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2 African Women in Diplomacy Selected Perspectives from Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa and Zimbabwe SELECTED PERSPECTIVES FROM KENYA, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE 2 AFRICAN WOMEN IN DIPLOMACY SELECTED PERSPECTIVES FROM KENYA, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE Table of Contents 5 6 7 8 FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABBREVIATIONS PREFACE 9 15 15 20 CHAPTER 1: CHAPTER 2: 2.1 2.2 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL REVIEW AFRICAN REVIEW METHODOLOGY WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND POLITICS 23 29 30 32 2.3 CHAPTER 3: 3.1 3.2 GLOBAL WOMEN IN WOMAN IN WOMEN IN INTERVENTIONS AND DIPLOMACY AND THE DIPLOMACY: GLOBAL DIPLOMACY: OBSERVED PROGRESS DOUBLE BIND REVIEW AFRICA REVIEW IN SOME AFRICAN DILEMMA COUNTRIES 33 39 50 55 3.3 CHAPTER 4: CHAPTER 5: CHAPTER 6: THE DOUBLE BIND WOMEN’S WOMEN’S WOMEN’S DILEMMA EMPOWERMENT IN EMPOWERMENT IN EMPOWERMENT IN KENYA RWANDA SOUTH AFRICA 63 72 77 81 CHAPTER 7: CHAPTER 8: BIBLIOGRAPHY ABOUT THE AUTHORS WOMEN’S CONCLUSION EMPOWERMENT IN ZIMBABWE AFRICAN WOMEN IN DIPLOMACY 3 SELECTED PERSPECTIVES FROM KENYA, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE List of Tables Table 2.1(a) World and regional averages of women in parliaments, 1995 and 2018 15 Table 2.1(b) Female heads of government or state as at January 2018 16 Table 2.1(c) Women leaders in the United Nations as at January 2019 19 Table 2.2(a) African women representation in parliaments as at November 2018 22 Table 2.2(b) Women in lower or single houses after parliamentary elections in 2017 23 Table 2.3 MDG 3 Progress in Kenya, Rwanda, Zimbabwe and South Africa 24 Table 3.1(a) List of female foreign ministers as at September 2018 31 Table 3.2(a) Percentage of women ambassadors/high commissioners in selected African countries, 33 May 2018 Table 4:1 Women representation in the National Assembly in Kenya 1963 – 2017 42 Table 4.2 Participation in key decision-making positions by sex 2015 – 2016 46 Table 5.1 MDG 3 targets and indicators in Rwanda 53 Table 6.4 South African women representation in international political leadership 62 List of Figures Figure 2.1 Percentage of women in Parliament 15 Figure 2.2 Female heads of state or government by 31 March 2019 17 Figure 3.1 Proportion of female heads of mission in selected countries 32 Figure 6.1 Bill of Rights provisions for gender equality in South Africa 56 Figure 6.2 Female workforce representations across organisations 58 Figure 6.3 Representation of women in the South African Parliament, January 2019 59 Figure 7.2 Status of both genders in public leadership positions, Zimbabwe 67 Figure 7.3 Non-corporate sectors, 2013 68 4 AFRICAN WOMEN IN DIPLOMACY SELECTED PERSPECTIVES FROM KENYA, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE Foreword This book is a fine contribution to the literature on women in development in general, and women in diplomacy in particular. It captures the perspectives of women practitioners in diplomacy, working as they are in Canada, a country with a track record in the promotion of gender rights and equality in both its domestic and foreign policy priorities. Canada’s new Feminist Foreign Policy, unveiled in 2017 has resonated around the world with remarkable symphony as major countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany and France promptly responded by designating women, Ambassadors to Canada for the first time. The book also comes after the then Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada, the Honourable Chrystia Freeland, and the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice President of the European Commission, Ms. Federica Mogherini, co- hosted the Women Foreign Ministers’ Meeting on 21 and 22 September 2018 in Montreal, Canada, to discuss among other issues, women’s empowerment, political participation and leadership. I sincerely commend and congratulate the authors of this important book. Their voices and vision are powerful pointers to the onward march of African women in conquering power, championing and contributing to the causes of peace, progress and prosperity in the world. The insights and inspiration to be derived from this topical publication are both refreshing and rewarding. Readers will do well to remember with Marcel Proust that: “The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeing new landscapes, but in having new eyes”. Anu’a-Gheyle Solomon Azoh-Mbi (Cameroon High Commissioner) AFRICAN WOMEN IN DIPLOMACY 5 SELECTED PERSPECTIVES FROM KENYA, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE Co-authors: High Commissioner Sibongiseni Dlamini-Mntambo, Ambassador Jane Kerubo, Ms Shakilla Umutoni and Ambassador Florence Chideya Acknowledgements This book celebrates and shines a light on African women • The former Ambassador of the Republic of Ethiopia, within the context of gender considerations in general in Her Excellency Birtukan Ayano Dadi, who was at the as much as it relates to their empowerment potential and helm and provided the requisite liaison with Carleton matters diplomatic. University. • The Dean of the Diplomatic corps, High Commissioner The authors are highly appreciative of the number of of Cameroon, His