was an exciting time when you were akunningagut qikariaqpajugaluaqtuni w˚yso6g6 bf9lA, dFxN9ME2XJJ6 more or less on your own to make decisions 1949rurasunninganit. Ullumi inuusiuliqtuq w7ui6hi6ns9lb whmos6tsi6n- and cope with any circumstance. takullugu, quvianallarippajujuq imminiq- s9lbl ckw5gcÇz5 vmps?JZ5b. suniqsaulluta isumaliuqtiuniqsaullutalu Included are a few old and new pictures. qanuittuqaraangat kamajiuvajugatta. wMostK5 b=? x0pgcw5 x7ml k∫5 x0p8ax5. Somehow “the tea and bannock” was Ilaliutivavut tavva ajjituqait ammalu omitted from the text but it was much nutaat ajjinnguat. ckrx6 “†g3N6 x7ml XMsZ6g3N6” appreciated by everyone. The Inuit had „3iC4f t tC6ym/8i5, x{h9o set up a tent on the beach and served it Qanukiaq “tiiturnaq ammalu palaugaaq- d/NMs6f5 r4foµ5. r7uD7u5 right there when we arrived by zodiac turnaq” titiraqsimajannit piirnirakku, at Lake Harbour. assulli qujanalauqqut kikkulimaat. Tupir- niilaurmata imaup sinaanganit taunanil- cmi5gx6 s9lu. Please feel free to edit, or reject in it’s luarlu tiitulauqtuta puttasuukkut umiaq- Baker Lake today. entirety, but we thought some of your turiiqtilluta Kimmirummut. Taan unikka- Qamanittuaq ullumi. readers might be interested. assaliqpaaluugaluaq taissumanitarnit 55 gW3iMs3mb wms2 yˆzi5 bsNi9- Don has many stories to tell of this era ammalu Aklaavimmiilauqsimanirminit lx3l †gMs6gb S5b˙4f5 as well as Aklavik 1950-53. 1950-53mut. sux6g‰6t9lb. They always say, “never go back”, but Uqaqtuqainnasuungummat, “Utilauqsima- ∫8 si4√{no6X¬Zlx6 bw{hmib3i5 that’s not true. It was really a heart nianngilatit”, tamanna sulinngittuq. Uum- x7ml x4˜F7¨Ms6ymi3ui5 !(%)-%#j5. warming experience for us. mattiarissiniqsaqpaaluujugulli utijugattanit.

sc6gcw8N˙a7m5, “stMs6ymix8- Sincerely, Pinnanaqtumit, qMt5”, bm8N ho8q5g6. ß7m5txE{yi6n6X¬JA9o stJZ5bi5. Donald & Katy Lou McLauchlan Ta anut ammalu Kaiti Luu Makalaaklan Calgary, Alberta Kaalguri, Aalpuuta W8NN6gu5,

