Chapter 3: Earth's Human and Cultural Geography

Earth’s Human and Cultural Geography

Movement The human population is growing rapidly, but the world in which people live is, in many ways, becoming a smaller place. In the past, many cultures were isolated from each other. Today, individuals and countries are linked in a global economy and by forms of communication that can instantly bring them together. What factors bring about changes in cultures?

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ML Sinibaldi/CORBIS Section 1: World Population BIG IDEA Geographers study how people and physical features are distributed on Earth’s surface. Although the world’s population is increasing, people still live on only a small part of the Earth’s surface. Section 2: Global Cultures BIG IDEA Culture influences people’s perceptions about places and regions. The world’s population is made up of different cultures, each of which is based on common beliefs, customs, and traits. Section 3: Resources, Technology, and World Trade Canal market, Thailand BIG IDEA Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence. Because resources are unevenly distributed, the nations of the world must trade with each other. New technologies make the economies of nations more dependent on one another.

Categorizing Information Make this Foldable to organize information about Earth’s population; cultures; and resources, technology, and trade.

Step 1 Place two Step 2 Fold the Step 3 Staple the Reading and Writing sheets of paper paper to form four sheets, and label As you read the chapter, about 1 inch apart. equal tabs. each tab as shown. take notes under the appropriate tab. Write a main idea for each section Earth’s Human and Cultural Geography using your Foldable.

World Populations Global Cultures Resources, Technology, and Trade

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ML Sinibaldi/CORBIS World

Geographers study how people and physical features are distributed on Population Earth’s surface.

Content Vocabulary Forty years ago, for every • death rate (p. 73) car in China, there were 250 bicycles, earning • birthrate (p. 73) the country the nickname “Bicycle Kingdom.” • famine (p. 73) Today, however, China, which is the world’s • population density (p. 74) most populous country, has a new love—the • urbanization (p. 75) automobile. People are earning more money, • emigrate (p. 75) and the number of people who own cars is • refugee (p. 76) increasing. Because of this, it is feared that Academic Vocabulary China’s cities will become more polluted and • technology (p. 73) congested with traffic. Read this section to • internal (p. 75) learn about the world’s population and the effects it has on the Earth. Reading Strategy Determining Cause and Effect Residents of Shanghai, China Use a diagram like the one below to show the causes and effects of global migration. Causes Eff ects

Global Migration

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Keren Su/Getty Images why theworld’s population hasgrown sofast. new schoolsbeingbuilt, forexample? Readto findout increasedcommunity ordecreased inrecent years? Are rate hasgonedown.The so fastinthelast200yearsisthatdeath Reasons forPopulation Growth population ismore than6 billion. a billionpeoplelivedonEarth.Today the lation hasincreased rapidly. Around 1800, Geography and You MMain Idea Growth Population ries, creating many new challenges. increased rapidly inthepasttwo centu- plies, havedecreased thedeathrate. ditions, aswellmore plentifulfoodsup- people. Betterhealthcare andlivingcon- number ofdeathsperyearforevery1,000 a Expected Growth Over 45 Years One reason thepopulationhasgrown In thepast200years,world’spopu- i Source: n 1

(%) 100 120 -20

Analyzing 20 40 60 80 I the U.S. and Canada to grow? expected d 0 World Population Sheet Data e a fiaAsia Africa

The world’s population has Expected PopulationExpected Growth Rates, 2005–2050 How fastisthepopulationof (excluding China) Has thepopulation inyour , 2005. death rate America Latin isthe United States and Canada Region 2 countries mayalsofaceshortagesofwater to hand, warfare andcrop failures canlead increase foodproduction. Ontheother ation ofhardier plants,willcontinueto improved irrigationsystemsandthecre- in ulation. Advances Challenges of Population Growth in theseareas oftheworld. increased thepopulationgrowth, especially combined withlowerdeathrateshave people. Highnumbersofhealthybirths of children borneachyearforevery1,000 The Latin America. grown ishighbirthratesin Asia, Africa, and provided byhospitalsandschools. ulations require more services,likethose and housing. Additionally, growing pop- caused populationgrowth inthelast200years? Explaining the populationofEurope andRussia? famine, More foodisneededforagrowing pop- Another reason whythepopulationhas Pacific Islands Australia and or asevere lackoffood.Some to happen toWhat isexpected

Identifying birthrate hn Europe China technology, isthenumber What has and Russia Chapter 3 such as • 73 urally prefer to live in places that have fer- Where People Live tile soil, mild climates, natural resources, and water resources, such as rivers and MMainain IIdeadea The Earth’s population is coastlines. Two-thirds of the world’s peo- not evenly distributed. ple are clustered into five regions with Geography and You Do you live in a city, a suburb, a these resources—East Asia, South Asia, small town, or a rural area? What are the advantages and Southeast Asia, Europe, and eastern North disadvantages of your location? Read to find out where America. In most regions, more people live the world’s people choose to live. in cities than in rural areas because of the jobs and resources found there. People live on a surprisingly small part of the Earth. Land covers only about 30 per- Population Density cent of the Earth’s surface, and only half Geographers have a way to figure of this land is usable by humans. Deserts, out how crowded a country or region is. high mountains, and ice-covered lands They measure population density—the cannot support large numbers of people. average number of people living in a square mile or square kilometer. To arrive at this Population Distribution figure, the total population is divided by On the usable land, population is not the total land area. distributed, or spread, evenly. People nat- As you have just read, the world’s pop- ulation is not evenly distributed. Malay- sia and Norway, for example, have about • • the same total land area, around 130,000 Population Density square miles (336,697 sq. km). Norway’s population density is about 40 people per square mile (15 per sq. km). Malaysia, on the other hand, has a density of 205 people per square mile (79 per sq. km). Population density represents an average. Remember that people are not distributed evenly throughout a country. Argentina, for example, has a population density of 36 people per square mile (14 per sq. km). However, the density around the city of Buenos Aires, where nearly one third of Argentina’s people live, can be as high as 5,723 people per square mile (14,827 per sq. km).

Population density is low on the grasslands of Mongolia. In contrast, Determining Cause Tokyo, Japan (inset), has a high population and Effect Why does much of the world’s density. Regions In what regions are most population live on a relatively small area of of the world’s people clustered? the Earth?

