CROSS-CULTURAL IDENTITY OF SECOND-GENERATION IMMIGRANT YOUTH Maria Garcia Faculty Mentory: Ajlina Karamehic-Muratovic, Ph.D. Saint Louis University Abstract Immigrating to a new homeland is not without its challenges. One of the challenges important in the process of assimilating and acculturating is a “fundamental tension between ‘American’ and ‘Non-American’ identities’” that individuals experience on a daily basis. Adapting to a new culture changes how individuals act and feel, and influences one’s cultural identity. This study focuses on second-generation Bosnian youth living in St. Louis, Missouri, whose parents arrived in the United States some 20-25 years ago as refugees. The study explores the influence of ethnic identity on these youth’s feelings of belongingness, especially in regard to partial or total affiliation with either their ethnic or host community. Moreover, this paper seeks to explore how bicultural individuals’ ethnic identity is characterized and experienced by second-generation immigrant Bosnian-American youth. Keywords: Ethnic identities, assimilation, first & second-generation youth Introduction between the cultural world of their parents This research paper explores how bicultural and the new homeland. individuals’ ethnic identity is characterized and experienced by second generation Given the diversity that exists in the U.S., immigrant Bosnian-American youth. most individuals in the United States Second-generation refers to “native-born identify with one or more ethnic children of foreign parents or foreign-born backgrounds. The 2014 U.S. Census children who were brought to the United Bureau’s projects “that by 2044, the States before adolescence” (Rumbaut, 2007, majority of the population will be non- p. 985). When a child is born into a host white, with that number rising to 56.4 culture that is ethnically and culturally percent by 2060” (para. 1). With an increase different from the culture of their parents, a in the number of people who are biracial complex ethnic identity formation occurs. and/or those identifying with more than one This is especially true of those who arrive in ethnic or racial background, it is crucial to the host country as a refugee, defined as “a understand the experiences of this group. person who flees to another country out of a fear of persecution because of religion, As a country that endorses that all cultures political affiliation, race, nationality, or should be melted into the one mainstream membership in a particular group” culture, this “melting pot” idea is frequently (UNHCR, 1951, para. 1). For these complicated by the overlapping identities. individuals, assimilation and adjustment More individuals are growing up as biracial tend to be particularly difficult, and in some or will identify with the new majority of cases, may never occur. Moreover, their multiple cultures. A person who identifies as first-generation children tend to share many biracial can be defined by an individual’s of the parents’ experiences and typically competencies and sensitivities within two grow up as bicultural individuals stuck cultures and how the identity reflects the 1 unique blending of the cultures (Ramirez, Louis because of the low cost of living 1983). Therefore, for bicultural individuals, compared to other cities in the nation” and youth in particular, identity formation is (Hume, 2015, p.10). In the light of the an ongoing process. positive social and economic impact of Bosnian migrants on the region (Strauss, The term identity is used to describe a 2012), a number of studies have explored person’s character and identification with the Bosnian culture, history, and relationship other individuals. There is not a to variables of interest. With the second- straightforward way to address the generation Bosnian-American youth gearing relationship between social and ethnic up to graduate from high school, go to identities. A social identity is thought of as college, enter the labor market and start culturally defined personality characteristics, families, this moment provides a unique which are ascribed to social roles, such as opportunity to explore their experiences, the role of being a father, mother, friend, goals, and aspirations as well as the employer or employee (Bhugra and Becker, influences that will shape their lives and 2005). Ethnic identity, on the other hand, community for years to come. Identity, or describes individuals who may or may not ethnic identity, on the other hand, is at the share the same race but do share common center of how second-generation immigrants cultural characteristics, including history, characterize and think about their beliefs, values, food, religion, and language. experiences, future goals and aspirations, Ethnicity typically incorporates both race and the various influences on their lives. and culture (Shah, 2004), adding to the Therefore, the goal of this study was to complexity of understanding identity among explore how ethnic identity is characterized a single group, such as Bosnian-American and experienced by second generation youth. Bosnian-American youth in the St. Louis area. This study aims to explore the identity formation of second-generation Bosnian- Literature review Americans, and youth in particular, who resettled in the St. Louis area with their first- Immigrant identity generation parents. With an estimated Studies that have explored immigrant population of anywhere between 50,000 and identities have focused on bicultural 70,000 today, St. Louis is home to the individuals, and how different people largest Bosnian community in the United assimilate to the new and host American States and the world (Mapping BiH culture. When immigrants arrive in the Diaspora Report, 2018). In recent history, United States there is a “fundamental the Bosnian community has dealt the tension between ‘American’ and ‘Non- traumatic effects of genocide that forced American’ identities” which individuals individuals to flee their country. From have to experience daily (Massey & March 1992 to December 1995, Bosnia’s Sanchez, 2009, p. 15). Immigrant integration two neighboring countries invaded Bosnia is a problematic process that individuals seeking control over the territory. Nearly have to face when resettling in a new two million people were displaced by the homeland. The meaning and belonging to an Bosnian genocide (Hume, 2015), many of ethnic group membership varies based on whom found a new home in the U.S. and St. social, political, and economic forces and Louis. Individuals were resettled to “St. how an individual identifies with those 2 factors. That is, individuals’ self- concept examines how individuals feel torn identification along ethnic lines is between identifying with one group of changeable and so is their participation in individuals and are not sure what place to shared cultural activities (Dhingra, 2007). call “home.” Similarly, biculturalism This relationship differs between migrant “involves a person’s developing parents and children. Some children are competencies and sensitivities within two influenced more by other sources such as cultures” (Dong & Gundlach, 2006, p. 65). school, social media, and language, whereas, This area of research addresses the new some parents may or may not chose to phenomenon in which individuals are incorporate both cultures into their choosing to identify with one group versus identities. the other. Identity development is quite complicated if an individual is a part of two Children who are second-generation cultures. immigrants grow up “exploring the relationship between acculturation and Berry’s model identity” (Schwartz & Montgomery, 2006, Berry’s Acculturation Model (1997) p.3). Most individuals find themselves living suggests that all individuals can be with two identities or perceiving that one categorized in several ways in terms of the culture is better than the other. American level of acculturation. The model proposed cultural assimilation is arguably unique by Berry includes four quadrants, namely because of the idea that the United States is assimilation, integration, separation, and “the land of the free,” and the numerous marginalization. Berry (1997) proposes that opportunities available for individuals who individuals’ paths to assimilation vary on the live there regardless of their background. basis of their level of identification with When immigrants come to the United States either the heritage or the US culture (see with this mindset, most of the time these Figure 1). individuals are let down by the newcomer acceptance. In recent academic debate, researchers found that some children follow the straight-line assimilation model (Waters 1990; Alba and Nee 1997), arguing that more immigrant children are losing their parent’s culture and are becoming more influenced by the new culture. However, some of these theories have been challenged by the ethnocentric tendencies displayed by other individuals (Alba and Nee, 1997). Emerging research is starting to explore how individuals may construct and affirm their Figure 1. John Berry’s Acculturation Model ethnic background. According to Berry (1997), an individual Another topic that is addressed in the who identifies strongly with both cultures is literature is the idea of cultural referred to as having a “bicultural identity” homelessness, which is a “unique experience (“integration”), while others who identify far and feeling reported by some multicultural more strongly with the US culture than they individuals” (Phinney,