∫k5 x7ml vwt ¬ mv˜4M8 Following our wedding in 1946, we Katititaulauqtillunu 1946mit, iqqanaija- √9AE, ≈9Íb were posted to Baker Lake, but where rvitaaqtitaujuvuguk Qamanittuarmit. is Baker Lake? It is the approximate Qamanittuaq namiikkaluarmat? Kan- geographical centre of Canada. ataup qitilluakuluaniipaluttuq nunan- vttbsMs6t9lk !($^u5, w6vN- How did we get there? Churchill, nguarmit. Qanualuk taikunngajuvita? w/3F∫6tbsJKA4 cmi5gx3u5. Manitoba is the real starting point. Kuujjuaraalukkut Maanituupamit cmi5gx6 N¨4vlx3m5V vNbs2 We boarded the Royal Canadian pigianngajuvugut. Ikivigilauqsimajavut et9lxflx•Xl5g6 kN8ax3u5. Mounted Police (RCMP) 41 foot paliisikkut umiangat anginilik 41 vutmit ckxl4 bwf8zJFbV ƒ0JxÇl4f5 boat “Chesterfield Inlet” and “Siastuviilt Inlit” ammalu malilauqsi- µi©Xu5 WQx8zJKA5. wrFQMs6- followed the lights of the Hudson mallutigu niuviqtikkut Hatsan Pai ym/K5 Xøy4f5 suxz5 xqio4 $! Bay Company supply ship “Severn” Kampanikkut umiarjuangat “Siavuurn” K5u5 “yx{gÏ95 w8o5” x7ml that first night. When it went in to sivulliqpaamit unnumit. Arvialiarngat yK9o6Xu5 s8ku5 moMs6ym9ltA Eskimo Point, we sailed on north. umiarjuaq, nigirmuunginnasilauqsima- isF6t4f5 Bx5n8 Xw v7Xi4f5 At dark that second night, we pulled jugut. Taaqsimmat unnungata aippaan- sux3Jxz5 “yx38”. x3Fxox3z5 in for a few hours in the lee of an it, qikiqtamut tammaalauqsimajugut sux3Jx6, iQ3∆q8NyMs6ymJA5. island off Rankin Inlet where there Kangirsiniup silataanit atausirmit illu- ∫6y7m5 s8kzb xw2Xi5, er6bj5 was one house. Here lived “Foxie” taqalauqsimajumit. Tavvani nunaqala- b7µMs6ymJA5 vq3Ois2 yM∫i5 Brown, a white trapper, and his uqsimajuq “Vaaksi” Puraun, mikijjiqti xbsy3u5 w9lbcMs6ymJu5. b=?i family. No trees, only rocks, it qallunaaq, ammalu illumiuqatingit. kNcMs6ymJ6 “¿4y” SCs8, ur0p6t looked bleak and barren. Napaaqtuqarani, qaiqsuinaulluni, c9lˆ6, x7ml w9lusctq5. NX6g- In 1996, Rankin Inlet is the kajjaananngitiaqquujilauqsimajuq cCi, cw6hwNs9li, v0÷N8qtx6ƒp- air traffic hub of the west coast kisutaqajaarani. Ms6ymJ6 rhbc÷Ci. of Hudson Bay, with many modern 1996mili, Kangiqsiniq tulattavillu- !((^uo, vq6Oi6 gM5bF9lxbs7m5 conveniences. There is a large Inuit ataummat avittuqsimajungannit akarri- xF5g6ymJz8i5 xv3E÷6gi5 Wbc- settlement and an impressive air jaaqtunit pitaqauliqquq. Inunnit nuna- so6f6. wk8i5 kNc6gcs7mE5gi terminal building with beautiful qaqtuqaummarittuni ammalu qangata- x7ml czb˙4fFzi5 nN8axZ5t- Inuit carvings. suukkuvinganit sanannguagattiavaalunnit x¿l8i5 isFx{nc6gi. We came into Chesterfield Inlet niuviassaqaqtuti. s9¬2 WzJxi5 w[loZ3J7∆Ms6- on the third day. It was the largest Ulluup pingajuanit Igluligaarjummu- ymZ5b. kNo8i5 xqi6XAMs6ym9li settlement on Hudson Bay north of ulauqsimagatta. Nunalinnit anginiqpa- xF5g6ymJu5 ƒ0JxǬ2 Wz8Nzi5. Churchill. We transferred on to the angulauqsimalluni avittuqsimajumit k5t6tbsZ5b Xøy4f8k5 “cmi5gx3∆- RCMP “Baker Lake”, and began the Kuujjuaraaluup pingannanganit. Ms6ymKA4”, ra9o6Xu5 xs9Mb3it8i5 last lap of our journey. It is a spec- Nuttiqtitaugatta paliisikkunnut hNs=?. v0÷N9ME2S6 bwm wq3C9li tacular trip up the Inlet with many “Qamanittuarmuulauqsimavuguk”, vq 6h4f5 er6bZ˜¬9lt, n3?w9l islands, whirlpools and rapids. At kingulliqpaamit aullatarnitinnit sunauvva. x7ml wqsø9l b2Xvs9lt. wMz spots it narrows down to about 25’. Kajjaanallarippuq taima ingirralluni ∂r5g7mEso6X5gi iDr8ic6X5gt As there were no charts, it was nav- Kangiqsukkut qikiqtagalaaluulluti, sar- wMq5 @% Ï5i5. kN8ax6bcJ8q7m5 igated by memory. When the boat vaillu ammalu ingiuliillu tappakaulluti. ho bw{hmi, w6vsmi4f5 wq3CMs6- would scrape over a rock, Inuk Parker Ilanga quukittummariuliqpattuni ymKA5. sux6 w4v3EZw7m5, wk4 Xf3 would laugh and say “It wasn’t nirukinniqaqpattuti ilangit 25 viitnit. scc5bMs6ymK6 w9M6gi, “bµ•J- there last time.” We anchored at Nunannguaqtaqajunngimmat suli tais- 8q5©ZlxaN ra9o6Xu5.” b7µM- the Narrows for the night and sumani, iqqaumanikkut ingirralauqsi- 56 s6ymKA5 isD{i5 s8k7m5 trst- reached Baker Lake the next mavugut. Umiaq ikkarrigaimmat , Inuk Ms6ym9ltA9l cmi5gx6 cs7m5 evening where everyone, the six Paakur uqaqattalauqsimavuq illaqtuni, s8kzi5 is=FsExMs6ym9lt w9lus- Inuit families and the seven white “tamaaniijunngittuugaluanguna king- ctŒ5 Wz˙J6g5 x7ml Wz˙J6g6 men, greeted us. ulliqpaamit.” Tammaalauqsimavugut xbsy3l c9lˆ5 wMQ/s9lt. Fifty years later we left Churchill Niurusnit unnummat tikiutilauqsimal- x3ÇAw5 %) xiA6t9lQ5 xs9MM- by plane and even stopping at these lutigullu Qamanittuaq qaummat unnu- s6ym9lb czb˙4f5 ƒ0JxÇl7u5 x7ml three communities we arrived at nganit niuvviurialauqsimalluti illumiuq- ∫4fNioµ6 kNo8i5 u2XJ9lb trst- Baker Lake in a few hours. We landed atigiit pingasuujuqtut ammalu pingasu- JKA5 cmi5gx3j5 wv3Cw5 xu˙8q5g5 on a paved runway and taxied up to ujuqtuq atausirlu qallunaat ilagijaulluti. çq6t9lQ5. uJKA5 u=F7u5 dx6- a new terminal building. It was Arraaguit 50 aniguqtillugit b6gj5 ∫4yJ9lbl k∫j5 czb˙4- crowded with Inuit waving and aullalauqsimalluta qangatasuukkut smiling, many of whom had come Kuujjuaraalummit ammalu taakkunanil- to welcome us. imaaq nunalinnit mippajulluta tikiutiju- Having previously corresponded vugut Qamanittuarmut ikarrait amisu- w9lDy5t8˚C5b ttC6ym- with the local RCMP, we were told unngittut qaangiqtillugit. Mijuvugut JcJK6 xqJxl7u5 they would meet us. So instead of mivvimmit quaqtaqtumut taaksijullutalu sc6ymJu5, “g8zhQ{y having to walk the three miles as nutaamut qangatasuukkuvimmut. st3iy8k5”, xsX6©9lt we would have had to do in 1946, Inugiaqpaaluujulluti Inuit nurluraqtut tt6vq5 S9M5bÔ6bc6gt they met us with their van and gave qungattut, tunngasuatittilluti uvattinnik. us a tour of “Qamanittuaq” - Baker Titirarvigilauqsimallugit paliisikkut, x?∫i. Lake, before arriving at the Igloo uqaujjisimajummata niuvviuriarniarni- Hotel. As we checked into the hotel, raqtuti. Asuillaalli pisugata, pingasunit When we walked into our the young girl at the desk asked us mailinit ungasinnilik pisugiaqarajaqta- room, there was a large sign with great awe in her voice, “Are miniraluavut 1946mit. Niuvviuriaqsi- right in front of us reading, you the people who lived here 50 mammata nunasiutikkut qimirrutittili- years ago?” When we walked into jugivut uvattinnit Qamanittuarmit Iglu “Welcome Back” in big our room, there was a large sign Tujurmivik upalauratigu. Tujurmi- red letters with balloons right in front of us reading, vimmut initaariaqturatta, niviaqsiakuluk on each end “Welcome Back” in big red letters iqqanaijaqtuq apirijuvuq tapaiqsimallu- with balloons on each end. What a ni, “Ilissiuvisiinnaa nunaqalauqsimajusi Illurusittinnuuratta delightful surprise!! tamaani uattiarurjuakallak (arraaguit 50 qaangiqtut)?” Illurusittinnuuratta titi- titiraqsimajuqajuvuq angi- In 1946 the detachment consisted of a three room living and office raqsimajuqajuvuq angijualummit uqa- jualummit uqaqsimajumit, building, warehouse, two small qsimajumit, “Tunngasugissi Utirnisinnut,” “Tunngasugissi houses for the special constables aupaqtuulluti titiqqangit pullattajuuq- Utirnisinnut”, aupaqtuulluti and their families and a couple of taqaqtuti avataani. Quvianattajuvuq!! titiqqangit pullattajuuq- tiny sheds. In 1996 there are three 1946ngutillugu paliisikkut pingasunit illurusiqalauqsimavut ammalu taqaqtuti avataani. RCMP officers each of whom have a three bedroom house and a sepa- allavviqaqtuti, kisukkuviqaqtuti, marru- rate building for the office. We unnik mikijualuunnik illuqajulluti pali- were happy to meet the first Inuk isiqutinginnut ammalu illumiuqatingin- fF7j5. wkQx6X¬J9lt wkw5 k9lC6g5 to complete the training in Regina nut ammalu illuralaaqajulluti marruu- dz5g5, g8zhxt5t9lt s?5t8i4. and she is stationed here. In 1946 niqqai. 1996mili pingasunit paliisiqali- ttC3FQMs6ym9lQ5 Xøy4f5, scs0- the office was a porch 6 x 8 ft with qqut atuni illuqauqtuti pingasunit illu- pymJ7mb is=FsEx3ix3iC6gt. xhw9- a table and chair, typewriter and filing rusilinnit ammalu ilaakkuuqtumit ˜9o WhZb, Wzhi5 mwoi5 szy8io4 cabinet. Today the office is a separate allavviqaqtuti. Quviallarijuvugut WhQxcC/6buiClxK5 !($^u5. is=- building with computers, photo- sivulliqpaamit inummit takujarianga FsEx6ym7mb kNyst4f5 eu3Dt5t- copiers, telephone and all the latest paliisissaunirmut ilinniariiqtumit oJQK5 s?5t8i5 cmi5gx3u5 w[l equipment — even a microwave Rijainamit ammalu tauvani iqqanaijaliq- gJ3uF4 sXMsCtA. gJ3uF7j5 wi∫- oven and deep freeze with meals tuni. 1946mili allavvivut tuqsuunniila- Ex6gC5b, iFx6yxfl4 w6vNw/6g6 for those detained in the cells. uqsimammat anginiqaqtuni 6 ammalu 8 xWEJK6 bXw6ym9li, “wo{ysF¥8ˆ In 1946 trading was all done at piitnit, iluani saataqaqtuni, issivautar- kNcMs6ymJy bµi sx5txD3Jxv9M4 the Hudson’s Bay in an unheated mit, naqittaummit ammalu titiqqakku- Gx3ÇAw5 %) çq6g5HV” w9lDy5t8- building. Money was represented vimmit. Ullumili allavvingat ilaakkuun- ˚C5b ttC6ymJcJK6 xqJxl7u5 by wooden chips as coins were too gajumiilirngat qarasaujaqtaqaliqquq, 57 sc6ymJu5, “g8zhQ{y st3iy8k5,” cold to handle. Basics were carried amisuliuruti, talapuuq ammalu nutau- xsX6©9lt tt6vq5 S9M5bÔ6- such as tea, flour, lard, hardtack, niqpaat iqqanaijarutiit - allaaluunniit bc6gt x?∫i. dFxN5bJK6¡¡ rifles, yard goods, canoes and hand- uunaqtuliurutitaqaliqtuq igamit kappu- !($^at9lA Xøy4f5 Wzhi5 turned sewing machines, but they jaqtumit ammalu quaqautitaqaliqtuni w9lDycMs6ymK5 x7ml x9M=Fc6gt, did not carry perishable foods. Today iluliqaqpattuni nirijassarijaujunit tigu- rh4fFc6gt, m3Î8i4 urJx¬8i4 there is a Northern Store where you jauqqajunut anullassiivimmit. w9lcJ9lt Xøydtq8k5 x7ml can buy almost anything, including 1946mili niurrutiqarniq kamagijau- w9lusctq8k5 x7ml w9lC˜cJ9lt fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs and meat. vajuvuq niuviqtikunnit uqquusautiqan- m3 Îi6vw. !((^uo Wzhi5 Xøyco6f5 It is tallied up on a computerized ngittumiittuti illumit. Kiinaujait nalu- xgi w9lcs6gt Wzhi5 w9lDyo8i5 cash register. naikkutaqaqpajuvut qijurulunnit amma- x7ml w˜4ƒ6gu5 x9M=Fc6gt. dF- We replaced the Paddy Hamiltons lukitaujingajunit siqaliit ikkiinaluaqpa- x9MEJKA5 yK9o6Xu5 wk7u5 bf/E- in 1946, but before leaving Dorothy jummata kamagigianga. Niuviassauva- xz Xøy{nsi3j5 wo8ix‰6gu5 explained how various things jujut tii, palaugaaq, purnirut, sivat silit- E/wNu5 x7ml bs?i w6vNw/o6gi. worked — the rubber bath tub was tut tisijut, qukiutit, qallunaaqtat, kanu- !