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(l) Cancan Chu/Getty Images, (r) Greg Elms/Lonely Planet Images tion. One kind of internal migration is the Population Movement movement of people from farms and vil- lages to cities. Such migrants are often MMainain IdeaIdea Large numbers of people in search of jobs. This type of movement migrate from one place to another. results in urbanization, or the growth of Geography and You Have you and your family ever cities. Urbanization has occurred rapidly moved? Read to learn some of the reasons why people all in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. over the world move from one place to another. Movement between countries is called international migration. Some people Throughout history, millions of people emigrate, or leave the country where they have moved from one place to another. were born and move to another. They are People continue to move today, sometimes emigrants in their homeland and immi- as individuals, sometimes in large groups. grants in their new country. Figure 1 shows the immigrant populations in regions of the Types of Migration world. Immigration has increased greatly Moving from place to place in the in the past 200 years, partly due to better same country is known as internal migra- transportation.

Figure 1 World Immigrant Populations

8.8%

13.5% 1.4%

1.9%

1.2%

15.1%

Immigrant Total population population 1 Regions Which region’s Total population (millions) population has the highest Africa 905.7 percentage of immigrants? Asia 3,920.5 Europe and Russia 730.2 2 Place About how much of Latin America 558.8 Africa’s population is made United States and Canada 328.8 up of immigrants? Australia and Oceania 33.3

Sources: World Population Data Sheet, 2005; World Migrant Stock, United Nations. Chapter 3 • 75 Reasons People Move and on the region where they settle. When People migrate for a variety of reasons. emigrants leave a country, its population Historians say that “push” factors convince decreases or does not increase as quickly. people to leave their homes and “pull” fac- This can ease overcrowding. However, if tors attract them to another place. A short- skilled or educated workers leave, emigra- age of farmland or few jobs in a region or tion may hurt the country’s economy. Emi- country may “push” residents to emigrate. gration can also divide families. The lure of jobs has worked as a “pull” Migration also affects the country to factor, attracting many immigrants to the which people move. Immigrants bring United States. with them new forms of music, art, foods, People who are forced to flee to another and language. Some native-born citizens, country to escape wars, persecution, or however, fear or resent immigrants and natural disasters are called refugees. For the changes that they bring. This has led example, 2 million refugees fled mass kill- to violence and unjust treatment toward ings in Rwanda during the late 1990s. newcomers in some instances.

Impact of Migration Making Generalizations Mass migrations of people have major Why have so many rural citizens moved to impacts—both on the region they leave cities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?

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Vocabulary Critical Thinking 1. Explain the meaning of the following terms 5. Discuss the factors that can cause a by using each one in a sentence. country’s population to grow rapidly. a. death rate g. urbanization 6. Challenge Explain the reasons people b. birthrate h. emigrate migrate. Identify which reasons are “push” c. famine i. refugee factors and which are “pull” factors. Which d. population density factors do you think most strongly influence Main Ideas migrants? Explain. 2. Making Connections How might the avail- Writing About Geography ability of food affect population growth? 7. Expository Writing Write a paragraph 3. Explaining What geographic factors lead explaining how the Earth’s population has people to live in certain areas of the world? changed in the past 200 years and how you 4. Summarizing Use a diagram like the one think it will change in the next 50 years. below to summarize the positive and negative effects of emigration on a country. Emigration

Positive Effects Negative Effects

76 • Chapter 3 EEXPLORINGXPLORING WWORLDORLD PERSPECTIVES IISSUESSSUES

TTechnologyechnology andand newnew mmethodsethods ooff ttraderade aarere aaffectingffecting hhowow tthehe wworldorld iinteracts.nteracts.

A local Inuit uses a laptop in the Canadian Arctic.

round the world, technological As technology continues to change, advances are changing the way what might the world look like ten A we live and work. Every day, years from now? Inventions that cre- new technologies make it possible ate faster ways to communicate might for billions of e-mails and trillions of make the world seem even smaller dollars to crisscross national borders. than it does today. And as global- Communication between people and ization connects the world’s econ- businesses and the movement of goods omies as never before, people every- and money is done more quickly than where will learn about other nations ever before because of the Internet. and cultures.

WAYNE R. BILENDUKE/GETTY IMAGES Wayne R. Bilenduke/Getty Images EEXPLORINGXPLORING WWORLDORLD

Workers at a call center NV REUTERS/JAGADEESH IISSUESSSUES in India answer questions PERSPECTIVES from American customers. A GLOBAL MARKETPLACE enugopla Rao Moram is a highly workplaces in countries where labor Vsought after worker. Recently, the is inexpensive. This type of labor helps computer software engineer who lives manufacturers keep their production in Bangalore, India, was offered fi ve costs low. jobs during a two-week period. All of As a result of globalization, a the offers were from companies whose trend that is linking the world’s nations headquarters are located thousands of through trade, thousands of Indians miles from India. are working for foreign companies. In Luckily, Moram will not have to Moram’s case, a business in California travel that far to get to work. Computer hired him to create software that makes companies from around the world are the characters in video games jump and opening offi ces in Bangalore in order run. The software Moram produces to hire Indian workers. Many Indians becomes part of a product that is as- speak English and are well educat- sembled in other countries and sold all ed. This makes them valuable to for- over the world. All types of products, eign companies that are establishing from toys to clothes to TVs, are being made and traded this way. As a result, The United States and economies are becoming much more the Global Economy connected—or global. The Internet The United States trades with countries all over the world. It sells, or exports, some products, and buys, The Internet has fueled or imports, others. Here are the countries the U.S. did the most business with in 2005. globalization. The Internet is a giant electronic network   that links computers all over  CJMMJPO the world. It was devel-

 oped in the late 1960s when   the U.S. military worked to  CJMMJPO CJMMJPO connect its computers with   CJMMJPO 64
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78 The World Goes Global

REUTERS/Jagadeesh NV AP PHOTO REUTERS/BOBBY YIP An anti-globalization

demonstrator protests People all over the world can trade stocks DELIMONT/ DANITA ALAMY in Japan. on the New York Stock Exchange. A Thai woman uses a bank machine.

