WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION 1987

WMO - No. 689

Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization· Geneva· Switzerland 1988 © 1988, World Meteorological Organization ISBN 92-63-10689-4

NOTE

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this pUblication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. CON TEN T S

Foreword ...... e' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • XI

List of abbreviations ...... •.•...... •.•..•. XIII

PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

INTRODUCTION General ...... •.•...... •.•....•...... 1 Second WMO Long-term Plan ...... •...... • 1

WORLD WEATHER WATCH ...... •...... •...... •.•..... 2

WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME ...... •...... 3

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ...... •...... 5

APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY ...... ••...... •...... 6

HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ....•...... 7

EDUCATION AND TRAINING 8

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 8

REGIONAL PROGRAMME ...... •...•...... 9

OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES ...... 9

EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS ...... •....• 10

PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

INTRODUCT I ON ...... •...•...•.•...... •...... •••....• 11

COMMISSION FOR BASIC SYSTEMS ...... •...... •...•...... 12

INTEGRATED WWW SYSTEM STUDY 12

GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM General ...... ••...... 13 Review of the activities of WMO constituent bodies relating to the GOS.. 13 Implementation of the various components of the GOS ...... •.. 14 Surface-based subsystem Regional basic synoptic networks ...... 14 Networks of observing stations ...... 14 Ocean weather stations ...... •...... 17 Mobile ship stations ...... •...... •....•...... • 17 IV CONTENTS

Aircraft...... 17 Ground weather radar stations ...•...... 18 Drifting buoys ...... •...•.•.....•...... ••... 18 Other stations ...... •.....•...... •.... 18 Space-based subsystem Operational meteorological satellites ...... •.....•.•.. 18 Co-ordination of geostationary meteorological satellites ...... 21

GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM General ...... 21 Publication of GDPS regulatory and guidance material...... 22 Activities of the CBS Working Groups on the GDPS and Codes Working Group on the GDPS ...... 22 Working Group on Codes ...... 23 Regional activities ...... •...... •..•...... •... 23 Antarctic meteorology ...... 24

GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM General ....•.....•...... •...... •.. 24 Review of the activities of WMO constituent bodies relating to the GTS Collaboration with other organizations ...... 25 Regional aspects ...... 25 Implementation of the Global Telecommunication System .....•...... •.. 26 The Main Telecommunication Network ...... 29 Regional meteorological telecommunication networks ...... •.. 29 National meteorological telecommunication networks ...... 29

MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WWW Plan for monitoring the operation of the WWW ...... •.. 29 Non-real-time monitoring of the WWW Specific monitoring of the operation of the WWW on the regional scale 29 Annual global monitoring SYNOP and TEMP reports •...... •...•.... 30 AlREP/CODAR and SHIP reports ...... •...... •....•...... 32 CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports ...... •...... •...... •.. 32 BATHY/TESAC reports ...... 33

WWW OPERATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICE 33

TROPICAL CYCLONE PROGRAMME Introduction ...... •....•...... •...... •...• 33 General component ...... ••...... •.... 34 Regional component ...... •...... •.•...... •...... ••. 34 ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee ...... •...•..... 34 WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones ...... •...... •...... 35 RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean ...... 35 RA IV Hurricane Committee ...... •...... •...... •.•.. 36 RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific ...... ••.. 36 Co-operation with other organizations ...... ••...... •...... •... 36

INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF OBSERVATION General ...... •.•...... •...... 37 Acti vi ties of CIMO working groups ...... •...... •...... 38 Organization of international comparisons ...... •...... •...... •.. 38 CONTENTS v

PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION ...•.•...... •...... •..•.....••...... • 40

OVERALL CO-ORDINATION OF THE WCP Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases ...... •...... 40 Planning for a second World Climate Conference ...... •...... • 40

COMMISSION FOR CLIMATOLOGY Advisory Working Group ....•..•..••....•.•...•...... •...... 41 Publications ...... •...•...•...... 41

WORLD CLIMATE DATA PROGRAMME ....•...... • 42 Data and exchange requirements ...... •...... •..•...... • 42 Assistance to countries to improve/upgrade climate data management systems/services (national, subregional, regional) ...... 42 DARE (data rescue) .•..•...•...... ••..•...... •...... 43 CLICOM (transfer of technology in climate data processing and user services) •...••...... •....• 43 Current status of the CLICOM project ...... ••...... 43 INFOCLIMA (referral information on climate data sources, data sets, station networks and station histories) ...... •... 44 Climate system monitoring (CSM) ...... 44 Global Climate Data Base Project ...... 45

