VELUX GROUP DAYLIGHT & ARCHITECTURE NIGHT TOWARDS DAY SPRING 2016 MAGAZINE BY ISSUE 25 10 EURO

1 NIGHT TOWARDS DAY

The natural light from the night sky is The consequences for ecosystems are almost impossible for most of us to see or severe: animals − bats, migrant birds, even even to imagine: the stars spread shimmer- fish – are affected by our culture that ‘turns ing above, the low pulse of a reddish moon night into day’. So are human sleep patterns, setting in the west, stars from one horizon as the American historian, A. Roger Ekirch, to the other, dancing white with shades of has found out. In his article, he explains orange and blue, and green and gold. how human sleep has become compressed What natural light experiences and expo- to a point where many of us are now facing sure do people need in order to live? And how health problems due to insomnia. do we consider and cope with darkness at It is time to rediscover the magic of night? These are key questions in this issue the night. Architecture can play a signif- of Daylight/Architecture Magazine, which icant role in this effort, serving as a tool celebrates natural light in its 25th edition as for perception and engagement with our the VELUX Group celebrates its 75th anni- physical surroundings. Buildings are expe- versary of bringing light to life. In 1941, the rienced differently through natural light by founder of the VELUX Group, Villum Kann day and by night and, in particular, at twi- Rasmussen, came up with the idea of trans- light − the transition from night to day. We forming dark attics into living spaces with asked two photographers, Adam Mørk and daylight and fresh air. Since then, it has been ­Daniel Blaufuks, to explore four buildings, our fundamental mission to improve the way each of which has a unique relationship to we all live in our homes, the way our children the natural light entering it. Roof windows thrive at school and the way light and venti- and skylights are important providers of lation are integrated in our workplaces. the daylight and moonlight that enlighten How do we engage, experience and our lives around the clock. The unique pho- thrive on daylight, moonlight and starlight tographs show that natural light is always in the buildings in which we live, work and around us, even in places that we would nor- play? Living in a 24-hour society, we mod- mally consider dark. ern human beings can turn night into day, This issue of Daylight/Architecture cel- and vice versa, by illuminating the night and ebrates natural light − prioritising bet- pushing daylight out of indoor spaces. We ter living environments for people and our spend 90% of our time in buildings − this earths’ ecosystems with daylight, twilight effects our health, our social life − and the and moonlight. earth’s ecosystems, Wishing you an enlightening read – and Standing outside on a dark night and gaz- plenty of “starry, starry nights”. ing at myriads of stars has become a rare event today. Light pollution − the man-made The VELUX Group sky glow above the urbanised areas of the world − is blinding our eyes to the magic of natural moonlight and starlight, as the American writer Paul Bogard explains in this issue. More than half the people living in Europe and North America cannot even see the Milky Way from where they live.

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Around the turn of the 21st century, a ‘nonstop cul- ture’ is increasingly spreading across the globe. The NIGHT AND SLEEP – historian Roger Ekirch explains how it developed A BRIEF OVERVIEW and looks back to a time when European societies lived largely without artificial light. His article pro- vides an account of the surprisingly rich night life in former centuries and explains how well people were Why do we sleep? What happens if we don’t? How equipped to navigate the night with the help of the do human sleeping patterns vary with sex and age? moon and the stars alone. How does light at night, and a variety of social fac- tors, influence sleep patterns? Answers are provided VELUX Editorial 1 in this collection of facts and graphics about the Contents 2 “golden chain that ties health and our bodies to- The magic of the night 7 gether,” as the British poet Thomas Decker once The night side of life 18 called human sleep. 56 sunrises – Sports hall in Klaus 22 A view of the sky – Conversion of a stable in Tschagguns 31 The future is green – Hotel extension in Rønne 36 Activity hub for everyone – Sports and multipurpose hall in Copenhagen 47 Night, what art thou good for 56 Night and sleep – a brief overview 74 Photography index 82

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THE NIGHT SIDE OF LIFE

7 22 31 36 47 Human beings need the natural rhythms of light and THE MAGIC OF THE NIGHT dark to maintain a stable sleep/wake rhythm. Many other species, too, rely on dark nights and the dim SEEING LIGHT – light of the stars for orientation, search of food, and UNDERSTANDING LIFE important cues about the time of year and day. This article highlights some of the natural wonders of the The view of the night sky is an inexhaustible source night – and shows what is at stake with the increas- of inspiration; it has led poets and scientists, paint- ing proliferation of man-made light. Even in urban environments, natural phenomena are ers and everyday people to reflect on what it means all around us: the fresh morning breeze, rain running to be human. Yet this sight has become rare in our down a window pane, sunlight reflected on a roof time. “Too often, we in cities forget that night is half or the full moon in the night sky. How can architec- our life, half the day, half the world,” writes Paul ture sharpen our senses to these phenomena? And Bogard in his article. He argues for a new culture of what will be the consequences for our apprehension lighting design that is grounded in an appreciation of nature and for our self-consciousness? Inspired of natural light both at day and during the night. by these questions, the photographers Adam Mørk and Daniel Blaufuks visited four buildings in Den- mark and Austria at different times of night and day, tracing the natural light in and around them and ex- ploring the atmospheres that it creates.

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When viewing the night sky, most of us feel an intimate connection to the universe. Yet starry skies and moonlit nights have become increasingly rare for city-dwellers today. Given the harm that too much light at night is inflicting on human beings and ecosystems, it is time to reconsider our relationship to the ‘nocturnal side’ of our lives and our culture.