The Internet also changed how peo- great deal of manufacturing is carried ple and companies buy goods. Today, out, have more goods to trade than just like you can shop online for games developing countries that are still try- or CDs, so can businesses. For example, ing to industrialize. Also many compa- a business in need of computer soft- nies prefer to build factories in wealth- ware can use the Internet to research ier countries rather than in poor ones, the products of computer companies where support systems like roads and from all over the world. With the click airports are often unavailable. As a re- of a mouse, the buyer can research sult, some of the poorer nations in Asia and compare prices for software prod- and Africa have had a hard time creat- ucts on a computer company’s Web ing any new jobs. site or at an online store. Then, in What steps can be taken to spread seconds, the buyer can purchase the the benefi ts of globalization? Interna- product. tional businesses and wealthy nations Before the days of the Internet, a can be part of the solution. By 2002, company in need of software could businesses and countries had spent not have learned about suppliers and more than $3 trillion to help poorer products as easily. As a result, business countries build factories and transporta- tended to be conducted more locally tion systems. Investing in such support and at a slower pace. Today, a buyer systems could help businesses trade can shop and trade online in min- more effectively and grow. There is still utes without leaving his or her desk. much work to be done. Finding ways to Companies can conduct business in help every nation share the gains of glo- less time and from anywhere in the balization is one of biggest challenges world. the world faces. Sharing Globalization’s Gains The impact of globalization has been amazing, but its benefi ts have EEXPLORINGXPLORING not been shared equally. Developed countries, or countries in which a TTHEHE IISSUESSUE

Lumber is processed at a Canadian mill 11.. Making Inferences Why do you think for shipment to the United States. companies are concerned about how much money it costs to make a product?

22.. Analyzing Information How might

AP PHOTO investing in transportation systems help developing countries?

The World Goes Global 79

(tl) REUTERS/Bobby Yip, (tc b) AP Photo, (tr) Danita Delimont/Alamy PERSPECTIVES MUSIC GOES GLOBAL t has been said that music is the uni- With such easy access to global Iversal language. This has never been sounds, it is not uncommon for a por- more true than in the Internet age. To- table player to include a list of songs day, music lovers can listen to music and artists from several countries. As a from all over the world. Online music result, musicians are working to please stores and portable music players make the public by blending “international” it easy to listen to what you want, when material and elements into their acts. you want. The American pop singer Christina In the past, listeners had much less Aguilera sings in English, but she has control over the music they heard. Re- also recorded a CD completely in Span- cord producers and companies record- ish. Hip-hop artist Wyclef Jean mixes ed the music of homegrown musicians, Creole, the language of Haiti, into his and radio stations played their songs. songs. Madonna has worn traditional Artists and songs from different regions costumes from Japan and Scotland dur- of the world were rarely played. ing her tours. In the Internet age, however, mu- In the twenty-fi rst century, musi- sic lovers are being exposed to sounds cians and music lovers are no longer from around the world. West African tied to the sounds of one nation. In fact, drumming or Latin American dance cross-cultural appeal in the music in- music, for example, is available to any- dustry is becoming a key to success. one online. Listeners can just search for a genre, or style of music, and down- load a song for a small fee. Wyclef Jean uses Haitian elements in his music. EEXPLORINGXPLORING TTHEHE IISSUESSUE 11.. Determining Cause and Effect How does the Internet help people learn about the music styles of performers from other countries?

22.. Making Inferences List three reasons why it may be easier to buy

REUTERS/GARY HERSHORN REUTERS/GARY music online than in a store that sells CDs.

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REUTERS/Gary Hershorn RREVIEWEVIEW AANDND AASSESSSSESS UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE 1 Making Connections How has glo- balization affected the way some products are produced? 2 Writing to Inform Write a short article about how the Internet has changed the

way that businesses shop for and buy goods. BALDEV/CORBIS 3 Writing to Persuade Do you think that Many toys made in China American musicians who combine music from are sold in other countries. other countries and cultures can become stars in the United States? Defend your answer in a BEYOND THE CLASSROOM letter to the president of a record company. 6 Organize the class into three INTERNET RESEARCH ACTIVITIES teams. One group should rep- resent developed nations, and 4 Go online to research the history of the another should represent devel- Internet. Write an essay explaining why oping nations. Debate this resolution: “Global- the Internet was created. Develop a time ization is good for everyone.” The third group line that notes important developments. of students will decide which team has the most 5 With your teacher’s help, use the Internet convincing arguments. to research how many homes have access to 7 Take an inventory of your home. Look for the Internet in developed and developing products that were made in other countries. nations. Compare the information and create Count the items that were imported from a bar graph showing the top three countries in different countries. Make a chart to show how both categories. many countries are represented in your home.

The Universal Language

The Internet is changing the way people listen to music. BBuildinguilding GGraphraph In the Internet age, music lovers around the world are shopping online. Here is a look at the number of people visiting music sites. RReadingeading SSkillskills 11.. Comparing How many more

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Source: Nielsen/Net Ratings. The World Goes Global 81

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Culture influences people’s perceptions about places and Cultures regions.

Content Vocabulary The eagles that soar through • culture (p. 83) the skies of the American southwest have long • ethnic group (p. 84) been sacred to the native peoples of the area. • dialect (p. 84) Many Native Americans believe that eagles • democracy (p. 85) have special qualities such as wisdom and • dictatorship (p. 86) courage. Eagle feathers are treated with respect • monarchy (p. 86) and are often given as rewards for great deeds. • civilization (p. 86) Native American groups, such as the Tewa of • cultural diffusion (p. 87) New Mexico, perform dances to honor this • culture region (p. 88) • globalization (p. 89) beautiful bird. To learn more about how tradi- tions reflect a culture’s beliefs, read Section 2. Academic Vocabulary • widespread (p. 86) Honoring the eagle • unique (p. 89)

Reading Strategy Identifying Use a diagram like the one below to identify the elements of culture.