($^uo x9M=FK5 g6˙8•Ms6ym7m5 folded up behind the kitchen door, un ammalu miqsuutit aggamuuqtut, xqic6gi ^ x7ml * „5i5, wlxi the stove needed a whole bucket of niuviassaqaqpajunngilalli niqinit surasu- nbc6gi, w{y?sb3u5, Ne5bs7u5 unit. Ullumili niuvirviit kisulimaattianit x7ml tt6v4fF7u5. s9luo x9M=Fz5 niuviassaqaqpalirngata piqasiuttugit w˜4ƒzJ¨o3z5 cCns/6bco6f6, piruqtuminiit, manniit ammalu niqit. xuhosDt, bMÍ6 x7ml kbsi6X5 s9luo isF3Ï5 rhoµ- Akingillu ullumi katitauvaliqtuti niu- w6vNw/D†5 — x9˜¬8•5 ßN6gos- viqtikkut naqittautinginnut. Dtbco6g6 wZu5 v2S/6gu5 x7ml 5txi5 isFx{nc6Xo3zb Nuukkatta tappaunga 1946mit dxcstbco6gi wloc6X5gi Wcys5gQ5 WD6gu•5, kinguvvilauqsimavavut Paati Haamutan- iE/{nE/sJi5 tA/s6vJk5 m8•5 x7ml ie5. kut, aullalaurati suli Tuurati nalunaiqsi- xk9M{¥F7u5. lauqsimavuq qanuq aulagiaqarninginnit !($^uo is3Dtc3i6 cmQ/s?JK6 Today there is a Northern kisuit tappaani - uvininniarvik qiaqpalik isF6tf8i5 s6ƒnstc8q5g¨5gt Store where you can buy niqiliurviup matuup ungataaniisuuq, iga w9lu5. ®Ns/w5 NlNw4fbc6XJK5 tatattumit vakamit ilulliqsuriaqasuungu- eJDl8i5 x7mlrbspzJi5 ycø5 almost anything, including lluni aumaalunnit, asikkanningillu. Igait w4®Nlx6XJ7mb vmQQxz. isFx{n- fresh fruit, vegetables, taissumani ikigiarviqaqpajunngittut, s?JJ5 †, XMsZ6, S3iD5, y?5 yo5g5 eggs and meat. Tuurati uqajujuq isumaalunarniraraniuk tyJ5, drst5, c9lˆ6b5, v˚8 x7ml tamanna imaililluni, “Igaup matunga u6˙t5 x[Z∆6g5, isFx{nc6XJ8qM9o Ullumili niuvirviit uunaluaqqat uujjaikkutimit atutuinnarlutit iei5 hC˙i5. s9luo isF3Ï5 rhoµ- kisulimaattianit niaqaujaliurvigijunnaqqat.” Aujamit tam- 5txi5 isFx{nc6Xo3zb Wcys5gQ5 niuviassaqaqpalirngata aani apirijaujugannu nirijaqturumamman- WD6gu•5, m8•5 x7ml ie5. xrq9l gaannu Pailatkunnut (paliisi), Vikiup uqa- s9lu vtbs?o6gt isF6t4f5 piqasiuttugit piruqtuminiit, utilaurmaanga qiturngangaguuq marruu- Ne 5bstq8k5. manniit ammalu niqit. nnik arraagulik assuruqtittilirmat qaujila- ˚4v5b b2Xsz !($^u5 ra=F- uqtilluguguuq quakkuvimmit matuiqsiju- Ms6ym?K5 Xt B≈jb8f5, xs9MMsCt nnanirminit. Uqautilauqparali taimailauq- ho ©Ct NlNw6yMs6ymK6 ck6 simagiaqanngininnit. Qiviaqtuninga apiri- xsMQxc3iq8i5 rhw5 b2Xi — coal at a time, etc. There wasn’t any juvuq, “Summat?” Kiujuvarali, “Upinna- sFi8ix3F4 ex6Xo4 ieos3Fs2 m©2 oven thermometer, Dorothy said ranili taissumani quakkuviqalauqsimanng- sz∫•˙6, wZ bb5gu5 ?vu5 wl9- that wasn’t a problem, “If the oven ittugut,” qaujjiallalauqqungali arraaguit 50 o6hExc˙a9li xsµl8i5, xy4v8i- door handle is so hot you need a akunninginnit asijjikallassimaniujunit. q9l. wZw5 bw{hmi wrQx3Fc6XJ8- pot holder, it is hot enough for Piniarnirilauqsimajatta anginiq- q5g5, ©Ct scJJ6 whµlN3iC3Nis4 bread.” This summer when we were paariqasiutilauqsimavaak qimussikkut bm8N wmwo9li, “wZs2 mgz ßNl- kindly asked for dinner one night at niurruvattuta nunaliralaanut - pingan- x6v5 ß0/w4ftu5 xggw8N3lt5 ixc- the Pilots (RCMP), Vickie said she namit, Sarvaqtuup kuunganit; uannamit s/os3FQJ8N6v5.” xs/u5 bµi xWE- was having a problem with her two - Kuummit tikittugit Qamaniq, Pavuli /sJZ8k iE/6gDm7mΩ8k XwM5f8k5 year old who had just discovered Tasiq ammalu Kuuk Mianiqsivik; ammalu GXøyH, Frs2 scstMs3µz eg3z- she could open the door of the nigirmit, Sanningajuup Kuunga. Nuna- zÅ6 m3Î8i4 x3ÇAo4 x{hD6t5to3m5 refrigerator. I said that was never a liralaanit atuni, qaujisaqpajuvugut aan- cspMs6t9lAÅ6 dx4fF7u5 mgw6y- problem for me. She looked at me niangikkaluarmangaarmi Inuit, niqinit J8Ni3ui5. scstMs6XCo bwmwM- and asked, “Why?” My reply, minaqpattutigu kaannaqtuqarnirai- 58 “Because I did not have a refrigera- juqaraimmat, inuujuqarnirmangaat tor”, brought the sudden realization inuujunniiqtuqarnirmangaat qaujisaq- of the changes in 50 years. pattuta, qaujigiaqpattutalu uumajuni One of the main duties was visiting uvvaluunniit attanaqtuqalirmangaat by dog team all the native camps — aqqutinit, asinginnillu. Qimminut south, around the Kazan River; west, niqqitit pigganaqpajuvut. Aivvagiaq- on the Thelon River into Schultz, simajut aivvanginniraangata, iqalunnit Aberdeen and Beverly Lakes and tatiqaliqpajuvugut. Qautamaaqsiutigiva- Thelon Game Sanctuary; and north, jullutigullu nulujjiriaqturniq. in the area of Bach River and Gary 1947ngutillugu qimmiit singiqsi- Lake. At each camp, we checked on lauqsimavut. Pigiatuinnalauqsimaju- general health, extra rations where ugaluaq tiriganianit, amarurnilu siar- it was reported they were hungry, makauqtulauqsimavurli singiqsiniq any births or deaths, information qimminut. Qakuqtamut tiriganiarmut on game or any unusual condition, malittaulauqsimavunga qanimigut etc. Dog food was always a problem. qapuaqijualummut kisukkuviqarvitin- If the walrus hunt was a failure, we nuutillunga. Kapijaugasulauqsima- had to rely on fish. Attending the juugaluat qimmit pivalliutigani - nets was a daily chore. amisuruluit tuquralauqsimavut. Pigga- In 1947 there was an epidemic naqtusiuqtittilauqsimavuq tamanna of rabies. It started among the foxes upinnarani amisut illumiuqatigiit s6ymQxc8qi8i5. eFx6giz xWE- and wolves and quickly spread to tatiqaqpajujut qimussinit. Taimainni- JK6, “h7m5V” rsJ?Co, “bw{hmi the dogs. A white fox followed me nganut aullarunnailiuqqalauqsimavut sW8NCi dx4fFcMs6ym8q5gA5,” in to the warehouse one day with nunaliralaarmiutait. Qimmiilli ullumi cs0px9MMs6fzo x3ÇAw5 %) froth all over his mouth. An effort kinguvviqtausimaliqqut sikituunut xf8iq8i5 xy0pv9M{ymisJi5. was made to inoculate all the dogs ammalu nunakkuurutinut. Qamutiilli Wix3iEMs6ym/5b xqi6XEc- — several hundred — but many ullumi siarrijautingita piarringik mar- ystMs6ym¿4 ej{y4f5 is3D?5gb died. This caused a serious hardship ramitiriaqarunniiqtut nilaliriaqarunni- kNoC˜k5 — Wz8Nu5, n3?6©2 as many families did not have enough iqtutillu. Ullumili qamutiit siarrijautin- ƒzi5; sx8Nu5 — ƒ7u5 tr5gQ5 dogs left to travel to the post. Today git piarriqalirmata qakuqtakulunni nip- cmi6, XKo by6 x7ml ƒ4 uxi6yF4; the dogs have been replaced by ski- innaangittunit nilliatanngittunillu, x7ml iQ3u5, n8izÔ2 ƒz. kNoC˜i5 doos and all terrain vehicles. The ammalu kalitauttiapattuti sikituunut. xgi cspn6XJKA5 ≈8ixq4vlx3- sleds have a new type of runner Ukiungutillugu 1948-49mut qanim- mΩ 3 u w k w5 , iei 5 uN6X5gtA √8N6- that does not require mudding or manaqtuqalauqsimammat nuvammut gc3iCwJcCw7m5, w˚Jc3i3mΩ5 w˚- icing. It is a durable white material qallunaatitut atilik puuliu. Taissumani J8•6gc3i3mΩ5 cspn6X5gb, cs- that neither sticks or squeaks, and luuttaaq Muuti Igluligaarjummiutaq pQx6X5gbl ßmJi s=?¬8•5 x5b- is easily pulled by the skidoo. aniittailitittilauqsimavuq kikkulimaat- N6gco3mΩ5 x6fti5, xyq8i9l. e7uk5 In the winter of 1948-49 there was tianit. Inuit pulaariariaqaqtitaujunngit- i6rt5 W[ZN6XJK5. xw=?Qx6ymJ5 an epidemic of polio. Orders came tut. Pigganalauqsimavurli tamanna xw=?q8iÇzb, wcl8i5 btco6XJKA5. from Dr. Moodie in Chesterfield inunnut iliqqusiminnit nuqqatittijum- csbµ6ystQ?J9ltA9l kl0pEx6g3i6. Inlet for a quarantine to be admin- mat pularattiutillugit. Niurrutiqaraiga- !($&at9lA e7¨5 yq6yMs6ymK5. istered. All Inuit visiting was to be mik sunakkutaaminit niurrutiqaqpaju- WQxgw8NMs6ymÔZlx6 tEZixi5, restricted even among their camps. vut tasirmiittuti, tusagassailli nunamin- xmD3il yx3mvs6gMs6ymK3o yq6- As they are naturally sociable, this ut utiutigivajujangit takujaminituangin- yi6 e7uk5. cf6bj5 tEZix3j5 was very hard on them. When they nit qanimmanarninganit. mo5bsMs6ymKz ciuA5 cSxeJx- came in to trade, it had to be done Titiqqausiat tikittaqpajugivut l7j5 rh4fFc3Ft8kt9lz. vW/sZh- out on the lake, so the only news arraagutamaat umiarjuaqtaqaraimmat Ms6ymÔZlx5 e7u5 W?9ostZi — they could take back was what they kisiani. Taakkua kamagijauvajulluti pali- xuhDlw5 gdCMs6ymK5. could pick up with their spy-glass. isikkut allavvingannit. Aujakkut ammalu Mail arrived on the supply ship ukiassaakkut 1946mit, mivvik sanajaula- on an annual basis. This was handled uqsimavuq angutinut avatinut, maniq- at the detachment. In the summer qisaummit atuqtuti ammalu qalurautinit. ∫8 mv˜4M8, cmi5gx6. and fall of 1946, an airstrip was created Titiqqait taima tavvanissainaunngittuq Don McLauchlan, Baker Lake. by 20 men, a grader and many shovels. ullukkut tikiqattalilauqsimavut Taan Makalaaklan At unscheduled intervals a plane Kuujjuaraalummit. Sivataarvikkut 59 W[ZN6gys6t5tMs6ymK6 bm8N would bring in mail from Churchill. unnukkut qallunaat tamarmittiaq sW8NCi xuh5 w9lusctŒ5 On Saturday nights all the white naalaummit naalappajuvut taiguusilim- btc6XJJ5 ej{yi5. bwmw8izk5 people listened to the “Northern mit tusarannaagaq “Nuatuurn Miasanju- xs9MD8Nwos6vMs6ymK5 kNoC˜3u- Messenger” on the radio for short rmit” taikuuna tusaqpajulluti ilaminit sbw5. e7¨9o s9lu ra=F6bsymo6f5 messages from family and friends. piqannarijaminillu qallunaaniittunit yr©k5 x7ml kN4ƒDtk5. cj†9o Our supplies and rations came in tusagassanit. s9lu yx3E/stqb Wx3Eq4 m3Cut- on the Hudson Bay Company (HBC) Arraagutamaat kisuvut niqivullu ExcD8•6g5 iMoExcD8•6gt9l. supply ship once a year. Usually tikippajuvut aqqutigillugit niuviqtikkut s9luo cj†5 yx3E/stq5 Wx3Ec- ours were unloaded on the beach in umiarjuangat. Piqutivut niujauvajuvut o3mb cf6bfl8i iW8ˆq5gi5 front of our house coming ashore illutta saanganit imaup sinaanganit i9oxb8q5gi9l, x7ml vobs5tx6- by canoe. In 1946 winter set in kanuukkut usijaulauqtillugit. 1946mit Xo6gt yr©k5 s9lu. before the “Neophyte” unloaded, so ukiaqsarailauqsimammat umiarjuaq srsat9lA !($*-$(j5 ci7mN6- she had to go about 3 miles down the “Niuvait” niurailauqtinnagu, ungavar- gcMs6ym7m5 k?7j5 c9lˆtg5 xto4 lake. While supplies were kept sep- iariaqalilauqsimavuq ungasinnilimmut Íos. bw{hmi ¬5∫6 ∆t w[loZ3- arated, everything was dumped in pingasunit mailinit niurailaurani tasirmit. J7usb6 xF5bwot5tMs6ymK6 r4fo- piles on the beach. Snow blew that Kisuqutigijait katimmauqtitaunngikkalu- µ5txi5. wkw5 S˜ExExc6tbsJ8- night burying it and breaking all aqtuti, kisulimaattiat imaup sinaanut q5g5. W[ZNMs6ymK3o bm8N wk8k5 the bottles, but some of the tins did niujaujuvut. Unnummat piqsiliqtualu- wo6fyu8i5 k6vt5tJ7m5 SMC5ts- not bulge. It was gradually brought ummat kisugalait saujaulluti aliguit