By Paul Bogard

6 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 7 “If the stars should appear one night in a always there, awaiting our return, its for humans and other creatures to be ex- dusk and dawn). All are threatened by at night, and we use light in ways that thousand years, how would men believe power to shape our dreams and beliefs We have taken what was once one posed to at night, as blue wavelengths our increasing use of light at night. As an actually make us less safe and secure. It’s and adore; and preserve for many genera- and myths as strong as ever − if only we of the most common of human tell our bodies to ‘wake up,’ and confuse Italian scientist told me, “We have levels important to understand that light is not tions the remembrance of the city of God would remember. experiences − walking outside and our circadian rhythm, the 24-hour inter- of light hundreds of times higher than the problem – it’s how we use it that’s the which had been shown!” coming face to face with the nal rhythm that orchestrates our body’s the natural level during the night. What problem. Think, for example, of the way − Ralph Waldo Emerson (1836) An ever brighter planet universe − and made it one of the physical health. A good analogy is to think would happen if we modified the day and bright lights make it harder for our eyes Of course we live in a time so different most rare. of our body as an orchestra with each of lowered the light a hundred times?” His to see at night. This can often happen from Emerson’s. Because of artificial our organs a musical instrument and point is that “you cannot modify light half when we are driving, which can increase The sight is almost impossible now for light, we no longer know natural night. our circadian rhythm the conductor. If the time without consequences.” the danger of an accident. Also, bright most of us to imagine: the natural lights of Satellite views of Earth after dark show the conductor is confused, the whole or- A few examples of these consequences lights cast shadows where criminals can the night sky spread shimmering above, vast areas of North America, Europe, chestra will be affected. include impacts to birds, sea turtles and hide − they can see us as we walk down the low pulse of a reddish moon setting the Middle East and Asia saturated with Second, exposure to artificial light at insects. Most birds actually migrate at the street but we can’t see them in the in the west, stars from one horizon to electric light. As cities and towns grow night contributes to sleep disorders. In night, and light pollution confuses them shadows. And finally, bright light creates the other dancing white with shades of ever brighter, even rural areas have lost the 21st century, more and more people, and draws them into danger. Birds collide the illusion of safety, so that we think we orange and blue, and green and gold. It is much of their natural night. Sadly, almost especially those living in cities, are report- with lights, circle lights until they die of are safe when actually we might not be. a sight that for all of human history has nowhere in our world is getting darker, ing problems with getting enough sleep exhaustion, or are drawn into cities and No one is saying we should not have inspired painters, writers, musicians, po- and almost everywhere else is growing or enough good sleep. This lack of sleep is collide with buildings. Similarly, sea tur- artificial light at night. But too often our ets, storytellers, philosophers, scientists brighter. We have taken what was once contributing to making many of us sick. tles have evolved over hundreds of mil- use of light at night is irresponsible and and dreamers. It is a sight that has forever one of the most common of human ex- Sleep researchers see a strong relation- lions of years to hatch on beaches at night wasteful. What we really need is thought- helped define what it means to be human. periences − walking outside and coming ship between ‘long light’ − the increased and to crawl toward the brightest light on ful and intelligent lighting that helps us to And it is a sight that, thanks to light pollu- face to face with the universe − and made amount of artificial light in our lives − and the horizon. For hundreds of millions of see at night, rather than simply blasting tion (our overuse and misuse of artificial it one of the most rare. ‘short sleep,’ the reduced amount and years, the brightest lights were the natu- light everywhere. light at night), we have largely lost. But we are foolish if we think that light quality of sleep. Researchers have linked ral lights of the moon and stars over the I have been lucky. I grew up in Min- pollution is only a problem for people a lack of sleep with an increased risk for ocean, but now the brightest lights are Preserving the night: a strategy nesota, and my family has a cabin near a who love the stars. For example, experts obesity, diabetes and depression. often the hotels and streetlights—and The good news is that light pollution is lake in the northern part of the state. All estimate that more than $100 billion Third, and perhaps most troubling, so the baby turtles crawl away from the readily within our ability to control. my life, for days or weeks at a time, I have (US) is wasted worldwide each year on scientists have discovered a link between ocean and to their death. Finally, lights visited this cabin and known real, natu- light pollution. Human physical health artificial light at night and an increased draw insects to their deaths in huge num- 1. ral night. I mean night without artificial is endangered, as are the ecosystems on risk for breast and prostate cancer. It bers. A new light set in a previously dark Architects, planners, and lighting de- lights everywhere cutting off our view which we rely. Perhaps most surprising, turns out that we produce the hormone area draws insects toward it, and in so do- signers can learn and understand the of the heavens. I mean the Milky Way our heavy use of artificial light actually melatonin only in darkness − many call it ing eliminates them from the ecosystem. importance of natural light at night and stretching overhead, the Aurora Borea- reduces our safety and security. “the darkness hormone”− and that expo- Because so many other species rely on the problems of light pollution, and can lis (Northern Lights) flashing its curtains The good news? Through our lighting sure to artificial light at night impedes its insects as food, when the insects die the emphasise natural lighting at night in and capes along the northern horizon, designs and the designs of our buildings, production. Researchers have found that entire food chain is harmed. We are only their designs and minimise the problems shooting stars scratching straight lines the magic of the night can be returned. a lack of melatonin in the bloodstream in- beginning to understand how damaging created by the overuse and misuse of ar- across the sky, and moonlight so bright We can enjoy the benefits of artificial creases the risk that cancers may develop, light pollution is for the environment, tificial light. it’s possible to read. In researching my light without sacrificing the natural light or develop further. When so many other but one thing is for certain: life on earth book, The End of the Night, I travelled to that has long been half our lives. things in our modern lives increase our evolved with bright days and dark nights, 2. places such as the Sahara Desert in Mo- risk of cancer, why would we want to add and every living thing needs darkness for We can shield our lights. In fact, simply rocco and Death Valley in California, to Light at night – a threat to human health? unnecessarily to those risks by exposing optimal health. by doing so we could cut light pollution witness night skies so plush they seemed When it comes to light at night, we live ourselves to artificial light at night? in half overnight. Shielding our lights almost unreal. I am convinced that the in a dynamic age. More and more cities Why brighter is not always better means making sure that they are only natural lights of a starry sky and moon- are replacing their electric lighting with Nocturnal ecosystems But don’t we need all this light for safety shining toward the ground rather than light remain vitally important to our LEDs (light emitting diodes). But in the Light pollution is also harming our en- and security? In fact, while some light can into the sky, into our eyes or into our modern culture. With its ability to awe long run, these new lights may actually vironment. Some 30 per cent of ver- help us be safer and more secure, more neighbours’ windows. The best time to and amaze, to draw out our instincts to make things worse because they contain tebrate species, and more than 60 per light does not automatically mean more do this, of course, is during the initial in- imagine and contemplate, the night with high levels of what is called “blue-rich cent of invertebrates, are nocturnal and safety. Unfortunately, we think it does; stallation of lights, by choosing fixtures its natural lights is like a faithful friend, white light. ” This is the worst kind of light many more are crepuscular (active at so we use unnecessary amounts of light that shine light only downward. We also

