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Подводни археологически проучвания в залива Вромос, акватория на гр. Черноморец (Емпорион в хората на Аполония Понтика) 1 Underwater archaeological researches in the gulf of Vromos, aquatory of Chernomoretz (An emporium in the chora of Apollonia Pontica) 1 Киата изаа фиаата ка а Ктт а Чц © / Ivan Hristov, 2014, © UNICART / Published by UNICART, 2014 ISBN 978-954-2953-32-6 : Authors: , Ivan Hristov, , Pavlina Devlova, я , Iliya Kirov, , Boyka Zlateva, Georgi Ribarov : Maps: . , engineer Toty Angelov, . , engineer Hristo Michev, . engineer Mladen Todorov я: Graphic documentation: , Ivan Hristov, я , Iliya Kirov, , Yana Mutafchieva, , Pavlina Devlova, Rosen Vlasev : Photograph: , Ivan Hristov, , Victor Nalbantov, Todor Dimitrov : Translated by: Tsveta Raychevska : Prepress: Plamen Kastelov : Cover Design: я Anastasia Kartaleva 2 Подводни археологически проучвания в залива Вромос, акватория на гр. Черноморец (Емпорион в хората на Аполония Понтика) 1 Underwater archaeological researches in the gulf of Vromos, aquatory of Chernomoretz (An emporium in the chora of Apollonia Pontica) 2014 3 CONTENTS Introduction Ivan Hristov .......................................................................................7 I. Location Ivan Hristov .......................................................................................9 II. History and methodology of the researches Ivan Hristov ..................................................................................... 21 III. Archaeological material from the pre-Roman period III.1. Thracian pottery Ivan Hristov ..................................................................................... 41 III.2. Black-glazed tableware and kitchen ceramics from the gulf of Vromos Pavlina Devlova ............................................................................. 49 III.3. Pre-Roman ceramic building material from Vromos Iliya Kirov ...................................................................................... 65 IV. Archaeological material from the Roman period IV.1. Everyday Pottery Ivan Hristov ................................................................................... 101 IV.2. Ceramic building material Ivan Hristov ................................................................................... 121 V. Single artefacts of marble and limestone, ceramics and glass Ivan Hristov ................................................................................... 133 VI. Amphorae Ivan Hristov ....................................................................................141 VII. Chemical Analysis of Organic Residues on Ceramic Amphora Fragments from Chernomoretz (2nd c. BC – 4th c. AD) Boyka Zlateva ................................................................................ 153 VIII. Research on the biogenic remains found during the underwater archaeological expedition in Chernomorets, Burgas region (5th c. BC – 6th c. AD) Georgi Ribarov .............................................................................. 183 IX. Interpretation of the uncovered archaeological structures and materials Ivan Hristov ................................................................................... 197 Literature ......................................................................................207 4 Х ..................................................................................7 I. Х ..................................................................................9 II. я я Х ................................................................................ 21 III. III.1. Х ................................................................................ 41 III.2. , .......................................................................... 49 III.3. я ................................................................................... 65 IV. IV.1. Х .............................................................................. 101 IV.2. Х .............................................................................. 121 V. , , Х .............................................................................. 133 VI. Х ...............................................................................141 VII. (II . – IV . .) ............................................................................. 153 VIII. я ., (V ... – VI . ..) ............................................................................ 183 IX. я Х .............................................................................. 197 ..................................................................................207 5 6 Foreword INTRODUCTION Ivan Hristov я 2013 . In the summer of 2013 in the gulf , я . - of Vromos, aquatory of Chernomoretz, , - an underwater archaeological expedi- я tion was held conducted by Dr. Ivan . - Hristov and the consultant Prof. PhD . ... . - Kalin Porozhanov. Studied were struc- , - tures belonging to an anonymous an- cient trading settlement – emporium, – , я- falling directly within the controlled - urban area of Apollonia Pontica. In я я . - practice, the expedition in the gulf of я Vromos was the fi rst Bulgarian un- - derwater archaeological expedition, я, я - which marked the beginning of fully я excavating a coastal site fl ooded by the я - waters of the Black Sea and that with , - the methods of the so-called terrestrial .. я. archaeology. я The research is a continuation of - the underwater expeditions of the Na- я , - tional Museum of History resumed in 2011 by Ivan Hristov after a long 2011 . break. - In the following pages, members я of the expedition and specialists in - various fi elds of humanities present я the results of the excavations and de- - scribe the fi nds in detail, particularly the ceramics. The very interesting ar- . ю я chaeological material and the context , in which the settlement was discovered 7 Х Ivan Hristov are a justifi cation for publishing the re- - sults achieved. . The book is the fi rst of a series я - about the site in the region of Cherno- , moretz, and whether a further release я - will follow is wholly dependant on the я opportunity the research work to be , . ... - continued. , . - я . - я! я . - , - я . 8 Location I АЗЖИ LOCATION Ivan Hristov я , я The archaeological site submerged , in the waters of the Black Sea is situat- ю - ed in the south-eastern part of the gulf (. 1). -- of Vromos. (Fig.1) The gulf is part of я : the large Burgas Bay and shares bor- я, ders with the peninsula of Atia to the . , ю - west, the peninsula of St. Nikola to the . east and the northern slopes of Medni я . rid to the south. A 2500 meters long 2500 - and relatively narrow beach of sand , я. extends between the peninsulas of Atia . - and St. Nikola. - The larger gulf of St. Nikola with я its smaller gulf of Sertli is situated to я - the east of the peninsula of St. Nikola (- and its extreme north point the cape of Akra. ( 2009, 124). - 2009, 124) In close proximity to Cape Akra, я , a group of surface rocks called Vual- (, - ite (Bivolite, i.e.Buffaloes, in Greek ), - Asivolos), stands in the sea – in poor visibility a challenge for shipping in all historical periods. In geological terms, the position - of the gulf of Vromos is determined by the Rosen volcano plutonic struc- ture developed between the village of , . - Kraymorie and the town of Primorsko. 9 Х Ivan Hristov . The structure covers the hills of Meden . rid and Ala Tepe. Much of it remains я я - under the waters of the Black Sea (, (, 2013, 610). 2013, 610). The bottom of the gulf is a huge я space containing thick mud (silt by , granulometric measurement – Fig. я я 6) in its surface layer. At a less depth ( - there is large and medium-grained – . 6). - sand with light mineral fraction con- - я taining quartz, carbonates and feldspar я, - (, 2006, 88). Rocks com- , posed of melanocratic potassium-alka- (, 2006, 88). - line and of syenite containing 10–15% я я , of quartz rise on the periphery (See - Kovachev, Stoyanov, Stanimirova, - Lozanov, Stoyanova, Mladenov 2011, 10–15% (. plate X). According to Hr. Angelova Kovachev, Stoyanov, Stanimirova, and Ant. Donev, who rely on their ar- Lozanov, Stoyanova, Mladenov 2011, chaeological observations, the coast of plate X). . the gulf of Vromos convincingly con- . , - fi rms that the analyses concerning the ю, - changes in the coastline – indeed, very important for the interpretation of ar- , chaeological sites under water – must – ю- take into account the presence/absence я of contemporary interventions. A shift , - of the coastline about 150 meters into я - the sea in the area where the fl otation / - waste used to pour out evidences that . in some cases, the change in the coast 150 - is due to contemporary interventions - and the reclaimed territory resulting я , , from these interventions has buried я still unexplored part of the water area of the gulf with promising archaeolog- , ю - ical potential (, 2013, 611). я To be more precise, the site pre- я - sented in the book is located to the (- south of a low hill jutting into the sea