Wc8NE/q5 r7uD7u5 b=?sK†Ex6g6g5 ∫8j5 vwt ¬j9l wms2 yˆzi5. Friends in Lake Harbour saying farewell to Don and Katy Lou at the beach. Piqannarijangit Kimmirummit tavvauvutiiriaqtuqtut Taanmut Kaiti Luumullu imaup sinaanganit. 60 t9lQ5. is3DtcCwZu4 hN4f∫ui5 over to the warehouse by dogteam. siquttiqtuti pilauqsimavut, qattaarju- is3Dtc6XJK5 by3¨5gt, ci7mN3- This included 20 tons of coal in laamiittulli suraajunngittuugaluat. izi5 gnZ{nw9o kNuk5 ststQ?- 100 pound bags. Qimussikkut usijaulauqsimavut sukkait- J/q5 bf/uigxq8i5. Some years later all the Inuit tuti kisukkuvittinnuurujjaulluti. tt6vsyx5 tr5b6XJQK5 x3ÇAbµ5 were brought off the land to live in Piqasiujjaujulluti aumaliit uqumainni- sux3Jx6bcCw7m5 ryxi. ∫4fx vmQ- houses so the children could attend qaqtut 20 tansnit puussanut puuqqaq- /s?J9lt Xøy4f5 x9M=Fz8i5. xs/4f5 school. Although many of the elders simajut atuni uqumainniqauqtuti 100 x7ml srx{n4f5 !($^u5, u=F4 nN/- do not speak much English, the paunsnit. sMs6ymK6 xatk5 x?tk5, mi6rn- younger people all speak excellent Arraaguit amisut qaangiqsimaliqtil- s7u5 xg6gt x7ml clCsti5. tt6- English as well as Inuktitut. There lugit Inuit nunaliralaanit nuttiqtitaula- vw5 bwm b=?i{nwNs8q5g6 s9l4f5 are 1200 people living here now some uqsimavut illunut nunalinnit qiturngan- trc5boMs6ymK5 ƒ0JxÇl7u5. y?∫3- of whom are artists, sculptors and git ilinniaqujaulluti. Inutuqait amisut F4f5 s8k4f5 c9lˆ5 bm3u5tx6 ˆMs7u5 make beautiful wall hangings and qallunaatitut uqarunnangikkaluaqtillugit, ˆM2XJK5 bwÅyo7u5 gnC8ˆZ6 clothing as well as teachers and makkuniqsailli Inuit qallunaatitut “kx©38 uxn8J3u5” bwƒN gn6XJ9lt hunters. Life is more difficult for uqarunnatiaqqut inuttitullu uqarunnati- wMui5 Wc8NE/ui9l c9lˆ•5gi5 others. The elders say life is better aqtuti. Maannali Qamanittuaq inugian- gnZ{ni5. niqaliqquq 1200nit ilangit titiqtugaq- x3ÇAbµ5 rhK5 ieK9l tr2XJK5 tiulluti, sanannguaqtiit ammalu sana- x6ftQ9lQ5 isF6t4f5 sux3Jxz5. rhwi˜ wMq5 vattuti piujuutialunnit avalumiutanit WdtK5 is/s?JK5 w9l5b nzi5 ammalu annuraanit. Ilangilluunniit wms2 yˆzi5 v˚4f5 sy/sMs6t9lQ5. xy0phw5©7mb — yM, kN ilisaijiuliqtut angunasuttiqauqtutillu. !($^u5 srx6nCwMs6ym7m5 sux3Jx6 x7ml r5gEx5. Inuusirli ilanginnut assururnaniqsauvuq. “is?w5” isCwMs6t8NA, sz?Ex- Inutuqailli ullumi uqaliqput inuusiq ExcoMs6ymK6 szy8io7j5 Wzhi5 Some things never change pigganannginiqsauniraliqtunijju - mwoi5 isCwMsCi by3u5. rhdtQ/w5 — the weather, land and uqurniqsaulirami, annuraattiarinniqsa- vt7ms6tbs8q4vlx6gt, rhoµ5tx5 mosquitoes. uliqtuti ammalu niqitaqaurniqsauliqtuni. wms2 yˆk5 is/sJK5. s8k7m5 W6y- Asijjirutauniqpausimavulli qaumma- o6gx¬7m5 rhZMw5 ns/s9lt xoAw5 qqutitaqalirniq, uqaalautitaqarniq, titiq- yd5t6gt WMs6ymK5, c5∫3J˜¨5g9o Kisuinilaa ilangit asijjisuit- qausiarnaliqtuni qautamaat ammalu hÇJ8q5©Zlx5. ej{y4f5 sy/sMs6- tuummata - sila, nuna talaviisataqaliqtuni. Niuviqtikkut niu- ymK5 h4vw5gt rh4fF5t8˚D0/s9lt. virviqutiminingat ullumi takujagaqarvi- Wcys0/sJ9lt xsmø5 sdmw8ic6g5 ammalu kitturiat. uliqpuq ammalu attiqtausimaliqtuni @) b8{i5 Í{nk5 Í6v6ymJ5 xgi piqannarijannit “Akumalik Pularavvik”. sdmw8ics6gt !)) Xs8{i5. Qimirrutillunu ajjinnguanit arraaguit x3ÇAw5 xuh5 çq6ymo6t9lQ5 50lisanit, Akumalik uvannut saattuni wkw5 kNoC˜i5 k5t6tbsMs6ymK5 for them now — they are warmer, uqalauqsimajuq, “Taimaassainnaq w9lk5 kNo8i5 eg3zq5 wo8ix- have better clothing and there is food. takuniaqtugijugaluarikkit.” d/s9lt. wkgcw5 xuh5 c9lˆtg5 The biggest changes were with Iluvilialauqsimavugut amma qaujijul- scD8Nq4vlx6t9lQ5, m4fi6nw9o the coming of electricity, telephone, luta kamagijauttiaqsimaviutinninginnit wkw5 c9lˆtg5 scD8N6f5 wk5tg9l daily mail and television. The old paliisiminirmit Paakuup, Uujurmut scD8Ntx6gt. µ8No cmi5gx6 wk- Bay store is a newly opened museum ammalu Lui Taparti iluvingit, tamarmi Qx8ico6f6 !@))i5 wMq5 tt6g- and has been renamed for our old naparutaqaqtuti paliisikkut ilisarnaruti- Z6ts9lt, nN8ax6†5 x7ml nN?5gt friend “The Akumalik Visitor Centre”. nganit. Asingillu atiit taikaniilauqsima- WsÔtxl8i5 x?lusbi5 x7ml When we were looking at pictures jut - ilangit ukuulluti Tupiq, Ilisapi, x8kÇi5. wMq9¬8•5 wonwpso6g5 taken 50 years ago, Akumalik turned Taamas Taapatai, Tagurnaaq ammalu xaNh5tcs6gt9l. w˚y3o wMq8k5 to me and said, “I thought you Ataata Puliart. x{hD3Ni6nsK6. wkgcw9o s9lu would look the same.” Saali Uapstar mumiqtittijummat sco6S5 w˚y6 W[ZN8qi6nsiCo6- We went up to the cemetery and pinnguavimmit Sivataarvikkut katititau- gi0J — sd3i6nsoCu, x8kÇ5txE8- found the well-kept graves of our rataaqtuuk quviasuutigillugit ullurmit i6nso6gt x7ml iebcs3i6nso6gi. special constables Parker, Ooyourmut taassuminga, quviasuutigiqasiuttugu xy0pDbsi6XsymK9o cs7m6ftb- and Louis Taparti, each with a RCMP katititausimaniqput arraagunu 50nut. co3i6, sçMstbc3i6, tt6vsyx3N- crested stone. Other names were Saali ammalu nukanga Luusi Iiv apiri- o6gi csbµ5 x7ml bMÏnbco6gi. there too — among them Tupik, jujuq tiituriarumammangaannu isF6t4f5 isF3Fdtuiz5 s9lu Elizapi and Thomas Tapati, Tagoona Luusikkunnut taikaniittugalaujulluti bf/Zc3Fso6S6 x7ml x5t6bsym- and Father Buliard. inutuqait. Quvianattajugaluarivuq! 61 Kisuinilaa ilangit asijjisuittuummata - sila, nuna ammalu kitturiat. Taimail- auqsimagatta arraagugasait qaangiqtil- lugit, itivilauqsimagivugut kuukkut ullurmut umiaqtuqtuta namminirijar- mut Hiu Tulurialimmut, pigganaqtiga- niu itivittittialaurivaatigut. Saalikku Taivat Uapstakku, quviasuutiqaqtuti katititaulauqsimanirmini tavvani ullu- mit, uvattinnut ilagijaujuvuuk. Ullur- umitarnialiratta, tupijuvugut silallirn- gat. Kinguningagut qaqqalialilauqsi- malluta. Qaanganit nanisijuvugut ilu- virmit, taalitarmi, piruminirmit ammalu inussummit. Ujaqqait tingaujanut qaamittausimajuvut qaujinaliqtuni tamanna akuniiqtumit nunagijausi- malirmat qangaalunit. 1949mili qimakkattigu Qamanittuaq nalunaqtumiilauqsimavugut. Aullani- aqtugillutali niuviqtikkut umiarjuanga- o6gi Wc8NE/8i5 “xfmo4 SMC=F4”. Sally Webster organized a dance gut “Ruuputslaankut”, iniliuqtausima- eu3Dt9lk x0p8axi5 x3ÇAw5 at the Community Centre on nnilauqsimannginannu. Tavvasainnarlu %)oni5, xfmo4 s?8k5 n5gi sc- Saturday in honour of a couple kapitanangat iniliurisikaallalauqsimavuq Ms6ymJ6, “bwµ{nw8N6 bfix6gQ- married that day, as well as our 50th tavvauvutiirunnaqsinata Inunnit tuavi- JZlxE4r5.” anniversary. Sally and her sister ralualirnitinnut. Pingasut pinasuarusiit wlFoxMs6ymKA5 x7m cspJ9lb Lucy Eve asked us to a tea at Lucy’s qaangirmata Haalivaaksmut tikiuti- vmQ/s5tx6ymFst8iq8i5 Xøyui3u5 house where many of the elders who lauqsimavugut. Xƒ2, ßJ3j5 x7ml lw bX3t wlFq5, remembered us were gathered. It Aujamit tamaani ulluit tallimat bm3u NXDbc6gt Xøy4f5 won3ND- was wonderful! qaangirmata, parnaliqtilluta Inuit tzi5. xyq9l x†5 bwv•Ms6ymJ5 Some things never change — qaililauqsimavut tujurmivittinnut tiituri- — wMq5 sƒ9lt gW6, wonW, ∫m{ the weather, land and mosquitoes. aqtusungaqtuti. Kinguningagullu qan- ∫Xbw, bA3ˆ6 x7ml x∫b Sox35. As we did years ago, we went up gatasuukkuvilialauqsimalluti tavvauvuti- no sx2yb3 ju6t5tJ7m5 the Thelon River for a day in a ittialiqtutalu. W8axF7u5 y?∫3F4f5 vttbsC∫6©4 boat owned and operated by Hugh Aujamit qangatalaurata Qamanittua- dFx˙tQ9lQ5 s9l3u5 ∫{huz, Tulurialik, who skilfully manipulated rmut, Ulaasaakkut umiarjuangannut dFx˙tQcys5gA vttbsymi6S5 it over the treacherous spots. Sally pularattimut niurrujugivugut Akuki- x3ÇAk %)k5. no x7ml kvz ¬y and David Webster, celebrating ttunit Kuujjuaraalummut aqqusaakain- ∑{ xWEJJ6 †gExDm7mΩ8k ¬y4f8k5 their wedding anniversary that day, najulluta Pannituukkut Kimmirukkullu. bwv•5gZMsJ9lt wkgcw5. joined us. When we stopped for Taan kamajiulauqsimammimmat pali- dFxN5bJZlxEK6¡ lunch, they put up a tent as shelter isikkunnut Kimmirummit 1938mit- rhwi˜ wMq5 xy0phw5©7mb — from the showers. Afterwards we 45mut. Taissumani pularagiatummari- yM, kN x7ml r5gEx5. bwmwMs6- climbed up to the top of the ridge. lauqsimavuq tukitattukkut nigianit ymZ5b x3ÇAZnw5 çq6t9lQ5, wtF- It was up there we found a grave, Qikiqtaaluup quvvasinniqpaaq Panni- hunting blinds, stones from caches qtuuq upattuniu. Inuttitut atirijujanga and an Inukshuk. All the stones “Mikilaaq”- tainna naittuq. Inutuqait mv˜4M8f5 Wc8NE/q5 were covered with lichen making tamakkiinnik nunaliinnik taassuminga cmi5gxu5 wM8NE/c6gt ~o you realize people have been living atimit ilisaqsijuvut tunngasuatijulluni- sx2yb bo6Wx•5gi. here since ancient times. jjullu. Kimmirummit, pinnguaqsitialuit Friends of the McLauchlan's in In 1949 when we left Baker Lake ammalu sanasikkaaraaluit takujuvavut. Baker Lake with special mention there was confusion. Although we Qujannamiiqpavut ukualimaattiat: of Sally Webster at the far right. had expected to leave on the HBC paliisikkut Panniqtuumit, Kuujjuara- Makalaaklankut piqannarijangit “Rupertsland”, there wasn’t any alummit ammalu Qamanittuarmit, Qamanittuamit ilannarijaqaqtuti reservation for us. At the last minute iqqanaijaqtiit Iglu Tujurmivimmit, niri- Saali Uapsitamit taliqpianiittuni. the captain decided they could make unajunngittunut tunijjusiarijujattinnut 62 Ms6ymQKA5 ƒ4f5 s9l3j5 sux6g6gb accommodation for us. We hurried N7 uiE/3j5 Bws glExo7j5, W[ZN6- aboard, so there was not time for a tZis wtF5t5txMsE¿tA5. no4f proper good-bye to everyone. Three bw?5 sx2yb4f, dFx˙tc6gt vtt- weeks later we arrived in Halifax. bsMs6ymi3ui b=?i s9lu5, s?5t8k5 This summer after five wonderful wMQ/sJ4. s9lDub3ixoC5b, gWJKA5 days and as we were packing to leave, yM9o3z5. raizA5 c6voxoMs6- some of these people came to the ymQKA5. çzi5 NiyJKA5 wlF3u5, hotel for a farewell cup of tea. Later ∫ob3u, WDui3u5 x7ml wk{h7u5. they were at the airport to give us a s/6vw5 tzs/k5 çu5bsymJK5 cs- final hug and wave good-bye. pNo6gi bm8N xf•6gu5 kNQ/s- Before flying to Baker Lake this ymo3m5 cΩli. summer, we were on a Russian !($(uo em4v5tA cmi5gx6 adventure ship cruising from NlN6g¨Ms6ymKA5. xs9Mix6gQ9lbo Greenland to Churchill, stopping isF6t4f5 sux3JxzA5 “ÎS5{˜8f5”, briefly at Pangnirtung and Lake wios6bsym8qN8k. b=?nw8N3l Harbour. Don had been in charge vWbNz5 wiosEy√9MMs6ymK6 of the detachment at Lake Harbour b=?sK†D8N6yNb wk8i5 gxFClx- from 1938-45. During that time he o3it8k5. Wzh5 WNhxD¥5 çq3mb had made many patrols with their B≈o¿4{j5 trstMs6ymKA5. Peterhead boat in summer and xs/u5 bµi s9lw5 b9om5 çq3mb, dogteam in winter along the south X3No6t9lb wkw5 cwoMs6ymK5 coast of Baffin Island and up as far gJ3uF5t8k5 †gEx6ghz6gt. rai- as Pangnirtung. His native name zA9l czb˙4fFoxMs6ym9lb was “Mikilaa” — the short one. vwt ¬ cmi5gx6 !($&u5. b=?sK†5txo6gbl. The elders at both places recognized xs/u5 czbMsCb cmi5gx3j5, the name and warmly welcomed Katy Lou McLauchlan Baker Lake 1947. s˜n4f5 sux3Jxz8k5 SMC5tj5 is3D- him. At Lake Harbour, we saw Kaiti Luu Qamanittuaq 1947mit. JQKA5 xfr5gi5 ƒ0JxÇl7j5 x6fnv- many of their athletic and artistic w8NJ 9lb X8i©4f5 r7uD4f9l. ∫8 skills demonstrated. ammalu Inuit tunngasuatittinirijuja- vmpsMs6ym7u7m5 Xøy4f8k5 r7uD7u5 We want to thank you all: The nginnut. Piviliuqsimanisi uvattinnut !(#*u5-$%j5. bw{hmi SMCQxg7m- RCMP at Pangnirtung, Churchill qujagijuvavut ammalu isumannguataq- EMs6ymK6 grb5g4f5 iQxi5 and Baker Lake, the staff at the Igloo sinaqsimanissinnut. Qujagiluarivavullu er6∫¬2 d=?y8i6X6 X8i6©6 Hotel, the unexpected generous gifts Saalikku Taivat Uapstakkuk, Qaqsau sX5gis. wk5tg5 xtEJ/z and the welcome by the people ammalu Akumalik. “ur˜6”- bw8N Nw5g6. wkgcw5 themselves. We appreciated your Kinakiaq taima uqattaniqqa bm4®8i4 kNø8i4 ∫{huz xtu5 time, trouble and thoughtfulness. utirvisaunngimmat! Utijugattali won6yJK5 g8zhxtJ9li0J9l. A special thank you to Sally and quvianattiajuvuq! r7uD7u5, W8ax6ytxlw5 x7ml David Webster, Koksou and nNy4√Çlw5 bfJ?K5. Akumalik. d/8N¨6XK5 sfxoµ5tx5: Xøy4f5 Who says you can’t go back! X8i6©u5, ƒ0JxÇl7u5 x7ml cmi5- We did, and it was fantastic! gx3u5, w6vNw/6†5 w[l gJ3uF7u5, iEsNJ8q5gk5 gi0JyxEJ/5t8k5 x7ml wkw5 g8zhxt5tiEJ/q8k5. WFos6ymiy s?5t8k5 d/QJ?K5 x7ml whm8axb6yN6ymi{y8k5. d/QlxE?K9l no4f bw?5 sx2yb4f4, c6ns x7ml xfmo4. rNrx6 bwm sc5bi6v st3Fns8- q7m5¡ stJZ5bo dFxN5txJK6¡