8 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 9 10 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 11 12 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 13 can choose lighting fixtures that are pro- Towards a new culture of lighting design grammed to dim or go off entirely during Too often, we in cities forget that night is certain times of the night. half our life, half the day, half the world. I believe that we all share an instinctual 3. love for the beauty of the earth, but be- We can work within our communities. cause we have become so cut off from Whenever new lights are part of a build- nature, we are not as concerned as we ing design, we can make sure they are might be about what is happening. We ‘night-sky friendly’ lights that shine only are so cut off from natural darkness, for toward the ground. We can work to make example, that we do not realise what we sure that our government, schools, busi- are losing as we flood our nights with ar- nesses, towns and cities choose lights tificial electric light. that do not contribute to the problem. Light at night has always been incred- There is no reason to install new lights ibly symbolic to human culture. A light that shine into the sky or into our eyes. in the distance can mean welcome and With older lights, we can demand that warmth, home and hearth. The natural they be shielded or turned off. Old lights lights above can mean inspiration and eventually burn out and must be re- beauty. But in a world awash in too much placed, so we can make sure that when artificial light, the main message we send they are replaced they are replaced with is that we are wasteful and unthinking. lights that reduce the problem of light Light pollution reflects a culture that pollution rather than make it worse. cares little for the magic of the night − or, in general, for our use of the earth’s lim- All of these actions first require aware- ited resources. ness that light pollution is a problem. On the other hand, building and light- Twenty years ago, most people had never ing designs that welcome the natural heard of this concept, but that is rapidly lights of the night, that keep artificial light changing. In a time of tight budgets and to a minimum, that are thoughtfully and increasing concern over climate dis- intelligently lit, reflect a culture that rec- ruption, addressing light pollution is a ognises that the world’s resources need relatively easy way of saving money and conserving. When we light our nights reducing our carbon footprint. Cities with thought and care, we enhance the and villages in Europe and the US are beauty of the cities and towns in which leading the way in reducing their use of we live, and we make it possible for the light. Even at the national level there is magic of the night to reappear. action, as France instituted country-wide lighting regulations in 2012 to cut carbon emissions, save money, and preserve the Paul Bogard is a writer and assistant professor of nocturnal atmosphere. Organisations English at James Madison University in Harrison- like the International Dark-Sky Associa- burg, Virginia, USA. He is the author of The End of tion are dedicated to raising awareness of Night: Searching for Natural Darkness in an Age light pollution worldwide. In short, there of Artificial Light, and editor of the anthology Let There Be Night: Testimony on Behalf of the Dark, are so many reasons to control light pol- a collection of essays by twenty-eight wonder- lution and virtually no reasons to let it ful writers on the value of darkness and the costs grow. We can use artificial light respon- of light pollution. In September 2015, Paul ­Bogard sibly and thoughtfully while respecting was a key speaker at the VELUX Daylight Sym- the natural lights of the night. posium in London. Find him at paul-bogard.com.

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Most animal and plant species on our planet have evolved to be adapted to the regular shift from light to dark. They need the night for rest and orientation, for their habitat and shelter. The continually increasing amount of artificial light in our cities during the hours of night is therefore not just an aesthetic problem; it also has serious repercussions for the ecosystems of our planet and for human health.

By Jakob Schoof

WHEN NIGHT BECOMES DAY AN ECOSYSTEM CHANGED THE STARS AS GUIDES BY LIGHT Only one third of people live in areas Migratory birds are among the most mo- where the sky they see at night is truly Almost 80 % of all butterflies and moths bile creatures in existence. Some species dark. This figure is much lower for West- and 60 % of all beetles are nocturnal. cover distances of more than 20,000 kilo- ern Europe and North America where it Their eyes are immeasurably more sen- metres on their annual migration. To do stands at significantly less than 10 per- sitive to light compared to the human this, some species use the polarisation of cent. More than half the people living in eye. Certain moths can still perceive sunlight to orientate themselves. Others these regions cannot even see the Milky colour on nights with a new moon and only travel at night, using the stars as their Way at night because their residential only starlight to help them. On very dark guides. They also have an inner compass environment is so brightly lit. And light nights, bright lights exert an almost magi- that registers the Earth’s magnetic field. emissions are constantly becoming cal attraction on insects. A single street Scientists now suspect that this compass stronger. According to some estimates, lamp will attract insects within a radius is sited in the birds’ vision system. Spe- they have increased by 3 – 6 % annually of 500 – 700 metres, a veritable ‘vacuum cial light receptors allow them to convert in industrial countries. In those areas of cleaner’ effect. Because street lamps are magnetic signals into visual information. the world still playing catch-up in terms usually positioned at regular intervals of Bright light at the wrong time can lead of electrification, this figure is as high as 30 – 50 metres, well lit streets constitute birds astray, as was demonstrated in an 20 per cent every year. an almost insurmountable barrier for in- experiment carried out on a high-rise But even in industrialised countries sects. As insects form the base of the ‘food building in Bonn. Two thirds of all birds the contrast between urban and rural pyramid’ that other species rely upon to that flew through the beam of light emit- areas is extreme; comparative measure- survive, this can have serious effects on ted by a floodlight placed on the building’s ments taken in 2015 showed that the local ecosystems. roof deviated from their original course night sky over Dutch conurbations was by more than 45 degrees; some of them more than 10,000 times brighter than even turned around. Measurements us- the sky above the Arizona desert. This ing target tracking radar showed that, difference is particularly pronounced even afterwards, the birds did not correct when skies are overcast; the layer of their flight direction. cloud above cities acts as a reflector of light, while in thinly populated areas the clouds deflect the light of the moon and stars away from the Earth.