Elements of Culture

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Erich Schlegel/Dallas Morning News/CORBIS also includes examining people’s daily What Is Culture? lives, the history they share, and the art forms they have created. MMainain IdeaIdea Culture refers to the many Geographers, anthropologists, and shared characteristics that define a archaeologists all study culture. For exam- group of people. ple, geographers look at physical objects, Geography and You Think about the clothes you such as food and housing. They also study wear, the music you listen to, and the foods you eat. Read elements such as religion, social groups, to learn about the many things that make up culture. types of government, and economies. Anthropologists analyze cultures today Culture is the way of life of a group of to learn how different elements of culture people who share similar beliefs and cus- are related. Archaeologists use the physi- toms. A particular culture can be under- cal and historical objects of a culture, such stood by looking at various elements: what as pottery and tools, to try to understand languages the people speak, what religions how people lived in the past. The work of they follow, and what smaller groups are all of these experts helps us better under- part of their society. The study of culture stand the world we live in.

Figure 2 World Language Families

120˚W 60˚W 0˚ 60˚E 120˚E

60˚N

NORTH EUROPE AMERICA ASIA

30˚N ATLANTIC OCEAN

AFRICA PACIFIC OCEAN

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PACIFIC SOUTH AN OCEAN AMERICA INDIAN

OCEAN

EMERIDI M

I AUSTRALIA PR 30˚S N 0 2,000 kilometers W E 0 2,000 miles Winkel Tripel projection S

60˚S

1 ANTARCTICA Regions Which language family is dominant in North Afro-Asiatic Indo-European Nilo-Saharan Africa and Southwest Asia? Altaic Japanese/Korean Sino-Tibetan Austro-Asiatic Kam-Thai Uralic 2 Place What might explain the Austronesian Niger-Congo Other same languages being spoken Dravidian in Europe and North America? Social Groups In some cases, people come to believe One way scientists study culture is that their own culture is superior to, or by looking at different groups of people better than, other cultures. This attitude is in a society. Each of us belongs to many called ethnocentrism. If carried to extremes, social groups. For example, are you old ethnocentrism may cause hatred and per- or young? Male or female? A student, a secution of other groups. worker, or both? Most social groups have rules of behavior that group members Language learn. The process by which people adjust Sharing a language is one of the strongest their behavior to meet these rules is called unifying forces for a culture. A language, socialization. Within society, each person however, may have different variations has a certain status. Status refers to a per- called dialects. A dialect is a local form of son’s importance or rank. In all cultures, the a language that may have a distinct vocab- family is the most important social group. ulary and pronunciation. Despite different Although family structures vary from cul- dialects, speakers of the same language can ture to culture, most of us first learn how usually understand one another. to behave from our families. More than 2,000 languages are spoken People also belong to an ethnic group. around the world today. Most can be This is a group that shares a language, his- grouped with related languages into a spe- tory, religion, and some physical traits. cific language family. Figure 2 on the preced- Some countries, like the United States, ing page shows where different language have many ethnic groups. Such countries families are spoken today. have a national culture that all their people share, as well as ethnic cultures. Religion Another important cultural element is religion. In many cultures, religious beliefs and practices help people answer basic Culture and Family Life • questions about life’s meaning. Although hundreds of religions are practiced in the world, there are five major world reli- gions. The following chart describes each of these major religions. Together, these five religions have more than 4.5 billion followers—more than two-thirds of the world’s population. History History shapes how a culture views itself and the world. Stories about the chal- lenges and successes of a culture support certain values and help people develop Households in Japan can include several cultural pride and unity. Cultural holidays generations. Place What elements of culture mark important events and enable people are found in this family gathering? to celebrate their heritage.

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Hideo Haga/HAGA/The Image Works Major World Religions ReligionMajor Leader Followers Beliefs Buddhism Siddhartha 378.8 Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, Gautama, million known as the Buddha. The Buddha taught that the goal of life is to the Buddha escape the cycle of birth and death by achieving a state of spiritual understanding called nirvana. Buddhists believe that they must follow an eight-step path to achieve nirvana. Christianity Jesus Christ 2.1 billion Christianity is based on the belief in one God and the teachings and life of Jesus as described in the New Testament of the Bible. Christians believe that Jesus was the Son of God and was sent to Earth to save people from their sins. Hinduism Unknown 860.1 Hinduism is based on the belief in a supreme spiritual force known million as Brahman as recorded in sacred texts, including the Upanishads. Hindus believe that to unite with Brahman, they must first pass through many lives, being reborn into new forms. To move closer to Brahman they must make improvements in each of their lives. Islam Muhammad 1.3 billion Islam is based on the belief in one God, Allah, as revealed through the prophet Muhammad. The Muslim sacred text is the Quran. Muslims follow five major acts of worship known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Judaism Abraham 15.1 Judaism is based on the belief in one God and the spiritual and million ethical principles handed down by God. These principles, including the Ten Commandments, are presented in Jewish sacred texts collected in the Hebrew Bible.

Source: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2005.

1 Identifying Which two religions include the 2 Explaining What help do these religions give belief that people are reborn into new forms? to their followers?

Daily Life they think is beautiful and meaningful. Food, clothing, and shelter are basic The arts can also tell stories about impor- human needs. The type of food you eat and tant figures and events in the culture. how you eat it reflect your culture. Do you use chopsticks, a fork, or bread to scoop Government up your food? The home you live in and People need rules in order to live the clothing that you wear reflect your cul- together without conflict. Governments ful- ture and your physical surroundings. For fill this need. They can be either limited or example, the clothing people wear in the unlimited. A limited government restricts high, chilly Andes of South America dif- the powers of its leaders. For example, in fers greatly from the clothing people wear a democracy, power is held by the people. on the warm savannas of Africa.

Arts Social Studies ONLINE Through music, painting, sculpture, Student Web Activity Visit glencoe.com to learn more about dance, and literature, people express what forms of government around the world.