63 64 si4√6gx5

LEGENDS

UNIKKAAQTUAT

sfx m3Î4 si4√6gx4: X5ns÷3J4 The following two legends: Strong Ukua marruuk unikkaaqtuak: n8qJxl4 x7ml xa†4 m3Î4 Patsaujaarjuk and Two Men Walking Patsaujaarjuk Sanngijualuk ammalu Wh5©4 swA?K5 b=?i scoµZ3u5 carry over from the last issue of Angutiik Marruuk Pisuttuuk uiguvavut yK9ø5 si4√6gx5 wk4t©u5 N7m INUKTITUT magazine #81 from tavvani uqalimaagarmit sivulliit unikkaaq- *!u5 n6r÷J9lt. x3Nw5g6 xwWos2, Arnaitok Ipellie’s legends. Arnaitok tuat Inuktituumit namma 81mit saqqijaa- wkgcsJJ6 yKos6tsMs6ymJ3l was a well respected elder and leader of julluti. Arnaittuq Aipiliup, inutuqaujujuq w˚hz6gi wcl8i5, kN5yx3u5 Iqaluit, NT. He had written these legends sivuliuqtiulauqsimajurlu inuusungaqtuni ttCMs6ym/q5 wo6fy5b wlozi5 to keep this part of the Inuit heritage Iqalunnit, Nunatsiarmit titiralauqsima- XX8ix6gi w6vsm5tdp9lil. alive and remembered. Arnaitok’s nephew, jangit iliqqusitta ilulinganit papanniaqtuni x3Nw5©JÔ2 kxzb, ≈3l5g6 Alootook Ipeelie has permitted us to iqqaumattiqujillunilu. Arnaittuujujuup xwWos2 xg6gxt4√tA ∫4fiz reprint these legends. nuangata, Aarluttuq Aipiliup atuqtu- si4√6gxi5. atikkaatigu taakkuninga unikkaaqtuani.