18 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 19 LIGHT BARRIERS UNDER WHAT’S FLOWERING HERE? HUMANS AND THEIR WATER CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Many plants also use daylight for orienta- Every autumn, the European eel begins tion. The sprouting of leaves, the start of The impact of light on our inner clock is its migration from Europe’s rivers to the flowering season, the falling of leaves best explained by the British neurologist, the Sargasso Sea off the coast of North in autumn, and the growth rates of plants Russell Foster: ”Under normal condi- America to spawn. The eels move almost are regulated by the amount of daily ex- tions, we experience a 24-hour pattern exclusively at night. Even low light inten- posure to light. This phenomenon is also of light and dark, and our circadian clock sities – for example, from street lamps known as photoperiodism. Plants are ca- uses this signal to align biological time on bridges or the banks of streams – can pable of precisely registering the length to the day and night ... Body tempera- interfere with or delay the eels’ progress. of days to within 10 to 15 minutes. For ture drops, blood pressure decreases, The consequences for the European eel some plant species, even full moon nights cognitive performance drops and tired- are similar to those reported for migra- have a biological impact. ness increases in anticipation of going tory birds − migration requires more time While some types of flowers respond to bed. Whilst before dawn, metabolism and energy, which jeopardises the repro- to the lengthening of the days in spring, is geared-up in anticipation of increased ductive success. others only start to flower in the autumn activity when we wake. when the days become shorter. For the Few of us appreciate this internal latter species of plant, the emission of world, seduced by an apparent freedom to artificial light at night, even if only for a sleep, work, eat, drink, or travel when we few minutes, may be sufficient to prevent want. But this freedom is an illusion; in re- them from flowering. ality we are not free to act independently of the biological order that the circadian clock imparts. We are unable to perform with the same efficiency throughout the 24h day. Life has evolved on a planet that experiences profound changes in light over the 24h day and our biology antici- pates these changes and needs to be ex- EARLY RISERS IN THE CITY posed to the natural pattern of light and dark to function properly.“ Blackbirds living in towns are active for around 40 more minutes every day than blackbirds living in the country. In extreme cases – for example, in winter when the time of natural daylight is par- ticularly short – the difference between the two groups can be as much as five hours. Scientists primarily blame envi- ronmental factors such as artificial light- ing and the noise levels in cities for these differences. But ornithologists have found that light also affects the mating behaviour of birds. Light at night can result in the testes of male birds maturing up to one month earlier and female birds may start nesting three weeks earlier. Even rela- tively low illumination levels of 0.3 lux, which correspond to around one twenti- eth of the brightness of a street lamp, can be enough to trigger this effect.

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56 SUNRISES Sports hall in Klaus

Architectural design, ecological aspira- tions and a high standard of education enter into a close symbiosis in the Aus- trian federal state of Vorarlberg. The secondary school in Klaus conceived by Dietrich | Untertrifaller set standards in this regard as long as 14 years ago. For the young people who use it, the classrooms and corridors of the energy-efficient timber building offer plenty of room for movement and an abundant supply of daylight. The architects have now sup- plemented the school with a gymnastics and multipurpose hall that is based on the same planning principles. Towards the street, the new annex is closed off by a windowless wall with timber cladding, but the interior spaces allow daylight to stream in. In the main corridor, which separates the sports hall in the south from the group rooms in the north, a continuous strip of skylights opens up a clear view of the sky. Above the hall, a cross-laminat- ed timber girder grid supports the roof and admits daylight at the same time. Between the roof beams, the architects inserted 56 ‘daylight pyramids’ made of birch plywood, each of which has a flat roof window at the top. Neighbouring pyramids always have different cross- sections so that daylight is evenly distrib- uted throughout the hall, irrespective of where the sun stands in the sky. Some of the flat roof windows can be opened elec- trically, which makes them an essential component in the ventilation concept of the building.

Location: Treietstrasse 17, Klaus, Austria Client: Municipality of Klaus Architects: Dietrich | Untertrifaller, Bregenz Daylighting design: teamgmi, Schaan

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A VIEW OF THE SKY Conversion of a stable in Tschagguns

Like many Alpine locations, the Vorarl- berg municipality of Tschagguns lives primarily from tourism, whereas farming is on the retreat. In some cases, however, at least the architectural heritage of the past can be saved. Such is the case with a stable from the end of the 19th century that architect Bernard Breuer has con- verted into a home. The existing building had a beautifully ornate wooden facade that had been blackened by the weather over time. At its north-east corner, it featured a solid ashlar base − the other facades were made of simple wooden boards, through the cracks of which the wind would whistle. Behind this old shell, Bernhard Breuer inserted new interior walls and ceilings with surgical precision, mainly making use of traditional carpentry techniques. From the outside, the former stable can still be easily recognised but large win- dows with narrow frames now allow co- pious amounts of daylight into the living areas. There is also an abundance of light on the upper floor thanks to three roof windows. At night, the owners can con- template the unique starlit sky above the Alps through the same roof windows. The opposite side of the roof, which faces south-west, is used for energy gen- eration. Photovoltaic and solar thermal modules supply the house with electric- ity and meet a large part of the heating needs.

Location: Mühleweg 2, Tschagguns, Austria Client: Rosa Breuer Architect: Bernhard Breuer, Schruns

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THE FUTURE IS GREEN Conference center and hotel extension in Rønne

Nowhere in Denmark does the sun rise earlier than on Bornholm – and the Bal- tic Sea island would also like to be the first part of the country that meets its energy needs from completely carbon-neutral renewable sources. The ‘Green Solution House’ in the south of the island's main town, Rønne, is a lighthouse project for this turnaround. The former Hotel Ryt- tergården from 1973 has been renovated, supplemented with a congress centre and equipped with numerous forward-look- ing solutions from the fields of architec- ture and building technology. Three sus- tainability concepts were at the centre of the building design: DGNB certification, the cradle-to-cradle principle aimed at a circular flow economy, and the Active House Standard, which focusses on a healthy indoor climate and an excellent supply of daylight. The results of this strategy are appar- ent to visitors everywhere they go. In many places, recycled materials were used; there are carpets that clean the air and a small bioreactor in which al- gae are used to clean the hotel's waste water. Above all, however, daylight and the coastal landscape are omnipresent all round the inside of the building. The hotel rooms receive light through the flat roof windows and via the balconies, which have been fitted with new glass balustrades. Above the foyer, there is a folded glass roof composed of modular skylights, some of which are fitted with solar cells and thus contribute to the power supply. And thanks to large glass facades, the sunlight can exert its invig- orating effect on listeners and speakers even in the conference rooms.

