Подводни археологически проучвания в залива Вромос, акватория на гр. Черноморец (Емпорион в хората на Аполония Понтика) 1 Underwater archaeological researches in the gulf of Vromos, aquatory of Chernomoretz (An emporium in the chora of Apollonia Pontica)
1 К и ата из а а фи а ата к а а К т т а Ч ц
© / Ivan Hristov, 2014,
© UNICART / Published by UNICART, 2014 ISBN 978-954-2953-32-6
: Authors: , Ivan Hristov, , Pavlina Devlova, я , Iliya Kirov, , Boyka Zlateva, Georgi Ribarov
: Maps: . , engineer Toty Angelov, . , engineer Hristo Michev, . engineer Mladen Todorov
я: Graphic documentation: , Ivan Hristov, я , Iliya Kirov, , Yana Mutafchieva, , Pavlina Devlova, Rosen Vlasev
: Photograph: , Ivan Hristov, , Victor Nalbantov, Todor Dimitrov
: Translated by: Tsveta Raychevska
: Prepress: Plamen Kastelov
: Cover Design: я Anastasia Kartaleva 2 Подводни археологически проучвания в залива Вромос, акватория на гр. Черноморец (Емпорион в хората на Аполония Понтика) 1 Underwater archaeological researches in the gulf of Vromos, aquatory of Chernomoretz (An emporium in the chora of Apollonia Pontica)
2014
3 CONTENTS
Introduction Ivan Hristov ...... 7 I. Location Ivan Hristov ...... 9 II. History and methodology of the researches Ivan Hristov ...... 21 III. Archaeological material from the pre-Roman period III.1. Thracian pottery Ivan Hristov ...... 41 III.2. Black-glazed tableware and kitchen ceramics from the gulf of Vromos Pavlina Devlova ...... 49 III.3. Pre-Roman ceramic building material from Vromos Iliya Kirov ...... 65 IV. Archaeological material from the Roman period IV.1. Everyday Pottery Ivan Hristov ...... 101 IV.2. Ceramic building material Ivan Hristov ...... 121 V. Single artefacts of marble and limestone, ceramics and glass Ivan Hristov ...... 133 VI. Amphorae Ivan Hristov ...... 141 VII. Chemical Analysis of Organic Residues on Ceramic Amphora Fragments from Chernomoretz (2nd c. BC – 4th c. AD) Boyka Zlateva ...... 153 VIII. Research on the biogenic remains found during the underwater archaeological expedition in Chernomorets, Burgas region (5th c. BC – 6th c. AD) Georgi Ribarov ...... 183 IX. Interpretation of the uncovered archaeological structures and materials Ivan Hristov ...... 197 Literature ...... 207
4
Х ...... 7 I. Х ...... 9 II. я я Х ...... 21 III. III.1. Х ...... 41 III.2. , ...... 49 III.3. я ...... 65 IV. IV.1. Х ...... 101 IV.2. Х ...... 121 V. , , Х ...... 133 VI. Х ...... 141 VII. (II . . . – IV . . .) ...... 153 VIII. я . , (V . . . – VI . . .) ...... 183 IX. я Х ...... 197 ...... 207 5 6 Foreword
INTRODUCTION
Ivan Hristov
я 2013 . In the summer of 2013 in the gulf , я . - of Vromos, aquatory of Chernomoretz, , - an underwater archaeological expedi- я tion was held conducted by Dr. Ivan . - Hristov and the consultant Prof. PhD . . . . . - Kalin Porozhanov. Studied were struc- , - tures belonging to an anonymous an- cient trading settlement – emporium, – , я- falling directly within the controlled - urban area of Apollonia Pontica. In я я . - practice, the expedition in the gulf of я Vromos was the fi rst Bulgarian un- - derwater archaeological expedition, я, я - which marked the beginning of fully я excavating a coastal site fl ooded by the я - waters of the Black Sea and that with , - the methods of the so-called terrestrial . . я. archaeology. я The research is a continuation of - the underwater expeditions of the Na- я , - tional Museum of History resumed in 2011 by Ivan Hristov after a long 2011 . break. - In the following pages, members я of the expedition and specialists in - various fi elds of humanities present я the results of the excavations and de- - scribe the fi nds in detail, particularly the ceramics. The very interesting ar- . ю я chaeological material and the context , in which the settlement was discovered 7 Х Ivan Hristov
are a justifi cation for publishing the re- - sults achieved. . The book is the fi rst of a series я - about the site in the region of Cherno- , moretz, and whether a further release я - will follow is wholly dependant on the я opportunity the research work to be , . . . . - continued. , . - я . . - я ! я . - , - я .
8 Location
I АЗ Ж И LOCATION
Ivan Hristov
я , я The archaeological site submerged , in the waters of the Black Sea is situat- ю - ed in the south-eastern part of the gulf ( . 1). - - of Vromos. (Fig.1) The gulf is part of я : the large Burgas Bay and shares bor- я, ders with the peninsula of Atia to the . , ю - west, the peninsula of St. Nikola to the . east and the northern slopes of Medni я . rid to the south. A 2500 meters long 2500 - and relatively narrow beach of sand , я . extends between the peninsulas of Atia . - and St. Nikola. - The larger gulf of St. Nikola with я its smaller gulf of Sertli is situated to я - the east of the peninsula of St. Nikola ( - and its extreme north point the cape of Akra. ( 2009, 124). - 2009, 124) In close proximity to Cape Akra, я , a group of surface rocks called Vual- ( , - ite (Bivolite, i.e.Buffaloes, in Greek ), - Asivolos), stands in the sea – in poor visibility a challenge for shipping in all historical periods. . In geological terms, the position - of the gulf of Vromos is determined by the Rosen volcano plutonic struc- ture developed between the village of , . - Kraymorie and the town of Primorsko. 9 Х Ivan Hristov
. The structure covers the hills of Meden . rid and Ala Tepe. Much of it remains я я - under the waters of the Black Sea ( , ( , 2013, 610). 2013, 610). The bottom of the gulf is a huge я space containing thick mud (silt by , granulometric measurement – Fig. я я 6) in its surface layer. At a less depth ( - there is large and medium-grained – . 6). - sand with light mineral fraction con- - я taining quartz, carbonates and feldspar я, - ( , 2006, 88). Rocks com- , posed of melanocratic potassium-alka- ( , 2006, 88). - line and of syenite containing 10–15% я я , of quartz rise on the periphery (See - Kovachev, Stoyanov, Stanimirova, - Lozanov, Stoyanova, Mladenov 2011, 10–15% ( . plate X). According to Hr. Angelova Kovachev, Stoyanov, Stanimirova, and Ant. Donev, who rely on their ar- Lozanov, Stoyanova, Mladenov 2011, chaeological observations, the coast of plate X). . the gulf of Vromos convincingly con- . , - fi rms that the analyses concerning the ю , - changes in the coastline – indeed, very important for the interpretation of ar- , chaeological sites under water – must – ю - take into account the presence/absence я of contemporary interventions. A shift , - of the coastline about 150 meters into я - the sea in the area where the fl otation / - waste used to pour out evidences that . in some cases, the change in the coast 150 - is due to contemporary interventions - and the reclaimed territory resulting я , , from these interventions has buried я still unexplored part of the water area of the gulf with promising archaeolog- , ю - ical potential ( , 2013, 611). я To be more precise, the site pre- я - sented in the book is located to the ( - south of a low hill jutting into the sea , 2013, 611). and protecting it against the northern , and north-eastern winds (Fig.2). In the
10 Location
- , past, the same role was played by a ю - group of rocks – an extension of a hill , - to the west-southwest – today for its most part sunken in the sea. The said ( . 2). я rocks form a continuous underwater , ridge with a length of 300 m, which in -ю the past stood above the sea level and – - я acted as a natural breakwater. The site . was spread over an area of approxi- - mately 3, 5 decares and at 0, 50 m to 300 , 2.5 m of depth. - There are several archaeological я . sites localized around the researched - underwater settlement: 3,5 First of all, a great ancient settle- 0,50 2,5 . ment in the locality of Dimitri yurt - - should be mentioned. The locality cov- - ers an area of more than 10 decares and я я . is situated to the south of the peninsula я я - of St. Nikola, on the fi rst northern ter- я , - races of the low hill Meden rid, at the . ю . - foot of Bakarlaka peak. The settlement 10 has not been studied archaeologically ю - but it seems to be the connection be- . tween the coastal settlements and those я in Strandzha Mountain. A large burial - mound is located northwest of Dimitri . yurt, unfortunately destroyed by treas- , ure hunters. The newly discovered site was , probably connected with the ancient . settlement within the military zone of . ю an air defence unit located 400 m to the я , - east of the small gulf. Around 1980, я . two marble columns with Greek in- я я scriptions and numerous ceramic frag- , - ments of unclear dating were found - there during digging works ( , 2013, 30–31). 400 The peninsula of Atia (Antheia) я . mentioned in the ancient sources is 1980 . situated to the west of the gulf of Vro- - mos. (Fig. 3–4) Although the penin-
11 Х Ivan Hristov
sula was surveyed several times by re- я ( - searchers, archaeological excavations 2013, 30–31). on the peninsula were not conducted because it was closed as a military я ( - zone. The earliest ceramic materials ), . were recovered from the sea bottom in ( . 3–4). - 1968 during dredging operations in the я military port. Among them fragments , - should be mentioned as well as intact pottery from the Late Chalcolithic pe- , riod, Bronze Age and the entire fi rst . - millennium BC. Ancient and medieval pottery, including amphora fragments, was found along with it. Among these 1968 . я materials were an askos and a fragment - of a pithos with «Mycenaean volutes». - An archaic marble statue of a kuros я , from the end of the 6th – beginning of я я . . the 5th c. BC was found on the penin- я - sula, arrows-coins, a clay ringlet, an , ю - iron spearhead, a bronze ring, a lamp . and a clay wreath. A fragment of a roof tile stamped HPA (of Apollonia) is also “ ”. known from that area. я - Back in the distant 1934, during я levelling of the terrain in the northern я VI – V . . ., strip of the peninsula a clay vessel was - , - found, which contained ca. 2000 ar- , , row-coins, together with a clay mould , . for casting such arrows as well as a 1934 . я bronze hatchet. Similar coin resem- я я - bling signs are being discovered on the , entire western and north-western Pon- 2000 - , tic coast and some researchers interpret them as certain pre-coin forms of the , . - Greek settlers from the metropolises. - ( 2007, 71–140) The letter A я is seen on some of these arrow-coins, я я - either alone or with an upright anchor. я ( ю 2009, 266–267). These fi nds - are a precondition for the identifi cation ( 2007, 71–140). - of a settlement similar by type to the я я site in the gulf of Vromos.
12 Location
, я On the highest point of the pen- ( ю 2009, 266–267). - insula i.e. the Budzhaka peak (108.8 m) one can see the remains of fortifi - cations, which have not been investi- gated so far. During the fi eld survey in . 2013, I found out that a fortress occu- - - pying an area of approximately 1 de- – (108,8 ), care was once situated atop the peak. я, Today, the fortress walls emerge in the - form of stone spill and were obvious- . я, - ly a part of dry masonry, a technique 2013 . characteristic of the region primarily in , - the construction of Thracian fortresses. , ( , , , 1 . , 1976, 128–156) - To the north-east of the researched underwater site in the gulf of Vromos, the early Byzantine fortress Akra is sit- я – , uated on an area of 13 decares (Fig. 5). - The fortress functioned from the late ( , - 5th and the entire 6th century. In some , , , places Early Iron Age material was 1976, 128–156). revealed beneath the Late Antiquity я strata ( 2013, 23–28). Rocks – the capes of Atia and Akra are composed of melanocratic potassi- , um-alkaline and quartz containing sy- 13 ( . 5). я enite with 10–15% of quartz. я V я VI . - Sand – fi ne sand on the Vromos - beach and the underwater coastal slope я - Mud – silt by granulometric meas- ( 2013, 23–28). urements
13 Х Ivan Hristov
я
Fig.1. Map of the site location in the gulf of Vromos Fig.1. of the Map site location in the gulf of . 1.
14 Location
я
Fig. 2. Gulf of Vromos Fig. 2. Gulf of . 2.
15 Х Ivan Hristov я
. 3. Fig. 3. Cape of Akra and Peninsula of Atia andAkra Peninsula of Fig. 3. Cape of
16 Location
. 4. я – я Fig. 4. Peninsula of Atia – a picture of the researched site area in Vromos
. 5. Fig. 5. South wall of the early Byzantine fortress on the cape of Akra
17 Х Ivan Hristov
. 6. ( . – я – , ) Fig. 6. Geological drillings in the gulf of Vromos (after V. Peychev – Institute for Oceanology – BAS, Varna)
18 Location
65 67 я , m , m я я , m , m я 80 0.84 40 0.7 150 1.9 150 2.8 250 4.5 200 4.9 320 7.3 250 6 400 8.8 400 8.7 520 10 510 10.1 700 11.3 800 13.5 800 13.2 1000 14.4 1000 15.2 1200 14.8 1200 16.4 1700 15.9 1500 18.3 2000 18.6 2000 20 2200 19.1 2500 19.5 66 2650 20 я , m , m я 2750 20.4 70 1.1 100 1.9 68 250 6 я , m , m я 300 7.2 60 1.3 400 9 130 2.6 500 9.4 200 2.9 550 10.1 250 4.9 800 13.2 500 7.1 1000 15 700 7.8 1200 15.4 1000 8.8 1400 16.1 1200 9.3 1600 16.8 1400 9.7 2000 17.2 1500 10.2 2500 18 2700 18.3 3000 19.5 3250 20.3
( ) – . я . - 10–15% я ( ) – я я я ( ) – я ( ) – . я . - 10–15% я ( ) – я я я ( ) – я
19 20 я ... History and methodology...
II И Т ИЯ HISTORY И Т ИКА AND METHODOLOGY А У А ИЯТА OF THE RESEARCHES
Ivan Hristov
The site was registered in 2012 2012 я after underwater investigations in the . gulf of Vromos near the town of Cher- ( 2013 , 199–226; nomoretz. ( 2013 , 199–226; 2013 , 611–613). 2013 , 611–613) я The researches were conducted in 2012 ., я - the autumn of 2012 with the task to я explore the archaeological structures - already observed in close proximity to я the submerged section of the western wall of the early Byzantine fortress on Cape Akra and to register other struc- , tures and tangible cultural artefacts - in the aquatory of the peninsula of я - St. Nikola. In that year, the methodol- . . - ogy of underwater research included pre-dividing the gulf of Vromos into ю a grid of sectors sized 200/200 m. All - fi nds and observed structures were 200/200 . registered by GPS location coordi- nates and subsequently marked on the GPS general map of the researched area. In- , - dicated was the depth and the connec- я tion with neighbouring monuments. . The underwater work was secured by . - two boats and a team of seven quali- 21 Х Ivan Hristov
я fi ed divers and scuba instructors. 7 - 10 sectors covering a large part of - the eastern harbour area of Akra were . completely investigated. 10 , The research resulted in local- я izing the following archaeological я . structures: an ancient settlement in the я small southern gulf and a port facil- ity in the western foot of the fortress – - in Akra. Meanwhile dozens of various я ю , objects were found at different depths - in the gulf. It is worth mentioning a . - lead stock, an intact medieval amphora - from the 11th century, an Early Byzan- - tine ceramic cooking vessel, a late me- . dieval jug and a smoking pipe from the , я - early 19th century. XI , - The newly discovered site to the я , south of Akra and in the south-eastern part of the gulf of Vromos falls into XIX . sector 18. In 2012, it was assumed я ю that the site covered an area of maxi- ю - mum 2 decares. The site was deter- 18. mined through the area on which the 2012 , ceramic artefacts were distributed on 2 . the seabed; there the concentration of building ceramics and pottery was on - an area of 100 sq m. As mentioned , above, the settlement is situated at я - the southern foot of a cape jutting out westwards whose height is up to 100 . . - , 8 m. At the initial survey, on the top ю part of the cape we found fragments , of gray Thracian pottery, Greek am- 8 . phora handles and clay slips It should be noted that because of its strategic location the small cape was used for , the construction of contemporary - concrete fortifi cation. Observations . я , on the landscape and the profi les of - the small seaside cape categorically я reject the possibility the fl ooded site я - in the gulf and the alleged settlement
22 я ... History and methodology...
. ю я structure on the cape to have been from geological point of view a sin- я gle unit in the past. The fi rst ceramic я artefacts from the pre-Roman period я - found on the cape north of the sunk- en area are a precondition to seek a я - synchronous settlement there. Logi- . - cally, that settlement could have been я , strengthened and it will not probably be far-fetched to think of and look for я , another small turzis on the southern . - Black Sea coast. (See a similar exam- , ple in Sinemoretz – , ., , . 2009, 212–213). я я Today the site is submerged into the sea to a depth of 0,30 to 2,40 m. я ю ю Broken rubble, larger cut stone blocks ( and a huge amount of intact and frag- ю – , ., mented bricks and roof tiles, animal , . 2009, 212–213). bones, fragments of clay slips were found on the sea bottom. The ceramic я roof tiles consist mainly of Corinthian 0,30 2,40 . fl at pan tiles dated from the 5th and 4th , - century BC. - The collected ceramic shards are - pieces of dishes, bowls, amphorae and , cups. The earliest fragments are dated , - from the fi rst half of the 5th century . BC, the latest ones – from the 2nd to 3rd century AD. The objects were found , V IV . . . on the seabed in unclear context, but - the presence of a burnt layer, bricks , , - bond with mortar and stone blocks . - from the walls undoubtedly imply a certain kind of urban and economic V . . . - II–III structure. In the autumn of 2012, the . . water source of the settlement was lo- я , cated – a stone-built water well on the я , - land immediately to the southeast of , - the diving area. я The analysis of the collected mate- - rial and the context of fi nding suggest . 2012 the existence of a coastal settlement
23 Х Ivan Hristov
with outstanding trade functions. The – , nameless small gulf in which the set- - tlement was discovered is the quietest ю - place in Vromos and respectively in . the large Burgas Bay. - The apparent continuity in the use , я of the bay that includes also the pre- , sent situation determined its impor- я - tance and gave perspectives for future . я - research that was realized in the next , - 2013. , - я In June and July 2013, the archae- , я ological survey in the gulf of Vromos . grew into complete underwater archae- ological excavations. ( 2014, , ю- forthcoming) , я - At the beginning of the archaeo- logical research the site was divided я - into 500 squares measuring 5/5 me- 2013 . ters. The plan-square grid was laid ю ю 2013 . out in a three-dimensional coordi- я - nate system that was attached to the я state height grid. The squares them- selves were marked on the sea bottom ( 2014 – ). through a special metal construction - with vertical plexiglas windows that allowed the profi les to be observed 500 5/5 . and photographed in depth, thus pro- - - tecting the surface layers against slid- - ing. The underwater excavations were , я - conducted in 3 squares ( 11; 11; . 10; 10; 9) and 4 trenches measur- ing 1,5/1,5 m. The purpose was to de- - fi ne the boundaries of the settlement. я - The archaeological digging was car- , я ried out by two methods: the fi rst one ю – using loading hydro-lift for pump- , ing out sand, shells and pebbles; the second method – manual, by gentle . strokes of hands to remove the sand layer on the bottom. 3 ( 11; 11; As a result of the underwater exca- 10; 10; 9) 4 vations penetration into these squares
24 я ... History and methodology...
1,5/1,5 . was carried out to a maximum depth я . of 0,60 m. Rock bottom and highly mixed-up layers of materials from dif- : – ferent ages were registered in some я , places. In terms of stratigraphy, it was ; diffi cult to determine the individual – layers. All cultural artefacts were lo- , я я- cated in the sandy layer abundant in я . shells and chaotically scattered stone - blocks, some with traces of processing. There was no clay layer, which in an- tiquity was a part of the inland terrain 0,60 . of the site. The careful survey of the bottom allows some clusters of stones to be . associated with the supposed residen- я tial and commercial structures. It is . worth noting the discovery of huge amount of intact and fragmented я я , solenes and calupter roof tiles, tegu- - lae and imbrices respectively. The я , я wall masonry used mixed technique . - with bricks, some found with mortar. , - Several ceramic water pipes directed я towards the near source of fresh wa- . ter were uncovered in the eastern part я - of the investigated area. Despite the я я я deeply disturbed stratigraphic layers and the structures shattered by the - waves, the following observations . can be made about the depth at which - the dateable objects were located. From the top sand layer, intact and fragmented vessels from Late An- . tiquity (4th century) were recovered. - The ensuing layer was abundant in , я ceramic building materials and pot- . tery from the Roman period (2nd–3rd - century). Beneath that layer another я - followed, in which except shells and , sand there were broken parts of wall masonry and ceramic fi nds from the . Roman, Hellenistic and the Classi-
25 Х Ivan Hristov
cal era. In the deepest layer we found ceramic fragments from the Classi- , я - cal and Hellenistic era with enhanced ю я import character as well as typically . local Thracian ceramics. The depth of - я я - the abovementioned layers varies dif- ferently depending on the slope of the (IV ). bedrock of the site that descends from , the surrounding coast in the west and - south direction. (II–III ). , я , . - - я - , - . - , я я я ю .
26 я ... History and methodology...
. 1. я 2012 Fig. 1. Map of the fi nds from the underwater surveys in the gulf of Vromos in 2012
27 Х Ivan Hristov
. 2. - 18 – 2012 Fig. 2. Context of the major fi nds in sector 18 – 2012
28 я ... History and methodology...
. 3. - 18 Fig. 3. Uncovering the bottom of an amphora in sector 18
. 4–6. O - XI Fig. 4–6. Retrieving a medieval amphora from the 11th century in the gulf of Vromos
29 Х Ivan Hristov
. 7–8. я Fig. 7–8. Early Byzantine vessel for fast cooking
. 9. , 2012 Fig. 9. Late medieval jug found in the gulf of Vromos in 2012
30 я ... History and methodology...
. 10–11. я 2012 Fig. 10–11. Participants in the expedition in 2012
31 Х Ivan Hristov
. 12. - Fig. 12. Plan-square grid of the site
32 я ... History and methodology...
. 13. 2013 Fig. 13. Residential and commercial structures uncovered in 2013
33 Х Ivan Hristov
. 14. Fig. 14. Cross sectionFig. 14. Cross of the site
34 я ... History and methodology...