Strong Patsaujaarjuk Patsaujaarjuk Sanngijualuk by Arnaitok Ipellie Unikkaatuaqtuq Arnaittuq Aipili sN wk4 w5g6 xi3ic6ƒp7mE5- Patsaujaarjuk and his wife came gu5 n8qJu5 w2WQN6f6. acrossa woman named Kukilik Taakkuaguuq nuliariik Patsaujaarjukku A very striking and strong and her two sons. Both her sons katisinnirmatik arnami irnilimmik mar- spiritual presence in this had a qajaq each. Patsaujaarjuk had ruunnik. Anaanangata atinga Kukilik, Inuk elder. a worn-out qajaq; he appeared to irniqaqtuni marruunnik. Irningigguuq Una Inuk ittuq anirniqaqquujim- be weak when they were wrestling atuni qajaliik. Taannaluguuq Patsauja- marittuq sanngijumit ippigi- around and the two sons would arjuk qajaqarilluni sukkuujuujaaqturuuq naqquq. beat him at games. sanngiittualuujaaqtunilu. Pinngualirai- 65 It happened that the two took gami paaqattaqtutillu qanutuinnaq his wife from him, and abused him. saalagijauvattuq nukariinnuk. Tavvali- That is what Kukilik wanted her guuq nulianga pijauvuq nuliaqtaangul- sons to do. When she would cook luni nukariinnu, nunami atausirmiittut. some food, she made sure that Assualuguuq sukkugijauliqtuq nuliiq- Patsaujaarjuk never became full. tausimalluni taimaiqujimmat anaananga When she would start to cook Kukilik irnirminut. Kukiliguuq igali- food, she’d say, “Patsaujaarjuk, go raigami uqaqpattuq, ‘Patsaujaarjuuk sit by the fire and warm your hands uuma igama uqquani pujaujariaqturit.’ over the fire.” So he would huddle Patsaujaarjuk asuillaaguuq pujualummit by the fire, though the smoke from igangata uqquani jagaliqattaqtuq ilira- the fire made him cough, because sumut anaananganit issialuttunilu quiq- he had to listen. supattuq pujurmut. He had a qajaq, and the paddles Qajaqaramiguuq pautingigguuq of his qajaq were thick. The two sons silittualuuk Patsaujaarjuup pautingik. would tell him, “Why are your Uqaujjauvatturuuq nukariinnuk, paddles so thick?” Patsaujaarjuk ‘Pautialuukkingukua sujualuuk silitta- would reply, “I also use them for qqak?’ Uqaqpatturuuq Patsaujaarjuk, tent poles, that’s why they are thick.” ‘Qanaginasumunukua silippuuk.’ When caribou were swimming across the lake to the other side, Patsaujaarjuk would go after them ‘Xstx¬4rafx hJx¬4 before the two did. They would yo5b6v4V’ sc6X5gÎ6 catch up with him before he reached X5ns÷3J4, ‘cNQNhjkfx the caribou. When they were passing him, they would go around him and yo2Í4. make waves so that Patsaujaarjuk would have a hard time keeping his “Why are your paddles so qajaq upright in the water, and so he would have to stop. He would thick?” Patsaujaarjuk would finally catch up only after the two reply, “I also use them for tent X5ns÷3J4 n8qJxl4 had already made a catch, and was poles, that’s why they are thick.” allowed to butcher the catch only ttC6ymJ6 x3Nw5g6 xwWo with his paddles, and the two would ‘Pautialuukkingukua mock him and ask, “Why are your ∫4fxÅ6 kox‰4 X5ns÷3J4f vty8- paddles so thick?” Patsaujaarjuk sujualuuk silittaqqak?’ i3mt4 x3Nu w3io7u4 m3Î8i4. xˆNzb would reply, “I also use them for Uqaqpatturuuq Patsaujaarjuk, xtz fro4, w3ic6gi m3Î8i4. w3i- tent poles so that’s why they are ‘Qanaginasumunukua q[Å6 xgi c/ø4. ∫8NlÅ6 X5ns- thick.” silippuuk.’ ÷3J4 c/cE9li h4ƒÔ÷6gÎ6 n8œ5- His wife was taken by the two gx¬÷6gil. W8axoCwZu Xc5b6- sons by force and abused. When gt9l ckgw8N6 nMQ/s?5g6 kv‰8k4. Kukilik was cooking food, she would b=?oÅ6 koxz W/sK6 kox6∫- tell her to remain under some covers, Tu ttualuigguuq ikaaqattarmata a9li kv‰8k, kNu xbsy3¨5g5. and she would do so even if she was imaagut puijjuqtut malitsaraigamiguuq hot. The wife would plead with them tuttuni imaaguuqtuni sivuninganigguuq and say, “He is only pretending to aullaqqaaqattaqtuugaluaq nukariik aul- x3Nw5g6 xwWosMs6ymJ6 be weak, actually he is very strong.” lalauqtinnagik. Tuttunigguuq annguti- g{yxF7u5 wvJ6ts0Jtui5 and the two would say, “If he was lauqtinnagit angujaugiiqpattuq nukari- x8kÇ6ym9li wclw5 kN5yx3u5. strong, he would have beat us by innuk. Patsaujaarjuguuq angujauliraiga- Then Arnaitok Ipellie in his now. He is only a weakling whose mi nukariik avataaguuqtuti Patsauja- pastoral gown in Iqaluit, NWT. paddles are too thick! He can’t even arjuguuq makitanasuaggatuinnasivattuq Arnaittuq Aipiliulauqsimajuq lift his paddles because they are too ingirraninginnut nukariik, ingirrana- tussiavimmit ikajuqtiujjutiminit thick.” Patsaujaarjuk would say, “I suarunniiqtuni malinginnut qajaqtuqtuq. annuraaqsimalluni Iqaluit wish two bull caribou would cross Patsaujaarjuguuq kisiani anngutivattuq Nunatsiarmit. the river.” They would reply, “Yes, nukariik tuqurainngitillugi tuttuni. 66 x{hxlÅ6 h4fQ/so6g6 kø6bs- you wish, you would never be able Aattuqtitausivatturuuq tutturataaminni ym9l i bwmwdp7m5 xˆNz fro4 to catch them even if they were nukariik. Pautingigguuq silittualuuk w3i3uk5. froÅ6 wZoCwZu sc6X5g6, there.” And so it happened, two Patsaujaarjuup qajangata apirijauvap- ‘X5ns÷3Ô4 ßm wZm s6fxi S/s/- bull caribou started to cross the puq, ‘Pautiikkingukua sujualuuk?’ Ex6gE5.’ X5ns÷J4 xhw9˜Å6 river, and Patsaujaarjuk started Taimaagguuq uqaqtuti ijurusuppattuuk SJxl7u5 wZzb s6fxi /Zoc5b6- going after them as he had always nukariik. ‘Qanaginasumunukua silip- g6 woChj5 xˆNzi5 w{yxl5gil done. Before he reached them, the puuk,’ uqaqpatturuuq, nuliangaguuq dw6hX5g6 SJ3j5. two sons once again caught up with pijausimajuq nukariinnuk. Assualuk c/cCuÅ6 Xstq[Å6 yo5gx¬4 him, went around him, and caused sukkugijaulluni anaanangataguuq igal- X5ns÷3Ô2 Xstq4. scs0/s?5gÎ6 him to slow down. As they were luni punngaquvappaa isialuttuni pun- kv‰8k4, ‘Xstx¬4rafx hJx¬4 passing him, they mockingly made nganasuppattuq. yo5b6v4V’ sc6X5gÎ6 X5ns÷3J4, Nulianga uqaqpattuugaluaq sukkun- ‘cNQNhjkfx yo2Í4.’ nguanguniraqtugu sanngijualuuniraq- g5gxlw[Å6 w√c5b3mb wµA5 xa/soCwZu kv‰4 tugu. Nukariigguuq uqaqpattuuk san- Sw0J6g5 mo5nCwZuÅ6 g5gi x?∫Å6gt X5ns÷3JÅ6 ngiguniliuna saalaqarunnaqattarajaqtuq wµÅ6gi yKizi[Å6 xs9M6√c5- mrbNhx[Zgw8Ny?5g6 uvattinni. Sanngiitturulunguna pautingik b6©Zlx6 kv‰4 xs9MMs6t8NQ4. wq3Ciq8k5 kv‰4 qajangata silittuugaluak. Pautingik kivi- g5gi[Å6 x8atMs6t8NQ5 xa/s- gunnanngitangik silimut, nukariigguuq Œ6X5g6 kv‰8k4. X5ns÷3JÅ6 uqaqpattuuk. xa/soCwZu kv‰4 x?∫Å6gt As they were passing him, Patsaujaarjuguuq uqaqpattuq. X5ns÷3JÅ6 mrbNhx[Zgw8Ny?5g6 they mockingly made sure ‘Tavvatuuq pannialuunnik marrualuun- wq3Ciq8k5 kv‰4 wq3CNhxD8•6- that Patsaujaarjuk had a nik ikaaqtuqalaurli kuukkut.’ Uqaujja- gi, moq8k5 c/6g6g6. X5ns÷3J4 uvatturuuq, ‘Aahatuu tagga.’ Piniqsa- ryxiÅ6 x8at?5g6 kv‰4 gdCw8- hard time keeping his uniajjaangittiaqtutit pijjaangimmijutit qt9lQ g5gi. ≈5g6tbsy?5gÎ6 qajaq upright. ikaaqtuqaraluaqpat panninit. Ijurija- g5gC∫q8i kv‰4. c/zbÅ6 X5ns- uvappuruuq uqaraimmat pijjaangimmi- ÷3Ô2 Xstq4 yo5gx¬4 xWE/s?2S6, angujauliraigami nukariik jutit. Sulinnginnavit ilaaguungilaa ‘Xs†4rafx hJx¬4V’ bwµ[Å6 sc6gt avataaguuqtuti Patsauja- uqaqpappuq, ‘Tavvatuuq pannirjuani wJDh2X5©4 kv‰4. ‘cNQNhjkfx ikaaqtuqattalaurli marruunnik.’ Asuil- yo2Í4,’ sc6X5gÎ6. koxzÅ6 W/- arjuguuq makitanasuagga- laaguuq pannialuunnik marrualuunnik symJ6 kv‰8k4. x{hxl4 h4fQ/s9li tuinnasivattuq ingir- ikaaqtuqaqtualuuliqpuq. Qajarminug- xˆNzbÅ6 wZ9li S8zd?2X raninginnut nukariik, guuq ullasittarivuq taimaagguuq wyxl5gi S8zNh2X5g6. pivakkami. Patsaujaarjuguuq ingirrasi- koxzÅ6 sc6X5g6 h4f8axa- giirmijuq nukariik sivuningani asuil- iC6gA n8qJx¬iC6gA. kv‰[Å6 laaguuq Patsaujaarjuk anngutilauqtin- sc6X5©4 n8qAiosN nMcD8Nc5b- sure that Patsaujaarjuk had a hard nagu angujauliriirivuq nukariinnuk. C/6g6 s?5t8i. n8œ5gDlaN Xs- time keeping his qajaq upright. Avataaguulirmigamigguuq Patsauja- tq4 c/zb yo5©Zlx4. Xstq4 Instead, this time, Patsaujaarjuk arjuk quqsuraliqpuq qaangiiliramiggu- rFA8N8qbq4 yoj5, kv‰[Å6 quickened his paddling and paddled uq quviattualuullutik Patsaujaarjuguuq sc6X5©4. in between the two, causing waves makitanasuaggatuinnalirivuq avaqqusa- X5ns÷3JÅ6 sc6X5g6 ‘b=?©6 around them. He went towards the armatik nukariik sivuvarmatigguuq. X8ix¬8i4 m3Dx¬8i4 w√6gcMs3o two bull caribou, took them by the Paussigiaruluppuq Patsaujaarjuk, nuka- ƒ4f5.’ scs0/s?5gÎ6, ‘≈Bx© b[Z.’ antlers with both hands, and threw riigguuq akunningaguuqtuni makitana- Wi6nsix0÷q5tx6gt5 W0÷q7uJt5 their heads underwater, causing them suaggatuinnaliqpuuk nukariik ingirra- w√6gcClx6X5 X8ii5. wJE/s?2SÎ6 to drown. The two sons headed back ninganut Patsaujaarjuup. Pannialu- scCw7m5 W0÷q7uJt5. ho8q8NF5 to shore. Kukilik watched from a ugguuq akurraanuuqtuni illuttut tigul- w˜Åq˜ sc6X2S6, ‘b=?©6 X8i3Jxi hill on the shore, and watched lugik najjungitigut ipijiariliqpaak imaanut w√6gc5bMs3o m3Î8i4.’ xhw9˜Å6 Patsaujaarjuk skin the caribou on punngatittugik. Nukariigguuq sivumu- X8ix¬8i4 m3Dx¬8i4 w√6gc6gx¬- the water. When he was returning gatilluunniit utisirulutuinnaqpuuk o6S6. c/3uk[Å6 s9My5bEK6 bwµ[Å6 to land with the meat, he said, nunaminut, qaqqamiippuruuq anaananga, W?4vu. X5ns÷3JÅ6 wq3CyŒ3uJ6 “Kukilik, woman with big fingers, takunnaqtuni qajaqtuqtuni malittuni kv‰4 yKizi xhw9˜Å6 X5ns÷3J4 your sons, your own, your helpers, pannialuunnik. Aatturiiramigguuq x8atMs6t8NA xa/so‰EK6 kv- your gifts, I am tired of being nice nunaminut tikilirami uqaliqpuq, ‘Kukiliik ‰8k 4. x?∫Åo3uZu[Å6 X5ns÷3J4 to them, take this fat of the caribou.” Kukilirjua, irniikkik pijiliakkik angusi- d6hCo6S6 çœoCu[Å6 dFx5g- Kukilik went to take it as she cried. akkik naakkigijigisuillaakka pitsiaqtigi- 67 suittaakka tunnussanuna aiguk.’ Kukili- guuq aissiqtuni qiallunilu ilirasumut Pat- saujaarjummit. Takkuu angut Patsa- ujaarjuk sanngiitunnguangulaurnirmat nukariinnuk sunauvva sanngijualuullu- ni. Nukariik sukkuniqpuuk ilirasuliqtu- tillu taassuminga. Tavva isua.