Location: Strandvejen 79, Rønne, Denmark Architects: 3XN, Copenhagen Steenbergs Tegnestue, Rønne Sustainability consultants: GXN Innovation, Copenhagen

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ACTIVITY HUB FOR EVERYONE Sports and multipurpose hall in Copenhagen

The Arsenaløen island is located between the Copenhagen Opera and the hippie “free state” of Christiania in the centre of the Danish capital. Its current use corre- sponds well to this position between high culture and subculture. A ‘green oasis’ for everyone has now developed where, in former centuries, the Danish navy used to store weapons and ammunition. The sports fields are eagerly used by local schools and sports clubs, there is a camp- site for scouts in a small nearby woodland and, in summer, canoeists paddle along the many canals around Arsenaløen. Many of these activities are centred around ‘Hal C’, a two-storey building with red-painted timber cladding, which houses a large sports hall, a dance studio, fitness area and a large open conference room. Every day from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m., you can follow the hustle and bustle of students, athletes, visitors and passers- by in and outside the building. Whereas the dance studio and confer- ence room are located on the first floor, the latter with a sweeping view towards the city centre, the sports hall on the ground floor opens out onto the sports fields and the nearby canal via high windows on ei- ther side. External wooden shutters keep off direct sunlight and heat, so that the athletes inside benefit both from outside out and a pleasant indoor climate. This is further enhanced by four rows of modular skylights, which bring natu- ral daylight into the centre of the build- ing. Three of these are located above the sports hall while the fourth is positioned above the staircase to the first floor. All skylights are inclined 20° north and in- serted in deep light wells to prevent glare and ensure an even light distribution. Some of the modules can be opened for natural ventilation, providing a fresh indoor climate that is ideal for workout, public meetings and other cultural events.

Location: Arsenalvej 6, Copenhagen, Denmark Client: City of Copenhagen Architects: Christensen & Co. Arkitekter, Copenhagen

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Although night-time in the centuries before electric lighting often appeared fraught with danger, no other realm of ordinary life afforded so much autonomy and personal privacy to so many, including opportunities for human intimacy and self-reflection. With our 24-7 mindset and light pollution spreading across the globe, rather than rendering night-time more accessible, we are increasingly risking its gradual elimination. In John Dryden’s comedy Amphitryon (1690), the ancient deity Mercury demands of Night, “What art thou good for?” In view of the present trajectory of technological change, we might well pose the same question today.

By A. Roger Ekirch

56 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 57 Currently, we inhabit a nonstop culture. ness around midnight. In addition to per- Any number of metropolitan areas in the forming domestic tasks, making love and Before the twentieth century, the world, bathed in the glare of neon and reciting prayers, people emerged from sleep of Western families was mercury vapour, market themselves as their ‘first sleep’ to reflect upon nocturnal segmented, consisting of a ‘first 24-hour cities. Besides boasting all-night visions from which they often awakened. sleep’ and a ‘second sleep’ of television and radio, along with petrol Well before Sigmund Freud, Europeans roughly three to three and a half stations and supermarkets, evening has prized dreams for their personal insights, hours apiece bridged by an hour so become the primary time of employment including what they revealed of one’s rela- of wakefulness around midnight. for an expanding segment of the Western tionship with God. “Let the night teach us workforce, not to mention millions of what we are, and day what we should be,” people working a second job as ‘moon- wrote an English commentator in 1691. lighters.’ In the United States today, in an effort to stretch their waking hours, Animated nights in the past perhaps 30 per cent of adults average six Night was man’s first necessary evil, our or fewer hours of rest a night, while many oldest and most haunting terror. In the adolescents, encouraged by social media centuries before the Industrial Revolu- and the internet, reportedly disdain sleep tion, darkness seemingly conjured the as a waste of time. worst properties in man, nature and the Only in recent years have the costs of cosmos − brigands, rapacious beasts and our high-wattage lifestyle become clear – satanic demons were thought to lurk literally − in financially troubled cities in everywhere. Night, a sixteenth-century Europe and North America forced to re- poet remarked, by reviving the dead, duce their dependence on street lighting. threatened the living with death. “The In a Detroit suburb, a utility company tore night is no man’s friend,” warned a well- more than one thousand lamp posts from known adage. the ground. Joining cost-conscious com- It is a wonder that, with the initial munities in their concern are opponents of shades of darkness, men and women did light pollution. As leaders in the ‘Dark Sky’ not flee to their beds after barring doors movement, astronomers lament the diffi- and banking fires. And yet many people culties of probing a universe in which en- retreated neither to their chambers nor tire constellations have disappeared from even to their homes. Instead, they chose sight, replaced by a blank sky. Alternately, to work and play into the night, often the glare of outdoor lighting has inflicted gathering with kith and kin, swapping ecological damage upon plant and animal stories and neighbourhood gossip while life, with the disruption to migrating birds performing chores requiring minimal and young sea turtles just two of the conse- light – beating hemp, weaving baskets quences. More recently, scientific research and, in America, husking corn. A Swiss has identified a variety of health risks to pastor in 1699 complained, “In the even- humans due to artificial illumination at ing, when the sun is setting, the cattle night, including a heightened incidence returning from the field home to the of breast cancer, diabetes and obesity. stall, and the birds in the wood are falling Even our sleep, apart from being di- silent, man alone in his foolishness acts minished in length, has been altered. against nature.” Before the twentieth century, the sleep of Western families was segmented, con- Navigating the darkness – with all sisting of a ‘first sleep’ and a ‘second sleep’ of our senses of roughly three to three and a half hours Most men and women were surprisingly apiece bridged by an hour so of wakeful- well equipped to traverse nocturnal dark-