. 15. я 2013 Fig. 15. Participants in the expedition in 2013
. 16–18. я Fig. 16–18. Start of the dives
35 Х Ivan Hristov
. 19. Fig. 19. Marking the fi rst square in the gulf of Vromos
. 20. - . 25. я . 1 Fig. 25. Keeping a photo diary under water Fig. 20. A corner of a metal frame in square 1
36 я ... History and methodology...
. 21–22. Fig. 21–22. Work on a hydro-lift
. 23. „ “ . 24. Fig. 24. Marking the bottom of a test pit Fig. 23. „Manual“ mode of penetration into the layers
. 26–27. 2013 Fig. 26–27. Details of items found underwater in 2013
37 Х Ivan Hristov
. 28–31. 2013 Fig. 28–31. Details of items found underwater in 2013
. 32–33. Fig. 32–33. Fragments of ceramic water pipes
38 я ... History and methodology...
. 34. Fig. 34. Uncovering fi nds on the beach
. 35. я Fig. 35. Handling communication device under water
39 Х Ivan Hristov
. 36. Fig. 36. Working with a metal detector in the gulf
. 37. Fig. 37. Preparations for marking an underwater test pit
40 Thracian pottery
III А И КИ ARCHAEOLOGICAL АТ ИА И MATERIAL FROM Т И КАТА THE PRE-ROMAN А PERIOD
III.1 Т ак ка ке а ка Thracian pottery
Ivan Hristov
Fragments of Thracian pottery and я one comparatively intact preserved pot - were found in the two seasons of the , - archaeological researches. Despite the я . deeply disturbed upper layers it can - - be observed that these fragments were found on the bottom of the surveyed squares and trenches. It is noteworthy - that they were found together with nu- . - merous animal bones and numerous , fragments of processed wooden poles. At fi rst glance, the situation should be connected with the existence of an . я early Thracian or Thracian-Greek set- я - tlement despite all the arbitrariness of these terms. - The earliest attributed fragment 41 Х Ivan Hristov
я is from the mouth of a vessel (panel я я. II–2), dated back to the Bronze Age - я and belonging to the so-called ampho- ( II–2), roid pottery. The vessel was used for . transportation and storage of liquids. , - Its diameter at the mouth is 14 cm. The я . . . colour of the clay after baking is dark я - brown. The surface is burned. The clay . paste contains tiny pebbles, sand and 14 . - organic matters. A similar vessel from я . the site near Kameno, the village of я . - Vratitza, municipality of Kameno dat- , я ed from the 17th–12th century BC can . be given as a parallel ( 2010, . 44, fi g. 7–4). , . , The above mentioned and relative- ( 2010, 44, . 7–4) - ly well-preserved vessel (pot) is broad- XVII–XII . . . ly dateable from the 6th–4th century BC я я- with the proviso that there are analo- ( ) gies in the EIA. The material presented - VI–IV . . in the panels illustrating the Thracian ., я - pottery is mixed. With greater certainty , . we can attribute to the early Hellenistic - period the material from panel I–3, 4, , я 6, and panel II–4 (and possibly 2 and . 3). The fragments from panel I–1 and - я я I–5 of which the fi rst is wheel-made we can rather associate with the Ro- I–3, 4, 6 II–4 ( 2 man era. 3). - It is properly to mention here that я I–1 the Thracian presence in the area is I–5, я . 1 poorly studied but clearly documented я , in several points that are worth remind- ing. , For example, the earliest history of я , adjacent Cape Akra can be elucidated . thanks to the structures revealed in the - - summer of 2013 under layers of the я я 6th century ( 2013, 23–28). - These are four pits of still unclear pur- pose located in various places inside 1 я . . - the archaeological site. In these pits / / я - fragmented vessels with broad shallow .
42 Thracian pottery
я 2013 ., - bodies were found as well as kanthar- oi, bowls, loom weights, clay slipware VI ( 2013, 23–28). fragments and animal bones. Prevail- 4 я я - ing is the jabbed, relief and fl uted dec- , oration. The ceramic fragments from - Akra and particularly their decoration я . я is comparable with that of the vessels or fragments found in many sites in , , , Thrace: in the Malkoto kale fortress , near Ravadinovo, municipality of So- . - zopol, the Thracian sanctuary at the , - village of Babyak in the Rhodopes, the . Thracian settlement near the town of я Radnevo, the ritual pits in the territory я - of Malko Tarnovo, a village in the mu- - nicipality of Chirpan, near Svilengrad я ( . ( , , ; , ; - , 2000, 73–94; . я 1991, 91–104. , , 2010, 216; forth- . , я - coming), all objects dating from the . , - second phase of the Early Iron Age, but , ( - distinctly closer to the earlier boundary , , 1992, 29– of the period. 42; , 2000, 73–94; As to the context in which the 1991, 91–104. , pits were uncovered, its closest geo- 2010, 216. - graphical parallels are some pits from ). the Early Iron Age found in Nesebar я ( , я 2013, 217– VIII–VI . . . 219). - . There are two possible answers to я the question concerning the function я - - and use of the pits. я я - Firstly, they belong to the so called я , ritual pits, discovered in dozen of plac- ( , я 2013, 217– es in Thracia ( 1991, 1–11; 219). 1999, 165–183). Secondly, я they are part of yet unidentifi ed resi- я : dential or farm structures marking the – . . early presence of the so called Pon- я , - tic Thracians on the peninsula of St. я ( 1991, Nikola. The occurrence of a pre-Greek 1–11; 1999, 165–183). colonization and pre-Roman Thracian
43 Х Ivan Hristov
– я - layer on Cape Akra and respectively - on the sunken site in Vromos should , not be surprising to the researchers be- . . cause this layer does not stand isolated . from the already localized structures of - the fi rst millennium BC in the eastern part of the Burgas bay and particularly in the area of the present day Cherno- я moretz. - An early Thracian (prehistoric) , settlement in the territory of Cherno- moretz was discovered to the south of я . . - it, in the locality of Akladi. Evidences я of Thracian settlements for the entire . . - fi rst millennium BC the researchers . collect from the fi eld surveys thanks ( - to which they could localize Thracian ) - settlements in the localities of Cher- ю venka, Dimitri yurt, Garmitza, on the . . я Hrisosotiria peninsula and Cape Atia. я я . ( ю 2009, 266). . я я, я, . , - я, . ю , . я ( ю 2009, 266).
44 Thracian pottery
I. Tabl. I. Thracian pottery
45 Х Ivan Hristov
II. Tabl. II. Thracian pottery
46 Thracian pottery
III. Tabl. III. Thracian pottery
47 48 Ч , ... Black-glazed tableware...
III.2 И И А, BLACK-GLAZED Т А З А TABLEWARE AND И КУ КА KITCHEN CERAMICS К А ИКА FROM THE GULF Т ЗА И А OF VROMOS
Pavdina Devlova
я - A relatively large number of frag- 2012 2013 . - ments of import vessels were discov- я ered during the underwater surveys in я the gulf of Vromos in 2012 and 2013 *. - along with the other fi nds. In the schol- - arly literature, the researchers have long and repeatedly emphasized the importance of this type of artefacts - both for the dating of the newly dis- , covered complexes and for the study on the scope and scale of the commer- я. - cial contacts in Thrace. No doubt the ю fi nds from Vromos are extremely im- я я portant for clarifying the date and the nature of the discovered trade centre as - well as the direction of the trade con- . nections in the region. Fragments were - found of both luxury tableware and , - ordinary kitchen ceramics. Fully pre- . served was only one black-glazed cup. . The remaining twenty-seven artefacts - were found fragmented in a state that , allowed either their restoration or just 49 Pavdina Devlova
identifi cation by shape and date. The purpose of this study is to pre- . sent the uncovered and documented я - 28 vessels. The specifi c tasks of the - study were set out within this purpose 28 . and the attempt to achieve it: analysis ѝ based on different characteristics of the material – shape, function, decora- : - tion, dating, parallels, etc.; creation of a classifi cation by large formal groups; – , - comparison of the analysis of the re- , , , covered import pottery with the data .; я provided by the publications in order ; я- to clarify the nature of the researched urban structure and the contacts of its inhabitants. я я The analyzed pottery was found during the investigation of an ancient . marketplace fl ooded by the sea. The - shards were found over a large area я - in a multi-layer site. The fi nds are en- . - tirely black-glazed. No fragments with я , - painted decoration occurred. . - The classifi cation of the ceram- ic material is made by large formal . я groups. The fi nds are considered in . three groups: я - 1. Glazed ceramics (Table I) я 2. Ordinary ceramic kitchen and . - tableware (Table II) : 3. Pottery with plastic decoration 1. ( . I) (Table III) 2. - The largest is the group of the ( . II) glazed pottery (19 pcs.). The group of 3. the ordinary ceramic kitchen and table- ( . III) ware includes eight vessels. The last - я - group of the pottery with plastic deco- (19 .). - ration is represented by a Megara cup. - The largest group includes the ю 8 . - greatest variety of forms of luxury , , ceramic tableware and toiletry ceram- ics. These are mainly drinking vessels: – „ “ . kantharoi, skyphoi, kylikes, and bowls.
50 Ч , ... Black-glazed tableware...
- я я Of the glazed pottery the most numer- - - ous is the subgroup of the bowls. At this stage of the research, the toiletry . ceramics is represented by lid frag- – , - ments of a pyxis. , , . - - I. Kylikes . - Of the popular wine drinking - vessels, the kylikes, in Vromos were - found fragments of three different . types. They are variants of the kylikes on low foot (type stemless) (Sparkes, I. Talcott 1970, 98–105). These are я fragments of the upper half of the – , - large cups: shallow body pieces, to- gether with a handle. They are cov- . - ered with qualitative black glaze. Dif- ( stemless) ferent is the degree in which the glaze (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, 98–105). is preserved. Typical unpainted areas were found in the space between the – я, handles of two cup fragments, a fea- . , ture, defi ned by B. Sheftan as “early . - characteristics” (Shefton 1996, 169). , я . None of the cups from Vromos be- - longs to the most popular type found я in Thrace and the colonies: that of a – kylix with thickened inner mouth rim , . ( 2002, 52–60). The attested „ “ (Shefton exemplars are exact analogies of the 1996, 169). materials from the Athenian agora - я - and the necropolis of Apollonia Pon- я , я - tica. They are production of the Attic – workshops. The specifi c features of (stemless inset lip) ( this type of vessels allow their precise 2002, 52–60). dating: I–1: the end of the fi rst half я of the 5th century BC. (Sparkes, Tal- cott 1970, 483–484); I–2 – 410 BC. я . (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, 617); I–3 – я - the second half of the 5th century BC. . These are the earliest imported ma- я - terials found in Vromos. The kylikes : I–1: я display a wide variety of imports of V . . (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, this type of pottery and their mass us-
51 Pavdina Devlova
483–484); I–2 410 . . . (Sparkes, age in the Pontic settlements in the 5th Talcott 1970, 617); I–3 century BC. V . . - - II. Skyphoi . - Of the deep wine drinking glasses я in Vromos, fragments of the upper half of two cups were found: mouth rims, together with part of the body and the V . . handle. Identical by type, the skyphoi are of diverse sizes and colour of glaze. II. The fragments uncovered are of Attic origin and have an exact analogy with - materials from the Athenian agora and Apollonia Pontica. The parallels allow – я, dating them as follows: I–4, I–5 to the . , - second, third quarter of the 4th century я BC. (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, 324–328). . III. Kantharoi я Kantharoi, these fi ne wine drink- я . - ing cups were extremely popular in я : I–4, Thrace. Those found in the gulf near I–5 – , IV Akra are of tall slender body with the . . (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, 324– height exceeding the width. The bowl 328). is deep. The body is smooth, with a hemispherical shape. The foot is tall. III. The fragments from Vromos are of , я three different types: , ю - 1. Kantharos found highly frag- я я. - mented, but partial restoration allows я , full reconstruction of the shape. It sits on a low solid foot. The preserved frag- . я . я - ments are of the lip, the handles, the , - body and bottom on the low foot (possi- . . ble complete restoration of the kantha- : ros). It dates from the fi rst quarter of the 1. , 3rd century BC (I–6). Exact parallels are , - found in the Athenian agora and the ne- я я я cropolis of Apollonia. The quality of the . vessel implies a local production work- . - shop under the infl uence of Attic design , , patterns (Apollonia, Type VI, 480) (Ro- ( troff 1997, 15).
52 Ч , ... Black-glazed tableware...
я я ). - 2. Lower half of a kantharos III found highly fragmented; partially . (I–6). restored. This vessel is massive, with я - tall, elegant foot. Preserved are frag- я. ments from the base of the handles, - the body and the bottom on a tall pro- fi led foot, there are no preserved parts of the lip. Dated in the second quarter ( я, VI, 480) of the 3rd century BC (I–7). Like the (Rotroff 1997, 15). previous one this kantharos has exact 2. , parallels in the Athenian agora and the , - necropolis of Apollonia. The quality of . - the make suggests a local production , , . workshop under the infl uence of Attic Design patterns (Apollonia, Type VI, , - 480) (Rotroff 1997, 17–24). - 3. Kantharos with S – shaped pro- , - fi le and west slope decoration style. . A single shard of the upper half of III . (I–7). the cup – the rim of a fi ne table ves- я, sel with specifi c painted decoration, я - engobe applied on the outer part of - the rim, reinforced by incisions on the я. surface of the vessel ( 2012, 27). Preserved is the rim with part of the body decorated with incised zigzag ( я, pattern. The lower half of the vessel VI, 480) (Rotroff 1997, 17–24). is absent, no fragments of the bottom 3. S- - and foot occur. This pottery is typical “West Slope”. - of the Hellenistic era, and the fragment of Vromos is a late representative of – the type – 2nd century BC. Probably , imported from Pergamum (Behr 1988, 123). The kantharoi, like the other ves- , я я - sels evidence the diversity and wide- ( 2012, spread usage in the 3rd–2nd century BC. 27). , - я . IV. Bowls я - Bowls are essential part of the , я household kitchen utensils needed for . serving the dishes. They are the larg- , - est group of luxury tableware found in the researches in Vromos. The bowls
53 Pavdina Devlova
– II . ., я are diverse in shape and size, and rel- (Behr 1988, 123). - atively deep without any exception. , , Their function defi ned their function- - al forms which are primarily stable. III–II . . Largely represented are the conical bowls. They have the shape of an in- IV. verted truncated cone and the maxi- mum diameter is at the top of the ves- , - sel. The rim edge is differently shaped; я я я inverted inwards (Rotroff 1997, 1039, . - - 1042), straight or curved outwards , (Rotroff 1997, 872, 917, 918, 943, я - 947). Where the bottom is preserved, . it is on a low discoid foot. The earliest , ю bowl is deep of which fragments of . я its upper part are preserved (I–9). Its nearest parallels are provided by the materials from the Athenian agora. , - This is a cup from the classical period . produced in an Athenian workshop . (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, 903–910). , The bowls from Vromos have sur- , я vived in varying degrees. Complete- - . - ly preserved is a glazed bowl, most я – probably a variant of the «Palestinian (Rotroff 1997, 1039, 1042), type” (I–17). The shape is similar, but (Rotroff this bowl was made handless (Rotroff 1997, 872, 917, 918, 943, 947). 1997, 391–394). The analysis of the я , material makes it possible to suggest , the widespread use of various quality . - , dishes. The dating in the Hellenistic я period (Blonde 1989, Edwards 1975) (I–9). - - of eight of them (I–11–18) is reliable. One of them (I–14) has stamped dec- . oration on the bottom (Rotroff 1997, , 981, 989). The closest parallels to this tableware are found in the Athenian (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, 903–910). - agora and the necropolis of Apollonia - Pontica. By their origin the bowls are . - Attic terracotta. For some of them we , я can assume local production infl u- „ “ (I–17). - enced by the Attic standards. The pre- , served sherds document the use of the
54 Ч , ... Black-glazed tableware...
(Rotroff 1997, 391–394). bowls in the period from the 5th to 1st - century BC. V. Pyxis . (I–11–18) я The ceramic cosmetics or jewel- - lery containers are represented by two (Blonde 1989, Edwards fragments of a pyxis lid, painted in 1975). я (I–14) - black glaze concentric circles on the (Rotroff surface, and two lines of dots along 1997, 981, 989). - - the periphery of the lid (I–19). Exact - parallel is not found, but this lid can be associated with the group of glazed я . ceramics from the Early Classic Pe- . riod. The closest parallels occur in я я Corinth (Edwards 1975, 127, An 20, , я 251, 255, 261). . - Ceramic table and kitchenware V–I . . The pre-Roman ceramics close to the glazed one is represented by V. a small group of pottery fragments. This is a relatively fi ne table jug and rough ceramic tableware. The jug is , of the oinochoe type (II–2) and was highly fragmented. It is made of beige well purifi ed clay and decorated with я incised concentric circles. Exact par- (I–19). , allels are not found, but the closest examples in the Pontic region dated to - the 2nd century BC are known from the - . necropolis of Tomis (Bucovala 1966, - 73). Pots are the main representatives (Edwards 1975, 127, An 20, of the kitchen ceramics (II–3, 4, 5, 6, 251, 255, 261). 8). These are rough vessels with han- dles and a groove for the lid. Frag- ments of four pots of different sizes - were found as well as a lid of a similar , vessel. They are not of very good qual- - ity of make and the clay contains very . - large admixtures. A massive, thick- walled vessel, decorated with incised . concentric circles on the bottom and (II–2). - the rim also belongs to this group of
55 Pavdina Devlova
. - kitchen ceramics (II–1). Uncovered in sherds, the vessel draws attention я . with its intended purpose. There are , not exact parallels, but it might have - я been used in the household for mak- ing bread. On some terracotta from II . Apollonia a man or monkey is de- (Bucovala 1966, 73). - picted kneading bread in such a large vessel. Probably the kitchen ceramics (II–3, 4, 5, 6, 8). is domestic production. It could have been made after Hellenistic models. . - Similar vessels are dated to the Hel- , lenistic period (Rotroff 1997, 388). , . - Pottery with plastic decoration Fragments of the upper half of a . - Megara cup were found (III–1). The survived part is of a rim with two bands. , я The fi rst band is a pattern of Ionian cyma (ogee). The second is poorly pre- (II–1). - served, but the elements of vegetative , decoration are still recognizable. No . fragments of the bottom were found, я , but defi nitely this is a vessel typical of the Hellenistic period 2nd–1st century я . я , BC (Guldared Bilde, 2010). я The black-glazed pottery in Vro- я . я - mos displays a great variety and time- - span of import. From the 5th to the 1st . century BC various and numerous lux- . ury products from different, mostly At- - tic workshops were imported. Corinth (Rotroff 1997, 388). and Pergamum were also suppliers of such articles. Obviously the commer- cial contacts of the settlement residents - were stable and in many directions. The luxury wares undoubtedly suggest (III–1). that the inhabitants of the still anony- . я mous settlement possessed serious ma- . я terial and fi nancial capacity. The active - , import implies the use of pottery for . я - the needs of the settlement in Vromos , , - and for commercial purposes.
56 Ч , ... Black-glazed tableware...
, * I would like to express my II–I . . . (Guldared most grateful to Professor Dr. Anelia Bilde, 2010). Bozhkova, NAIM – Bulgarian Acad- , emy of Science, for its responsiveness to raised the awareness hired with the я - material of the object in another the . fi rst days after its discovery, as well V I . . . я as advice and valuable councils in the - preparation of this text. я , - . я . - - - . я, - . я - , .
* я - я . - я , – , - , - .
57 Pavdina Devlova
(stemless cup), , 3,8 , 1 . 20 Kylix (stemless cup), Fragment, Preserved height 3.8 m Appr. Diameter 20 m
Cup – kantharos, , 7,4 , 13 2 Cup – kantharos, Fragment Preserved height 7.4 m Mouth diameter 13 m
Cup – skyphos , 4,4 , 11 3 Cup – Skyphos Fragment Preserved height 4.4 m, Mouth diameter 11 m
, , 6,2 , 10 4 Skyphos, Fragment Preserved height 6.2 m, Mouth diameter 10 m
, , 10,7 , 14 5 Skyphos, Fragment Preserved height 10.7 m, Mouth diameter 14 m
58 Ч , ... Black-glazed tableware...
10,7 , 4,1 , 8 6 Kantharos Height 10.7 m Bottom diameter 4.1 m Mouth diameter 8 m
12,2 , 6 , 10,3 7 Kantharos Height 12.2 m Bottom diameter 6 m Diameter 10.3 m
“West Slope”, , 6,2 , 7 8 Kantharos with West Slope style decoration, Fragment, Preserved height 6.2 m Mouth diameter 7 m
, , 7,6 , 16 9 Cup, Fragment, Preserved height 7.6 m, Mouth diameter 16 m
, , 5,5 , 12 10 Cup, Fragment, Preserved height 5.5 m, Mouth diameter 12 m
59 Pavdina Devlova
, , 5,4 , 13 11 Cup, Fragment Height 5.4 m Mouth diameter 13 m
, , 5,3 , 14,1 , 7,2 12 Cup, Fragment, Height 5.3 m Mouth diameter 14.1 m Bottom diameter 7.2 m
, , 4,9 , 6 13 Cup, Fragment, Preserved height 4.9 m Bottom diameter 6 m
, , – , 5,4 , 5,4 14 14 Cup, Fragment, embossed decoration – rosette Preserved height 5.4 m Bottom diameter 5.4 m Mouth diameter 14 m
60 Ч , ... Black-glazed tableware...
, 4,2 19 15 Cup, Fragment Preserved height 4.2 m Mouth diameter 19 m
6 , 12,3 , 4,3 16 Cup Height 6 m Mouth diameter 12.3 m Bottom diameter 4.3 m
, , 4,7 , 21,5 , 6,3 17 Cup, Restored Preserved height 4.7 m Mouth diameter 21.5 m Bottom diameter 6.3 m
4,8 , 9,8 , 4 18 Kantharos cup Height 4.8 m Mouth diameter 9.8 m Bottom diameter 4 m
61 Pavdina Devlova
, 22 , 1,8 19 Pyxis lid Fragment Diameter 22 m Preserved height 1.8 m
( ) 51,5 ( ) 45 36,5 , 12,2 20 Thick-walled vessel Mouth diameter (outer) 51.5 m Mouth diameter (inner) 45 m Bottom diameter 36.5 m Height 12.2 m
62 Ч , ... Black-glazed tableware...