Taanna unikkaaqtuaq qallunaatituungali- qtisimajanga Liuni Kuunuup, tusaaji/- inuttituungaliqtittiji Aatuvaa, Aantiuriumit.

Angutiik Marruuk Pisuttuuk

Unikkaatuaqtuq Arnaittuq Aipili

Angutiigguuq marruuk pisulaurmatik asivaqsimajuuk inuqanngitukkut. Tavvaliguuq takunnaliqquuk inualummit qimassillutillu ullasillutik. Asuillaaguuq malissaqtualuuvuq tainna inualuk. Sunauvvaguuq tuurngaaluk angijualuul- lunilu tavva qimaallutik akuni ullattutik taqaliramigguuq aippanga qimappaa, aippangata asuillaa qallinginninganit angutiup aippanga quangunnguasivuq. Asuillaaguuq taanna anguti aippanga quaraaluujaaliqtuq. Asuillaaguuq taanna tikiutimmat tuurngaaluk angut quaraal- uujaarmat nammaliqpaa. Napaaqtulik- x¬9lt4 X5ns÷3JÅ6 mrbNhx[Zgw8- The story goes that Patsaujaarjuk kuuramiguuq nammattualuulluni pija- NoEK6 x?6fn3mt4 kv‰4 yK?3mt[Å6. was pretending to be weak as he arilluniguuq nammattanga napaaqtuni Xs{yQxDl2S6 X5ns÷3J4, kv‰[Å6 didn’t want to brag about his strength tigusivaliqpuq napaaqtut akunningagu- xf8izÅ6gi mrbNhx[Zgw8No6Í4 to the two sons. Since then, the uliraimmat. Taannaguuq nammattuq kv‰4 wq3Cizk5 X5ns÷3Ô2. X8ix- two were awed by him and listened nattissimasugisiqattaqtuq tigummitillugu ¬[Å6 xf3Ç˚6gi w9l5g5 tA9lQ4 to him with respect. That is the nammattanga. Qimualaisiqattaqtualug- N0JqtA5 wWpxEo6X4 wµk5 S8z- end of the story. uuq nammattanga malugusuttualuuga- t5gQ4. kv‰[Å6 yKjZt9¬8•5 styDl- miguuq uumattarianga, nuqqaqtunigu- gw8N6Í4 kNuk5, c6v¨2SÎ6 xˆNz, Translation from Inuktitut into uq anirniqarmangaat naalattualuuliqpuq bf8N6gi c/6g6gi mo5gi X8ix- English of this legend was done anirniqanngimagguuq pisusittarivuq ¬8i4. ≈5g‰Cu[Å6 kNuk5 troCu by Leonie Kunnuk, Freelance suliguuq taimaassainnaq qimualasilirivuq sco6S6, ‘frø4 fro3Jx, w3•4r4 Interpreter/Translator of Ottawa, ON. tigummisiqattarmat nammattanga. Kuug- Wpox4r4 xayx4r4 ˆ4rQpQhw9˜4v ammarippaliqturuuq tigummisitillugu nammattanga. Taqajunniirami nuqqaqtu- Two Men Walking niguuq nammattanga anirniqarmangaat si4√6gx•2XJÔ4 dFxQ/s?JÔ9l naalattualuulirivuq siqiniruuq nuummar- bf8NZi5 !(&)q8i5, s2W4 by Arnaitok Ipellie immat naalattillugu, ilaaguuq anirnisin- x7ml glZ6. ngilaq. Taannaguuq nammattanga isu- Popular characters in the 1970s, There were two men walking as mavattuq pigialiaqittarianga tuqutsigia- Okpik and the Raven. they were hunting on land where rluni taassuminga nammattamini. Unikkaaqtuaniippajujuuk quviag- no one else was. At once, they saw Ta imalu nunanganut tikittualuuvuq ijauvajujuullu takunnaganit a large person and started running nunalituagguu nuliaqaqtuni. Taanna 1970nginnit, Uppik ammalu away. The person started following tuurngaq irniqaqtuni atausirmit. Tulugaq. them. The person happened to be Taqajualuugamiguuq qimualaqattanirmit. 68 W5yx6tQhw5∫4v g8k{nkN xwA4.’ a spirit, a large spirit. As they were Tikikkami illuup saniraanut killinganut froÅ6 xw{y6gi ex9lil woChj5 running, they started to get tired, nappaqqaa taanna Inuk aussirjiutillugu X5ns÷3J7u5. b4ƒ xa5 X5ns÷3J4 and one man left the other man. quaraaluujaarmat. Ulimautiminigguuq n8œg8axaMs3i3m5 kv‰8k4 hNs=? The other man who was left behind kinnassailiqpuq kinnassaigiiramiguuq n8 q Jx¬9li. kv‰4 h4fi6Í4 decided to stop like ice before the sinigasualiqpuq nulianilu qijuttariaqul- woCho6gt9l ∫{huz. b=? whx. spirit came too close, and actually lugu taanna auppat uujuqturniaramik. did appear to be ice. When the Asuillaaguuq nulianga anilluni inurulu- ∫8N si4√6gx6 c9lˆt©zo6t- spirit arrived to him, he thought he aguuq iqqumajuugaluaq surusiq. ym/z wk5t©zJi5 osi f˚2, was ice and carried him over his Ataatangaguuq sinigasuaqtualuuliqpuq gnp\wk5t©zo6t5tp ≈g¿, shoulder through the bush. As they taqaqqagami assuruqattanirmut nam- ≈8tsEsu5. were going through the bush, the mannikumut. Tavvaliguuq uiraarjup- man would grab pieces of wood to paliqpuq uisatilluguguuq irnirulua taku- hang onto. The spirit thought that jualuuvuq uqaqtuni, ‘Ataataak avani xa†4 m3Î4 Wh5©4 it was only getting snagged by the uippuq.’ Ataataaluaguuq uqatuin- bushes, and would pull himself naqpuq, ‘Aussirami auppalliagami.’ ttC6ymJ6 x3Nw5g6 xwWo loose. The spirit started to suspect Uiraarjuppalirnirmijuq irningalu taku- that what it was carrying was alive, vatturli ilaaguuq aussirami uiqattaqpuq. xa†[Å6 m3Î4 WhMs3mt4 xy?6ymÔ4 and stopped for a moment to see if Taannaguuq surusiruluk uqaqpalirivuq wkc8qg4f5. b=?oÅ6 bf8No6ƒ4 what it was carrying was breathing. ingittuni isiganginni taassuma Inuup wkxl7u5 em{y9lt9l s9My9lt4. When it saw that it was not breath- quviattuq uujuuliqqata uqaqpattunilu, xhw9˜Å6 mo{n6gx¬K6 bw8N ing, it went on. Again, when it was ‘Inugassakka inugassakka itiqquanissakka.’ wkxl4. hNs=?Å6 ©3Ωl4 xqJx¬9- no longer tired, it felt it was being lil b=? eµ9lt4 xfi s9M5gt4 snagged by the bush, and in the bcoCu[Å6 xw2Xz em2X, xw2Xzb twilight through the trees checked xhw9˜ c9oq8izi5 xats2 xw2Xz again if what it was carrying was koxÇlxÅ6 mo{n6gx¬K6 dxa8axyK6. xhw9˜Å6 ∫8N xat alive. The man it was carrying was eµo6S6 ∫8N wk4 xw2Xz dxǬ÷o6g6. xhw9˜Å6 thinking of ways to kill the spirit. soms7u[Å6 tAux6gi. ∫8N trst7m5 ©3Ωl4 xa5 dxǬ÷3m5 They arrived at the spirit’s land, N7mo6X. NX6go4ƒCuÅ6 N7m5gx¬9li where only the spirit’s family lived W÷E9liÅ6 N7m5bz NX6gi tAy?- — his wife and one son. The spirit When the wife started a fire, o6S6 NX6g5 xf8izÅoCw7m5. ∫8NÅ6 was tired of having to have dragged the man grabbed the axe by N7 m5g6 N5t{ymhQyc5b6g6 tA7ut9lA it’s catch through the woods as it the sleeping spirit and N7 m5bz. ejxMwyc5b6gxlÅ6 kept getting caught in the bush, N7 m5bz mlAh5gx¬ZuÅ6 ßm5bExz, and erected him against the wall of started to run. k6v6giÅ6 xi3ic3mΩ5 ˆM5gx¬o6S6 it’s house, and waited for it to melt xi3ic8qm[Å6 Why5bEK6 hoÅ6 as it looked as if it was frozen. The Nuliaraaluaguuq malissaqtu- bwµ{nw8N6 ejxMyoEK6 tA7uyc5b3m5 spirit started sharpening it’s axe, aluuvuq qimaaliqpuq taanna N7 m5bz. ƒZ7mE2Xo6gÎ6 tA7uyt9lA and when it had completed sharp- Inuk ulimaummigguuq N7 m5bz. bcJ8•Cu k6v6giÅ6 ening it, told the wife to get some N7 m5bz xi3ic3mΩ5 ˆM5gx¬oEK6 wood to start a fire to cook the tigumiaqtuni. yeiÎ6 ˚7mE7m5 ˆM5t9lA, w˜Å6 meat when it had thawed, and went xi3iy8qM6. ∫8NÅ6 N7m5bz whm- to sleep as it was tired from carrying ?5g6 WQxoxe5bExz gd5yQx3li him through the snagged bush. Ataatangaguuq uqaqpakkivuq, ‘Inuga- ∫{huz N7m5bui. bwml kNzk5 Then, the man would slightly open ssarijjanngitatinukua inugassakka,’ irni- tr5gx¬K6 kNogx[Å koxc6gi. his eyes to peek, and was seen by ni minniqqutillugu isiganginni. Irnirulua- ∫8N ©3z6 w3ic6gi xbsy3u5. the spirit’s son when he had his guuq uqaqtuni, ‘Ataatama inugassangit bcJx¬ZuÅ6 ejxMc5bi3u5. eyes slightly opened. When the itiqquanissangit.’ Aussiami isiganginni tr4vu w9¬2 niÇk5 r9ozk5 spirit’s son saw this, he said, pinnguassaqarumaliriiqtuq suli aus- N2X6√ ∫8N wk4 xs{y3pst9lA “Father, it’s opened it’s eyes.” The siarigamijju auppat mannguppat pilattur- dxǬ÷3m5. somstui[Å6 r8N{nwo6S6 father absentmindedly said, “It’s niarami, uum. r8N{nwŒCuÅ6 yiZhxo6S6 koxil thawing, and because it’s starting to Taassuma Inuup nulianga qainnginn- eJ5bExd9lA ∫8N xs2X5 ßJ6g3- thaw, it’s eyes are opening.” The nganit taqajualuullarmilu iigangagami ixCu4. xhw9˜Å6 koxz xi9li child sat down and was saying, “I akuni illuup saniraani. Taassumunga wkDlxÅ6 w6fmÔZlx6 hDy6. x∫b- will eat the feet of this man when ulimaummut taanna sinittualuk ulimat- zÅ6 yiZhx6gx¬o6S6 bc6vZu it’s cooked,” and said, “I will play taqpaa silamullu ullasilluni. Nuliaraal- 69 x{hDc5bi3j5 N7m8ifj5. b=?oÅ6 with the bones of the feet”, and the uaguuq malissaqtualuuvuq qimaaliqpuq swÇ3J2Xo6S6 swnt9lAÅ6 w3iDlx father replied, “They will not be taanna Inuk ulimaummigguuq tigumi- bfJx¬K6 sc6gi, ‘x∫∫4 x?i for you to play with, but for me to aqtuni. Qimaalluni angujauvallialirivu- sw2S6.’ x∫∫lxÅ6 scgw8N6S6, have” because he wanted the bones ruuq taanna Inuk angakkuunirmigami. ‘xs{yCu xs2X9oxZu.’ swÇ3J2X- for himself. So the son said, “My Kingunini ulimappaa tamanna nuna o3i3uJ6 w3izl bf?5g3o w˜Å6 father’s bones to play with, my kuuliqtualuguuq. Taannaguuq malittualuk xs{yCu swc5b6S6. ∫8NÅ6 hDyDl4 father’s bones to play with.” Already apirivuq, ‘Qanurli ikaaqpit?’ Inuguuq sc6XoEK6 wq5gi wyZq8i ∫{hm they had plans for the bones of the uqaqpuq, ‘Imiqtugu.’ Imiqtualuuli- w˚2 dFx5g6 ßÔo6vb sc6X5gil, meat which had been taken, and qpuruuq kuugaalummit imaiqtaalua ‘wkZ{n4v wkZ{n4v wt6fxi{n4v.’ were prepared to cut the meat ammaguuq malissattarivuq angujauval- x∫bzÅ6 sc6X4rK6, ‘wkZ{nE0/8- when it was thawed. When the wife lialirmigami aqqusaariirmigami tasirmit