Chapter 3 • 85 Most democracies today are called repre- sentative democracies because the people Cultural Change choose leaders to represent them and make decisions. In unlimited governments, lead- MMainain IIdeadea Cultures are constantly ers are all-powerful. In a dictatorship, changing and influencing each other. for instance, the leader, or dictator, rules Geography and You What influences from other by force. Dictators often limit citizens’ cultures can you see in your community? Read on to see freedoms. how cultures relate to each other and change. A monarchy is a government led by a king or queen who inherits power by being Over time, all cultures experience born into the ruling family. For much of change. Sometimes that change results history, monarchies had unlimited power. from inventions and innovations, or tech- Today, most monarchies are constitutional nological improvements that bring about monarchies in which elected legislatures new ways of life. Sometimes change results hold most of the power. from the influence of other cultures. Economy Inventions and Technology People in every culture must earn a liv- Thousands of years ago, humans were ing. Geographers study economic activi- hunters and gatherers who lived and trav- ties to see how a culture uses its resources eled in small groups. After 8000 B.C., people and trades with other places. An econo- learned to farm. Planting crops led to more my’s success can be seen in people’s qual- reliable food supplies and larger popula- ity of life—how well they eat and live and tions. It also allowed people to settle in one what kind of health care they receive. place. Historians call this change the Agri- cultural Revolution. It had a huge impact Describing Describe three on human culture because it led people to elements that help unify a culture. create civilizations, or highly developed cultures, in river valleys found in present- day Iraq, Egypt, India, and China. The The Growth of Industry • people of these civilizations made a num- ber of important advancements includ- ing building cities, forming governments, founding religions, and developing writ- ing systems. The world remained largely agricul- tural through the A.D. 1700s. Around that time, some countries began to industrial- ize, or use machines to make goods. The widespread use of machines made econo- mies more productive. Industrial nations produced more food, goods, and wealth, Some of the earliest factories, like this one in Lowell, Massachusetts, used machines to make which caused sweeping cultural changes. cloth. Movement What recent technological The world has changed greatly in the advancements have led to cultural changes? past three decades. Computers have

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North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy Images transformed businesses and households. Advances in communications allow people throughout the world to send and receive information almost instantly. Medical tech- nology has dramatically increased human life expectancy. Each of these develop- ments has sparked cultural changes. Cultural Diffusion The other major cause of cultural change is influence from other cultures. The pro- cess of spreading ideas, languages, or cus- toms from one culture to another is called cultural diffusion. In the past, diffusion has taken place through trade, migration, and conquest. In recent years, new meth- ods of communication have also led to cul- tural diffusion. Historically, trade began with the exchange of goods, often over great dis- tances. Soon trade also brought new ideas • and practices to an area. Buddhist mer- Cultural Influences chants brought their religion to China Children around the world, such as these along trade routes, and Muslim traders students in China, anticipate each new Harry Potter shared their religious beliefs with people in book and movie. The books have been translated West Africa. Trade continues to be a major into 47 languages. Movement What is cultural diffusion? means of cultural diffusion. The movement of people from one place to another also leads to cultural diffusion. arose among the Jews, a people conquered When Europeans arrived in North Amer- by the Roman Empire. In time, Christianity ica, they brought horses, which were new became a major religion in the empire. to the continent. Native Americans living Today television, movies, and the Inter- on the Great Plains quickly adopted the net contribute to cultural diffusion. For horse because it made hunting easier. example, movies made in the United States, The conquest of one group by another Mexico, Brazil, and India are seen around is a third way culture can spread. Con- the world, introducing people to different querors bring their culture to conquered ways of life. The Internet allows people to areas. For example, the Romance lan- have contact with and be influenced by guages, such as Italian, French, Spanish, people from other cultures. and Portuguese, reflect the influence of the Roman Empire. These languages are based on Latin, the language of ancient Rome. Analyzing Information In turn, conquered peoples can influence Describe one way that cultural diffusion takes the culture of the conquerors. Christianity place.

Chapter 3 • 87

(l) Kevin Lee/Getty Images Regional and Global regions, as shown in Figure 3. A culture region is an area that includes different countries Cultures that share similar cultural traits. Culture Regions MMainain IdeaIdea As countries and regions The countries in each culture region share cultural traits, a global culture is generally have similar social groups, gov- emerging. ernments, economic systems, religions, Geography and You What do you have in common languages, ethnic groups, and histories. with a student who lives across town or across the coun- One example of a culture region is North try? Read to learn how similarities help to define cultural Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. regions. In that area, Islam is the dominant religion. Another culture region is Canada and the As you recall, geographers use the United States. These countries have similar term regions for areas that share common languages, histories, and ethnic groups. physical characteristics. Likewise, geogra- As you study the world, you will begin to phers divide the world into several culture recognize the characteristics shared by the

Figure 3 World Culture Regions

120˚W060˚W ˚ 60˚E 120˚E

CLE ARCTIC CIR 60˚N

30˚N ATLANTIC TROPIC OF CANCER OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN

EQUATOR 0˚

IAN PACIFIC D INDIAN

OCEAN ERI

M OCEAN

E

CAPRICORN M TROPIC OF I

R

P 30˚S N 0 2,000 kilometers W E 0 1,000 2,000 Miles 0 2,000 miles Winkel Tripel projection S 0 1,000 2,000 Kilometers Scale accurate at equator Winkel Projection ANTARCTIC CIRCLE 60˚S 1 Regions Which culture United States and Canada Africa south of the Sahara region is one country? Latin America South Asia 2 Place What generalization Europe East Asia and Russia Southeast Asia can you make about islands North Africa, Southwest Australia, Oceania, and their cultural regions? Asia, and Central Asia and Antarctica countries in each culture region. Although these countries are similar, they also have unique traits that set them apart. Global Culture Recent advances in communications and technology have helped break down barriers between culture regions. The result is globalization, or the develop- ment of a worldwide culture with an inter- dependent economy. With globalization, individual economies rely greatly upon one another for resources and markets. Some people believe that as the global culture grows, local cultures will become less important. They point out that globalization might even erase the tradi- Global Communications • tions and customs of smaller groups. The Internet and other forms of communica- tions have helped link people around the world, such Defining What are culture as these boys in rural India. Movement What might regions? happen as the global culture grows?

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Vocabulary 4. Explaining Why is globalization occurring? 1. Explain the meaning of culture, ethnic group, Critical Thinking dialect, democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, civili- zation, cultural diffusion, culture region, and glo- 5. Explain the different ways that cul- balization by writing three to four paragraphs tural change can occur. that use all of the terms. 6. Challenge How do local and national dif- ferences affect culture on a regional or global Main Ideas level? 2. Explaining What is an ethnic group, and how do ethnic groups relate to a region’s culture? Writing About Geography 7. Personal Writing 3. Summarizing Use a diagram like the one Write a journal entry below to identify the advancements made by describing examples of globalization that you the world’s earliest civilizations. have witnessed. Then add your predictions about how globalization might affect your community in the future.