( ) : 18 : 1,7 : 30 : 14 : 32 21 Jug (Oynohoe) Mouth diameter: 18 cm Diameter of the plastic nub on the handle: 1.7 m Maximum diameter: 30 m Bottom diameter: 14 m Height: 32 cm
( ) 27 ( ) 22,6 7,4 22 Lopas Mouth diameter (outer) 27 m Mouth diameter (inner) 22.6 m Height 7.4 m
( ) 27 ( ) 25 8,5 23 Lopas Mount diameter (outer) 27 m Mount diameter (inner) 25 m Height 8.5 m
63 Pavdina Devlova
30 8,8 24 Lopas Appr. diameter 30 m Preserved height 8.8 m
( )27 ( ) 25 8,5 25 Lopas Mouth diameter (outer) 27 m Mouth diameter (inner) 25 m Height 8.5 m
: 3,3 , – 2,7 , : 5,7 26 Spout Mouth diameter: outer 3.3 cm, inner – 2.7 m, Preserved height: 5.7 m
: 3 : 3,1 27 Lopas lid Handle diameter: 3 cm Preserved height: 3.1 cm
, , 5,8 , 14 28 Megarian cup, Fragment Preserved height 5.8 m Diameter 14 m
64 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
III.3 И КА PRE-ROMAN Т ИТ А CERAMIC BUILDING К А ИКА MATERIAL FROM Т VROMOS
я Iliya Kirov
( - The investigation of the settle- ) я - ment (marketplace) in the water area я of the gulf of Vromos near the town - of Chernomorets provides many de- . tails on the use of ceramic building 2012 (Х 2013 , 611–613) material. After the archaeological ex- 2013 . (Х , 2014, 249–255) peditions in 2012 ( 2013 , - 611–613) and 2013 ( , 2014, , - 249–255) it was established that the - building ceramics occurred in all pe- riods during which the settlement ex- - isted and that it was one of the most . я frequently found artefacts. Despite я, the lack of clear stratigraphy due to - the specifi c location of the site and я я the open sea transgression, the un- я covered material is worth analyzing .1 я - and putting in scientifi c circulation.1 я This in turn provides an excellent - opportunity to follow up the devel- - opment of CBM in a relatively long , period that marks the time span from th 1 . - . the creation (end of the 6 c. BC) un- - . 1 I wish to thank Dr. I. Hristov for the opportunity to work with unpublished material
65 я Iliya Kirov
( я VI . . Х ) til the destruction (end of 3rd – begin- ( я III – ning of 4th c. AD) of the settlement.2 IV . . Х .) .2 The study is aimed at presenting and analyzing the pre-Roman ceram- - ic building material found on the site. , я This research on the building ceram- . ics from Vromos matters in several directions: я я: 1. It completes the picture of the 1. - building culture of the settlement compared to that of the other centres in the West Pontic area. я . 2. Outlines further the commer- 2. cial contacts of the site as part of the , economic life of the region in the я - pre-Roman era. . 3. Reveals the use of building ce- 3. - ramics on a new site, which enriches , the information about the place the я я я ceramic building material occupied - in the West Pontic centres я . The analyzed materials are main- - ly from the 4th–3rd century BC (Ta- IV–III . . . ( . 1). ble 1). Unfortunately no stamped roof tiles have been found so far, , which hampers the accurate dating and manufacturing place of the re- я covered building ceramics. . At this stage of the research, the я complex/es from which the construc- tion ceramics originated cannot be / - determined precisely. The building/s . / , to which it belonged was/were fur- я / я - thermore destroyed due to the impact я - of the sea. This in turn affected the . я я tiles, which were found highly frag- , mented and not in an intact form. - However, the available data are suf- . fi cient to allow the reconstruction of , the tiles by shape and type and deter- mine the applied roofi ng system.
2 ( ) 2 About the dating of the settlement (marketplace) - . . see above I. Hristov.
66 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
, The investigations of the build- . ing ceramics from the different cen- я - tres make use of different classifi - - cation systems. Their completeness - depends on the following factors: . я - level of knowledge and publication, : existence of own production and/or ; of imports ( я 2013, 233). / я The building ceramics from Vromos ( я 2013, 233). requires a more detailed and at the - same time open classifi cation that can cover all specifi c features by provid- я, я - ing an opportunity for comparison to , other sites in the West Pontic coast. 3 я - In analyzing the ceramic build- я 3. ing material, the following classifi ca- - tion criteria are considered: external shape, design of the functionally im- : portant parts (constructive elements), , я size, engobe coating, fracture surface, ( - composition of clay and traces of ), , , mould, “decoration” and in some cas- , - es other specifi c features. These crite- , „ “ я - ria determine the introduction of the . following classifi cation units: class, я - shape, type, subtype and variant.4 Due : , to the characteristics of the material – , , , .4 occurrence of products from multiple я manufacturing centres and/or work- 3 . . - . я , 3 Special thanks to Ass. Prof. Dr. Stoyanova for - the provided literature, as well as for her help in the analysis of the pre-Roman building ceramics from . Vromos. 4 я , - 4 On the principles of terminology, classifi cation я - and classifi cation units for construction ceramics, , . Zimmermann. Dachterra- see K. Zimmermann. Dachterrakotten griechischer kotten griechischer Zeit aus Histria. Untersuchungen Zeit aus Histria. Untersuchungen zur Typologie, zur Typologie, Datierung und Verbreitung kerami- Datierung und Verbreitung keramischer Bauele- scher Bauelemente im Schwarzmeergebieit. – EAZ, mente im Schwarzmeergebieit. – EAZ, 27, 1986, S. 27, 1986, S. 229–239; . Zimmermann. Zu den 229–239; K. Zimmermann. Zu den Dach terrakot- Dach terrakotten griechischer Zeit aus Histria. – In: ten griechischer Zeit aus Histria. – In: Xenia Histria. Xenia Histria. Eine Griechenstadt an der rumäni- Eine Griechenstadt an der rumänischen Schwarz- schen Schwarzmeerküste. (Eds.) P. Alexandrescu, meerküste. (Eds.) P. Alexandrescu, W. Schuller. W. Schuller. Konstanz, 1992, S. 156–157; Ö. Wi- Konstanz, 1992, S. 156–157; Ö. Wikander. The kander. The Roof Tites, 1986, Acquarossa 6/1, Roof Tites, 1986, Acquarossa 6/1, 15–18, . - 15–18; . я . . – : я . . – in: я , я , ІІІ.1., 2013, 233–234. ІІІ.1., 2013, 233–234.
67 я Iliya Kirov
– я - shops, an additional classifi cation unit / – series – was introduced. - The building ceramics is repre- я. sented by two main classes – fl at and - cover roof tiles.5 Until now no front – (antefi x) fl at and frontal cover tiles .5 - have been documented. At this stage ( ) not a single intact exemplar from the . pre-Roman period has been found. я я - Class A. Flat pan tiles . A. 1. Corinthian fl at pan tiles 6 A.1.1. Late archaic/early classi- . cal roof tiles 7 . 1. - They are represented by three 6 fragments of fl at pan tiles, which .1.1. / - probably belong to a type with the : 7 following constructive elements: a - fl at part with longitudinally raised , - - side edges; a sharp transition be- я tween the bottom side of the fl at part : and the outer face of the side edges , я - (Fig. № I. 1–3); the fl at part of one of ; я- the fragments had undergone further shaping (Fig. № I.1). The preserved fragments bear no data of other con- ( . № I. structive elements. All surfaces are 1–3); very well shaped and smoothed. ю я Colour ( . №I.1). The main colour of the clay ob- tained after baking is brown. 8 я . 5 The adopted terminology – fl at and overlapping - tile is consistent with recently published glossary of building ceramics. See Glossary. – In. Hesperia: 59, . 1990, p 7–10; 5 я – 6 All metrics data are displayed in Table 2. я 7 Latearchaic tiles with certain origin were found . Glossary. during the excavation on the St. Kirik Island. I ac- – In. Hesperia: 59, 1990, . 7–10. knowledge Dr. K. Panayotova for the information 6 2. abouth the building ceramics from the St. Kirik 7 - Island. I acknowledge Ch. Ass. Dr. D. Stoyanova . . . for the consultation during the analyzing of the tiles . - . - from that period. я 8 Here is to note that a part of the fragments from . . . - all derived types and series has deposits due to the . - . я extended stay in water. This in turn may sometimes . makes diffi cult the exact color defi nition.
68 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
я Composition of clay я я - The clay is hard, with a high con- я . 8 centration of mica and sand inclu- sions, which are evenly distributed. - Separate pebbles are observed in the я ю я , clay paste. The lack of bubbles im- . plies absence or limited amount of ю organics. The hardness of the clay . - suggests a greater weight of the tiles. Fracture . The three fragments possess я smooth brown fracture surface. The . baking is of good quality. This in turn indicates that the tiles were produced in the same centre and/or workshop. ю я Engobe я . . There are no preserved traces of я , - engobe on the fl at pan tiles. This is / most likely due to two main reasons: . the infl uence of the local weather con- ditions, and consequently their stay я into sea water. This does not exclude . - the applying of engobe, however. я Given the well-treated upper surface : я - and side edges of the three fragments, я the engobe coating can be suggested. . Traces of moulds ю я . Despite the well-shaped and smoothed parts, traces of a wooden mould have been retained on the bot- - tom surface of one fragment. This . in turn gives grounds to assume that similar moulds were used for the - other tiles as well. The idea of using - wooden moulds for these and for the following series is confi rmed by the . я data provided by the scientifi c litera- , ture ( 2004, 54; Sapirstein 2009, 202–222). 8 , th rd A.1.2. Roof tiles from the 4 –3 я - c. BC . я я - The analysis of the Corinthian я .
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. я - fl at tiles fragments indicates that they , , belong to two basic type. - , Type 1 9 - The characteristics of the type ( ь 2004, 54; are: a fl at part limited with longi- Sapirstein 2009, 202–222). tudinal raised side edges. Subtypes and variants are absent or cannot be .1.2. IV–III . identifi ed because of the fragmented . .: state of the material. The technologi- - cal features and characteristics of the IV–III clay determine the existence of forth . . . , series of different production centres . and/or workshops. 1 9 Series 1 (Fig.II.1–5) - The fragments of this series are , found Corinthian fl at pan tiles in the . - settlement located in the gulf of Vro- , - mos 12.76%. 10 я Colour . The fragments of this series repre- sent the brown range of colours. Three я 4 - basic colours can be distinguished – - tan, brown, dark brown. The other three / . colours are relatively evenly represent- я 1 ( .II.1–5) ed: tan (50.00%), brown (16.67%), and я - dark brown (33.33%). я 12.76% - Composition of the clay . 10 The following inclusions occur я in the clay: sand, mica, organics and я - small/medium-sized pebbles. The in- я я - clusions are not evenly represented. . - Very obvious is the greatest presence я – я , я , of evenly distributed sand particles in я . я - the clay paste. Thereafter in descend- : я (50.0%), я ing order occur: mica, small/medium (16.67%), я (33.33%). pebbles and organics. Summing up, it can be stated that the clay is less ю - hard than that of the late archaic/ : я , ю , early classical fl at pan tiles, which in turn suggests less weight 9 1 . 3. 9 All metrics data for the tiles of Type 1 are dis- 10 я - played in Table 3. , - 10 The percentages are based on the founded tiles, IV–III . . . dated generally IV-III B. C.
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/ . Fracture . - The fracture surface is smooth, я , - я - only occasionally light shade is dis- я - tinguished in the middle of the tile. , . The clay baking is of good quality. я - This in turn suggests that the tiles : ю , / were produced in the same centre . and/or workshop. , Engobe - - On the upper surface of two of / the fragments engobe remains of pu- , я - rifi ed fi ne clay are seen. The colour - . of the slip is not different from the basic colour of the tile. Given the , well-treated side edges we can as- sume the presence of engobe coating ю on these constructive parts. . - Traces of moulds . я - Preserved traces of moulds al- , low the assumption that open wooden / . moulds were used. At this stage of research, it can certainly be argued whether split moulds were also in use. Series 2 (Fig.III.1–4) The fragments in this series rep- . - resent 8.52% of the Corinthian fl at я я . pan tiles. - Colour - The tiles from this series repre- - sent the red range of colours. Two . basic colours can be distinguished – red and red-brown. Clearly recog- - nized is that most fragments are red- я , - brown (75.00%). . Composition of the clay Unlike the previous series of fl at pan tiles, there is a great amount of - pores in the clay of this series. This . in turn indicates the addition of or- я 2 ( .III.1–4) ganics in the clay paste. The organ- я - ics and sand are the main inclusions я 8.52% in the paste but they are unevenly . distributed. Individual tiny pebbles
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я are observed in some fragments. The я - clay is not hard, which implies less я weight of the roof tiles. . - Fracture я – - я . The fracture surface is not , - smooth; it has three stripes – two red - я я (75.00%). stripes on both sides and a gray stripe with distinct borders between them. я ю я The baking is of worse quality com- . pared to the previous series. я я - Engobe . я я Traces of engobe coating with , well purifi ed clay are preserved on . я- the fl at part of two fragments. The ю colour of the slip is greyish-purple . , and is different from that of the tiles. - Traces of moulds . The preserved traces of moulds allow again the suggestion that one- part wooden moulds were used. , ю 3 Series (Fig.IV.1) - я , я - The third series represents - 22.92% of the fl at pan tiles from the . - settlement in the gulf of Vromos. я. Colour The main range of colours is or- - ange, the fragments being of two rec- - ognizable shades – orange and dark orange. The large amount of the tiles . - is dark-orange (75.00%). ю Composition of the clay . - The main inclusions in the clay are sand and mica, as their amount is approximately equal. They are evenly я . distributed. Minimum is the presence of organics and tiny/medium-sized - pebbles. The clay is hard, suggesting я , greater weight of the tiles. Fracture . The fracture surface is smooth. я 3 ( .IV.1) The baking is of good quality. я я 22.92% Engobe The engobe coating is preserved
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. on the fl at part of three fragments. Its я colour is dark red-brown. The engobe - itself is of well purifi ed fi ne clay. , я я - Given the well-crafted and shaped я – - surfaces it can be assumed that the . other constructive components were - also covered with engobe. я (75.00%). Traces of moulds No distinct traces of moulds are observed on the fragments of this se- я ю , я - ries. This is due to two main reasons: . small fragments and well processed . - and smoothed surfaces. Nonethe- less, it can be assumed that wooden / . moulds were used. , - я Series 4 (Fig.V.1) . The fragments of this series are pink. They occupy 10.42% of the re- . covered fl at pan tiles. All fragments . are pink with different shades of the pink – orange, red, brown, gray. Composition of the clay . The clay paste contains four - я . main inclusions: sand, mica, organ- ics and tiny/medium-sized pebbles. . - The concentration of the latter two is the largest. The inclusions are not , evenly distributed in the clay paste. - This in turn affects the quality of the . clay. It is not hard, so the tiles of this series must be with the least weight я compared to the previously com- ю я mented roof tiles. . Fracture я . The fracture surface is uneven, , with three stripes – two pink stripes . on both sides of a gray-purple stripe я 4 ( .V.1) with distinct borders. The baking is я of poor quality. я ю Engobe – , , я , . Despite the coarse clay, the sur- 6.38% faces are well treated and smoothed, . with engobe coating on them. The
73 я Iliya Kirov
engobe itself is fi ne, of pale purple ю - and red-brown colour and most like- я , ю , / ly it covered all surfaces. . я Traces of moulds я . The preserved traces of moulds allow assuming that open (one-part) . я wooden moulds were used. . я , Type 2 11 - This type is characterized by я я - a fl at portion, confi ned longitudi- . nally by side edges, at its upper end with a cross semi-cylindrical em- bossed edge and ending at its bot- , ю tom with a smooth thickening. Sub- - я , я - types and variants are not available, - or because of the fragmented state . . of the material can not be separat- ed. Technological features and charac- , - teristics of clay identify the existence - of 5 series of different production cent- , я я - ers and / or workshops. . Series 1 (Sample VI. 1-10) - я я Fragments of this series are the - я - most widely discovered Corinthi- . an fl at tiles in the village in the bay of Vromos (23.40%). - Color я , - Fragments of this series are of brown . color range. Four basic colors – light 2 11 brown, dark brown and brown-gray color can be distinguished. It should , - be noted that the latter is represented , я by a single fragment and possibly the gray color is due to fi re. The oth- - er three colors are almost evenly dis- я я . tributed: light brown (27.27%), brown , (36.36%), dark brown (27.27%). я Composition of the clay - Clay contains the following impu- . rities: sand, mica, organic matter and - small / medium-sized pebbles being
11 11 All metric data for the tiles of Type 2 are 2 . 4. displayed in Table 4.
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я 5 - not evenly represented. Sand in the / clay paste is of highest percentage, . being evenly distributed. Thereafter я 1 ( .I.10) in descending order are ranked: mica, я small /medium-sized pebbles and or- - ganic matter. It can be summarized - that the density of the clay is less than (23.40%). that of the Late Archaic/ Early Classical я fl at tiles which implies in turn a low- я er weight. я - Breakage я . Breakage is uniform and only oc- я – - casionally a light shade is distin- я , я , я я- guished in the middle portion of the - . я , bulk of the tiles. Baking is of high qual- я ity level. This in turn implies that the я я tiles are produced in the same center . and /or workshop. я Engobe : - On the upper surface of я (27.27%), я (36.36%), - the three fragments are preserved я (27.27%). traces of engobe coating of puri- fi ed fi ne clay. The color of en- ю - gobe is not different from the basic : я , ю , - color of the tile. Given the well-pro- / . cessed side edges, presence of en- - gobe also on those structural parts can . я , be assumed. - я Traces of molds я , - Preserved traces of molds allow to . - be assumed that single cavity wooden я ю , - molds have been used. At this stage, it / . can not be asserted whether double , cavity molds have been used. - Series 2 (Sample VII. 1-7) - Fragments of this series repre- / - sent 14.89% of the discovered fl at Co- , я rinthian tiles. - . Color The tiles from this series belong to , the red color range. Tree basic colors - red, orange-red and red-brown can ю be distinguished. It is clearly visible
75 я Iliya Kirov
. - that most fragments are red-brown . я - in color (57.14%). , Composition of the clay / . Unlike the previous series of fl at tiles, a great amount of pores in the clay is observed here. This in turn in- - dicates the addition of organic mat- - ter to the clay paste. The organic mat- . ter and the sand contain the basic impu- я я rities in the paste, being not evenly dis- . - tributed. In some fragments, individual pebbles are observed. Clay is not dense, which implies less weight of the tiles. . Breakage Breakage is not uniform and - has three stripes of grey color in its я , - middle part, distinguished from the . red stripes outside. Baking is of poorer quality compared to the previous se- ries. . Engobe я 2 ( . VII. 1-7) With the two fragments on its я - fl at part traces of preserved engobe я 14.89% - coating of well-purifi ed clay are ob- . served. The engobe color has a gray- я purple shade being different from that я - of the tiles. я - Traces of mold . Preserved traces of molds again al- я – , - low to be assumed that single cavity - я . wooden molds have been used. , Series 3 (Sample VIII. 1-6) - я я (57.14%). The third series repre- sents 12.76% of the fl at tiles discovered я in the village in the bay of Vromos. ю Color я . The basic color range is orange with я я- distinguished fragments in it of three . colors - orange, dark orange and or- я я ange-brown. The most tiles are of or- , - ange brown color (66.66%). . я - Composition of the clay ю . The main impurities contained
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, - in the clay are sand and mica of ap- - . proximately the same quality and be- ing evenly distributed. The presence of organic matter and small / medium- , ю- sized pebbles is minimal. Clay is dense, я , я - suggesting a greater weight of the tiles. - Breakage . - Breakage is uniform. Baking is of я. high quality level. Engobe - Engobe coating is observed on the fl at portion of the three fragments. Its - color is dark-brown. Engobe itself con- . sist of well-purifi ed fi ne clay. Given the - ю well-processed and molded surfaces it . can be assumed that the other structural elements are also covered with engobe. - Traces of mold я , In the fragments of this series dis- tinct traces of mold are not observed . for two main reasons: small frag- я 3 ( . VIII. 1-6) ments and well-processed and pol- я я 12.76% ished surfaces. However, it can be as- sumed that wooden molds have been . used. я Series 4 (Sample IX. 1-4) - Fragments of this series occu- , я я py 8.52% of the discovered fl at tiles. я – , Color - я . All fragments are pink in color with - different shades - orange, red, brown, я я (66.66%). gray. Composition of the clay The clay contains four basic impu- я ю , я - rities: sand, mica, organic matter and - small /medium-sized pebbles. The . . concentration of the latter two is the - largest. Impurities are not uniformly / . distributed in the clay paste. This in , turn deteriorates the quality of the clay. - я . Clay is not thick and therefore the tiles of this series must have the . least weight compared with the previ-
77 я Iliya Kirov
. ously presented series of Type 2. Breakage Breakage is not uniform and has . three stripes of gray-purple color in - я . its middle portion, differentiated from the pink stripes outside. Baking is . - of poor quality. Engobe , Despite the rough clay, surfaces - are well-processed and polished and . are covered by engobe. Engobe it- self is fi ne, being pale purple and red- я brown in color and most likely covers ю я all surfaces. . Traces of mold : - Preserved traces of molds allow - to be assumed that single cavity wood- . en molds have been used. , Series 5 (Sample X. 1-2) . The series is presented by a я 4 ( . IX. 1-4) small number of fragments mak- я - ing 4.25% of the discovered fl at tiles. 8.52 % Color . All fragments are light yel- я low to beige in color. Composition of the clay я ю – The clay paste contains basically , , я , . impurities of sand and mica, being uniformly distributed. In some frag- ments individual small pores are ob- : я , ю , - served, suggesting the use of organ- / . ics. Clay is dense, suggesting a greater я weight of the tiles. Only in this se- - я . - ries was discovered a fragment with traces of manufacturing reject, thus . я the idea of local production can be . я , hardly suggested. - Breakage я я - Breakage is uniform. Baking is of - high quality level. 2. Engobe No preserved traces of engobe cover. Carefully processed surfaces al-
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, ю - low the use of engobe to be suggested. - я , я Traces of mold The preserved traces of molds al- . . low to be suggested that single cavity wooden molds have been used. , - Series 5 (Fig.VI.1–2) - Series 5 is represented by a small , я я - number of fragments or 4.20% of the . discovered fl at pan tiles. - я я Color - я - All fragments are beige to light . yellow. Composition of the clay - The clay paste contains mainly я , - inclusions of sand and mica. They . are evenly distributed. Small pores я 5 ( . X. 1-2) are observed in some fragments, я - which is a prerequisite for organic , matters. The clay is hard, suggest- 4.25 % - ing greater weight of the tiles. Only . this series includes a fragment with я traces of manufacture spoilage. This - in turn allows vaguely suggesting lo- я . cal production. Fracture The fracture surface is smooth. ю я ю- The baking is of good quality. . . Engobe я ю No traces of engobe coating have , - survived. The carefully treated sur- . faces imply the use of engobe. , - Traces of moulds - я . Preserved traces of moulds allow я assuming that one-part (open) wood- - en moulds were used. . я - я я- Class B. Cover roof tiles . B. 1. Corinthian pitched cover tiles 12 . The data on the roofi ng system . are completed by the fragments of 12 All metric data for the tiles of Type 2 are я displayed in Table 5.
