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Ppoooiiinnnttt Oofff Vviiieeew W UNUnexions December 2002 PPooiinntt ooff VViieeww The “Point of View” essay series reflects the UNU’s mandate to provide scholarship that clarifies pressing global issues. This issue’s “Point of View” was contributed by Jacques Fomerand, Director of the United Nations University Office at the United Nations in New York. The views expressed are personal opinion and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the UNU. Has American multilateralism a future? By Jacques Fomerand no exception. Perhaps this is what a The policies of the Bush senior ranking member of the Bush Administration have been widely administration unwittingly meant perceived as a retreat from when he stated that “multilateralism multilateral diplomacy. But there is not an end in itself, but it is often are numerous precedents pointing to a necessary means to our ends. A unilateral practices by the United commitment to multilateralism need States of America: the Korean and not constrain our options – done the Gulf Wars, the unilateral right, it expands them.” withdrawal from the Bretton Woods In any case, the demise of the monetary framework, from cold war has created deep fissures in UNESCO and from the Law of the the post-war constellation of Sea.... Some argue that these “mixed political forces (public opinion, messages” reflect a pattern of Congress, business, labour and “ambivalent engagement” advocacy groups) which had been embedded in the national character, assembled in the 1940s in support of with unilateralism gaining sway in multilateralism in the United States post-1970 Republican – whether “assertive,” “hard administrations. Others, like headed” or “benevolent.” In historian Robert Tucker, take the particular, the convulsions and view that the United States “did not outcome of the Vietnam War have go from unilateralism to ushered in a new trend of multilateralism but from a position Congressional assertiveness, which of isolation to the unilateralism of a may have lost some of its position of undisputed leadership United Nations Headquarters in New York (Photo: UN/DPI) momentum but is still giving a over a global alliance.” The latter unilateral bent to US foreign approach seems to be more to the point. policies. The experience of September 11 has also American multilateralism has always blended heightened the American practice to use multilateral forums realpolitik, Wilsonian populism, pragmatic functionalism a as tools to achieve the national objectives of a “righteous la the “New Deal” and the sheer economic interests of an state.” economic behemoth. But it was clear from the beginning The Manichean views articulated by President Bush in that its operation would rest on the primacy of the strong his 2002 State of the Union message were a preliminary- and “trusteeship of the powerful,” as Franklin Roosevelt put but-clear indicator of that trend. The Bush Administration’s it long ago. The practical arrangements for collective action, interpretation of the 8 November 2002 Security Council it should be noted, never created more than minimally costly ultimatum to Iraq is another. Indeed, the unilateral streak and intrusive political constraints on US sovereignty, as the underlying the American concept and practice of norm of non-intervention prevailing in the UN Charter multilateralism, the erosion of its internal constituency and attests. the priority now given by the United States to the worldwide Hegemons are prone to use their power to determine fight against terrorism do not bode well for the future of policy outcomes. The United States, like any other state, is genuine multilateralism. A UNU Public Affairs newsletter providing connexions to the work of the University 1 UNU organizes EDC pollution symposium in Hanoi n 15–16 April 2002, the UNU the normal functioning of metabolic, (such as urban and industrial waste O and the Center for growth and reproductive hormones in generation and particularly application Environmental Technology and humans and animals. Because EDCs of agricultural pesticides) in EDC Sustainable Development (CETASD), are resistant to natural degradation pollution of coastal areas. In addition Hanoi, jointly held an international processes, they persist as pollutants to several Vietnamese leaders in EDC symposium on Endocrine Disrupting and accumulate in the environment in research, experts from Europe, Chemicals (EDCs). The symposium, increasing levels through the food Canada and the United States “Tracing Pollutants From chain. East Asian coastal ecosystems, presented the most recent research on Agrochemical Use: Focus on EDC and the communities that depend on the problem. Researchers from China, Pollution,” was the fourth in a series them, are being affected by EDC Japan, the Republic of Korea, of symposiums under a UNU pollution from a wide variety of land- Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, programme focusing on based sources. Increased usage of Thailand and Viet Nam then discussed Environmental Pollution and agricultural chemicals, in particular, is the status of coastal pollution in their Governance in the East Asian introducing significant levels of EDCs respective countries – based on “Coastal Hydrosphere” – the region’s into coastal and freshwater systems in experiences from a monitoring effort freshwater and seawater coastal the region. that has been undertaken with support environments and the natural living Symposium participants from from Shimadzu Corporation (Japan) resources contained in them. East Asia and invited experts from as part of the UNU Coastal EDCs encompass a broad range around the world discussed the role of Hydrosphere project. of chemicals that can interfere with various land-based emission sources UNU launches new project on forestry n 1–3 July 2002, the UNU, in institutions as well as O cooperation with the European major bilateral donor Forest Institute, University of agencies acting in forest Joensuu-Silva Network (Finland) and sector development, under Lithuanian Agricultural University, the auspices of the UN held an international symposium in Secretariat for Sustainable Kaunas, Lithuania. The symposium, Development in New which was attended by policy makers, York, have been involved researchers and representatives of with the design of the various governmental and non- National Forestry governmental organizations and Programme concept. The industry, marked the inauguration of a aim of this international new project on “Research and process, which has been Capacity Development for National underway for Forestry Programmes in Countries approximately ten years, is with Economies in Transition.” to build an institutional The objective of the symposium framework and guidelines was to clarify the status of for sustainable forest development and implementation of sector-based development, National Forestry Programmes in both direct and indirect and relation to the environment and through various forms of transitional processes. Countries in protection and utilization. transition face major problems in their The new project forest research, higher education and involves representatives capacity building. Some of these from 28 countries as well problems are sector-specific while as several international others are due to the overall socio- organizations. The project economic situation. will support the The symposium enabled development of forestry- Participants of the International Symposium visiting the highly participants to share lessons already related regional networks productive and protective larch forest stands (Larix Europea) in learned about how best to solve the and research projects in Degsne, Lithuania, which were planted in the 19th century. The problems and foster development. The countries with economies average height of the trees is 43 metres, and the average diameter is 52 centimetres. (Photo by L. Jansky, UNU) programme included four sessions as in transition, with specific well as field excursions. emphasis on the All of the main multilateral UN geographical region encompassing Central European and Baltic states. agencies and international financing Russia and Central Asian, Balkan, 2 Africa Day symposium focuses on regional integration n 23 May, to celebrate Africa O Day 2002, the UNU joined with the African Diplomatic Corps in Tokyo (ADC) to host a symposium on “Integrating Africa: Regional Integration and Infrastructure Development” at the UN House in Tokyo. The purpose of the symposium was to familiarize stakeholders in Japan with the background and substance of regional integration efforts in Africa, and to provide concrete examples from the areas of transport and information & communications technologies. The symposium was also intended to Mr. Emmanuel Ondo-Methogo, Vice Prime Minister of Gabon, giving a keynote speech at the Africa Day 2002 Symposium. provide input to the on-going New Partnership for African Development keynote speeches. There were ADC to celebrate the founding of the (NEPAD) initiative as well as the June additional presentations by Organization of African Unity (OAU). G8 Summit in Kananaskis, Canada, government representatives from This 2002 symposium was and next year’s Tokyo International Senegal and Japan as well as UNDP, particularly significant because it was Conference on African Development the Japan Institute for International held at the time when the OAU was (TICAD). Affairs, Université du Quebec being transformed into the new H.E. Mr. Emmanuel Ondo- (Montreal) and African regional African Union, and African Methogo, Vice
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