Earliest Civilizations

Chapter 3 • 89 age fotostock/SuperStock Is Globalization Good

for Everyone? Cody/CORBIS W.

Globalization is sometimes defined as globalization on economies and cul- the linking together of the world’s nations tures. Some people think that global- through trade. This trade among nations ization helps countries by providing allows people from different cultures them with jobs and new technologies. to interact with each other. As a result, However, others believe that globaliza- cultures begin sharing traits with oth- tion destroys the cultural traditions and ers. People disagree about the effects of customs of smaller groups.

Globalization

One of the main restraints on liberty has always been “the tyranny [unjust use of power] of place.” At its crudest, this has meant restrictions, both political and economic, on where people can live, but it also includes restrictions on where people can go, what they can buy, where they can invest, and what they can read, hear, or see. Globalization by its nature brings down these barriers, and it helps hand the power to choose to the individual. —John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge A Future Perfect: The Essentials of Globalization

90 • Chapter 3 W. Cody/CORBIS W. Globalization

For millions of people globaliza- tion has not worked. Many have been actually made worse off, as they have seen their jobs destroyed and their lives become more insecure. They have felt increasingly powerless against forces beyond their control. They have seen their democracies undermined, their cultures eroded. If globalization continues to be con- ducted in the way that is has been in the past, if we continue to fail to learn from our mistakes, globalization will not only not succeed in promoting development but will continue to create poverty and instability. —Joseph Stiglitz Globalization and Its Discontents

YYouou BBee tthehe GGeographereographer

1. Identifying Choose a sentence from each 3. Read to Write Write one paragraph that opinion that best summarizes the authors’ identifies how globalization might ben- views about globalization. efit a nation. Then write a paragraph that 2. Critical Thinking What does Stiglitz mean describes how globalization might harm a when he writes “. . . globalization . . . will nation. continue to create poverty and instability”? Use the definition of globalization to explain your answer.

Chapter 3 • 91 Resources,

Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence. Technology,

Content Vocabulary • natural resource (p. 93) and World • renewable resource (p. 93) • nonrenewable resource (p. 93) Trade • economic system (p. 94) • developed country (p. 94) It might not have tempera- • developing country (p. 94) ture controls, but this solar stove is one of • newly industrialized country (p. 94) • export (p. 95) the most important household appliances in • import (p. 95) Chinese homes. China is a world leader in the • tariff (p. 95) use of solar energy. As China’s economy has • quota (p. 95) grown, the demand for fuel has driven energy • free trade (p. 96) costs up, increasing the desire to use alternative • interdependence (p. 96) energy sources. Read this section to learn more Academic Vocabulary about other resources and how the world’s • finite (p. 93) people use them. • finance (p. 95) Solar energy used to heat kettle in China’s Gansu Province Reading Strategy Categorizing Information Use a diagram like the one below to list three specific examples of each type of natural resource.

Renewable Nonrenewable Resources Resources 1. 2. 3.

92 • Chapter 3

FREDERIC J. BROWN/AFP/Getty Images can be replaced. For example, the sun, Natural Resources the wind, and water cannot be used up, and forests can replace themselves. Some MMainain IdeaIdea Earth’s resources are not renewable resources, such as rivers, the evenly distributed, nor do they all exist wind, and the sun, can produce electricity in endless supply. and are important sources of energy. Geography and You What natural resources can you Most natural resources are finite, name? Read to learn about two kinds of natural resources. or limited in supply. They are called nonrenewable resources. Once humans use up these resources, they are gone. Natural resources are materials from the Minerals like iron ore and gold are nonre- Earth that people use to meet their needs. newable, as are oil, coal, and other fossil Soil, trees, wind, and oil are examples of fuels. Fossil fuels heat homes, run cars, and natural resources. Such resources can pro- generate electricity. vide food, shelter, goods, and energy. Renewable resources are natural Identifying Which energy resources that cannot be used up or that resources are renewable? Nonrenewable?

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Figure 4 World Energy Production and Consumption

Energy production (quadrillion Btus) 111.8 Energy consumption 88.5 92.9 (quadrillion Btus) 101.0 60.3 49.2 70.6 72.7 29.1

27.4

10.2 14.0 36.028.7 19.6 11.0 10.3 5.1

Europe Latin America Russia South Asia Africa south of the Sahara 1 Regions Which region of the Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica world consumes the least energy? East Asia and Southeast Asia 2 North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia Movement Where do regions United States and Canada obtain the extra energy they need?

Source: Energy Information Administration, 2004.

Chapter 3 • 93 mand economy, but the government allows Economies and Trade some features of a market economy. The United States has mainly a market econ- MMainain IIdeadea An economy is the way omy with some government involvement. people use and manage resources. Geography and You What kinds of goods and ser- Developed and Developing Countries vices do the people in your community produce? Read to Geographers look at economies in find out about how economic decisions are made. another way—how developed they are. A developed country has a mix of agriculture, a great deal of manufacturing, and service Economic Systems industries. Service industries, such as bank- To help make economic decisions, ing and health care, provide services rather societies develop economic systems. An than making products. Developed econo- economic system is the method used to mies tend to rely on new technologies, answer three key questions: what goods and workers have relatively high incomes. and services to produce, how to produce Examples of developed countries include them, and who will receive them. the United States, France, and Japan. There are four kinds of economic sys- Countries with economies that are not as tems. In a traditional economy, individuals advanced are called developing countries. decide what to produce and how to pro- These countries have little industry. Agri- duce it. These choices are based on custom culture remains important, and incomes or habit. In these economies, people often per person are generally low. Developing do the same work as their parents and countries include Sierra Leone, Cambodia, grandparents. Technology is often limited. and Guatemala. In a command economy, the government Still other countries are becoming more makes the key economic decisions about industrial. Geographers call these coun- resources. It decides the costs of products tries newly industrialized countries. South and the wages workers earn, and individu- Korea, Thailand, and Singapore are all mov- als have little economic freedom. ing toward economies like those in devel- In a market economy, individuals make oped countries. The chart below shows their own economic decisions. People have divisions in the economies of a developed, the right to own property or businesses. a developing, and a newly industrialized Businesses make what they think custom- country. ers want (supply). Consumers have choices about which goods and services to buy Economic Divisions (demand). Prices are determined by sup- Country Agriculture Industry Services ply and demand. People will buy less of United 1% 20.4% 78.7% an item as it gets more expensive. On the States other hand, if the price is low, people will Sierra 49% 31% 21% tend to buy more of an item. Leone Most nations have mixed economies, Thailand 9.9% 44.1% 46% which is the fourth type of economic sys- tem. China, for example, has mostly a com- Source: World Factbook, 2006.