58 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 59 60 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 61 ness. When treading outdoors, they drew nature, was frequently known as the on a deep reservoir of popular lore as well ‘night season.’ Contrary to the dismissive On moonless nights, there was as an intimate awareness of their natural description of an English poet – “no occu- the natural light of the stars. surroundings. Beginning at an early age, pation but sleep, feed, and fart” – changes Besides appearing brighter than children committed to memory an in- occurred after dark not only in dress, diet today, stars, to the naked eye, timate map of their villages, including and social gatherings but also in popular were vastly more plentiful, likely every ditch, pond and graveyard, or in mores, including attitudes toward magic, totalling, on a clear evening, in towns and cities, shop signs, doorways, sexuality and the law. More than that, for excess of two thousand. and back alleys. Many, too, relied upon the greater part of the population, dark- the heavens for illumination. On moon- ness afforded a sanctuary from daily less nights, there was the natural light reality, the chance for men and women of the stars. Besides appearing brighter to express inner impulses and realise than today, stars, to the naked eye, were repressed desires in both their waking vastly more plentiful, likely totalling, on a hours and their dreams. A time, funda- clear evening, in excess of two thousand, mentally, of liberation and renewal, night with the Milky Way a broad swathe of gave free rein to the good-hearted as well white light, stretching from one horizon as the wicked, forces both salutary and to another. On the blackest nights, way- malignant in ordinary life. farers displayed a rough-hewn resource- While all social ranks enjoyed a greater fulness, relying upon hearing, touch and measure of personal autonomy, includ- smell rather than sight. Although the ing slumming noblemen in ramshackle large bulk of our sensory input today is alehouses, refugees from daylight more visual, sight’s sister senses for much of often included vagrants, the diseased and the pre-industrial era became critical at disabled, religious dissenters, homosexu- night. “The day has eyes, the night has als, servants and, in America, African- ears,” affirmed a Scottish proverb. Sounds American slaves, of whom one Southern represented the equivalent of aural land- master observed, “Night is their day” − all marks. Where wind and rain, by their rep- seeking, as a French saying went, to make etition, could help to reveal the contours “a hole in the night,” or, as a Spanish rabbi of a landscape, familiar noises afforded remarked, “to hide from the world.” For welcome wayposts, whether bleating the indigent and the dispossessed, light ewes, barking dogs or tolling church was not an unalloyed blessing nor dark- bells. Touch, on the other hand, enabled ness invariably a source of misery. Night individuals to navigate at close quarters. freed untold numbers from the control Visiting a patient without the aid of a lan- of their betters, allowing opportunities tern, the New England midwife Martha to engage in poaching, smuggling and Ballard removed her shoes to feel the wil- pilfering. Of Italian peasants, a poet com- derness path in her stockings. “Steerd as plained, “At night, they make their way strait a coarse as I could,” she recorded of as the owls and steal as robbers.” Despite her safe arrival. surveillance by landowners and masters, fields were too large, forests too dense Refugees from daylight and nights too dark. And, naturally, it was Nocturnal darkness prior to the Indus- at night that collective resistance occa- trial Revolution spawned a surprisingly sionally erupted against the established rich and vibrant culture, with many of its order, whether in the form of English own customs and rituals. Rather than a Luddites destroying farm machinery, ru- backdrop to daily existence, or a natural ral peasants resorting to arson, or slaves hiatus, evening, as a mark of its special in the Americas fomenting rebellion.

62 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 63 Making night into day and all other persons of bad life and dis- For the past three centuries, night-time turbers of public peace and security who has been besieged by the steadily ad- would break any lanterns.” In poor sec- vancing forces of light. Already by the tions of Georgian London, where lamps early 1700s, major European cities had hung by day, they were often knocked installed oil lamps on public streets to down by night. The lantern smashing curb rising fears over crime and urban that increasingly erupted during epi- disorder. At stake, in the view of civic sodes of political unrest, most notably functionaries, was the sovereignty of the the French Revolution, was but the most public arena. Who at night should rule: dramatic, if short-lived, expression of re- thieves, prostitutes and other urban riff- sistance. As weapons of government sur- raff, or their social superiors, including veillance, lamps fell victim in riots from members of an expanding bourgeoisie? Gothenburg to Milan for both symbolic In 1746, a Parisian proclaimed with de- as well as tactical reasons – rendering re- light, “the reign of the night is fi- cent efforts by modern municipalities to nally going to end.” extinguish street lights richly ironic. Set With the arrival of the Industrial in Paris during the upheavals of 1830, Vic- Revolution, accompanied by gas, then tor Hugo’s Les Misérables (1862) contains electric, lighting, and the rise of profes- a chapter entitled “The Street Urchin an sional police, ages of primordial darkness Enemy of Light,” depicting the lantern- were pushed back, much to the delight of smashing techniques of the orphan members of a public anxious to pacify ur- Gavroche in bourgeois neighbourhoods. ban spaces for both pleasure and profit. “Along with the réverbères,” stated a With little exaggeration, the author of subsequent account of the first night of Berlin Becomes a Metropolis remarked the July Revolution, “all other symbols in 1868, “Since the invention of gas light, of the treacherous king’s authority were our evening life has experienced an in- destroyed.” credible intensification, our pulse has accelerated, nervous excitation has been Dreams we have lost heightened.” Artificial illumination ar- None of this is to minimise, for all social guably became the mightiest symbol of classes, the dangers that darkness often modern progress. Thomas Edison’s in- posed, much less to applaud current ef- junction − “Put an undeveloped human forts to restrict urban lighting in finan- being into an environment where there is cially blighted cites. artificial light and he will improve” − car- Today, no longer are there witches ried the night along with the day. and wolves to fear, but research strongly Even so, public lighting from the out- suggests, as one might expect, the criti- set was never universally popular, a his- cal value of street lighting as a hindrance torical fiction too readily accepted given to both crime and automobile accidents. its longstanding association with social One reason for the full-scale removal of and economic progress. Street lights, metal posts from a Detroit suburb was in cities and rural towns, often invited the fear that they might be stolen if left scepticism at best among the society’s unlit, notwithstanding the assurances of ‘lower orders’. At worst, lamps made police that crime rates, as a consequence, easy targets, much to the frustration of would not rise. Certainly in the develop- urban authorities. After the installation ing world, public lighting, we should not of oil lights in Paris in 1667, an ordinance be surprised to hear, remains highly cov- threatened to imprison “pages, lackeys, eted by millions still bereft of electricity.

