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Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ID Design 2012/DOOEL Skopje Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015 Mar 15; 3(1):18-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.030 Basic Science Serum Ceramide Kinase as a Biomarker of Cognitive Functions, and the Effect of Using Two Slimming Dietary Therapies in Obese Middle Aged Females Maha I. A. Moaty1*, Suzanne Fouad1, Salwa M. El Shebini1, Yusr M. I. Kazem1, Nihad H. Ahmed1, Magda S. Mohamed1, Ahmed M. S. Hussein2, Atiat M. Arafa1, Laila M. Hanna1, Salwa T. Tapozada1 1Nutrition and Food Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; 2Food Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (Affiliation ID: 60014618) Abstract Citation: Moaty MIA, Fouad S, El Shebini SM, Kazem AIM: Highlighting the impact of obesity on mental and cognitive functions using serum ceramide YMI, Ahmed NH, Mohamed MS, Hussein AMS, Arafa AM, Hanna LM, Tapozada ST. Serum Ceramide Kinase as a kinase enzyme concentration as a biomarker for cognitive evaluation in the middle aged females, Biomarker of Cognitive Functions, and the Effect of Using and also targeting to control the obesity and simultaneously postponing the deterioration of the Two Slimming Dietary Therapies in Obese Middle Aged Females. OA Maced J Med Sci. 2015 Mar 15; 3(1):18-25. cognitive functions, by implementing two slimming dietary therapies each incorporating different http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2015.030 functional ingredients known to boost cognition. Key words: Cognitive function; ceramide kinase enzyme; obesity; dietary therapy; middle aged females. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety six obese middle aged females, divided into two groups *Correspondence: Maha Ibrahim Abdel Moaty (Maha I. A. Moaty): Ass. Prof. of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nutrition volunteered to follow a low caloric balanced diet combined with two bread supplements composed and Food Science Department, National Research essentially of barley flour and wheat germ mixed with either 5% turmeric, group (A); or with 5% Center, El Bohoth Street, Box: 12622, El Dokki, Cairo Egypt. Phone: 0020201006388792, Fax: 0020233370931, ginger, group (B) for 4 weeks, phase (1); to be followed by the hypocaloric diet alone for another 4 Email: [email protected] weeks, phase (2). Received: 20-Dec-2014; Revised: 09-Feb-2015; Accepted: 17-Feb-2015; Online first: 26-Feb-2015 RESULTS: By the end of phase (1), the biochemical analysis showed a positive response of the Copyright: © 2015 Maha I. A. Moaty, Suzanne Fouad, Salwa M. El Shebini, Yusr M. I. Kazem, Nihad H. Ahmed, levels of C-peptide and modified homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; also Magda S. Mohamed, Ahmed M.S. Hussein, Atiat M. increased levels of the serum ceramide kinase enzyme, coupled with improved cognitive functions Arafa, Laila M. Hanna, Salwa T. Tapozada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the tests. Improvement of the relevant metabolic profile, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure and the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any anthropometric measurements was detected. medium, provided the original author and source are credited. CONCLUSION: Using dietary therapy supported by special formulas which contain active Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no ingredients succeeded in reducing weight and improving both the metabolic profile and the competing interests exist. cognitive functions. Introduction obesity, depression, physical inactivity, smoking and cognitive inactivity [3]. Brookmeyer et al. [4] further estimated that 3 million cases could be prevented There is a direct relationship between middle worldwide by reducing the incidence of these risk age body weight and the risk of developing dementia factors by 25%. later in life, with increased risk for the obese [1]. Insulin resistance and excess insulin resulting Dementia is a syndrome characterized by gradual as a consequence of obesity may play a role in decline in cognitive abilities and neuropsychiatric reducing beta amyloid (Aβ) clearance from the brain, symptoms. Dementia can affect memory, language, increasing the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease attention, judgment, planning, behavior, mood and (AD). Adipose tissue produces proteins and hormones personality. Mild cognitive impairment does not that are related to excess insulin and inflammation significantly impair daily activities, but often represents that in turn have effects on the brain. Obesity is also an earlier stage of cognitive decline [2]. associated with increased risk for high blood pressure, There is no cure for the cognitive decline and diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular dementia; a cure may only be achieved by prevention. disease, which affect brain health and increase the Dementia cases are potentially attributable to seven risk of dementia. Reviews of studies in this area have risk factors: diabetes, midlife hypertension, midlife concluded that high midlife cholesterol increases the _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 18 http://www.mjms.mk/ http://www.id-press.eu/mjms/ Moaty et al. Ceramide Kinase as a Biomarker of Cognitive Functions _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ risk of later developing dementia by around 2 times Materials, Methods and Subjects [5]. Inflammation is known to play a role in the pathological brain changes and brain cell death that cause dementia [6, 7]. Therefore, several studies Raw Materials have investigated whether inflammatory biomarkers as C- reactive protein are associated with increased Whole meal naked barley grains (giza 129) risk of dementia, and the potential for anti- was purchased from The Ministry of Agriculture. inflammatory drugs to reduce the risk. It has been Wheat germ was purchased from the North Cairo Mills suggested that the improved glucose tolerance Company, Egypt. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and observed in the presence of thiazolidinediones or ginger (Zingiber officinale) were obtained from local statins is likely related to their anti-inflammatory herbal shop (Dokki, Egypt). Skimmed milk, tomato properties. Thus, it can be considered that obesity sauce, corn oil, baking powder and salt were corresponds to a sub-clinical inflammatory condition purchased from the local market. that promotes the production of pro-inflammatory factors involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance [8]. Preparation and Evaluation of the Bread Ceramides and related molecules are critical Basic and modified formulas were prepared agents involved in the pathogenesis of mild cognitive by mixing the barley flour with 5% turmeric powder impairment (MCI) or early Alzheimer’s-type (formula 1), or with 5% ginger powder (Formula 2), neurodegeneration disease states. They can be then with other ingredients according to table (1). 14.7 generated in liver, adipose tissue or brain; cause ml of dextrose solution (5.93%) and a suitable amount insulin resistance. They are cytotoxic; increase in the of water were added according to AOAC [13] to be central nervous system (CNS) with various dementia- formed as Syrian bread. These formulas were baked associated diseases, including AD. They are lipid in a special oven at 200 °C for about 15 minutes. soluble, and therefore likely to readily cross the blood- Weight, volume, Specific volume, diameter, thickness brain barrier [9]. In mammalian cells, cermide-1- and spread ratio of the bread were recorded. phosphate (C1P) is produced via the ATP-dependent Table 1: Formula composition of Syrian bread (g/ 100g). mechanism of converting ceramide to C1P by the Raw materials Formula 1 Formula 2 enzyme; ceramide kinase (CERK). CERK was first Naked barley 60 60 Wheat germ 15 15 described as a calcium-stimulated lipid kinase that co- Turmeric 5 - Ginger - 5 purified with brain synaptic vesicles, and to date, Skimmed milk 10 10 CERK is the only identified mammalian enzyme Tomato sauce 1.5 1.5 Corn oil 5 5 known to produce C1P in cells [10]. Many studies Baking powder 2 2 have shown that C1P is important for membrane Salt 1.5 1.5 biology and for the regulation of membrane-bound proteins, and the CERK enzyme has appeared to be Analytical Methods tightly regulated in order to control both ceramide levels and production of C1P [11]. Moisture, ash, fiber, protein and fat contents of two formulas of the Syrian bread were determined Diet, exercise and other aspects of our daily according to AOAC [13]. Individual elements (Ca, P, interactions with the environment have the potential to K, Na, Fe, Zn and Mg) in all samples were determined alter our brain health and mental function. It is now according to the method described by Chapman and known that particular nutrients influence cognition by Pratt [14]. Fatty acids, amino acids and polyphenols acting on molecular systems or cellular processes that were determined using standard methods [15, 16]. are vital for maintaining cognitive function. This raises the exciting possibility that dietary manipulations are a viable strategy for enhancing cognitive abilities and Organoleptic Tests protecting the brain from damage, promoting repair and counteracting the effects of aging [12]. The two formulas of the Syrian bread were evaluated for color (20), flavor (20), taste (20), The aim of this work was to highlight the crispiness (20), appearance (20) and overall effect
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