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. Corinthian pitched cover tiles (Fig. я - XI.1–2). Despite the small amount, . they evidence such roof tiles were in use. The survived fragments reveal - few constructive characteristics. The я , - longitudinal profi le has four-sided . external and semi-cylindrical inter- nal cross section. At this stage there . is no information about the layout . 1. - of the other (back) end of the cover : 12 tiles. Based on the information pro- - vided in the literature ( 1964, 292; Zimmermann 1986, 233; - Ognenova-Marinova 1980, 110–111; ( . я 2008, 222) it can be as- XI.1–2). sumed that the tiles terminated in , a short semi-cylindrical part that . - worked as kind of a sleeve. This - sleeve was overlapped by the front . - part of the next pitched cover tile. я - Colour The cover roof tiles are red- . я brown. я ( я) Composition of the clay . The clay paste contains inclusions я - of sand, mica, organic matters and ( 1964, 292; tiny/medium-sized pebbles. Distinct- Zimmermann 1986, 233; Ognenova- ly visible is the greatest concentration Marinova 1980, 110 – 111; я of evenly distributed sand and mica. 2008, 222) , The tiny/medium-sized pebbles and - especially the organics are of relative- , я ly small quantity. The clay is hard. я . Fracture - The fracture surface is smooth. . The baking is of very high quality. я Engobe - No traces of engobe coating are - я я . detected. Given the high quality of workmanship and the well-shaped ю - surfaces, the applying of engobe can- я , ю , - not be excluded. Traces of moulds 12 The strong fragmentation and 2 . 5.
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, / . - the small number of fragments at , - я this stage do not bear information я я ю , on the moulds used. Considering . the evidence in the scholarly litera- / - ture ( ь 2002, 54), it could be - assumed that wooden moulds were . . used. . Archaeological data on the use . of ceramic building material in the area of the pre-Roman West Pontic я . coast - The use of building ceramics - in Classical and Hellenistic period ю я is not an isolated phenomenon in . the area of West Pontic region (Ko- vachev, et. all, 2007, 203). In the - academic literature there is enough - information that indicates the pres- я - ence of such material in a number я . of ancient centres (Fig. № XII). The ( ь 2002, ceramic building material from Istria 54), , (Lake Sinaia) is introduced mainly . by K. Zimmermann (Zimmermann 1986, 229–239, 1990, 223–233). L. - Buzoianu published stamped roof - tiles from Callatis (Mangalia) (Bu- я zoianu 2011, 132–133). In Bizone (Kavarna) there is also informa- - tion on the use of building ceram- - ics ( et al., 1962, 43–44). я The use of such products has been я (Kovachev, lately evidenced in Dionysopolis et. all. 2007, 203). - (Balchik) ( et al. 2008a, - 45; et al.. 2008b, 298; я, я et al., 2009, 317; Laza- renko et al, 2010, 16). The data on the ( . № XII). - use of pre-Roman building ceramics я ( - in Odessos (Varna) are summarized я) by D. Stoyanova ( я 2008, K. Zimmermann (Zimmermann 1986, 215–246). G. Toncheva also provides 229–239, 1990, 223–233). L. Buzoianu separate information ( 1967, - 1977). Evidences of building ceram-
81 я Iliya Kirov
( я) (Buzoianu 2011, ics are found in Mesambria (Nese- 132–133). ( ) bar) (Ognenova-Marinova 1980, 110–111, , я 2011, ( . 1962, 43–44). 253–266). M. Gyuzelev published data on the building ceramics from я the site of «St. Marina» near Sozopol ( ) ( - ( ю 2011, 248–250). Use . 2008 , 45; . of such material was established in 2008 , 298; . 2009, the “Mesarite” locality in the town of 317; Lazarenko et all. 2010, 16; - Sozopol ( . 2012, . 2013, 16–17). 227), on the Kolokita peninsula, to - the south of Sozopol, ( , ( ) я 2009, 186–210; , . я ( я я 2010, 228–240). Roof 2008, 215–246). - tiles were found in the necropoleis я . ( 1967, of Apollonia Pontica ( 1977). я ( ), 1963, 321–324, 1998, 11–24) and Mesambria ( (Ognenova-Marinova 1980, 110–111, . 2009, 321–323). Rescue excava- , я 2011, 253–266). tions on the island of St Cyricus re- . ю - vealed multiple fragments of building . „ . ceramics ( . 2010, “ ( ю 295). Presence of building ceramics . 2011, 248–250). was also registered on the peninsula я of Urdoviza (Kiten) ( . . ( - . 2012, 429). . 2012, 227). - , ю - The ceramic building material , from Vromos in the context of the ( , pre-Roman building ceramics from я 2009, 186–210; , the West Pontic area. Interpretation я 2010, 228–240). The use of pre-Roman building - ceramics in the settlement located in я ( 1963, the gulf of Vromos is not an isolated 321–324, 1998, 11–24) phenomenon in the West Pontic area. я ( . 2009, As noted above, in many ancient set- 321–323). - tlements this material is invariably - . part of the revealed artefacts. After years of researches carried out by ( certain scientifi c centres and the ac- . 2010, 295). - cumulated information in the aca- я demic literature there is a good basis ( ) ( - on which to build hypotheses about
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. 2012, 429). the recovered building ceramics in Vromos. - Between the 7th and 3rd c. BC, the roofi ng in the ancient Greek world я . я knows three systems: with Corin- - thian fl at pan and pitched cover roof - tiles; with Laconian concave pan and я convex cover tiles and a mixed sys- я . я tem of Corinthian fl at pan and Laco- - , nian convex cover tiles. Considering - the recovered building ceramics from . Vromos it can be said at this stage of я я the study that the fi rst system was in я use there. The system of Corinthian , pan and cover roof tiles was widely я я - spread in the Greek colonies on the west coast of the Black Sea (Zimmer- . mann 1986, 233; Ognenova-Marino- va 1980, 110–111; я 2008, я я VIІ– 217–223; , я 2010, III . . . : 232–240) and rarely in the interior - of Thrace, where it is known from , Pistiros (Musil 1996, 51–52), Mezek (Theodossiev, Stoyanova, 2010, 179– - 198) and the site in the „Gradovete“ . - locality near the town of Kran (Ste- fanova, Stoyanova 2013, 278–293). The study of the ceramic build- , - ing material and its use in Vromos . determines the idea that at the begin- - ning of its existence the settlement - (marketplace) had a high construc- я я (Zimmermann tion culture that allowed erecting 1986, 233; Ognenova-Marinova 1980, massive structures. The use of such 110–111; я 2008, 217–223; ceramics requires building the walls , я 2010, 232–240) more secure, observance of accurate - я я, and precise outlines of the buildings, (Musil solid roof structures (Lawrence 1983, 1996, 51–52), (Theodossiev, 123). It is clear that the greater part Stoyanova, 2010, 179–198), - of the analyzed material is dateable „ ” . to the chronological framework of (Stefanova, Stoyanova 2013, 278– the 4th–3rd c. BC, but there are frag- 293) ments of tiles from late 6th and early
83 я Iliya Kirov
. (Stoyanova, in print). 5th c. BC to the Late Roman/Early - Byzantine period. The prolonged use - of building ceramics in almost all pe- я я , - riods in which the settlement existed indirectly indicates the continuity in ( ) its development and the strong eco- , я я - nomic opportunities for the popula- . tion. At this stage the issues of do- - mestic production and imports from , - different centres remain open. Yet, я the analyzed building ceramics from , - Vromos and the information in the (Lawrence 1983, 123). scientifi c literature allow certain ide- , - я - as on this issue. я - In series 2 the colour of the IV–III . . , clay draws the roof tiles closer to ю the building ceramics of Heraclea я VI – ( 1957, 37). The absence V . . . я/ - of fi reclay of red-brown and reddish . shades, the tiny black inclusions and low hardness make its association - with Heraclea uncertain. On the oth- er hand, the clay of Chersonese has a similar structure ( 1966, - 46), but the absence of fi reclay and . - the low hardness of the clay reduce to minimum the possibility of imported Chersonese produce. Minor similari- . - ties in colour are observed between series 5 and the production of Sin- я ope ( 1957, 37; , я 1951, 111). The absence of dark in- . clusions in the clay paste of the tiles 1 from series 5 takes them further away (1–4) from the Sinope production. Despite the lack of reliable data, - import from Heraclea and Sinope я. cannot be excluded, especially having - - in mind that these two centres were , ю - powerful producers of ceramic build- я ing material in the 4th–3rd c. BC. How- я ever, it is clearly recognized that the . , Heraclea and Sinope production was
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limited in the West Pontic centres. - я (Brashinskii 1970, 9–11; Stoyanova 2010, 441–459). Based on these data, я я , the absence in Vromos of building ce- я ramics from these two centres com- ( я , 2011, 253–258: pletes the picture and confi rms the я 2013, 237-238). suggestion concerning the small share ю - of the Heraclea and Sinope series in . 1, the Western Pontic costal area. я 2 In the 3rd century BC the import of building ceramics from Heraclea я ( 1957, 37). and Sinope was discontinued, but - я its wider use in the Western Pontic я ю , - centres went on. This is probably due to the emergence of large-scale lo- я . cal production and/or imports from other city states on the Black Sea ( 1966, coast (Stoyanova 2010, 459). The 46), opinion of I. B. Brashinskii on set- я - ting standards in the production of - building ceramics that were observed я . - by different production centres ham- ю pers the identifi cation of the imports 1 я 3 я ( 1977, 3–36). All of ( 1957, 37; , these centres in the 4th c. BC used 1951, 111). the same metric standards introduced most likely by leading economic and я 3 industrial centres as Heraclea and . Sinope (Stoyanova 2010, 461). This - in turn allows the use of products , я - from different centres in the same ю , - roofi ng constructions. Therefore at , , this stage it is not possible to deter- mine from which centre/s the roof IV–III . tiles were and whether there were . . , tiles locally produced in Vromos. - я - Conclusion (Brashinskii 1970, A future study by archeometrical 9–11; Stoyanova 2010, 441–459). methods can confi rm the local pro- , duction of roof tiles that is common or individual for Apollonia and the - settlement in Vromos. The precondi-
85 я Iliya Kirov
я - tion for success of such an endeavour я я is that the foundations are already я я . laid and there is analysis of part of III . . . - the building ceramics from Apol- я - lonia Pontica (Kovachev et. al. 2011, , 203). This study clearly indicates that - in the second half of the 4th–3rd cen- . - я tury BC Apollonia was a very pow- я - erful centre of such production. and / exported clays not only in the close (Stoyanova 2010, 459). vicinity (Kovachev 2011, et. all. я . . , 210–213, 231) but there are evidenc- - es that it supplied other settlements , as well: Kabyle ( 1991, - 65), that at Malkoto kale ( , , я - 1974, 97–98) and a settlement on я я ( - the northern shore of lake Mandra 1977, 3–36). ( 1975, 26; IV . . . 1984, 16–17). From another perspec- , - tive the archeometrical methods can - я - help in analyzing and benchmark- , ing the ceramic building material я (Stoyanova and in particular the composition of 2010, 461). я - the clay from Vromos (including the я - material from the Roman period) я and the nearby site located on Cape . Akra (Х . 2013, 153–169, я Х 2013 ). This in turn will / / confi rm or reject the idea that the same clay deposits were used while . the change concerned the technology of production, which entails differ- ю ent quality of the building ceramics - in one or another period. Essential for the further clarifi cation of these , issues may be the study on the clays - and the possible discovering indus- я . trial kilns and workshops. - In conclusion it can be said that , this in itself interesting site in the - Gulf Vromos deserves further re- я (Kovachev search, documentation and publica- 2011, et. all. 203). tion. The article presented to the sci-
86 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
я , я entifi c audience at this stage is called - rather to announce the existence of я - building ceramics. It rather raises IV–III . . . questions than gives answers there- fore in the search for the certain an- (Kovachev 2011, et. all. 210–213, 231) swers I hope the investigation of the , я - site will be continued in the foresee- : ( 1991, able future. 65), ( , 1974, 97–98) я я ( - 1975, 26; 1984, 16–17). - я ( - ) я , . (Х . 2013, 153–169, Х 2013 ). я я , , я - я , я . - я , - - . ю , - - , . - я - я - - . я - , .
87 я Iliya Kirov
XII. я Fig. XII. Map of the ancient centers of West Pont with ceramic building Material
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2 1
3
I.1–3 Fig. I.1–3
89 я Iliya Kirov
2
1
3
4
5
6
II.1–6 Fig. II.1–6
90 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
789 10
11 13
12
14
15
II.7–15 Fig. II.7–15
91 я Iliya Kirov
3 1 2
5
4
6
7
11 10
9
8
III.1–11 Fig. III.1–11
92 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
2
1
5 6
4 3
7
IV.1–7 Fig. IV.1–7
93 я Iliya Kirov
2
1
4 5
3
V.1–5 Fig. V.1–5
1 2
VI.1–2 Fig. VI.1–2
94 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
2
1
VII.1–2 Fig. VII.1–2
1. Table 1. Total number of building ceramics from Vromos
% % я я я Class Total number Pre-Roman % pre-Roman of % of the total pre- the total Roman material 53 51 96.23 98.08 Flat tiles 8 2 25.00 3.77 Cover tiles
Bricks 24 0 0.00 0.00
Pipes 8 0 0.00 0.00
Mud-bricks 1? ? ?
95 я Iliya Kirov
. №2. Table №2. Basic data on the uncovered / and analyzed Late archaic/early classical Corinthian fl at pan tiles from Vromos . .
. .
– –
– at part at
–
fl
/
я
Length, width Length, я Side edge, width Producing centre Producing Relief edge, width Relief edge, height Side edge – height. end at the relief edge at the relief end Thickness of Thickness / - - – 4.0 – 4.4 1.8 – 2.6 2.0 – 2.6 – – –
. №3. Table №3. Basic data on the uncovered and analyzed Corinthian fl at tiles 1 type 1 from Vromos
.
– –
– at fl –
. . .
/
part edge я
Length, width Length, я end at the relief at the relief end Side edge, width Thickness of Thickness Producing centre Producing Relief edge, width Relief edge, height Side edge – height.
1 1 я – 2.0 – 2.8 2.2 – 3.0 2.2-3.0 – – – Type 1 Series 1
1 2 я – 2.2 – 2.4 2.2 – 2.8 2.0 – 3.4 – – – Type 1 Series 2
1 3 я – 2.2– 2.4 2.8 2.8 – 3.0 – – – Type 1 Series 3
1 4 я – 2.2 – 2.6 2.4 – 2.6 2.8 – 3.4 – – – Type 1 Series 4
96 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
. №2. Table №2. ( ) (continues) ,
я
,
c features c
Decoration, fi Engobe Main colour Mould traces speci Fracture surface Fracture Producing centre Producing stamps, inscriptions stamps, Composition of the clayComposition / - - я я , ю –+ ––
Brown sand, mica even
. №3. Table №3. ( ) (continues)
,
я
, clay
c features c
fi Engobe inscriptions Main colour Mould traces speci Fracture surface Fracture Producing centre Producing Composition of the Composition Decoration, stamps, Decoration, stamps,
я , ю , я 1 , ./ 1 я Brown . ++ Type 1 –– range of sand, mica, organics, even Series 1 colours small/medium pebbles
1 я , , 2 я ./ . ++ Type 1 Red range sand, organics, small/ –– Series 2 of colours medium pebbles uneven
, , 1 я ю 3 , ./ я +– Type 1 Orange . –– range of sand, mica, organics, even Series 3 colours tiny/medium pebbles
1 я , , 4 я ./ . ++ Type 1 pink sand, organics, tiny/ –– Series 4 medium pebbles uneven
97 я Iliya Kirov
. №4. Table №4. Basic data on the uncovered and analyzed Corinthian fl at tiles 2 type 2 from Vromos . .
. .
– –
– at part at
– fl
/
я
Length, width Length, я Side edge, width Producing centre Producing Relief edge, width Relief edge, height Side edge – height. end at the relief edge at the relief end Thickness of Thickness /
– 4.0 – 4.4 1.8 – 2.6 2.0 – 2.6 – – –
2 1 я – 2.0 – 4.2 1.8 – 4.0 1.8 – 3.6 0.8 – 1.8 1.5 – 2.4 1.2 – 5.7 Type 2 Series 1
2 2 я – 2.0 – 3.6 1.8 – 3.6 2.0 – 3.6 0.7 – 2.0 1.5 – 2.4 2.4 – 4.0 Type 2 Series 2
2 3 я – 2.1 – 4.6 0.9 – 3.0 1.8 – 3.0 0.6 – 1.2 1.2 – 1.8 1.5 – 3.0 Type 2 Series 3
2 4 я – 2.0 – 2.6 2.3 – 2.6 2.7 – 3.4 – – – Type 2 Series 4
2 5 я – 2.1 – 3.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 – 1.2 1.0 – 1.5 2.8 – 4.2 Type 2 Series 5
98 ... Pre-Roman ceramic building...
. №4. Table №4. ( ) (continues)
, я
c features c
fi Engobe , inscriptions Main colour Mould traces speci Fracture surface Fracture Producing centre Producing Decoration, stamps, Decoration, stamps, Composition of the clayComposition /
я я , ю –+ –– Brown sand, mica even
я , ю , я 2 , ./ . 1 я Brown ++ Type 2 –– range of sand, mica, organics, even Series 1 colours small/medium pebbles
2 я , , 2 я ./ . ++ Type 2 Red range sand, organics, small/ –– Series 2 of colours medium pebbles uneven
, , 2 я ю 3 , ./ я +– Type 2 Orange . –– range of sand, mica, organics, even Series 3 colours tiny/medium pebbles
2 я , , 4 я ./ . ++ Type 2 pink sand, organics, tiny/ –– Series 4 medium pebbles uneven
2 я , ю , 5 . я –+ Type 2 sand, mica, – even Series 5 organics
99 я Iliya Kirov
. №5. Table №5. Basic data on the retrieved and analyzed Corinthian cover tiles from Vromos
Producing centre ??
Length ––
External width 16.6? 10.8?
Internal width 13.8? 12.8?
External height 6.8 7.0
Internal height 4.4 9.2
– Raised part-thickness 2.4 2.2
. / Side edge/s thickness 1.5 1.3
я - я - я Basic colour Red-brown Red-brown
я , ю , . я , ю , . Composition of clay Sand, mica, tiny pebbles Sand, mica, tiny pebbles
Fraction surface even even
Engobe ––
Traces of moulds ––
, , Decoration, stamps, –– inscriptions
–– Specifi c characteristics
100 Everyday Pottery
IV А И КИ ARCHAEOLOGICAL АТ ИА И Т MATERIALS FROM И КАТА А THE ROMAN PERIOD
IV.1 т ва ке а ка Everyday Pottery
Ivan Hristov
The Roman everyday pottery on ю - the site includes a variety of ceramic , , forms such as bowls, cups, glasses and . ѝ pots. Its dating is too conditional and is - within a couple of centuries, given the я - conservative forms and imprecise con- я text of discovery, but yet, the ceramic , - material marks the Roman period in я я the gulf of Vromos within the frame of the 1st to 4th century. – I–IV . The most numerous among the - - fi nds are the red lacquer bowls, which , in most cases are uncovered intact or - in small fragments broken in situ, a я fact enabling rapid restoration. Due to , я the long stay in salt water, the qual- я. я ity of the lacquer has been changed so that the dating relies solely on the 101 Х Ivan Hristov
, forms of the bowls. я The fi rst type of bowls – type . I (acetabulum, catinus) after Ka- я – I bakchieva ( 1983, 1–12) (acetabulum, catinus) have hemispherical shaped body and ( 1983, 1–12), - narrow rounded rim. The bottom sits я , on an annular low foot. They are . made of well purifi ed clay of beige and beige and brown colour and cov- . - ered with light red to brown lacquer - badly worn by the continuous stay in я я the sea. This type is the most widely я , spread in Thrace during the Roman я age. Their production began in the . - 1st century. The mass production is in the 2nd and 3rd century. Ceramic я. forms from many places in southern I . - and south-eastern Bulgaria can be II III . - identifi ed as parallels. It may also be mentioned that this type of bowls is widely spread in the ancient towns я. on the Black Sea coast. , - The other mass type of bowls is type VI–VII, again by the classifi ca- . tion of G. Kabakchieva (catinus; ac- я etabulum, catinus). These are dishes VI–VII, with elaborate shape of the body and я . narrow rounded rim. The upper part (catinus; acetabulum, catinus). of the bowl is separated from the bot- я tom part by a rib. The bottom is fl at . - and sits on a low annular foot. These - bowls are made of fi ne clay of dull . beige. According to G. Kabakchieva . this type is commonly found in the - Roman Balkan provinces. They also я я . . - occur in Dacia, Pannonia Athens, and Corinth, on the Northern Black Sea . coast, but they are imports from Per- я, я - gamum or the island of Samos in the , , . Aegean Sea because their prototypes ю come from there. This type of bowls . - is dated in the second half of the 2nd to , the end of the 3rd century.