wk4tg5 scoµZ6 won6yK6 x=?8iE/sJJu5 x3Çi ≈Œyu5 Ns÷5, kN5yx3u. tt6gZ6g6: A¬Ex, ACw5 @/3, Ns÷5 kN5yx3u5. Inuktitut magazine commemorates the 1st anniversary of hunting the bowhead whale in Nunavut that took place at Repulse Bay in August. Drawing by Gloria, a grade 2/3 student, in Repulse Bay, NT. Inuktitut uqalimaagaq ilisaqsivuq avvannirijaujujumit arraani Aaggiisimit Naujaat, Nunatsiarmit. 70 Titiqtugaqtuq: Guluuria, gurait 2/3, Naujaat, Nunatsiormit. qbtkfx wkZ{n4v,’ w3ii u8i6f- started a fire, the man grabbed the kuulituinnarialimmit ulimattarivaaguuq t9lA. wyZq8i w3iDlxÅ6 sc6gi, axe by the sleeping spirit and started kingunini. Kuuliqtualuummigamiguuq ‘x∫bm wkZ{nq5 wt6fxi{nq5,’ to run. As he was running, the spirit apirigiirivuguuq, ‘Qanurli ikaaqpit?’ xs{yxu. wyZq8i W8ax{ncDmo‰6g6 started catching up. It happened ‘Imiqtugu.’ Imiqtualuulirmijuruuq ho xs{yxEZu0J xs2X5 m8a2X5 that the man was a shaman, imaiqtaalugilluniullu. Qanuruuq WM5g3ixCu, ß7. so when he had crossed a lake, he naluliqpuq tasirmi kuutuinnarialimmit ∫{hm w˚2 koxz cw8q8izi5 struck the earth by the lake with sivuninganiittuqarunniirmat. Taannaguuq bcJx¬9M3ul ∑ZzZu xfi w9¬2 the axe to form a river. The spirit inualuk ullassigiarmigami kaattualuk, niÇi. ∫{hjz soms7j5 ∫8N following him yelled, “How did nunaguuq taaqsiliqtammarippuq katat- yi5gxl4 som5b6X yMj9l s9My9li. you cross the river?,” and the man tarmat. Tavva isua. koxÇlxÅ6 mo{n6gx¬K6 eµo6S6 answered, “I drank it.” So the spirit ∫8N wk4 soms7u[Å6 tAux6gi. drank the river and finished it, and Taanna unikkaaqtuaq qallunaatituun- eµ9li xa/s?9oxoEKÎ6 ∫8N wk4 once again started running after the galiqtisimajanga inuttituungajunit Liuni xz4ƒi3uZu. raii som2X bm8N man. When he again started getting Kunuup, tusaaji/inuttituungaliqtittiji kN ƒo6gxlÅ6. ∫8NÅ6 mo5gxl4 too close to the man, the man Aatuvaa, Aantiuriumit. xWEK6, ‘ck3o w√6W5V’ wkÅ6 crossed a lake, struck the earth by sc6S6, ‘wu6gA.’ wu6gx¬o6SÎ6 the lake with the axe to form a ƒZl7u5 wmw6∫lx x7mÅ6 mo{n5bEK6 river. The spirit following him xa/s?9oxo3uZu x6fn‰3uZu by3u5 yelled again, “How did you cross ƒogw8NExo7u5 som5bE¿Å6 raii. the river?,” and the man again ƒo6gx¬7uZuÅ6 xWEŒEKÅ6, ‘ck3o answered, “I drank it.” So the spirit w√6W5V’ ‘wu6gA.’ wu6gx¬o3uJÎ6 drank the river and finished it, and wmw6∫lQ9lis9l. ckÎ6 Nlo6S6 once again started running after the by3u ƒgw8NExo7u5 yKiz•5gcD8- man. The man ran, and didn’t know •3m5 .∫8NÅ6 wkxl4 s9M{yQx3uZu what to do because there were no √5gxl4, kNÅ6 ∫6yo6b7mE2S6 more lakes to form a river. When vb5b3m5. b=? whx. the spirit ran to chase the man again, he fell into a black hole darkening ∫8N si4√6gx6 c9lˆt©zo6- his vision. That is the end of the story. tym/z wk5t©zJi5 osi f˚2, gnp\wk5t©zo6t5tp ≈g¿, Translation from Inuktitut to English of ≈8tsEsu5. this legend was done by Leonie Kunnuk, Freelance Interpreter/Translator of Ottawa, ON.

71 wkw5 bW‰4n5 vNbu5 vtmpq5 xqJ6vstq9l ITC Board of Directors & Executive Committee xqJ6√6 President swox7 X3S3 William Barbour svo6 wp5yx6 Okalik Eegeesiak Labrador Inuit Association Inuit Tapirisat of Canada P. O. Box 70 170 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 510 Nain, Labrador A0P 1L0 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5V5 (709) 922-2942 (t) 922-2931(f) (613) 238-8181 (t) 234-1991 (f) mb ?˜Bst Martha Flaherty (Ex-Officio) xqJ6√2 gqoz Vice-President Pauktuutit ¥M sx5-f¬5yxw Sheila Watt-Cloutier 192 Bank Street, 2nd Floor c/o Makivik Corporation Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1w8 Suite 600 (613) 238-3977 (t) 238-1787(f) 650-32nd Avenue Lachine, Quebec w8kQxo4 Vacant (Ex-Officio) (514) 634-8091 (t) 634-3817 (f) NIYC President 510-170 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 510 ®Ns/oEp Secretary-Treasurer Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5V5 Ôy fhZ6 Jose Kusugak (613) 238-8181 (t) 234-1991(f) Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated P.O. Box 638 Iqaluit, NT X0A 0H0 (819) 979-3232 (t) 979-0218 (f) ixo fx8/w Nellie Cournoyea Inuvialuit Regional Corporation P.O. Box 2120

Inuvik, NWT X0E 0T0 (403) 979-2737 (t) 979-2135 (f)

Ôy fhZ6 Jose Kusugak (as above)

/wWt k8z6 Zebedee Nungak Makivik Corporation 650-32nd Avenue Lachine, Quebec H8T 1Y4 (514) 634-8091 (t) 634-3817(f) Inside Back Cover