94 • Chapter 3 World Trade economies. The developing nations, in Resources, like people, are not distrib- turn, rely on the sale of their products and uted evenly around the world. Because resources to finance, or pay for, efforts most countries have more than they need to further industrialize and build their of some resources and not enough of oth- economies. ers, trade is important. Trade allows nations to export, or sell to Barriers to Trade other countries, the resources they have in Nations try to manage trade in order to abundance or the products made from those boost their own economies. Some nations resources. They also import, or buy from use tariffs, or taxes, to increase the price other countries, the resources they do not of imported goods. By making imported have or the products they cannot make items more expensive, tariffs encourage themselves. consumers to buy less expensive items that Trade is important for both devel- are manufactured in their own country. oped and developing nations. For exam- Quotas are another barrier to trade. A ple, the countries of Europe import what quota is a limit on how many items of a they need—food, energy resources, and particular product can be imported from minerals—to maintain their successful a certain nation.

GLOBAL CITIZENS

NAME: BONO HOME COUNTRY: Ireland ACHIEVEMENT: The lead singer of the mega-rock band U2 has proven himself to be one of the world’s most effective voices for the poor. In 2005, he convinced leaders from the world’s wealthiest countries, such as the United States and Japan, to approve a $50 billion aid package— including $25 billion for Africa. Thanks largely to Bono, the leaders pledged to make lifesaving drugs available to poor people with HIV and also agreed that the 18 poorest African nations did not have to pay back money they had borrowed from several nations and organizations. Now they can spend the money on health care and schools rather than on paying back loans. QUOTE: There is a goal out there“ worthy of our generation. . . . It is the defeat of humanity’s Bono sings for children in Ghana, while U.S. Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neil looks on. oldest foe: disease. GEORGE PIMENTEL/WIREIMAGE.COM; (INSET) AP WIDE WORLD ” CITIZENS How might Bono’s actions today help IN ACTION people 10 years from now?

Chapter 3 • 95

(l) AP World Wide, (r) George Pimentel/wireimage.com Free Trade that countries rely on each other for ideas, In recent years, many countries have goods, services, and markets, or places agreed to get rid of trade barriers. The to sell their goods. When economies are removal of trade limits so that goods flow linked together, a drought or a war in one freely among countries is called free trade. region can cause price increases or short- Often countries sign formal treaties agree- ages in another region far away. ing to free trade. For example, in 1992 Can- Interdependence has come about in part ada, the United States, and Mexico signed because of new technologies. During the the North American Free Trade Agreement past 200 years, the invention of new tech- (NAFTA). This pact removed most trade nologies has occurred much faster than barriers between the three nations. at any other time in history. Advances in transportation, such as trains and airplanes, and in communication, such as telephones Interdependence and Technology and the Internet, have contributed greatly Growing trade among the world’s coun- to globalization. tries has resulted in the globalization of the world’s economies. As a result, the world’s Explaining Explain why people and economies have become more trade barriers exist, and describe two types of interdependent. Interdependence means trade barriers.

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Vocabulary Critical Thinking 1. Explain the significance of: 4. Analyzing Why has the world become more a. natural resource h. export interdependent in recent years? b. renewable resource i. import 5. Explain how the distribution of c. nonrenewable resource j. tarriff natural resources relates to world trade. d. economic system k. quota 6. Challenge In what ways might interdepen- e. developed country l. free trade dence influence a place’s cultural identity? f. developing country m. interdependence Explain in two paragraphs. g. newly industrialized country Writing About Geography Main Ideas 7. Using Your Use your Foldable to write a paragraph that predicts how popula- 2. Explaining Why do people need natural resources? tion patterns might affect world resources in the future. 3. Comparing and Contrasting Use a Venn diagram like the one below to compare and contrast developed and developing countries.

Developed Developing Countries Countries

96 • Chapter 3 VVisualisual SummarySummary

World World Trade Population ● In recent years, many countries ● Low death rates and high have agreed to eliminate trade birthrates have led to rapid barriers. population growth. ● Growing trade among countries ● Some areas of the world are more has made the world’s people densely populated than others. more interdependent. ● Nearly half of the world’s population lives in cities. Oil worker, Iraq Natural Resources ● Renewable resources either cannot be used up or can be replaced.

● Some resources—such as Mexican president Vicente Fox fossil fuels and minerals—are (left), Canadian prime minister nonrenewable. Jean Chrétien (center), and U.S. president George W. Bush (right) celebrate a trade agreement. World Economies ● The four kinds of economic Commuters, New York City systems are traditional, command, market, Culture and mixed. ● Developed ● Culture is the way of life of a countries use group of people who share similar advanced beliefs and customs. technology ● Cultures change over time and and are highly influence one another. productive. ● Modern technology has broken ● Developing countries down barriers and helped create have less advanced a global culture. technology and are generally less productive. Grocery store in Yogakarta, Indonesia

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Chapter 3 • 97

(tl) REUTERS/Jamal Said/Landov, (cl) Richard I’Anson/Lonely Planet Images, (cr) AP Photo/Canadian Press, Tom Hanson, (b) Jerry Alexander/Lonely Planet Images CHAPTER 3 STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

TESTTAKING TIP

Think of answers in your head before looking at the possible answers so that the choices on the test will not throw you off or trick you.

Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Directions: Choose the word(s) that best completes the Directions: Choose the best answer for each question. sentence. Section 1 (pp. 72–76) Geographers measure to determine how 1. 5. One reason for the rapid increase in world popu- crowded a country or region is. lation over the last two centuries is . refugees A A increased migration B population density B increased population density death rates C C improved health care birthrates D D urbanization

6. An example of a “push factor” for migration is 2. are people who are forced to fl ee to in the homeland. another country to escape wars, persecution, or natural disasters. A a shortage of jobs A Immigrants B an abundance of jobs B Free traders C low population density C Refugees D an abundance of farmland D Importers Section 2 (pp. 82 –89) 7. In recent years more and more countries and 3. A(n) group shares a language, history, regions are sharing cultural traits resulting in religion, and some physical traits. a(n) culture. A democratic A isolated B global B global C social C refugee D ethnic D ethnic

Section 3 (pp. 92–96) 4. Countries with a mix of agriculture and a great 8. To answer the questions of what goods and ser- deal of manufacturing and service industries are vices to produce, how to produce them, and who called countries. will receive them, societies develop . A developed A quota systems B underdeveloped B trading systems C overdeveloped C manufacturing systems D developing D economic systems

GO ON

98 • Chapter 3 ASSESSMENT

Critical Thinking Document-Based Questions Directions: Choose the best answer for each question. Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer questions that follow. The World’s 10 Most Populous Countries, 2005 [I]magine . . . that the world really is a ‘global vil- 1,500 lage.’ . . . Say this village has 1,000 individuals, with all the characteristics of today’s human race distrib- 1,200 uted in exactly the same proportions. . . . 900 Some 150 of the inhabitants live in [a wealthy] area of the village, about 780 in poorer districts. 600 Another 70 or so live in a neighborhood that is in Millions Population 300 [changing]. The average income per person is $6,000 a year. . . . But just 200 people [own] 86 percent of all 0 the wealth, while nearly half of the villagers are eking out an existence on less than $2 per day. . . . ChinaIndia Japan Brazil RussiaNigeria Pakistan Life expectancy in the affl uent district is nearly Indonesia Bangladesh 78 years, in the poorer areas 64 years—and in the United States Country very poorest neighborhoods a mere 52 years. . . . Why

Source: CIA World Factbook, 2006. do the poorest lag so far behind? Because in their neighborhoods there is a far higher incidence of infectious diseases and malnutrition, combined with 9. Based on the graph, what continent would likely an [serious] lack of access to safe water, sanitation, be the most densely populated? health care, adequate housing, education, and work. A North America —Kofi Annan, Millennium Report, 2000 B South America C Asia 11. Describe the differences in income in the village. D Africa 12. According to the writer, where is life expectancy 10. In which two countries would you expect to see higher and why is this so? the highest birthrates? A United States and Russia Extended Response B India and China 13. Write a letter to a government leader in which C Pakistan and Bangladesh you try to persuade him or her to invest tax- D Brazil and Nigeria payer money into research on how to better use our energy resources. Explain why you think either renewable or nonrenewable resources deserve more funds for research.

STOP

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Chapter 3 • 99 JOURNAL

Monday, 7 a.m. LOS ANGELES, It may be the middle of CALIFORNIA Some people are just the night where you live, but waking up. Others are sitting down in many parts of the world, to breakfast. Early birds are headed to their jobs hoping to avoid traffi c people are well into their day. jams on the state’s freeways. 3 It’s all because of the 24 time zones that divide up Earth. So while one part of the world sleeps, somewhere, kids are at school, workers are at their 7Monday, 10 a.m. WASHINGTON, D.C. Workers are jobs, and some folks are having at their desks. And at the White dinner. Take a look at what is House, the wheels of government happening on Earth at exactly have been turning since 7 a.m. or the same moment during one even earlier, where 12-hour day in April. workdays are routine.

7Monday, 11 a.m. RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL Almost every day is a beach day in Rio. While beachgoers are enjoying sun and sand, traffi c jams clog the city’s streets, students are at their desks, and Rio’s stores are fi lled with shoppers.

7Monday, 2 p.m. DAKAR, SENEGAL Outdoor markets are Monday, 5 p.m. packed in this west African CAIRO, EGYPT This nation. School is winding down capital city is fi lled with the for the day, and fi shers are sounds of people being called returning home with their day’s to prayer, vendors selling their goods catch from the Atlantic Ocean. at outdoor bazaars, and the blare of car and bus horns on traffi c-clogged streets. Tourists and residents alike can marvel at the Pyramids of Giza built almost 5,000 years ago. 5 Monday, 4 p.m. PARIS, FRANCE School is out and some kids are playing soccer, a favorite pastime. Other students are studying for exams to get into special high schools. Some tourists are having their pictures taken in front of the Eiff el Tower while others are visiting the city’s famous muse- ums, perhaps catching a glimpse of the Mona Lisa. 3

TOP TO BOTTOM: CREATAS/SUPERSTOCK; AP PHOTO; JIM ZUCKERMAN/CORBIS; KURT SCHOLZ/ SUPERSTOCK; LISA ENGLEBRECHT/DANITADELIMONT.COM; GARY COOK/ALAMY; GLOBE: NASA

(bkgd) NASA A DAY IN THE LIFE OF THE WORLD’S PEOPLE

Moscow, Russia

Washington, D.C., U.S. Paris, France Beijing, China Cairo, Egypt Los Angeles, U.S. Dhaka, Bangladesh Dakar, Senegal

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Wellington, New Zealand

Tuesday, 2 a.m. WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND What do Kiwis (a nickname for New Zealanders) do when they can’t sleep? They might count sheep. That’s because the nation’s 45 million woolly animals outnumber the island-nation’s human inhabitants 11 to 1. 3

Monday, 10 p.m. BEIJING, CHINA The day is winding down for most of the 15 million residents of the nation’s Monday, 6 p.m. capital. China, with its more than one MOSCOW, RUSSIA This billion people, has one of the world’s huge country has 11 time fastest growing economies. Night zones. The nation, which has workers, including people who work with turned from communism to American companies, are starting their democracy, is undergoing a day, keeping to a U.S. time schedule. 3 construction boom. Workers are going home for dinner. 5

7Monday, 8 p.m. DHAKA, BANGLADESH Some residents of this city are sitting down to a dinner of fi sh or spicy curries. Meanwhile, fans of cricket, a popular sport in this country, are cheering for their favorite team.

TOP TO BOTTOM: ILLUSTRATION BY BOOKMAPMAN; JOSE AZEL/GETTY IMAGES; MACDUFF EVERTON/CORBIS; AP PHOTO; ITAR-TASS/VITALY BELOUSOV/NEWSCOM 101

(bkgd) NASA