102 Everyday Pottery
. - Less common type of bowls (type 8 - Borisov – Borisov 2013, 301 tabl.VIII) II я III . is a large low bowl with a thick trun- - я cated conical body and a profi led rim ( 8 – 2013, of the mouth curved outwards, which 301, .VIII) я я forms a relatively wide border. (Table - XXXVIII, 4) The bottom of this type of я - bowls is wide and fl at. They are wheel- , made of clay admixed abundantly with я ю sand. The dating of this type of bowls ( XXXVIII, 4). is in the second half of the 3rd to the 5th . - century. The pots from the site are repre- я . - sented by fragments of thin-walled pots with fl ared profi led rim of the mouth III–V . lip. Their mass spread dates back to - the 3rd century but some fragments can reach the 4th–5th century. Generally, the - Late Roman pottery from Vromos rep- . - resents 40% of the total amount of the III , я - Roman fragmented pottery. The paral- IV–V . lels of this most typical ceramic form я are numerous: artefacts from the Late я 40% Roman sites in Ratiaria ( , я - 2013, 337–388), the fortifi ed . - settlement at the village of Dichin, Ve- liko Tarnovo region ( 2009, – , : - 153–206), villa Armira near Ivay- lovgrad ( 1986). Unfor- я ( , 2013, tunately, the precise dating is diffi cult 337–388), because of the lack of contextually , ( - relevant numismatic material. For sure 2009, 153–206), we can indicate the absence of ceramic ( 1986). fragments and forms dated to the 6th - century. The attribution of some ma- terials to the 5th century is also rather - problematic. . , , VI , . я - V .
103 Х Ivan Hristov
– Tabl. Roman cups
104 Everyday Pottery
– Tabl. Roman cups
105 Х Ivan Hristov
– Tabl. Roman cups
106 Everyday Pottery
– Tabl. Roman cups
107 Х Ivan Hristov
– Tabl. Roman cups
108 Everyday Pottery
– Tabl. Roman cups
109 Х Ivan Hristov
– Tabl. Roman bowls
110 Everyday Pottery
– Tabl. Roman bowls
111 Х Ivan Hristov
– Tabl. Roman glass
112 Everyday Pottery
– я Tabl. Months and handle of Roman jugs
113 Х Ivan Hristov
– Tabl. Walls with bottoms of Roman jugs
114 Everyday Pottery
– Tabl. Vertical handles of Roman vessels
115 Х Ivan Hristov
– я Tabl. Mouths of Roman pots
116 Everyday Pottery
– я Tabl. Mouths of Roman pots
117 Х Ivan Hristov
– я Tabl. Mouths of Roman pots
118 Everyday Pottery
– я Tabl. Mouths of Roman pots
119 Х Ivan Hristov
0 2 8
– Tabl. Roman pots
120 Ceramic building material
IV.2 Т ИТ А CERAMIC К А ИКА BUILDING MATERIAL
Ivan Hristov
The Roman ceramic building ma- terial is represented by fragments of , pipes from a local water-main, intact я bricks and fragments of raised cover . tiles. , - As was already mentioned, the , pipes were leading to a localized water - source of the settlement. Their dimen- . sions based on the survived parts are: : 1. Length 38.8 cm, external diam- 1. 38.8 , - eter of the wide part 12 cm, external 12.0 , - diameter of the narrow part 9.4 cm, я 9.4 , thickness 1.4 cm 1.4 2. Length 48.4 cm, external diam- 2. 48.4 , - eter of the wide part 12.1 cm, external 12.1 , - diameter of the narrow part 10 cm, я 10.0 , thickness 1.1–1.2 cm 1.1–1.2 3. Length 26.4 cm, external diam- 3. 26.4 , - eter 10.2 cm, thickness 1.1–1.2 cm 10.2 , 1.1–1.2 4. Length 19 cm, external diam- 4. 19.0 , - eter of the wide part 12.2 cm, external 12.2 , - diameter of the narrow part 10.4 cm, я 10.4 , thickness 1.5–1.6 cm 1.5–1.6 5. Length 20 cm, external diam- 5. 20.0 , - eter of the wide part 12.6 cm, external 12.6 , - diameter of the narrow part 9.8 cm, я 9.8 , thickness 1–1.1 cm 121 Х Ivan Hristov
1.0–1.1 6. Length 26.2 cm, external di- 6. 26.2 , - ameter of the wide part 12.8 cm, exter- 12.8 , - nal diameter of the narrow part 9 cm, я 9.0 , thickness 1–1.1 cm 1.0–1.1 7. Length 19.4 cm, external diam- 7. 19.4 , - eter 9.7 cm, thickness 0.9 cm 9.7 , 0.9 8. Length 38.2 cm, external diam- 8. 38.2 , - eter of the wide part 11.8 cm, external 11.8 , - diameter of the narrow part 10.1 cm, я 10.1 , thickness 1.1–1.2 cm 1.1–1.2 With fragments 3 and 7 the two 3 7 sides of the pipe have the same diam- . eters. The dimensions of the preserved - - parts can be associated with the most - - frequent plumbing bricks with smaller ( size used for the local mains. ( 2006, 152; – 0,26–0,35–0,45; 2006, 152; length – 0,26–0,35–0,45 – 0,13–0,19 ). cm; diameter – 0,13–0,19 cm) There are mortared sockets in two , я - fragments providing connection be- . tween two adjacent pipes. Technological features; the frag- : , ments are made of clay with inclusions я , of sand, mica and organic matters. я , ю , - They are generally made of well- , baked clay. я - The colour of the clay is dark . brown, brown-pink and orange-brown. - I should remind here that in the я , я - , - я . 4th–6th century the manufactured я, IV– pipes were of yellow or brown col- VI our with strongly furrowed surfaces. я я - ( – ю 1971, 13) ( - Parallel – the clay pipes from Au- – ю 1971, 13). gusta Traiana. According to D. Nikolov - the fi rst type of standard clay pipes - were long 45 to 50 cm, with the “fi xed diameter” of 11, 5 cm. The thickness я . . я of the pipes was 2 cm. According to the author it comes to a type, com- 45 50 . „ - monly spread throughout the Roman “ 11,5 . - Empire and possibly under single 2 . standards regarding the handling ca-
122 Ceramic building material
pacities. ( 1979, 37). Similar я я - are the small water pipes from Pom- я peii (length 38 cm, diameter 11 cm –in - Adam 1994, 540) ( 1979, 37). - Bricks were found in the surface layer of the settlement primarily in ( 38 - 2012. Their fast «exhaustion» on the 11 . – Adam 1994, 540). surface may be a consideration when - determining the stratigraphy of the я , underwater site. In all likelihood they 2012 . я „ - are part of the construction of a Roman ” edifi ce that inherited the Greek set- я я - tlement. Defi nitely we can talk of us- я я ing rows of bricks as well as of mixed . я я building technique of stone masonry, , - mortar and bricks. . - The most common bricks from the - settlement are the rectangular bricks 1 , pentadoron, i.e. one palm long (36.95 cm) and 1 besalis wide (19.8 cm) я, The only square brick found until . now is 1 pes to 1 pentadoron of length - (36,95 cm – Brodribb 1987, p. 36; 2006, 143; Adam 1994, 294) It 1 (36,95 ) is sized – 0,33 x 0,33 x 0.04/06. Vitru- 1 (19,8 ). vius mentioned that this type of brick was used extensively in the construc- - tion of public buildings (Vetru. II, 3, 3) 1 pes 1 (36,95 The dimensions of the collected – Brodribb 1987, p. 36; 2006, bricks are as follows: 143; Adam 1994, 294). я 1. 33.5 x 16.5 x 4.7 cm 0,33 0,33 0,04/06. - 2. 34.0 x 17.0 x 4.7 cm , - 3. 33.0 x 17.0 x 4.8 cm - 4. 34.0 x 17.0 x 4.8 cm (Vetru. II, 3, 3). 5. 33.0 x 17.0 x 4.8 cm 6. 33.0 x 17.0 x 4.8 cm : 7. 33.0 x 17.0 x 5.0 cm 1. 33.5 16.5 4.7 8. 33.0 x 17.0 x 4.7 cm 2. 34.0 17.0 4.7 9. 33.0 x 17.0 x 4.8 cm 3. 33.0 17.0 4.8 10. 33.0 x 17.0 x 4.9 cm 4. 34.0 17.0 4.8 11. 32.0 x 16.5 x 4.6 cm 5. 33.0 17.0 4.8 12. 33.5 x 17.0 x 4.3 cm 6. 33.0 17.0 4.8 13. 33.0 x 17.0 x 4.7 cm
123 Х Ivan Hristov
7. 33.0 17.0 5.0 14. 32.0 x 16.5 x 4.2 cm 8. 33.0 17.0 4.7 15. 34.5 x 17.0 x 4.3 cm 9. 33.0 17.0 4.8 16. 29.0 x 12.4 x 2.7 cm 10. 33.0 17.0 4.9 17. 36.0 x 17.0 x 4.7 cm (frag- 11. 32.0 16.5 4.6 mented, broken off in the corner) 12. 33.5 17.0 4.3 18. 32.5 x 17.0 x 4.4 cm (frag- 13. 33.0 17.0 4.7 mented, broken off in the corner) 14. 32.0 16.5 4.2 Colour: The bricks are of six col- 15. 34.5 17.0 4.3 ours: orange-brown, orange-red, light- 16. 29.0 12.4 2.7 brown, brown, dark brown and pink 17. 36.0 17.0 4.7 ( - (of that colour is the small brick only). , я ) The most frequently found bricks are 18. 32.5 17.0 4.4 ( - brown (6), then in descending order: , я ) dark brown (5); orange-brown (3); tan я : ю- (2); orange-red (1) and pink (1). я – - я , Clay: well rectifi ed clay with in- - , я , - clusions of mica, sand, organic mat- я , я ( ters, small or medium-sized and very я ). - rarely larger pebbles. The strongest is я я the concentration of sand and pebbles (6), я (small and medium), but it should be я (5), - я noted that there occur settlings and (3), я (2), - - coatings on the bricks, which makes (1), (1). possible the initial observation to un- : , dergo certain correction. ю , я , - Decoration: only one fragment , , я has decoration, applied with fi ngers - . - before baking – parallel lines that run я я - diagonally on the brick surface. ( ), я , ю - я. : - , . я , - .
124 Ceramic building material
. 1. Fig. 1. Clay water pipes
125 Х Ivan Hristov
. 2. Fig. 2. Clay water pipes
126 Ceramic building material
. 3. Fig. 3. Clay water pipes
127 Х Ivan Hristov
. 4. Fig. 4. Clay water pipes
128 Ceramic building material
. 5. Fig. 5. Clay water pipes
129 Х Ivan Hristov
. 6. in situ Fig. 6. Bricks in situ
130 Ceramic building material
. 7. Fig. 7. Bricks of different sizes
131 Х Ivan Hristov
0 4 16
. 8. Fig. 8. Bricks of different sizes
132 ... Single artefacts of marble...
V И И И SINGLE ARTEFACTS ТИ Т OF MARBLE AND А И А ИК, LIMESTONE, К А ИКА CERAMICS AND И ТЪК GLASS
Ivan Hristov
я During the underwater researches я - in the gulf of Vromos, several single , items made of different materials were . found. They are dated to different his- , torical periods and their specifi c nature я - requires a separate presentation in the - book. . The fi rst slightly compact group of , - - items is that of the fi shing weights and , - anchors: : 1. Fishing net stone weight (?) 1. (?) with one opening. Its shape is recall- . , ing that of a triangle (height 17,5 cm, ( length of the base 17 cm, diameter of 17, 5 ; 17 ; the opening 3 cm (Fig. 1). 3 – . 1). 2. Stone anchor with one open- 2. . ing. Chippings. Local breed crumbly я. stone – sandstone. Probably reused – я . я - (36/34/16 cm; diameter of the opening (36/34/16 ; 6 cm. Inv. №59137, NMH; 6 . . №59137 – ; 2013 , 63 – Fig. 2) 2013 , 63 – . 2). 3. Ceramic fi shing weight with 3. one opening. (10.5/9, 5 cm; Square №1, 133 Х Ivan Hristov
. (10,5/9,5 .; - layer 1, depth 2.10 m; NW 4,20 m, №1 1, 2,10 . SE 1,80 m – Fig. 3). 4,20 ; 1,80 – . 3). 4. Ceramic fi shing weight∠ with 4. one∠ opening. Oval shape perfectly ∠ . ∠ , - preserved with red colour of the clay. я - (9/8,5 cm. Square № 1, layer 2, depth . (9/8,5 . №1; 2.20 m; NW 3,60 m, SE 2,60 m. 2, 2,20 .; 3,60 ; Fig. 7). 2,60 – . 7). 5. Ceramic∠ fi shing weight.∠ Pyram- 5. ∠ . idal shape. With one opening. (Height ∠ . . 10 cm, thickness 2.3 cm; maximum ( 10 ; 2,3 . wide at the base 8 cm. Square №2, Layer 1, depth 1,90 m; NW 4,65 m, 8 . №2, 1; - SE 1,60 m. Fig. 4). 1,90 ; 4,65 ; 1,60 6. Fishing weights with one∠ open- – . 4). ing∠ made of reused brick. (Diameter of 6. ∠ ∠ , the opening 4 cm, thickness 5 cm, size . 20/24 cm. Trench № 4; layer 2. Fig. 5). ( 4 ; 7. Ceramic fi shing weight with 5 ; 20/24 . №4 one small opening; fragmented. 2 – . 5). (7.5/10 cm; trench №4. Fig. 6). 7. The items described are of contro- . . versial dating because of their rather (7,5/10 . №4 – . 6). conservative form. It seems that they - should be associated with fi shing pound - nets, and less probably with ships leav- . ing the ports. There is also a hypoth- , я - esis that these weights were among я, - the oldest anchors used by mankind. я A diagram of the development of an- , - cient anchors composed by G. Kapiten . , illustrates the idea. (Kapiten 1984, - 34, fi g. 2. Fig 8) On the other hand, , - the parallel with some fi shing weights . - found in a strictly defi ned 6th century , layer on Cape Akra confi rms the thesis G. Kapiten, ю я of their disputed dating. (Kapiten 1984, 34, fi g. 2 – . 8). Among the single specifi c objects я uncovered during the underwater re- , - searches worth mentioning is the frag- VI ment of a marble statue of a male de- , я ity. (Fig. 8–9). Preserved is part of the . pelvis, the testicles, the penis, and the
134 ... Single artefacts of marble...
upper thighs. On the surface of the fi nd , showing are signs of a right hand on я, the right hip. The fragment is 12 cm я high; and 12/10 cm wide. It was found ( . 8–9). - in trench № 4 at a depth of 1,60 m of , , , which 0,45 m below ground level. It is . - broadly dated to the 1st–3rd century. - The only glass vessel found in я я ; the settlement is a balsamarium with 12 ; slender conical body, cylindrical neck 12/10 ; №4 and of light green colour (Fig. 10–11). 1,60, я 0,45 The mouth of the container is miss- . - ing. It has a wide bottom and narrow I–III . elongated body. Preserved height of я 5,8 cm, the diameter of the bottom is 4,2 cm; hand-blown from naturally я - coloured glass. The balsamarium was я ( . found in square №2, layer 2; at a depth 10–11). . of 2,15 m; NW 5,70 m; SE 0,20 - The balsamarium is the most com- я я . - mon in the group∠ of toiletry∠ contain- 5,8 , - ers. In present-day Bulgarian lands this 4,2 . type was spread from the end of the 1st to the end of the 3rd century. They are re- . я - minding the balsamaria from Bosporus №2, 2; 2,15 ; and are identifi ed as Egyptian imports 5,70 ; 0,20 . ( , 1972, 148–157). я - - The balsamarium is also very close to я ∠ ∠ the Egyptian thick-walled balsamaria . of green glass. (Hayes 1975, 132–133; я Fig. VII–9 after Cholakova 2006, 231– I я III . 233) In general, it should be noted - that the balsamaria found on the West Black Sea coast are defi ned as prod- ( , 1972, 148–157). ucts of Syrian, Cypriot and Asia Mi- - nor workshops ( 2006, 236; , , (Hayes 1975, 132– 2011, 206–208). 133) . VII–9 2006, During the researches a fully 231–233. я я - preserved Late Hellenistic lamp was , , found. It most probably dates to the - 1st century BC – the very beginning of , я я the 1st century AD (Fig. 12–13). Very
135 Х Ivan Hristov
, - likely the lamp was manufactured in ( 2006, 236 Egypt. (Bailey 1973, 588–589; Szen- – , , leleky 1969, 43) 2011, 206–208). я я - , - я І . . . – І . . . ( . 12–13). - . (Bailey 1973, 588–589; Szenleleky 1969, 43).
. 1–3. - . 4. Fig. 1–3. Different types of stone fi shing Fig. 4. Clay fi shing weight weights and anchors
136 ... Single artefacts of marble...
. 7a. G. Kapitan, я ю я Fig. 7a. Graphic reconstruction presenting the evolution of the fi shing weights and anchors (after G. Kapitan)
137 Х Ivan Hristov
. 5. , Fig. 5. Ceramic anchor made of reused Roman brick
. 6–7. Fig. 6–7. Small clay fi shing weights
. 8–9. я Fig. 8–9. Fragment of a marble statue
138 ... Single artefacts of marble...
. 10–11. Fig. 10–11. Glass balsamarium
139 Х Ivan Hristov
. 12–13. Fig. 12–13. Clay Hellenistic oil lamp
140 Amphorae
VI А И AMPHORAE
Ivan Hristov
- In Antiquity, the containers in , which agricultural products were я transported in bulk over long distanc- я я , es by ship were called α φο ύ . α φο ύ . a The amphorae were used for trans- я , porting bulk, liquid and solids, mainly , agricultural in nature, most often wine , - and olive oil. Not rare are the cases . - when fi sh products processed in vari- , ous ways are detected on the bottom , - of the amphorae. . During the underwater archaeo- - logical investigations dozens of am- я phora fragments were recovered from , the seabed dateable largely to the 5th c. – BC – 4th c. AD. Because of the great V . . . IV . . . - fragmentation of the material as well я as of its nature specifi c and diffi cult to - interpret, I shall here make a general я я description of the transport ceramics. я The complete introduction of the am- . phora material is provided for the next я volume of the series. я The earliest material refers to the . pre-Roman era. The amphora frag- - - ments which occupy 40% of the total я . - ceramics were of established origin , from Chios, Rhodes, Knidos, Miletus 40% я , and Thasos. 141 Х Ivan Hristov
, - The later amphora fragments refer , , . to the 1st–2nd c.AD and the latest ones - - to the 4th century. There is a graffi to re- я I–II . ., sembling the Greek letter “E (ΕΛΕ)” - – IV . on an early Byzantine amphora shard, which could be an indication of the , - amphora contents, in this case – olives. я „ (ΕΛΕ)“, - , я .
– я Tabl. Mouths of amphorae
142 Amphorae
– я Tabl. Mouth and neck of the amphorae
143 Х Ivan Hristov
– я Tabl. Mouths of amphorae
144 Amphorae
– я Tabl. Mouths of amphorae
145 Х Ivan Hristov
– Tabl. Mouth and bottom of amphorae
146 Amphorae
– Tabl. Bottoms of amphorae
147 Х Ivan Hristov
– Tabl. Bottoms and plastic processes of amphorae
148 Amphorae
– Tabl. Bottoms and plastic processes of amphorae
149 Х Ivan Hristov
– я Tabl. Mouths of amphorae for samples
150 Amphorae
– Tabl. Mouths of amphorae for samples
151 Х Ivan Hristov
0 4 16
– Tabl. Greek and Roman amphorae
152 Х ... Chemical analysis of organic...
VII И И КИ CHEMICAL А А ИЗ А ANALYSIS OF А И И ORGANIC RESIDUES ТАТЪ И ON CERAMIC К А И И AMPHORA А ТИ FRAGMENTS FROM Т А И CHERNOMORETZ (II в. . . – IV в. . .) (2nd c. BC – 4th c. AD)
Boyka Zlateva
Abstract Conducted is a chemical analy- 11 sis of organic residues from 11 frag- , ments of amphorae found during the я - underwater archaeological research я , - of the ancient site in the gulf of Vro- я . , mos, the harbour area of the town of . Chernomoretz, Sozopol Municipality. - The use of modern analytical methods я (IR), - such as infrared spectrometry (IR), я high performance liquid chroma- (HPLC), я - tography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic – (1H–NMR) resonance – proton (1H–NMR) and (13C–NMR), carbon (13C–NMR), allow qualitative - identifi cation of the organic residue, , - defi ned as pine resin, which was com- , я pared with the resin of the modern Pinus pitch pine Pinus Halepensis which is 153 Boyka Zlateva
Halepensis. - native to the Mediterranean region. Based on the analytical data can be , - argued that the contents of the am- , , phorae was wine, Retsina type. That - statement is in support of the estab- - lished commercial contacts between я Greece and the Greek colonies on the . west coastal strip of the Black Sea.
1. 1. Introduction - In ancient societies pottery played я an important role both for transport and storage of food products and in , everyday cooking. Therefore, the op- я . portunity to examine the residues of ю e - what had been stored in them is ex- - ceedingly important. Over the past , я я . 20–25 years the interest in this kind of 20–25 - research is constantly increasing due я to the desire of archaeologists on the one hand and on the other to the grow- - ing capabilities of organic instrumen- , tal analysis which is the basis of this - - kind of research. я - Today the organic analysis allows , determining the type of the lipids я. (fats), resins, pigments, constituent я - components of different fragrances я (perfumes), medicines, etc. found as ( ), , - residues in archaeological vessels. , From the outset it must be said that я ( ю ), such an analysis targeted at establish- . . - ing the type of the organic compounds - that are found in the pottery uncovered . я during archaeological excavations, is , , я not a trivial task for organic analysis. я - These are extremely diffi cult tests re- я, quiring not only a great experience of , - the researcher, but also use of a wide , - range of analytical techniques, as all я . organic and inorganic components, ю - soluble and insoluble compounds , я should be identifi ed and defi ned.