64 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 65 Already, the fanciful world of our dreams has grown more distant with the loss of segmented sleep and with it, a better understanding of our inner selves.

All the same, it is impossible not to feel technology, capable of penetrating the a deep pang of regret over the present inner recesses of the brain, has helped trajectory of technological change in the to obstruct our oldest path to the human absence of greater efforts to curb light psyche – “disannulled of our first sleep,” pollution. Increasingly, rather than ren- to paraphrase an early poet, ‘and cheated dering night-time more accessible, we of our dreams and fantasies.’ are risking its gradual elimination. In In the meantime, the heavens, our the early 1990s, the Russian government age-old source of awe and wonder, have even attempted to launch an experimen- been obscured by the glare of outdoor tal ‘space mirror’ designed to transform lighting. As will the immensity of night, night into twilight in selected northern which even today for those in remote latitudes with the aid of reflected light retreats yet confers a pronounced sense from the sun. (Not all potential benefi- of personal sovereignty. Historically, it ciaries, including many Canadians, wel- has been the heavens, after all, that have comed the prospect.) invited mortals’ grandest visions. Night Alternating cycles of darkness and traditionally knew no bounds. Goethe, light, regular respites from the daily round on a moonlit evening in Naples, felt of sights and sounds – all will be impaired “overwhelmed,” as he put it, “by a feeling by unregulated illumination. Ecological of infinite space.” And not just poets and systems, with their own rhythms of noc- philosophers. As an English labourer in turnal life, will suffer immeasurably. the eighteenth century exclaimed as he With darkness diminished, opportuni- trod home from an alehouse, “Would I ties for privacy, intimacy and self-reflec- had but as many fat bullocks as there are tion will continue to grow more scarce. stars.” To which, replied his companion, Among those to recognise the mixed “With all my heart, if I had but a meadow consequences of street lighting was the as large as the sky.” Today, no modern American philosopher Ralph Waldo Em- opponent of light pollution could put the erson in observing, “As gas light is found case more passionately. to be the best nocturnal police, so the uni- verse protects itself by pitiless publicity.” Already, the fanciful world of our dreams has grown more distant with the loss of segmented sleep and with it, a better understanding of our inner selves. By the early twentieth century, the bifur- cated sleep of our forebears, separated by an interval of wakefulness in which to ponder nocturnal visions, had grown compressed and consolidated, largely due to the impact of later bedtimes and A. Roger Ekirch, PhD, is an award-winning au- the physiological impact of artificial illu- thor and professor of history at Virginia Tech in mination upon the human body clock. the USA. His research focuses on early North With the transition to a seamless America and the British Isles but also includes the history of sleep – on which he wrote at pattern of slumber, countless numbers length in At Day’s Close: Night in Times Past lost touch with their dreams and, as a (W.W. Norton: New York, 2005), from which ex- consequence, a traditional avenue in cerpts have been included in this article. the still darkness to their deepest emo- tions. By turning night into day, modern © 2016 by A. Roger Ekirch

66 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 67 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Sleep and age

New born baby

1 year old

4 year old

10 year old

Adult

Elderly person

Sleep throughout the ages

Pre-industrial

Today's sleep on 23:08 6:18 working days

Influence of light at night

Workers in the Amazon 20:21 4:22 without electricity

Workers in the Amazon 21:01 4:30 with electricity

Influence of daylight

<1 hr exposure / day 22:40 6:09

>2 hrs exposure / day 22:30 5:54

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 70 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 71 Sleep duration for different age groups Sleep duration in different countries Sleep duration under different circumstances (German survey 2013) (Canadian survey 2005) 10 10 9:33 09 09 8:50 8:38

8:34 8:37 8:32 8:32

8:30 8:30 8:32 8:29 8:27 8:29 8:23 8:25 8:25 8:21 8:18 8:18 8:12 8:13 8:06 8:06 8:05 08 08 8:02 7:53 7:50 7:50 7:32 07 07 06 06 05 05 04 04 03 03 02 02 01 01 –64 years old –64 years –44 years old –44 years –17 years old years –17 –29 years old –29 years 72 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 CD$ income 20,000 CD$ income 60,000 73 Germany Sweden Japan Married Single No children Men Women 10 18 30 45 Total old 65 years Over France USA Spain Australia Turkey UK Italy children or more Two Thursday to Sunday Friday Saturday < > No paid work daily >9 hours Works 00 00 NIGHT AND SLEEP – A BRIEF OVERVIEW

Like one third of all mammals, human beings have evolved to be active during the day and sleep at night. However, our sleep patterns have changed significantly over the centuries and also vary considerably between different age groups. In industrial times, the availability of light at night has probably had the greatest influence on human sleep, as is shown in the brief overview below.

By Jakob Schoof

WHY DO WE SLEEP? … AND WHAT HAPPENS IF WHY DO WE SLEEP BEST WE DON’T? AT NIGHT? We need sleep for three reasons: to save energy, to stay healthy and to remember Sleep-deprived people show cognitive Under the influence of the natural light- things. During sleep, the energy expendi- deficits (around 25% in those with chron- and-dark cycles, both the core body ture of the body and brain is reduced and ically disturbed sleep) and their immune temperature and the melatonin level in new energy deposits build up in the brain. system is often weakened – to the point our blood tend to be at their minimum Furthermore, many functions of our that they run a higher risk of developing at night. Therefore it is much easier to immune system are at their most effec- cancer and other chronic diseases. Insuf- fall (and stay) asleep at night than dur- tive during sleep. Growth hormones are ficient sleep may also lead to obesity, as ing the day. The body temperature drops mainly produced during the first half of our body tends to overcompensate the to its lowest level between 2 and 4 a.m. night sleep, so that the production of new extra energy expense for staying awake After this time, people experience fewer body and brain cells peaks at night. Lastly, by an increased calorie intake. periods of deep sleep and can be woken during sleep our brain has a chance to go up more easily and, once awake, find it through the information received during harder to fall asleep again. the day once again and store a fraction of it into the long-term memory.