Excellency Anu’a-Gheyle Solomon people who displayed their interests in one way or the Azoh-Mbi, who readily reviewed the manuscript. other. From the onset, the authors derived special benefits • Vidal Chavannes and Marilyn Farquharson, who from a number of quarters, however, special thanks to: painstakingly reviewed the fine content of the • The late Professor Pius Adesanmi, former Director manuscript. • of the Institute of African Studies, Carleton University Public Diplomacy at Dirco, South Africa for the design and layout Ottawa, Canada, who took a great interest in the topic. His enthusiasm in collaborating with the authors on the All these efforts resulted in this book. Conference on 18 May 2017 led to the idea to delve deeper into the topic of gender in diplomacy and the Many thanks also go to the authors’ respective implications thereof. governments for providing the necessary information • Dr Wangui Kimari, who diligently assisted with the upon request. While the authors acknowledge the literature review related to the general empowerment assistance received from various people and groups, they of women. take full responsibility for the contents of the publication. • The Ottawa-based African Group of Ambassadors and Any shortcomings in the book are by no means the fault High Commissioners with the active collaboration of of anyone other than the authors. the network of the African Women Diplomatic Forum (AWDF). 6 AFRICAN WOMEN IN DIPLOMACY SELECTED PERSPECTIVES FROM KENYA, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE Abbreviations AfDB African Development Bank AGDI African Gender and Development Index AIS African Institute of Studies ANC African National Congress AU African Union AWDF African Women Diplomatic Forum BWASA Business Women‘s Association of South Africa BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CEDAW Convention of the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women CGE Commission on Gender Equality CODESA Convention for a Democratic South Africa COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CREAW Centre for Rights Education and Awareness CUSO Canadian University Service Overseas DIRCO Department of International Relations and Cooperation DA Democratic Alliance EAC East African Community ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FIDA Federation of Women Lawyers GDP Gross Domestic Product ICC International Criminal Court IGCLR International Conference on the Great Lakes Region IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union J-P GEWE Joint Programme for Gender and Women Empowerment KBC Kenya Broadcasting Cooperation KEWOPA Kenya Women’s Parliamentary Association MDG Millennium Development Goal MIGEPROF Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion MP Member of Parliament NCOP National Council of Provinces NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGEC National Gender and Equality Commission NGM National Gender Machinery PROWEB Professional Resources Organisation of Women and Executive Bureau RNCYPT Regional Network of the Children and Young People’s Trust RPSA Rwandan Patriotic Army SADC Southern African Development Community SDGEA Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa SOE State-Owned Enterprise UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNSCR United Nations Security Council Resolution USA United States of America WCoZ Women’s Coalition of Zimbabwe WDS Women Diplomatic Service WUA Women’s University in Africa ZIMASSET Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Social Economic Transformation ZWRCN Zimbabwe Women’s Resource Centre and Network AFRICAN WOMEN IN DIPLOMACY 7 SELECTED PERSPECTIVES FROM KENYA, RWANDA, SOUTH AFRICA AND ZIMBABWE Preface ‘No beard grows upon my cheeks But in my heart I carry a sword … The battle sword for bread and honour Against the poverty which pains my mother’s heart’ Vincent (2001:6z1 GWV) Globally, much has been written about the status of other states. Not much has been documented on the women’s empowerment and gender equality in various introduction of diplomacy as a discipline; the little available institutional sectors. Such sectors include, but are not literature on the subject seems to highlight that diplomacy limited to, trade and commerce, government and politics, mainly served to avert wars and to foster negotiations and science and technology. While some progress has between and among nations. For decades, diplomacy been reported, the pace has been glacial. and international politics have been fields associated with, and reserved for, men. Looking at nations across the world, statistics show that a number of African countries have made impressive Consequently, little research has been conducted on strides in women’s parliamentary representation. Today, women’s participation and successes in international Africa stands as a global leader in this area. For example, diplomacy and foreign policy. Most of the studies that have in 2019, Rwanda took the lead in women’s participation been conducted on women in diplomacy are country- in parliamentary representation at 62%. According to specific and limited to the Ministry of Foreign/International the United Nations (UN), many countries have sought to Affairs within that country.
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