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я, - Adding resin to the wine is a pro- - cess that is known from ancient times , as pine resin or a combination of tar - and resin were used to make imper- meable clay vessels (amphorae), in , - which wine was stored and transport- я. ed (Boulton and Heron, 2000, p. 600; я Stern, 2008, p. 2193). The ancient , Greeks, who delivered wine, olive oil , and other products produced in dif- я , - ferent parts of Greece and the numer- - ous Greek islands, found out that the ( ), - pine resin not only stopped the leak- я age of water through the pores of the (Boulton and Heron, 2000, p. 600; amphorae, but also had a preservative Stern, 2008, p. 2193). , effect (Serpico and White 2000, p. я , 433). The pine resin was also used to , suppress the smell of the goat skin of я which they made wineskins when the , , - wine was transported over short dis- я tances. Therefore they started to coat the inner walls of the amphorae with , different resins to make them imper- (Serpico and meable to water. They also found out White 2000, p. 433). that some of the resins had antiseptic - effect, i.e. prevented wine from soar- я , я ing, and gave it a peculiar fl avour. , Thus, more than 2500 years ago they discovered the famous “Retsina” wine я я. known in Greece even today. Various analytical techniques - have been used repeatedly in the , я analysis of resins and other organic . - residues of archaeological origin (see , я e.g. Analytical Archaeometry 2012). , . . я- Identifi ed are some diterpenoid com- , ponents in a Roman amphora (Petit- . Dominguez M. & Maganto, M. 2000) , 2500 and confi rmed is the use of two kinds я of resins for waterproofi ng of pottery „ ”. (Reber and Hart, 2008, 997), while use of resins for the production of wine is established by (McGovern et
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- al., 1996). ( . Only in the 3rd century AD, in the . Analytical Archaeometry 2012). Roman Empire they began to use bar- я - rels to transport wine. This approach removed all oenological needs of add- (Petit-Dominguez M. & ing resin, but the mere taste of the Maganto, M. 2000), - “Retsina” that had become popular was preserved. The unique taste of the “Retsina” is due to pitch pine like (Reber and Hart, 2008, 997), trees that grow in the heart of main- land Greece, Attica, near Athens (see e.g. Manessis 1996). «Pine» wine is (McGovern et al., 1996). often mentioned in the Greek litera- III . ., - ture and the god of wine Dionysus is я sometimes depicted with a pine cone . at the end of his wand. The Centre for Archaeometry я - at the Sofi a University «St. Kliment , я „ ”, Ohridski” was engaged to analyse я , . the resins, which were established in я « » - the course of archaeological research, - when the archaeologist Prof. Diana , - Gergova uncovered the bottom of an я, , amphora during the diggings near ( . Manessis Sboryanovo. On the bottom of the 1996). « » amphorae residue of resin was found, which was analysed in the laborato- я ries of the Faculty of Chemistry and я Pharmacy of the Sofi a University. It я я . was also compared to samples of a я resin that the evergreen pine like tree , я- – Pinus Halepensis exudes. As a re- - sult, it was found out that the wine , - intended for Helis – the capital of the я я - Getae, was the kind of today’s Greek „ . . ”, - Retsina (Surowiec et al., 2008; Zlat- . eva et al., 2007). , - This study reports the results of я . - the analysis of organic residues of res- ins collected from the mouths and bot- , - toms of ceramic fragments of ampho- rae dating in a wide time-span – the 3rd я я я c. BC to 4th c. AD. The samples were
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„ . . ”. found in the region of Chernomoretz. - The study was carried out with the , я help of modern analytical techniques, я , including infrared spectroscopy (IR), – Pinus Halepensis. - high performance liquid chromatog- , , raphy (HPLC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). – , (Surowiec et 2. Experimental part al. 2008; Zlateva et al. 2007). 2.1. Archaeological materials я , 12 samples of resins were ana- - lysed. The samples were collected , from the mouths and bottoms of ce- я - ramic amphora fragments broadly , - dated from the 3rd c. BC to the 4th c. AD. The fi nds of amphorae were re- – III . . IV . . covered from the Black Sea bottom я- during archaeological surveys con- . . ducted in the region of Chernomoretz. - 2.2. Analytical methods , ю - 2.2.1. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) я The infrared electromagnetic ra- (IR), - diation with a frequency between я (HPLC), я 4000 and 400 cm-1 is used in the deter- (NMR). mination of organic structures due to the absorption of radiation by specifi c 2. groups and/or intermolecular bonds 2.1. in the organic molecules. Due to the 12 specifi c environment of these bonds . - and groups in the molecule, the rate я - of absorption depends on the type of , the compound. – III . . In the study, the FTIR Tenzor27- IV . . - Bruker spectrometer with a resolution rating 2 cm-1 and 128 scans and refl ec- - tance attachment MIRacle-ZnSe, ATR я, я . in the 4000–500 cm-1 was used. . Received were 12 IR-spectra – 11 2.2. archaeological samples and a com- 2.2.1. - parative sample of pine resin (Pinus я (IR) Halepensis). - 2.2.2. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
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4000 400 cm-1 - HPLC is an analytical technique я used to separate the components of я - a mixture, to identify the individual / components, as well as to determine - the quantity of a component. General- . - ly, the method includes a liquid sam- - ple which is passed through a solid , adsorbent material, a column which is я fi lled with it. When a fl ow of a liquid . solvent is used, each component in the sample interacts differently with FTIR Tenzor27-Bruker the adsorbent in the column. If the 2 cm-1 interaction is weak, the analytes pass 128 through the column for a shorter or MIRacle-ZnSe, ATR longer period of time. When the reac- 4000–500 -1. tion is stronger, then the elution time 12 IR- – is longer. 11 In the study, the Alliance HT® Waters 2795 Separations module, (Pinus Halepensis). Waters 2487 Dual Absorbance de- 2.2.2. tector was used, and the chromato- я (HPLC) graphic column is of type RP–18, - 5 mm LiChroCART® 250–4 fi lled Li- я , Chrospher100®, it is thermostatically я - controlled at 30°C. , - 2.2.3. Nuclear Magnetic Reso- , nance (NMR) The nuclear magnetic resonance is . я , - a phenomenon which occurs when the ю , я nuclei of certain placement of atoms - in an external magnetic fi eld, such as , , я absorption and emission of electro- . - magnetic radiation is performed by , the nuclei. The specifi c frequency of - resonance depends on the strength . of the magnetic fi eld and the type of , - the atomic isotopes. NMR-spectrum - is presented as a graph of the inten- - - - sity of the absorbance (proportional . - to the number of participating nuclei) - , compared to the frequency of the - . emission, which is dependent on the chemical environment. This leads to
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Alliance HT® Waters 2795 Separations two parameters: the integrated area of module, Waters 2487 Dual λ the absorption signal and the frequen- Absorbance detector, - cy of absorption, usually referred to RP–18 as chemical shift and defi ned in parts 5 mm LiChroCART® 250–4 per million (ppm). LiChrospher100®, - The spectra of the samples (1H and 30 . 13C) were recorded in deuterated chlo- 2 2.2.3. Я roform solvent (C HCl3) on spectrom- (NMR) eter Bruker Avance II+600MHz using - я a 5 mm inverse triple head (TBI) 1H / , , - 31P – 109Ag / 13C with actively shielded я я я , Z-gradient. The chemical shifts for the , - 1H– and 13C– spectra are calibrated to я я - the signal of TMS. я . Received are 12 NMR-spectra – 11 archaeological samples and a com- parative sample of pine resin (Pinus я . NMR- Halepensis). - я 3. Conditions for determination ( я - 3.1. HPLC conditions for deter- я ) mination я , - Several approaches have been . tried in order to achieve optimum re- : sults in terms of qualitative identifi ca- я tion of the resins, two of which were я, applied for the analysis of the samples. The fi rst of these was by dissolving ( m). the samples in methanol (CH3OH), (1H subsequent separation with an eluent 13C) - of methanol at various gradients of 2 (C Cl3) - fl ow and detection at 200 nm and 287 Bruker Avance II+ 600MHz nm. In the second approach, all the 5 mm samples of the resin were dissolved in (TBI) 1H / 31 – 109Ag/ 1.5 ml of acetonitrile (AcCN) for 8 h 13 Z- - in an ultrasonic bath. The ultrasound . я 1H– dissolution was applied also as a third 13C– я approach, in which about 1 g of the TMS. samples were soaked in dichlorometh- 12 NMR- ane (CH2Cl2) for 6 h, as further treated – 11 with an ultrasonic bath for a further 6 h. The resulting suspension was cen- (Pinus Halepensis). trifuged, and the supernatant fl uid (su-
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3. я pernatant) was fi ltered through a PTFE я fi lter with a pore sized 0.45 m. The 3.1. HPLC я я- resulting fi ltered solution was evapo- rated to dryness and 150 mg of the dry я matter was added to 2 ml of metha- nol (HPLC grade Lab-Scan). The dry - matter and the methanol were treated я , in an ultrasonic bath at 40°C for 6 h in я - sealed vials. The resulting suspension . я я я was centrifuged and the liquid phase (CH3OH), - was fi ltered again through the PTFE я fi lter with a pore sized 0.45 m. 10 l - of the resulting fi ltrate was diluted 200 nm 287 nm. to 2 ml with methanol (HPLC grade я , - Lab-Scan). 1.5 ml - Additional samples were devel- (AcCN) 8 h oped from a new resin artifi cially я. я aged by heating (see Zareva & Kuleff , 2012) as well as a sample resin artifi - 1 g cially aged by heating in the presence (CH2Cl2) 6 h, of red wine. - In the analysis 40 l of the diluted 6 h. solution were injected in a thermo- , - stated automatic sampler at 25°C. Ta- ( - ble 1 presents data on the used eluent ) PTFE - and the corresponding values of the 0.45 m. gradient. The difference to 100% of the methanol is water (H2O). 150 mg - As washing agent in the column 2 ml - were used acetonitrile (AcCN) and (HPLC grade Lab-Scan). chloroform (CHCl3) (Table 1). 40 6 h 3. Results . The pine resin contains a series of я - terpene acids (see, e.g. Panda, 2008, 15), as some of the better known PTFE are: Abietic acid, Pimaric acid, alfa 0.45 μm. 10 μl я pinene, beta pinene. 2 ml (HPLC Most of them contain in addi- grade Lab-Scan). tion to a carboxy group, conjugated or unconjugated double bonds, and , - also methyl groups. Therefore, their я ( . Zareva & identifi cation can be performed by
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1. я CH3 / 2 gradient Table 1. Data on the used eluent CH3 / 2 gradient
я / Retention (Rs) [min] CH3 [%] gradient curve 004 20 75 6 27 100 6 40 100 6 45 0 6 50 0 6
Kuleff 2012), - the characteristic frequencies of these я functional groups (for the IR-deter- . mination), by the time for elution of the individual compounds in the resin 40 l я - (for the HPLC-analysis) or by their specifi c environment (at 13C- and 1H- 25 . 1 - NMR-spectrometry), as the ancient я resin has undergone oxidation dur- - ing the elapsed time in the soil. This . 100% ( 2 ). - H (AcCN) H (CHCl3) ( 1).
H HO H 3. HO O O ( . я abietic acid pimaric acid . Panda, 2008, 15), я - : - , - , , - CH CH . 3 3 CH CH я 3 3 CH CH , - 3 2 , . alfa pinene beta pinene я я - oxidation usually involves the dou- ble bonds, wherein organic peroxides ( IR- я ), are formed which subsequently in the я presence of moisture are converted to ( HPLC- ) alcohols and ketones. Oxidation of the ( methyl group is also possible as well 13C- 1H-NMR- o я ). as its transformation into a hydroxyl
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, я OH я . O я - 2 , - , HO O HO O . - dehydroabietic acid , - group (Van den Berg et al., 2000) я Considering these degradative (Van den Berg et al., 2000). processes accompanying pine resin - over the time, it is logical spectral , - changes to be observed in some fre- , quencies (appearance of new and dis- ю appearance of old, appearance of new я ( я peaks and/or change in the intensity ), я of old peaks). It should be noted that / я - the tested resins were admixed with ). я particles of sand, shells, soil, which , further complicated the interpretation я , , of the results due to the presence of , я- other substances in the samples. я , The results of the HPLC analysis - at both wavelengths showed complete . identity of the tested antique resins, HPLC while the comparison of these results - with the chromatograms of the mod- - ern resin difference were noticeable in , the intensity of the detected peaks and - a slight shift of the retention times. , Similar were the results by IR- я - spectrometry, where the identifi ca- , tion of the resins was performed in the characteristic frequencies at . 1724 cm-1, 1697 cm-1, 1598 cm-1, 1376 cm-1 and 885 cm-1, and further IR- я , - comparison was made with the spec- - trum of the rosin, which comprises a mixture of abietic and pimaric acids. 1724 cm-1, 1697 cm-1, 1598 cm-1, The proton and carbon NMR- 1376 cm-1 885 cm-1 - spectra of the samples 1 to 11 in chlo- roform, wherein the hydrogen atom
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2 , - is deuterium (C HCl3) were identical and similar to the corresponding spec- . tra of the sample 12, which represents the advanced resin of pine tree from NMR- 1 11 Attica, Greece (Pinus Halepensis); , - the sample was taken in September 2 я (C HCl3) - 2013. 12, 1. Discussion я я - The presented IR-spectra of the , я (Pinus sample R-051-CHM, the compara- Halepensis), - tive sample – pine resin and the IR- , 2013 . spectrum of the rosin containing both acids: abietic and pimaric are illus- 4. я trated in Fig. 1. The characteristic IR- - frequency of the carboxyl group is R-051-CHM, я found at 1697 cm-1, while the shoulder – IR- - at 1724 cm-1 is most likely evidence , of the presence of ketone in the said : resin. The valence vibrations of the ю . 1. - double bonds (C=C) were detected in - the range of 1610–1580 cm-1. Out-of- 1697 cm-1, plane CH vibrations at 885 cm-1 and 1724 cm-1 - 823 cm-1 confi rm the presence of dif- - я ferent types of double bonds in the . - researched sample. This is confi rmed я by the vibrations of the methyl group (C=C) 1610– at 1376 cm-1, which have a specifi c 1580 cm-1. - C–H profi le and can be used for identifi ca- я 885 cm-1 823 cm-1 tion. These observations clearly con- - fi rm the presence of the resin in the - research sample (Fig. 1), (Fig. 2). я . In Figure 2 one can see, albeit with я diffi culty, some of the characteristic 1376 -1, - frequencies of the studied resin. The frequencies for the carboxyl group are я. ю я at 1697 cm-1, and the out-of-plane CH - vibrations at 886 cm-1. The observed - deformative vibrations of the methyl я ( . 1, . 2). group at 1376 cm-1 in the spectrum . 2 я , are very similar in shape to those of - , я the resin. Unfortunately, the other . - indicative frequencies overlap those
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0,14 R_051_CHM ATR
Pine resin 1697 Colophon 0,12 823 0,10 1724 1376 885 0,08 1598?
Absorbance 0,06
0,04 3053
0,02
0,00 3900 3600 3300 3000 2700 2400 2100 1800 1500 1200 900 600 Wavenumber [cm -1] . 1. IR- R-051-CHM Fig. 1. IR-spectrum of sample R-051-CHM
0,25 R_052_CHM Pine_resin
0,20 1697
0,15 886 ? 1376 Absorbance 0,10
0,05
0,00 3900 3600 3300 3000 2700 2400 2100 1800 1500 1200 900 600 Wavenumber [cm -1] . 2. IR- R-052-CHM Fig. 2. IR-spectrum of sample R-052-CHM
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of some admixtures or of degraded 1697 -1, - C–H resin, which, however, does not pre- я 886 -1. ю - vent it to be identifi ed by well observ- я able characteristic bands at 1697 cm-1, 1376 -1 1376 cm-1 and 886 cm-1. - Fig. 3 presents the IR-spectrum . of the sample R-053-CHM. It shows the already perceived characteris- я - tic frequencies of the sought resin at 1697 cm-1, 1376 cm-1 and 885 cm-1. , я This gives some reason to believe ю - that the resin is present in the research sample. The position and the profi les 1697 -1, 1376 -1 886 -1. of the bands in 3000–2700 cm-1 are . 3 IR- - not indicative marker as the most or- R-053-CHM. ganic substances are absorbed there. я - Fig.4 presents the IR-spectrum of sample R-054-CHM. It adequately 1697 -1, 1376 -1 885 -1. identifi es the characteristic frequen- cies of the sought resin (1697 cm-1, , - 1597 cm-1, 1376 cm-1 and 885 cm-1. . Similar results were obtained for all the tested resins. In Fig. 5–11 of 3000–2700 -1 the Appendix the IR-spectra of the , - other samples (R-055-CHM – R-061- . CHM) are presented (Fig. 3). . 4 IR- - Fig. 6 presents the IR-spectrum of R-054-CHM. sample R-056-CHM, in which, though quite different in shape from that of the resin, some of these indicative (1697 -1, 1597 -1, 1376 -1 frequencies are found – 1697 cm-1, 885 -1. 1376 cm-1 and 885 cm-1. Thus one can - recognize the presence of the resin. . Fig. 7 presents the IR-spectrum of . 5 – . 11 sample R-057-CHM. This spectrum IR- - suffi ciently well identifi es the charac- (R-055-CHM – teristic frequencies of the sought resin R-061-CHM) ( . 3). – 1697 cm-1, 1597 cm-1 (?), 1376 cm-1 . 6 IR- - and 885 cm-1. R-056-CHM, Fig. 8 presents the IR-spectrum of , - sample R-058-CHM. Like in the previ- , ous case, the spectrum suffi ciently well я - identifi es the characteristic frequen-
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0,20 R_053_CHM Pine_resin
0,15
0,10 Absorbance
0,05
0,00
3900 3600 3300 3000 2700 2400 2100 1800 1500 1200 900 600 Wavenumber [cm -1] . 3. IR- R-053-CHM Fig. 3. IR-spectrum of sample R-053-CHM
– 1697 -1, 1376 -1 cies of the sought resin – 1697 cm-1, 885 -1. 1597 cm-1 (?), 1376 cm-1 and 885 cm-1. . Fig. 9 presents the IR-spectrum of . 7 IR- - sample R-059-CHM. Although with R-057-CHM. much more diffi culty this spectrum also shows some of these character- - istic frequencies of the sought resin – – 1697 -1, 1697 cm-1, 1376 cm-1 and 885 cm-1 (?). 1597 -1 (?), 1376 -1 885 -1. Therefore, the resin can be recognized . 8 IR- - in this sample as well. R-058-CHM. - Fig. 10 presents the IR-spectrum я of sample R-060-CHM, which suffi - ciently well identifi es the characteris- - tic frequencies of the sought resin – – 1697 -1, 1597 -1 (?), 1697 cm-1, 1597 cm-1, 1376 cm-1 and 1376 -1 885 -1. 885 cm-1 (?) and 823 cm-1. . 9 IR- - Fig. 11 presents the IR-spectrum R-059-CHM. - of sample R-061-CHM. It fairly well - - identifi es the characteristic frequen- я cies of the sought resin – 1697 cm-1,
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0,20 R_054_CHM Pine_resin
0,15
0,10 Absorbance
0,05
0,00
3900 3600 3300 3000 2700 2400 2100 1800 1500 1200 900 600 Wavenumber [cm -1] . 4. IR- R-054-CHM Fig. 4. IR-spectrum of sample R-054-CHM
R_055_CHM 0,20 Pine_resin
0,15
?