74 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 75 HOW LONG SHOULD WE WHEN DO WE SLEEP? SLEEP AND SEASONAL SLEEP? RHYTHMS Human sleep patterns vary with age. Large-scale surveys have shown that peo- New-born babies usually go through 5–6 In pre-industrial times, human sleep ple who sleep 7 – 8 hours on average live phases of sleep each day, and wake up ap- patterns used to follow the availability of longest. The statistical life expectancy proximately every four hours. After one natural daylight. Particularly in winter, is reduced for people sleeping shorter year, night-time sleep has usually consol- people took on a habit of two-part sleep, or longer. Also, short sleepers (<6 hrs) idated, and sleeping during the day is lim- with the first period lasting from 8 pm un- and long sleepers (>8 hrs) run a slightly ited to two short naps. As children grow til around midnight, and the second one greater risk of getting a stroke. older, their night-time sleep tends to get from 2 am to wake-up time. longer and napping becomes increasing- Today, sleep has been compressed into ly rare. 25- to 40-year-olds usually have one (roughly) seven-hour period. Among the shortest sleep times. Retired people the German population, the average bed- often return to the practice of napping af- time is 11:08 pm, and people get up on av- ter lunch, also to make up for the fact that erage at 06:18 am. they often experience night-time sleep to be less deep than younger people. Over- all, in a survey in England, 37 % of males and 25 % of females reported napping during the day.

HOW DOES LIGHT AT NIGHT ... AND LIGHT DURING THE AFFECT SLEEP? DAY?

Having electric light at our disposal makes People who are exposed to longer peri- us go to bed later. In a study among work- ods of daylight (>2 hours per day) need ers in the Brazilian Amazon basin, re- shorter sleep and go to bed slightly earlier searchers compared the sleeping times of than those who do not. This was shown those who had electric light in their dwell- in a survey of over 15,000 people in Swe- ings with those who relied only on natural den. For comparison, a Canadian study light. On average, the workers who fol- in 1998 revealed that an average person lowed the natural light/dark cycles went stays outdoors 0.4 hours in winter and 2.6 to bed 40 minutes earlier and slept half an hours in summer. hour longer than the other group.

THE “WINTER BLUES” HOW LONG DO WE SLEEP?

Lack of daylight is not only correlated Studies from different countries con- with sleep problems but also with low- sistently show that, on average, women ered mood and the occurrence of season- sleep slightly longer than men, and that al affective disorder (SAD). In the Swed- the duration of sleep is longest for people ish study already mentioned, self-rated under 20. On weekends, people catch up health was particularly lowered among on the sleep they missed out on during the group with low daily exposures (<30 the week. According to statistics, people min) to daylight. Statistically, every ad- with long working hours, high wages, and ditional half-hour of daylight will reduce one or more children sleep less than the the risk of poor sleep and mood disor- average population. ders by 33%. The highest risk was found among young females who take no regu- lar bodily exercise.

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Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks NASA NASA Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Sports hall in Klaus Sports hall in Klaus Space Space Hotel extension in Rønne Hotel extension in Rønne Sports hall in Klaus Hotel extension in Rønne Sports hall in Klaus Front cover Inside front cover Page 2 – 3 Page 4 – 5 Page 36 – 37 Page 38 – 39 Page 40 – 41 Page 26 – 27 Page 44 – 45

NASA Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Space Alta, Norway Austria Bornholm, Denmark Sports hall in Klaus Sports and multipurpose hall in Copenhagen Sports and multipurpose hall in Copenhagen Stable in Tschagguns Stable in Tschagguns Page 6 – 7 Page 10 – 11 Page 12 – 13 Page 15 Page 44 – 45 Page 46 – 47 Page 48 –49 Page 50 Page 51

Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Austria Bornholm, Denmark Bornholm, Denmark Sports hall in Klaus Bornholm, Denmark Sports hall in Klaus Hotel extension in Rønne Stable in Tschagguns Sports hall in Klaus Stable in Tschagguns Page 16 – 17 Page 18 Page 21 Page 22 – 23 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 – 55 Page 59 – 62 Page 65 Page 66

Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Sports hall in Klaus Sports hall in Klaus Austria Stable in Tschagguns Hotel extension in Rønne Sports and multipurpose Stable in Tschagguns Sports and multipurpose Bornholm, Denmark Stable in Tschagguns Page 24 – 25 Page 26 – 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 68 hall in Copenhagen Page 70 hall in Copenhagen Page 78 Page 79 Page 69 Page 73

Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Daniel Blaufuks Adam Mørk Daniel Blaufuks Adam Mørk Adam Mørk Stable in Tschagguns Stable in Tschagguns Sports hall in Klaus Stable in Tschagguns Stable in Tschagguns Bornholm, Denmark Sports hall in Klaus Sports hall in Klaus Page 30 – 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 – 35 Page 80 Page 81 Inside cover Backside cover

82 D/A SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25 83 DAYLIGHT & ARCHITECTURE MAGAZINE BY VELUX GROUP SPRING 2016 ISSUE 25

Publisher: VELUX Group, Michael K. Rasmussen Print run: 23,000 VELUX Editorial team: Per Arnold Andersen, ISSN 1901-0982 Christine Bjørnager, Lone Feifer The views expressed in articles appearing in Editorial & creative advisor: Torben Thyregod Daylight & Architecture are those of the authors Editor: Jakob Schoof/DETAIL and not necessarily shared by the publisher. Photo editor: Torben Eskerod © 2016 VELUX Group. Art direction & design: Stockholm Design Lab ® ® VELUX and VELUX logo are registered Per Carlsson, Björn Kusoffsky, Christopher West trademarks used under licence by the VELUX Group. Translation: Sprachendienst Dr. Herrlinger, E-mail: [email protected] Sean McLaughlin, Jakob Schoof da.velux.com Proof-reading: Tony Wedgwood Ipad version available in App store

Front, back and inside back cover photography by Adam Mørk Inside front cover photography by Daniel Blaufuks

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