0,10 Absorbance
0,05
0,00 3900 3600 3300 3000 2700 2400 2100 1800 1500 1200 900 600 Wavenumber [cm-1] . 5. IR- R-055-CHM Fig. 5. IR-spectrum of sample R-055-CHM
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1597 cm-1 (?), 1376 cm-1 and 885 cm-1 – 1697 -1, (Fig. 4), (Fig. 5). 1376 -1 885 -1 (?). - In conclusion it can be argued that all tested samples are spectrally iden- . tifi ed with the pine resin. In support . 10 IR- - of this assertion is the fact that abietic R-060-CHM, components are found in all the sam- - ples. This shows the diterpenoid com- - position of the resin used. In some – 1697 -1, 1597 -1, samples, the resin has undergone a 1376 -1, 885 -1 (?) 823 -1. greater degree of chemical modifi ca- . 11 IR- - tion (degradation), as demonstrated R-061-CHM. by the research IR-spectra. - Table 2 summarizes the results of - the IR-spectrometry. (1697 -1, 1597 -1 (?), Table 3 presents the retention 1376 -1 885 -1 ( . 4, . 5). times (Rs) of the main components in ю , the samples contained in more than - three samples. The quantity (+) gives information about the readability and . intensity of the peaks. The compo- , - nents contained in all the archaeologi- . cal samples, as well as in the new resin я or in the sample of the new resin heat- . я ed in the presence of wine are shown я - in orange. The components contained я я in an amount exceeding 70% in the ( я), archaeological samples as well as IR- . in the new resin and the new resin, 2 - heated for the purpose of artifi cially IR- - aging and in the presence of wine are я. shown in pink. The components con- 3 - tained in all the archaeological sam- (Rs) - ples and at the same time, absent in , - the new resin, as well as in the new . resin prematurely aged with wine are (+) я highlighted in green. The components contained in an amount over 70% in . , - all the archaeological samples, but ab- sent in the new resin and in the new , resin heated in the presence of wine , я - are coloured in blue. The new resin is , denoted as sample R-062-CHM 0 (Ta-
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я . , - ble 2, Table 3). 70% The position and size of the peaks e , in the studied archaeological samples , , match very much. The basic substanc- я я- es are with times of leakage from the , - column (retention) (Rs), concentrated я . , in the range between 24th and 36th min- - ute. In this fi eld there is a strong over- - lapping of the peaks, leading to slight , , fl uctuations of retention (Rs) of the main components. Yet, the main com- , я . - ponents in the archaeological samples - are identical, from which it can be 70% - concluded that the initial composition
2. , IR- - Table 2. Results obtained by IR-spectroscopy я of archaeological samples of resins and of (Pinus Halepensis) resin from the pine tree (Pinus Halepensis)
, cm-1 Characteristic Due to Sample frequency, cm-1 1724 я C=O ( ) R-051.CHM, R-054.CHM valent vibrations C=O ( ) R-051.CHM, R-052.CHM, R-053.CHM, R-054.CHM, R-055.CHM, R-056.CHM, 1697 COOH R-057.CHM, R-058.CHM, R-059.CHM, R-060.CHM, R-061.CHM R-051.CHM, R-052.CHM, C=C R-054.CHM, R-056.CHM, 1598 Valent C=C ?R-057.CHM, ?R-058.CHM, R-060.CHM, ?R-061.CHM R-051.CHM, R-053.CHM, R-054.CHM, R-055.CHM, CH 3 R-056.CHM, R-057.CHM, 1376 Deformative CH 3 R-058.CHM, R-059.CHM, R-060.CHM, R-061.CHM R-051.CHM, R-052.CHM, C–H R-053.CHM, R-054.CHM, 885 ( ) R-056.CHM, R-057.CHM, Out-of-plane C–H R-058.CHM, ?R-059.CHM, (from double bonds) ? R-060.CHM, R-061.CHM C–H ( ) 823 Out-of-plane C–H R-051.CHM, R-060.CHM (from double bonds) C–H 3060–3020 Valent C–H For all samples
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3. , HPLC Table 3. Results, obtainedfrom HPLC of archaeological samples of resins and pine (Pinus Halepensis) 270 nm resin (Pinus Halepensis) 270 nm C o /Rs +wine + Sample/Rs R-062.CHM 0/12h 200 R-056.CHM 1 R-056.CHM 2 R-061.CHM 3 R-052.CHM 4 R-057.CHM 5 R-055.CHM 6 R-053.CHM 7 R-058.CHM 8 R-059.CHM 9 R-054.CHM R-062.CHM 0 R-062.CHM R-062.CHM 0 R-062.CHM R-062.CHM 0 R-062.CHM R-051.CHM 11 R-051.CHM R-060.CHM 10 R-060.CHM 1.0 + ++ 1.1 ++ + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + 1.4 +++ + + + + + + 1.5 + + 1.9 + + + + + + 2.3 + + 2.9 + + + + ++ ++ + ++ ++ + + + + + 15.7 + + 16.0 + + + + 19.6 + + + + + + 20.1 + + 20.3 + + + + 20.7 + + + + + + ++ ++ 22.1 + + + + + ++ 24.7 + + + ++ ++ 25.0 + + + +++ 25.6 ++ ‘25.8/ + + + + + + + + + + ++ 26.0 + + + ‘26.5/6 + + + + + + + + + ++ 27.0 + + + + + + + + + 27.4 + + + + + + + + + 28.0 + ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + + ++ 28.4 + ++ + + + + + + 28.7 + ++ +++ +++ + ++ ++ 28.9 ++ + +++ + ++ + + ++++ 29.0 ++ + + ++++ 29.3 +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ 30.5 + + + + ++ + ++++ ++ ++++ 30.9 +++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 31.4 + ++ + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 31.5 ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + 32.0 ++++ ++?? ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++ + 32.9 +++ +++ +++ ++ ++++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ 33.0 ++ ++ ++ 33.3 + ++ + ++ + ++ 33.5 + + + + + ++ + + 34.0 + + + + + + + + + ++ + 34.5 + + + + + + + + + + 35.5 + + + + + + + + + + + 35.9 + + + + + + + + + + + 37.5 + + + 37.7 + + + + + + + +
170 Х ... Chemical analysis of organic... /Rs C o
12345678910110 0/12h 200 0+wine 0+ Sample/Rs 1.1+++++++++++ +++++ 1.4 ++ + + + + 1.5 + + ++ 1.9 + + + + + + 2.9+++++++++++++++++++ 11.1 + ++ ++ + + 12.1 + + + + + ++ 13.5 ++ +++ +++ 13.7 +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ ^ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ 14.5 ++ + ++ 16.4 ++ + + + ++ + + + ++ + ++ +++ + 20.1 + + + + + + 20.3 + + + 20.7 + + ++ + + ++ ++ 24.7 ++ +++ +++ 25.0 ++ ++ 25.6 + + ++++ ‘25.8/ ++++ +++++ 26.2 + + + + ‘26.5/6 +++++ 26.8 ++ + + ++ 27.0 + + ++ + + + +++ ++ 27.4 +++++ + + 28.0 ++ ++ ++ + ++ +++ + ++ + +++ + 28.4 + ++ + + 28.7 + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + 28.9 ++ + ++ ++ + +++ ++++ + 29.0 ++ +++ ++ ++ 29.3 +++ ++++ ++++ ++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++ ++ +++++ +++ ++ 30.3 ++ ++ ++++ + 30.5 ++ ++ +++ ++++ + ++++ ++ ++ +++ ++++ ++++ 30.9 ++ ++++++ ++ 31.3 ++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++++ + ++ +++ +++ +++ 31.5 + ++ + 32.0 ++++ ++?? ++++ +++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ +++ +++ ++++ ++ 32.9 ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ 33.0 ++ ++ + ++ + + 33.3 + + ++ + + 33.5 + + + ++ + 33.9 + + ++++++ 34.0 + ++++ + 34.6 + ++++++++++++ 35.5 ++ ++ ++++++++++ ++ 36.1/2 ++++++++++ 38.3 + + ++++++ +
171 Boyka Zlateva
, was the same as it is supposed to have , я come from the same species of pine. At the same time it shows that over . time they have endured similar chem- R-062-CHM 0 ( 2, - ical changes. Evidence in support of 3). this thesis is that fi ve of the main com- ponents in all archaeological samples - occur in the sample of the modern - resin. Of course, their concentrations я . in comparison with the archaeologi- cal samples are lower. The increased ( я) (Rs), - concentration of these components in 24 36- . the archaeological samples is due to - the aging of the resin (RS = 13.7, 16.4, , 29.3, 30.5 and 32.0). я (Rs) - Upon aging of the resins process- . - es of oxidation occur and of polym- erization of their components, which , is possibly the cause for the displace- ю , я ment of the main groups of compo- , nents of the new resin to the higher , retention times in the archaeological . samples. Upon continued heating of , я the new resin in the presence of wine, . - the formation of new compounds with , greater retention times is observed. Two of the newly formed compounds - are essential components in the ar- . chaeological resins, but are absent in , the sample of the new resin, as well as in a resin heated in the absence of - . - wine (RS = 31,5 and 32,9). я - Notable differences compared to - the other archaeological resins are (RS= 13.7, 16.4, 29.3, found in sample №2 which may be 30.5 32,0). attributed to its small proportion, as - well as to the signifi cant impurities of я sand, shells and more. , - Fig. 12 and 13 show the proton я - and carbon NMR-spectra of the sam- - ples 1 to 11 (archaeological resins) in chloroform, in which the hydro- 2 - gen atom is deuterium (C HCl3). The
172 Х ... Chemical analysis of organic...
. - spectra are completely identical and я are analogous to the corresponding ю spectra of the sample 12 – the new я - pine resin. The complete reading of . the proton and carbon NMR-spectra я is complicated due to the multiple - signals in them because of the over- , - lapping peaks. For the purposes of , the analysis, however, verifying the , я origin of the archaeological resins is (RS= 31,5 32,9). suffi cient to perform the comparison я - on the basic lines of the two spectra - with the spectrum of the contempo- № 2, rary resin. - The presence of numerous peaks , - with chemical shifts ( ) in the region я я , . 0.5–3 of the proton NMR-spectrum, . 12 13 and also of similar to the peaks 0–55 NMR- of 13C spectra of the samples indicates 1 11 ( - the presence of terpenoid components ) , in the resins (Ghisalberti and God- я frey, 1990, 1998). On the other hand, 2 (C HCl3), - considering the origin of the plant - resins, in particular the pine (Pinus 12 – Halepennsis), can be expected in ad- . dition to the above-mentioned acids, NMR- the presence of the bicyclic and tricy- - clic diterpenes (Panda, H, 2008, 404), я , quaternary aromatic carbons, phenyl . components, and to a lesser extent , - aromatic hydrocarbons (Skakovskii, , - et al, 2008, 440). , The summarized results of the two - types of NMR-spectrum are shown in Table 4, Fig. 12, Fig. 13. . Interesting is the comparison - of the results with previous ones ( ) - (Surowiec et al., 2008; Zlateva et 0.5–3 я NMR- - al., 2007). Thus far on the territory , of Bulgaria an analysis is performed 0–55 13C of the resin found on the bottom of the amphora from the Hellenistic pe- riod, uncovered in the archaeological
173 Boyka Zlateva
4. 1H-NMR- 13C-NMR- Table 4. Components of the resin in regions of the 1H-NMR-spectrum and 13C-NMR-spectrum
/ Components 1H 13C
/ Alcanes (R–CH3) 1–0.5 10–30 / Diterpenes 3–0.5 0–55 / Alcohols 4.5–3.5 50–80 Aliphatic hydrogen to aromatic structure 4.9–6 110–145 / Aromatic 8.3–6 120–145 (Ghisalberti and Godfrey, 1990, 1998). research in AHR of “Sboryanovo”. , The results indicate the identity of я , the resin used in ancient times with (Pinus Halepennsis), the contemporary resin from pine (Pinus Halepensis) (Surowiec et al., - , - 2008; Zlateva et al., 2007). In addi- tion to these studies are the analyses (Panda, H, 2008, 404), - of organic residues in 22 amphorae, , - 17 of which were found in the local-
2 . 12. C Cl3 1 12 2 Fig. 12. Comparison of the proton NMR spectra in C HCl3 of the samples 1 to 12
174 Х ... Chemical analysis of organic...
2 . 13. NMR- C Cl3 1 12 2 Fig. 13 Comparison of the carbon NMR-spectra in C HCl3 in samples 1 to 12 , - ity of Kolokita, near Sozopol, date- (Skakovskii, able to the 4th–3rd century BC, while et al, 2008, 440). the other fi nds are accidental and the samples were taken from amphorae NMR- in the museum in Sozopol dated in 4, . 12, . 13. the period of the 4th–5th century BC. я - Based on the results obtained with modern analytical techniques (HPLC, (Surowiec et al., NMR, TLC, IR) has been confi rmed 2008; Zlateva et al., 2007). - that the contents of two of the ampho- я rae from Kolokita, and of the fi ve am- я phorae from the Museum in Sozopol , - is “Retsina” wine (Zlateva, unpub- , - lished. data), while one of the samples - (amphora from the 5th c. BC) the ini- „ я ”. tial analyses indicate the presence of - animal fat. Two of the amphorae have alleged origin from the Greek islands (Pinus of Chios, Mende or Thasos, which Halepensis) (Surowiec et al., 2008; apart from confi rming the contacts Zlateva et al., 2007). of the Thracian population with these
175 Boyka Zlateva
я - islands should be seen as a confi rma- - tion of certain trade contacts between 22 , 17 я the Greek colonies and the respective , islands. , я IV–III The ceramic fragments from . ., which the resins analysed in this study were taken, are dated over a wide tem- я , - poral range, from the 3rd century BC IV–V . . . to the 4th century AD, a circumstance , indicating that the produce of water- - proof pottery for storage and trans- (HPLC, NMR, TLC, IR) - port of wine continued in the Roman , 2 - era as well. Similar results for a pro- , longed use of resin in the Roman era , were obtained by Petit-Dominguez я , and Maganto, for a Greek-Italian am- „ ” (Zlateva, . ), phora found in the Adriatic Sea (Petit- ( Dominguez & Maganto 2008). V . .) - - Conclusion . The results of the applied ana- - lytical techniques for the characteri- , zation of samples of archaeological , , resins and their comparison with res- - in from a contemporary pine (Pinus , Halepensis) clearly show their iden- tity. Based on the comparison an as- - sumption can be made that the an- cient winemakers used the said resin . to make waterproof clay containers , - for transport and production of the , “Retsina” wine. , , III . . Application (Fig. 6–11) IV . ., , - - . - - Petit-Dominguez Maganto, - , -
176 Х ... Chemical analysis of organic...
(Petit- Dominguez & Maganto 2008).
ю - - , - (Pinus Halepensis) я . , - - , „ ”.
( . 6–11)
.6. IR- R-056-CHM Fig. 6. IR-spectrum of sample R-056-CHM
177 Boyka Zlateva
. 7. IR- R-057-CHM Fig. 7. IR-spectrum of sample R-057-CHM
.8. IR- R-058-CHM Fig. 8. IR-spectrum of sample R-058-CHM
178 Х ... Chemical analysis of organic...
.9. IR- R-059-CHM Fig. 9. IR-spectrum of sample R-059-CHM
.10. IR- R-060-CHM Fig. 10. IR-spectrum of sample R-060-CHM
179 Boyka Zlateva
. 11. IR- R-061-CHM Fig. 11. IR-spectrum of sample R-061-CHM
1
2 3
180 Х ... Chemical analysis of organic...
4
5
6
7
8
9
181 Boyka Zlateva
10
11
182 ... Research on the biogenic remains...
VIII ИЗ А А RESEARCH ON THE И ИТ BIOGENIC REMAINS ТА КИ Т FOUND DURING АТА THE UNDERWATER А И КА ARCHAEOLOGICAL К И ИЯ И EXPEDITION IN . , CHERNOMORETS, У А К BURGAS REGION (V в. . . – VI в. т .е.) (5th c. BC – 6th c. AD)
Georgi Ribarov
я - The arheozoological material sub- - mitted to me for analysis was removed from the bottom of the Black Sea at , . Cape Accra, near Chernomorets, Bur- я gas region during the underwater ex- я pedition of the National Museum of 2013 . History in 2013. The scientifi c head . of the archaeological team was Dr. - . Ivan Hristov. The remains of wild and - domestic animals removed from the ю sea bottom date back to the period be- V . . . – VI . . . tween 5th c. BC and 6th c. AD
Material and methods - The collected bones and other ( , parts of the animal skeletons (horns 183 Georgi Ribarov
, ) - and antlers, hooves, and teeth) came 11, P11, 10, P10, 9 - from squares 11, P11, 10, P10, 9 1, 2–4. - and test trenches 1, 2–4. Despite the я impact of the waves and the possible , movement of the shelf, the biogenic materials were relatively well pre- . - served. This allowed precise iden- я я . tifi cation of almost all of them. In я - the pockets of some bone fragments there were tiny shells of sea snails ю , я - and clams, which were not related to the lifestyle of the population on the я . - sunken site. These were shells of mol- luscs secondarily stuck in the bones - and they have not been taken into ac- . count in the study. 55 - Of the 55 remains of animals de- , 39 я fi ned by type, 39 are related to domes- , tic species of mammals and the other 16 16 to wild mammals and birds. Several . я - small bone chips are practically inde- я terminable and drop out of the study. . The identifi cation of the species is based on morphological and osteo- - metrical differences of the remains я using the author’s standard osteologi- cal collections. The number of the ex- emplars is established mainly by two . я methods (Bokonyi 1970, 291–292; Chaplin1971, 125–127). The age of (Bokonyi 1970, 291–292; Chaplin the livestock is mainly determined 1971, 125–127). - by the methods of Silver (1969, 285– 288, 296–298) and Payne (1971, 125– Silver 127), but also by the use of modern (1969, 285–288; 296–298) Payne reference materials. The calculation (1971, 125–127), of the cattle’s height at the withers is based on the researches in this area . я - carried out by Bulgarian and foreign - authors ( , , я 1979, 149; 1960, 132). ( , , 1979, Natural environment 149; 1960, 132). Taking into account the ecologi-
184 ... Research on the biogenic remains...
cal requirements on the wildlife habi- - tats, we can make partial reconstruc- я tion of landscapes in the vicinity of я , - the researched site. Because of their - mandatory requirements on the bio- я topes, the wild species are indicators я . of the type of topography, climate, - vegetation, presence of ponds, etc. я , - The species composition of the iden- я я tifi ed game animals includes: red deer , , , (C. elaphus), fallow deer (D. dama), . . - roe deer (C. capreolus), mute swan я (C. olor) and common pheasant ю : - (P. colchicus). A not very well pre- (C. elaphus), served humerus whose approximate (D. dama), (C. capreolus), я length is about 155 mm can be con- (C. olor) sidered as belonging to a golden (P. colchicus). jackal (C. aureus). However, due to (humerus), the two damaged ends of the bone, я we admit that the skeletal fragment 155 - might have belonged to a pet dog of (C. aureus). a second smaller breed the size of a я jackal. , , From the above, it should be fi rst - noted the strong Mediterranean infl u- - ence on the climate. In the region, the . summer was hot and the winter soft. - This judgment is supported by the я я - presence of two sub-Mediterranean я faunal elements (fallow deer and jack- . я al) – 33.3% of the wild specimens or , . even that of one (fallow deer) – 16.7%. - Both of the above species prefer warm ( deciduous forests of low altitude such ) – 33,3% - as the forests of the Strandzha Moun- , - tain. There is evidence in support of я ( ) – 16,7%. this conclusion from other archaeo- logical sites in Southeast Bulgaria. - We found remains of a fallow deer and jackal ( 1991, 157–158) . in the ancient city of Kabyle near - Yambol (1st millennium BC – 6th c. я. AD). Remains of these two species
185 Georgi Ribarov
я were also found in the arheozoologi- (I . . – VI . . .) - cal material from the Iron Age (6th–4th я - c. BC) recovered during the excava- ( 1991, 157–158). - tions on the „Trakia“ highway near Karnobat ( 2009, 168–170). я - We came upon remains of a fallow я (VI–IV . . .) - deer from Late Iron Age in the village of Yasatepe, Yambol region ( , „ я“ ( 1990, 84). 2009, 168–170). - Other species such as the red and , roe deer are typical inhabitants of the я forests that cover such mountains ( , 1990, 84). as Stara Planina, where the climate я is continental (which does not ex- - clude their occurring in the Strandzha Mountains, especially in the period of , cooling climate and of expanding their habitat southwards). In fact many of ( ю the animals typical of the highest al- , - pine biotopes regularly undertake sea- - sonal migrations during the cold win- я ю ). - ter months to the lower parts of the mountains or to other warmer areas. - The uncovered part of a common pheasant femur is mostly associated - with the presence of thick dense for- - - ests in the lower reaches of the rivers - . in the vicinity of the researched site - and also of those located in the south. (femur) - Even today, remnants of these fl ood- - plain forests with lianas and rich un- dergrowth have been preserved along я the streams of the rivers Ropotamo я , and Dyavolska. It was here that the ю . pheasant named after the exotic Col- я я- chis near present-day Caucasus used to fi nd diversifi ed food supply and . refuge. The last kind of game known so - far in the region – the mute swan, is я , - most successfully hunted in lakes, ponds or in the lower reaches of the . rivers, where during migration it stops
186 ... Research on the biogenic remains...
я for rest and nutrition. Also, many oth- – я , er waterfowl (ducks, geese, grebes) - - were probably hunted in the numer- , я ous reservoirs in the nearby and more , distant vicinity of the archaeological . - site. The last suggestion is evidenced - by the frequent remains of waterfowl - - we stumbled upon in other sunken vil- я я lages albeit from earlier eras ( , ю ( - 1990, 54; Ribarov 1991, , , ). 114; Spasov, Iliev 1995, 303). ю Results and discussion Despite the small amount of the - arheozoological material, the diver- ( , 1990, 54; Ribarov sity and the number of the detected 1991, 114; Spasov, Iliev 1995, 303). individual animals is relatively large. This allowed the above made assess- я ment, although only preliminary, of я certain aspects of the natural environ- я - ment in the region during the Hellen- , я istic, Roman and Late Antiquity eras. On the other hand it also revealed cer- я . tain aspects of life style of the local - people in those eras. я - The species composition of live- stock includes cattle (B. taurus); swine , - (S. domestica); sheep (O. aries); goat , - . (C. hircus) and dog (C. familiaris). - As is apparent from Table 1, - swines have the highest percentage . (33.3%) among the domesticated ani- я - mals. Of these, 50% were slaughtered ю : at a young age (3–4 months), 25% (B. taurus); я (S. domestica); were immature (6–7 months) and the (O. aries); (C. hircus) remaining 25% had reached adult- (C. familiaris). hood. Judging by the remains of a 1. , - mature female swine her age can be я (33,3%) - defi ned between 1.2 and 1.5 years. It - is a short-nosed breed animal, which . я 50% suggests a process of domestication (3–4 ), 25% я that had been long completed, i.e. it (6–7 ), 25% was a race created after a long process
187 Georgi Ribarov
1. Table 1. Domesticated animals found during я . - the underwater expedition in Chernomorets (V . . . – VI . . .) (5th c. BC – 6th c. AD)
% № Species Number Number Number of Number Total number of remains of aged immature of young and specimens specimens specimens percentage 1 Cattle 18 3 – – 3 (25,0%) я 2 Swine 12 1 1 2 4 (33,3%) 3 Sheep 5 2 – – 2 (16,7%) 4 Goat 2 – 1 – 1 (8,3%) 5 Dog 2 2 – – 2 (16,7%) : Total: 39 12 (100,0%)
я . - of artifi cial selection (Tagliacozzo - 1994, 62–63). я The second largest share (25%) 1,2 1,5 . - falls on domestic cattle. All three , animals (probably two male and one ю female) are of large breed. Both are я, . . , - adults and the third is relatively young (2–2.5 years of age). The height of one (Tagliacozzo 1994, male cattle measured at the withers is 62–63). defi ned by the preserved metacarpal я - bone (metacarpus). Judging by the я (25%) coeffi cients of the above-mentioned . ( - - authors (Material and methods), я ) his height ranged between 122.2 and . , 128.5 cm (average 126.8 cm). The я (2–2,5 adult male cattle’s horn has a large ). diameter of 57 mm at its base, and re- (metacarpus) - spectively a small diameter of 43 mm. By the morphometric data of the horn, . - the specimen belongs to the shorthorn - ( type of cattle. ), - The designated remnants of small 122,2 128,5 ( ruminants (sheep and goats) refer to 126,8 ). я я three exemplars – two adult sheep and
188 ... Research on the biogenic remains...
я - one immature goat. It seems that the 57 , - small ruminants more often reached я 43 . sexual maturity compared to the - swines, which were the main source я я of meat. This fact can be explained ( ) . with the priority rearing sheep and goats for milk, dairy products, leather ( ) я and wool, and only then as a source – of meat. я Another domestic species in the . , researched site is the dog. Judging by , an undamaged thigh bone (femur) of 192 mm length, we concluded that - я- it belonged to a high specimen of . the size of a female wolf. The bone is however fi ne, substantially thinner я , than that of the wolves and also of the , , corresponding bones of large breeds . of dogs such as the German Shepherd я and the Karakachanka. For example, . я a dog of almost the same size from (femur) 192 the Early Iron Age archaeological site я , - at the village of Ovchartzi, near Rad- nevo, Southeast Bulgaria, has a 15.6 . , mm minimum diaphyseal femur sec- - tion, while the bone section of the dog , - from Akra is 13.9 mm. The specimen from the sunken archaeological site is - between 7 and 8 years of age. There . is no doubt that the animal belonged я to a select breed. Most likely it was a . , , hunting dog like the hounds. Another я я dog from the researched site had simi- - lar size and similar bone structure. By 15,6 , - a part of a shin-bone (tibia) although with missing epiphyses (ends) we fi nd 13,9 . - out that the second exemplar was even я a little bigger than the fi rst. Support of я the assumption that hunting dogs oc- 7 8 . я , curred among the domestic animals я - we fi nd in the fact that the hunting . - я - specimens have too high a propor- . tion compared to the domestic ones –
189 Georgi Ribarov
я 33.3% to 66.7%. In settlements from Antiquity with developed agriculture . and cattle-raising the relative share of я я (tibia) - domestic livestock is usually around ( ) я - 75–85%. For example, in the village , я я of Yasatepe, Yambol region, the share - я. - of the domestic animals from Late Iron Age is 73.9% ( , 1990, 84); in the ancient layers of the , Karanovo settlement, Nova Zagora re- gion, the share of the domestic exem- я я - plars is respectively 77.1% ( – 33,3% 66,7%. 1999, 150). In the Early Byzantine settlement of Hisarlaka, Sliven re- , - gion, however, the domestic individu- я я als have a 68% of share ( я 75–85%. 1990, 51). We see that the last settle- , ment has the closest share of domestic я animals to that of the submerged ar- 73,9% ( , chaeological site on Cape Akra. And 1990, 84); this is not accidental. The above-said . , - settlement of urban type (Tuida) near Sliven was a well-known marketplace 77,1% ( 1999, in the 5th–6th century. Trade and crafts 150). also developed there beside agricul- , , - ture and cattle-raising. On the other я hand the location of the village at the 68% ( 1990, 51). , foot of Stara Planina is a prerequisite - - for a regular practice of hunting. я Judging by the state of the animal я remains and traces of culinary treat- . . . ment on some of them we admit that the majority of the domestic animals ( ) V–VI . found in the submerged site were used . - as a source of meat. Some bones show - traces of cuttings and thermal pro- я я . cessing, including on the remains of cattle, which had been probably used - as working animals before slaughter- ing them. Of course the small rumi- . nants as already mentioned are raised я mostly as a source of milk and milk products. On some bones of the hunt-
190 ... Research on the biogenic remains...
2. Table 2. Wild animals identifi ed in the я . underwater expedition in Chernomorets, (V . . . – VI . . .) (5th c. BC – 6th c. AD)
№ / Species Number of remains Number of specimens 1 / Red deer 8 1 2 / Fallow deer 4 1 3 / Roe deer 1 1 4 / / Jackal/Dog ? 1 1 5 я / Mute swan 1 1 6 / Common pheasant 1 1 / Total: 16 6 я ed species we again fi nd traces of cu- я , я linary processing. The meat of both the domestic animals and the game я was more often cooked for consump- . я tion by direct fi re roasting. This is - evidenced by the marks of scorching, , ю - including smoking, on some skeletal , я remains (table 2). - At the base of the red deer left . antler are clearly recognized traces of , , a tool, possibly used to separate the , antler from the skull. Often the antlers - я of red, fallow and roe deer, are used as . я raw material for production of house- - hold items, tools or weapons (handles . of knives, scrapers, combs). In Antiquity, agriculture, and to , - - some extent animal husbandry had я я hardly been highly developed in the я . я vicinity of the studied site. These я , ю conclusions have been made by tak- я - ing into account the particularities ( 2). of the landscape – presence of many я reservoirs (lower streams of the rivers я , fl owing into the Black Sea, spills and я - marshes around them), thick impen- . - etrable fl oodplain forests overgrown , - with dense vegetation, the hills of - Medni Rid situated to the southwest , я and last but not least the poor and
191 Georgi Ribarov
я ( - in places saline soils spread around , , ). ( 1973, 80–81). On the oth- я er hand, the rich and diverse wildlife - is an important prerequisite for the de- , я - velopment of hunting. The high share . of wild individuals makes us think of the importance of the game as an ad- ditional source of meat. Until now in – ( - the researched site we have not stum- я bled upon the remains of fi sh. Fish , bones hardly ever survive to reach я ), - the researchers because they are small - and fragile and were easily broken , я ю down by predators even in the ages of я - existence of the settlements. Despite я - the absence of fi sh remains it is more - likely that the occupants of the sunken ( 1973, 80–81). site had also done fi shing. This opin- ion is based on the remains of fi sh я я found in other submerged settlements a. я я on the southern Black Sea coast (Rib- arov 1991, 114; Ribarov 1994, 54; я - Spassov, Iliev 1995, 303) As to the economy of the sunken . я ancient site on Cape Akra some paral- . lels can be made with other even ear- - lier settlements on the southern Black - Sea coast. The nearby natural resourc- , я es around the settlements that existed along the Black Sea coast were largely . - predetermining the different lifestyle of their inhabitants compared to that - я of the settlements in the hinterland. я While the settlements located in the . Thracian Plain usually had agriculture and the related cattle-raising as their - main occupation, the settlements lo- (Ribarov 1991, cated on the coast developed skills in 114; Ribarov 1994, 54; Spassov, Iliev profi ting by the resources of the sea. 1995, 303) On the other hand, the sea has been used as a waterway in the functioning я . of trade since ancient times. Indica- я tions for such skills and a very early
192 ... Research on the biogenic remains...
- - use of vessels at sea we found in the . sunken Early Bronze settlements by Sozopol and Kiten (Ribarov 1991, 114; Ribarov 1994, 53–54). These - traditions continued in the following я я periods. In a grave from the 1st mil- я - lennium BC during the excavations of a fortress wall and necropolis in - Sozopol (Ribarov 1994, 421) the re- . mains of a demersal thornback skate - (R.clavata) were found. In this case, - it is probably about a burial of an an- - cient sailor or fi sherman. , я я я Conclusions . I. In the studied historical period o (5th c. BC – 6th c. AD), mild climate , - with a strong Mediterranean infl u- я - ence prevailed in the region of Cape . я Akra, on the South Black Sea coast. - That made possible the spread of sub- я Mediterranean faunal elements such as fallow deer (D. dama) and jackal (Ribarov 1991, (C. aureus). 114; Ribarov 1994, 53–54). - The terrain is varied. On the one - hand, small valleys cut by deep riv- . I . . . ers are situated close to the Black Sea. Immediately to the west and south of . (Ribarov them, biotopes of fl at and hilly na- 1994, 421) я ture begin. Finally, we come to hills я as Medni Rid (313 m above sea level) (R. clavata). я я and the mountain of Strandzha, locat- - ed slightly further. я . Dense fl oodplain forests spread out to the river banks in the immedi- ate and distant surroundings. In the I. я - dense forest overgrown with lianas, (V . . – VI . the common pheasant (P. colchicus) . .) я . , found rich food resource and shel- - ter. In the lower reaches of the rivers and the numerous swamps and spills я . around the studied site, waterfowl were hunted in the above mentioned
193 Georgi Ribarov
- periods. A representative of wetland fauna is the mute swan (C. olor), the (D. dama) (C. aureus). remains of which were found in the . submerged archaeological site. - Red deer (C. elaphus), fallow deer - (D. dama) and roe deer (C. capreolus) , я . were hunted in the Strandzha Moun- я tain situated not far away and prob- ю - ably in the heights (Meden Rid) that . - - are only a few km away. я II. The abundant wildlife was an (313 . . .) important prerequisite for making - . hunting a favorite occupation of the - inhabitants of the researched site. On - the other hand the diverse and copious - game provided a signifi cant amount . of meat. Despite fi sh remains were not , discovered so far, it is more likely that я in the region examined, the inhabit- (P. colchicus). - ants except in hunting were also en- я gaged in fi shing. , я III. The swine have the highest - - relative share (33.3%) of the domestic ю . animals. They were the main source ю - of meat among the domestic animals я я я (C. olor), and 75% of them were slaughtered я young and at immature age. я . The cattle more frequently than - the swine reached sexual maturity and , я - were probably used as workforce as я я - well. At the same time, on the cattle я ( ) - remains we again fi nd traces of culi- : (C. elaphus), nary treatment, which suggests that (D. dama) their meat was also used for consump- (C. capreolus). tion. II. The sheep and goats, which to- - gether had a 25% of relative share, ю я were raised mainly for milk, dairy я . products, wool and leather, and only я then as a source of meat. я We found indications of culinary processing on the bones of the last set . species of the domestic exemplars –
194 ... Research on the biogenic remains...
, - - the dog. This makes us to exclude it я я from the list of animals whose meat , - was used for human consumption. . The remains of dogs in the researched III. - site belong to a tall and slender breed я - the size of a female wolf. Perhaps (33,3%). - these were hunting dogs by race close to today’s hounds. 75% я я . , - - я я . , я. , 25% я , - - я , , . я – , - . ю , - я. - я , . я , .
195 Georgi Ribarov
5. я (humerus sin.) (C. familiaris) 5. Left femur (humerus sin.) of a dog (C. familiaris) 1. ю (mandibula) я (S. domestica) 1. Lower jaw (mandibula) of domestic swine (S. domestica)
6. я (corn sin.) (D. dama) 6. Left antler (corn sin.) of a fallow deer (D. dama) 2. (atlas) я (S. domestica) 2. The fi rst cervical vertebra (atlas) of a domestic swine (S. domestica)
3. я (humerus sin.) . (B. taurus) 3. Left shoulder bone (humerus sin.) of 7. я я (tibia dex.) domestic cattle (B. taurus) (C. capreolus) 7. Right tibia (tibia dex.) of a roe deer (C. capreolus)
4. (corn dex.) 8. (tibiotarsus dex.) . (B. taurus) я (C. olor) 4. Right horn (corn dex.) 8. Right tibiotarsus (tibiotarsus dex.) of domestic cattle (B. taurus) of a mute swan (C. olor)
196 я ... Interpretation of the uncovered...
IX И Т ТА ИЯ INTERPRETATION А АЗК ИТИТ OF THE UNCOVERED А И КИ ARCHAEOLOGICAL Т УКТУ И STRUCTURES И АТ ИА И AND MATERIALS
Ivan Hristov
- One of the basic research princi- , я ples observed by my team during the archaeological expeditions over the , last decade was the promulgation of the results of the studies when a cer- я - tain stage of the work was reached and offering working hypotheses that only , - lucky circumstances might confi rm or я - reject. What we have in mind is the я я . presumption that in Bulgaria each ex- я , я я pedition seems to be the last one until я - funding is raised and the will to realize я - the next surveying campaign is strong enough. Similar is the case with the я. я investigation of the sunken area in the я gulf of Vromos where besides the lack , - of strategy and funding, the natural я , surroundings and hardships are other obstacles to the maintenance of the - excavations. Despite these problems, . - it is now possible to make a number , of generalizations based on the results я and offer satisfactory hypotheses con- 197 Х Ivan Hristov
я - cerning the functions and the dating of the site - Based on the hundreds of artefacts я . mainly ceramic materials retrieved - from the sea bottom, it becomes evi- , , dent that we have met a very interest- , - ing case of habitation continuity over , ю - a long historical period in an area lo- я - cated near the ancient Greek polis of ю - Apollonia. It is not yet clear whether , the fragments of an amphoroid vessel я from the Late Bronze Age may be suf- я. я fi cient for the early dating of the site, but the presence of Thracian ware and fragments suggest the use of the settle- ment before or synchronously with the , - Greek population. Especially saturated with information obtained in the exca- vations is the time-period between the . 5th century BC and the end of the mil- я lennium. Probably life in the settlement V . . continued through the early Principate . я я . - of the Roman Empire judging by the я я ю - presence of material from the 1st–2nd я century. It seems that the settlement я was still functioning in the 3rd and the I–II . entire 4th century. The absence of coins , (for now!) does not allow more precise III я dating. IV . ( !) What is the nature of the re- я - searched site? . We should fi rst answer the ques- - tion what was the place that the site я ? occupied in the controlled area of the я я polis of Apollonia Pontica? я - It seems that the site falls within я the chora of the polis (the cleruchies я ? of the citizens) covering according to , - M. Gyuzelev the limited by Meden rid ( narrow coastal plain stretching from ), я the cape of Atia in the north to the vil- . ю lage of Ravadinovo and the Kavatz- я ite locality in the south on an area of
198 я ... Interpretation of the uncovered...
я . about 80 sq. km (Gyuselev 2008, 134). . „ “ ю This framework corresponds to the so- 80 . . (Gyuselev 2008, 134). called “narrow” interpreting the con- я . . „ я ” cept of the chora as directly dependent я , я on land ownership of the polis unlike - the “broad” interpretation of the term , - associating the chora with the area of я я , - infl uence of the polis. It seems that in - я the latter connotation of the term we . я should include the frequently exploited я я and I would say anecdotal assumption ю , in the sources that the territory of Apol- , - lonia spread southwards to the ancient , я Tiniada (today Iniada – see Lepore я ю 1968, 30–31; я 2003, 116– . ( . – 118). According to M. Damianov as Lepore 1968, 30–31; я 2003, early as in the 6th century BC the entire 116–118). . я coastal area between Atia and Apollon- VI . . . я ia was under Hellenistic control. Here я я я Damianov rightly raises the question, . - assuming that Atia is Antea (a colony я я : of Miletus and Fokea, mentioned in the , я sources), whether Antea did not have я ( я - its own territory, detached from that of я), я - Apollonia. In such case it is possible я, the settlement in the gulf of Vromos . to have initially been for a short time - integrated economically to the nearest , located Peninsula ( я 2013). , - The discovery of a huge amount of predominantly import goods dating я - back to the pre-Roman period is the ( я 2013). ground of the assumption that the site , in the south-eastern part of the gulf of , - Vromos had commercial functions – , i.e. it was probably a small emporium , - in the chora of Apollonia Pontica. , ю The arguments for such assump- я - tion are the established commercial re- – . . я lations of the settlement based on the analysis of the amphorae, the black- я . glazed ware and the Greek building - ceramics.
199 Х Ivan Hristov
The amphorae the fragments of which occupy 40% of the total ceramic , - material originated from Chios, Rho- - des, Knidos, Miletus and Thasos. . Imported Greek pottery is repre- , - sented by fragments of kylikes pro- 40% я duced in the Attic workshops; skyphoi , of Attic origin, kantharoi imported , , , . from Pergamum, a pyxis from Corinth, and a Megara cup probably an import from Corinth or Pergamum. - Despite the lack of reliable data on , , the building ceramics, it is very likely , that it was imported from Heraclea and , я Sinope. We should not for forget that . these two centres were large-scale pro- ducers of ceramic construction materi- , , als in the 4th–3rd century BC. я я The long history of the settlement . я - and its direct connection with both the , sea and the mainland southwards to the - northern fertile slopes of Meden are IV–III . . . another prerequisite for the hypoth- я esis that the mentioned book describes я - a site with commercial functions. We , ю should also take into account the cir- cumstance that by its geographical lo- , cation the site was close to the route , of the ancient road connecting the set- . tlements along the coastal strip of the я , Burgas Bay and those situated in the - nearest surroundings of Apollonia and - further to the south. Clues to the inten- я - sive use of the coastal road we draw , - on the written sources which explic- я , itly speak of the military contingents of the rulers Darius, Philip II, and я ю - Lysimachus and also of the Bastarnae . - and the legions of M. Lucullus in 72 я BC passing along the road. (More in , - 2009, 184–185) я In the Roman era, the site was in close proximity to the route of the so-
200 я ... Interpretation of the uncovered...
, II, , called Via Pontica ( 1972, . - 43 et seq), which was essentially a con- 72 . . . ( - tinuation of the road along the Danube я 2009, southwards to Constantinople. In par- 184–185). ticular, we mean here the part of the road connecting the wayside station - of Pudizo and Anhialo ( . . , 1995, 47; 2005, 168–182) According to Georgi Gerdzhikov, я ю a local history researcher, the old way . known as the «Greek road», passed - 1–2 km to the south of Sv. Nikola’s я – - suburbs, crossing the once village ( 1995, 47; - meadow of Kayryuku (today Cher- 2005, 168–182). nomoretz – 1992, 31–32). - Over the centuries the road changed its я („ ”) route, but proceeding from the direct 1–2 ю я fi eld observations we may indicate the . я closeness of the road to the explored я ю ( . . underwater site. – 1992, 31– Assuming the working hypothesis 32). я я я that a marketplace – an emporium – ex- , isted in the gulf of Vromos we can look ю я - for parallels from similar sites in the , - region of the Burgas Bay ( in the north- я . ern residential quarter of «Izgrev» and - the southern quarter of «Pobeda» in – - Burgas) and the locality of “Gerena» in , Pomorie ( ю 2009, 95, 98–101; я 1993, 17–25; - 2012, 272–273) The above sites are я ( я considered coastal markets with mixed „ ” ю я „ - population, but with the proviso that ” . ) . „ ” some of them were probably under the ( ю 2009, 95, 98–101; control of the Odrysian rulers or para- я 1993, 17–25; dynasts as well. 2012, 272–273). The other type of emporium ap- pears to have been directly dependant , - on Apollonia Pontica, less than on the , я я я Odrysian Empire (basileia). The sites at the estuaries of the rivers Ropotamo . and Karaagach could be identifi ed as я - such emporia, interpreted as market-
201 Х Ivan Hristov
я places with seaport functions. (De я , Boer, Strong 2002) Another similar я. - place near Apollonia existed in the lo- - cality of “Kavatzite” used in the past as , an anchorage for the ships in the gulf of Chayka. (De Boer, Quite appropriate is also the Strong 2002). comparison with the fl ooded area at - the western foot of Atia (the so-called я . „ “, “Sailor’s beach”). я The other term derived from the . analysis of the written ancient sourc- - es is ( ), mentioned by я - Homer and the Greek lexicographer я ( . . „ - HesychiusΌρ oϛϲe /II, XVII,όρ ϛ 401; Hesychius, “). ad uerbum; Suidas, O, 604–605). Ac- я , cording to M. Lazarov the word means a port, but also an ornament worn я , around the neck, i.e. a necklace. Con- ( ), sidering the shape of the necklace it (Il.,Όρ oϛϲe XVII, is assumed that this term was used to 401όρ ϛ ; Hesychius, ad uerbum; Suidas, O, denote circular bays protected against 604–605). . the baffl ing winds. ( 2009, 87) , Moreover, this exactly corresponds to я, - the shape of Vromos one of the quiet- . est bays in the West Pontic coast. As to - the question exactly where the port of , the emporium was, I should immedi- , ately answer that it will hardly be lo- я ( cated because of the sea bottom largely 2009, 87). covered by sand and silt. Defi nitely, we , can here talk about the so-called , - - a term denoting a place where ships я . use to pull ashore. Indeed, the tradition ι ή - small sailing vessels to be withdrawn я я, on land is preserved to the present day я in this part of Vromos. Another issue я я - is that larger ships could not enter the я . quiet bay, and dropped anchor close . . , at the capes. Evidence for such an an- , я , - chorage is the lead stock or known as я ι ή . weight /a cross-bar of a wooden dou- я - ble-fl uked anchor dated to the 6th–2nd
202 я ... Interpretation of the uncovered...
я century BC discovered northwest of Cape Akra ( 2013 , 114) . , - - As evidenced by the ceramic fi nds я (pottery and building ceramics) and the , я - parts of an ancient aqueduct, the settle- . - ment continued to exist in the Roman я я , period. Its functions for now remain / rather vague therefore two defi nitions , concerning the settlement in the Ro- VI–II . . . man period can be offered: ( – The emporium preserved its 2013 , 114). functions of a central marketplace , - – A Roman villa similar to that ( discovered in the residential quarter of ) Kraymorie near Burgas was built on , - the place of the emporium. ( . - 2014 – forthcoming) я , The functioning of the site may be : explained with the active trade during – the economic stabilization of the prov- inces of Lower Moesia and Thrace – я especially in the 2nd–3rd century. This commercial exchange was carried out . by trade partners from the Western ( 2014 – - Mediterranean and the traditional part- ). ners from the Black Sea and the East- ern Mediterranean ( 2000, я я - 96) The 4th century was the fi nale in я the development of the settlement. Be- я я - II–III sides the military other explanations . could be those connected with changes - of the level of the Black Sea. A possible cause for the decline of the settlement ( - might have been the registered earth- 2000 , 96). quakes described in the written sources and often with disastrous impact on IV . , , some cities and towns in the Black Sea , - region. Concerning the present-day я Bulgarian lands we rely on the analy- . sis of At. Orachev on Dobrudzha, but я - the observed unfavourable tendency я involved the entire West Pontic region
203 Х Ivan Hristov
я- ( 2011, 119–140). The docu- - mented materials clearly confi rm the , . unbroken and consistent existence in . - antiquity of a settlement on the penin- . - sula of Sveti Nikola. Probably after the , я abandonment of the marketplace in the я gulf of Vromos, part of the population я ( “recognized” the nearby Cape Akra as 2011, 119–140). - a safe refuge. The frequent barbaric я я invasions in the 5th century in the vi- ю - cinity of Apollonia/ Sozopol inevitably - brought about the decision to build a . я я fortress wall that would protect Akra from south. „ ” On the other hand the underwater - surveys in the gulf of Vromos in 2012 я . and 2013 allow some clarifi cations on я V the rise in the sea level during the an- я/ cient and early Byzantine era. Judging by the location of the archaeological , я structures under water in the extreme ю . south-western end of the fortress wall - of Akra and the location of a building я 2012 from the Roman era in the middle of the 2013 я я sunken ancient settlement to the south я я - of Cape Akra we can confi rm a rise in the sea level by 1 to 1, 8 m in the last . 1400 years. This increase corresponds я to the transgression documented in the 3rd–2nd century BC, when the sea level я ю rose by 3 meters above the current lev- , el, then around the turn of the millen- nium the level dropped by about 1 m - below the current level to rise again at я ю the beginning of the new millennium , - by a 1–1,5 m above the present level. 1 1,8 ( 2012, 256–265 and ref- 1400 . - erences; , 2006, 46–47) я Here I am tempted to mention that я III–II . . ., similar observations of sea level rise in the region of Burgas Bay and of zon- 3 , ing the seabed with a certain type of я я - monuments have already been made
204 я ... Interpretation of the uncovered...
1 , in 2011 by the same underwater team of the National Museum of History я 1–1,5 - ( 2011, 33–48). ( 2012, 256–265 . .; , 2006, 46–47). я, ю я - я - я 2011 . я - я ( 2011, 33–48).
205 206 Literature
А ТИ И А Т И SOURCES
Atheney, 1, 10 Heredotus, History (Hude) Hesychius (Müller) Homerus. Ilias (Amais-Hentze; Berard) Vetruv. II, 3, 3
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