WORLD CLIMATE APPLICATIONS PROGRAMME ....•...•....••...... • 45 WCAP-Food and WCAP-Water ..•...... •.•...... •...•••. 45 Climatic atlases ...... •...... •..•••...••.• 45 WCAP-Energy Technical conference ...... •...... 45 Short-term missions ...... •..•.•...... •...... 46 Publications ••.•...... •..••.... '. . . . . • . . . . • ...... 46 Co-operation with other organizations .•.••.•.•..•....•...... •....•.• 46 Urban and building climatology War kshop •...... •...... •....•...... •...••...... •...•••.....•...•..• 47 Expert mission ....•.•••••...••...... •..•.....•...... •.•... 47 Publications .•..•.••..•.••...•...•...... •...... 47 Climate and human health ..•...... •..•.•...... 47 Statistical climatology •...... •.....•.....•..•.•...... 48

WORLD CLIMATE IMPACT STUDIES PROGRAMME 48

WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME Introduction ...... •.•.....•...... 49 Overall conduct and implementation of the WCRP ...... •...... 50 Global climate analysis and model development ...••..•.•..•.•..•.•...... 51 Research on climate processes ...... •...... •...... 53 Study of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) ...... 55 World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) ...... 57 Study of climate forcings ...... •...... •...... 58 Global change ..•...... 60 VI CONTENTS

PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION ...... •.•....•...... •...... •.....•.....•....•• 61

COMMISSION FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 61

WEATHER PREDICTION RESEARCH General ...... •...... •...... 61 Short- and medium-range weather prediction research ...... •...... 61 Long-range weather forecasting research ...... •...... 62

TROPICAL METEOROLOGY ...... •....•...... 63

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING AND RESEARCH Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN) ...... •...... 64 Transport and dispersion of atmospheric pollutants on different time and space scales ..•...... •...•...... 65 Exchange of pollutants between various environmental compartments and integrated monitoring ...... •.....•...•...... •.•••...... 66 Global Ozone Observing System ...... ••...•...•...... •...... 67

CLOUD PHYSICS AND WEATHER MODIFICATION RESEARCH ...... •...•...... 67

PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION ...... •.....•...... 69

AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME General ...... •.•...... •...... •.... 69 Economic benefits of agrometeorology ...... ••....•...... •....•.... 69 NORBERT GERBIER - MUMM AWARD ...... •..••••....•.....•.....•.... 69 Support to studies on the effect of weather on crop and animal production ...... 70 Promotion of the use of agroc1imatic data in land-use planning and in plant and animal selection, including questions relating to genetic adaptability, pedology and farming techniques ..••.•...... •...... •.... 70 Combat against desertification ...... ••....••...•...... •.....•...•.... 70 Support to AGRHYMET programme ...... ••..••...... 71 Co-operation with other organizations ...... •...••....•....•....•...... 72 Fisheries ...... 72 Publ ica t ions ...... 73 Technical co-operation activities 73

MARINE METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME Introduction •....•..•.•...... •...•..•.•....•...... 73 Commission for Marine Meteorology ...... •...... •...•...... 74 Marine meteorological services ...... •...... •...... 74 Marine climatology ...... •...... •...... •.•...•....•....•.... 74 Marine telecommunications .•...•...... •....•••...... •... 74 Techniques for marine observations and forecasting WMO wave programme ...... •.....•...... •.... 75 Specialized education and training activities in the field of marine meteorology ..•...... •...... ••...••...... •...... 75 CONTENTS VII

Publications ...... •...• 76 The Second WMO Long-term Plan (SLTP) ...... 76 Drifting Buoy Co-operation Panel (DBCP) ...... 76 Ocean activities - Integrated Global Ocean Services System ...... 76 IGOSS Observing System ...... 77 IGOSS Data Processing and Services System ...... •.. 77 IGOSS Telecommunication Arrangements ...... 78 IGOSS regional developments ...... 78 Training, education and mutual assistance ...... 78

AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME General •...... •..••...... 78 Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology ...... 79 Amendments to the WMO Technical Regulations ...... 80 Guidance material .•...... •...... 80 World Area Forecast System (WAFS) ...... 80 Co-ordination with ASECNA ...... 80 Co-operation with ICAO ...... 80

PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION ...... ••...... 82

OPERATIONAL HYDROLOGY PROGRAMME (OHP) ...... 82 Meetings of CHy working groups ...... 82 WMO Workshop on Telemetry and Data Transmission for Hydrology...... 83 Hydrological pUblications ...... ••...... •...... 83 Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS) ...... 84 Regional co-operation in hydrology...... 84

APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES TO WATER RESOURCES ...... 84 Tropical Cyclone Programme ...... 85 World Climate Programme ...... -...... 85

CO-OPERATION WITH WATER-RELATED PROGRAMMES OF OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Co-operation with the International Hydrology Programme (IHP) of Unesco .....•...•••...•.•.....•.•..•...... •..•...... 85 Third Unesco/WMO International Conference on Hydrology and Scientific Bases of Water Resources Management .....•..•...... • 85 International Glossary of Hydrology...... 85 Co-operation with other international organizations ...... •....• 86

TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ...... •...... 86

PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION ...... •...... •...... 87

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL PANEL OF EXPERTS ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING ...... 87

REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TRAINING CENTRES ...... •...... • 87 VIII CONTENTS

TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS ...... •...... •....•. 89

TRAINING PUBLICATIONS AND TRAINING LIBRARy...... 93

FELLOWSHI PS ...... •...... •.....•.•....•. 95

COLLABORATION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING ...... •.•...... 95

PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

INTRODUCTION ....•...... •.....••••...... 96

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME General ...... 96 Projects implemented in 1987 ...... •...... 96 Sectoral advisers ...... •...... 96

VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME (VCP) General ....•...... •...... 97 Summary of contributions to the VCP ...... •...... •.... 97 Voluntary Co-operation Fund (VCP(F» ...•...... •...... 97 Equipment and services programme (VCP(ES» ...... 98 Projects approved for circulation in 1986 (training projects excluded).. 98 Status of implementation of VCP projects ...... •.. 98 Co-ordinated programmes ...... 99 Expert services •...... •....••...... •... 99 VCP training proj ects ...... •...... •.. 99

REGULAR BUDGET ...... •.•....•...... •. 99

TRUST-FUND PROJECTS ...... •••...... •.•.. 100

ASSOCIATE EXPERTS ....•...... •.•.••.••...... ••...... ••..•.... 101

ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES Statistical data ....•....•..••...•••.•..•.••....•....••..•....•...... •. 101

PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

INTRODUCTION ...... ••...... ••...... •...... •.. 110

REGIONAL PROGRAMME ...... •...... •...... •....•.. 110

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN STATIONS 111

PUBLICATIONS PROGRAMME Gene ral ...... •...... ••...... 112 Mandatory publications Basic Documents - Technical Regulations and manuals ...... 112 Operational publications ...... •...... •...... •...... 112 WMO-No. 9 - Weather Reporting ...... •.....•...... •...... •.... 112 CONTENTS IX

Monthly letter on the operation of the World Weather Watch and marine meteorological services ....•...... 113 METNO and WIFMA messages ...•...... 113 International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships (WMO-No. 47) ...•.....•..•...... •...... 113 Official records .....•...•...... 114 WMO Guides ...... 114 Programme-supporting publications ...... 114 WMO Bulletin ...... •..•...... •...... ••... 114

TECHNICAL LIBRARY ...... 115

PROGRAMME OF CONFERENCES Meetings held in 1987 ...... •...•...... 115 Programme of meetings ...... •••....•..•.... 116 Use of WMO conference facilities by other organizations or bodies ...... 116

INTERPRETATION, TRANSLATION AND DOCUMENTATION SERVICES 116

PUBLIC INFORMATION General...... 117 World Meteorological Day .•...•...... •.....•...... 117 Activities related to Tenth Congress ...... 118 METEOHYDEX 87 ...... 118 Cloud photography and agrometeorological displays ...... 118 Demonstration of METEOTEL system ...... 118 Philatelic exhibition "Meteorology in postage stamps" ...... 119 Exhibitions of publications ...... 119 Co-operation with the media ...... •...... 119 Film loan service ...... •.... 119 Other public information activities ...... •...... 120

PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

CONSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS ...... •.. 121

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION Composition of the Organization Membership ...... 122 Officers of the Organization and members of the Executive Council... 122 Officers of regional associations and technical commissions ...... 122

RELATIONS AND CO-ORDINATION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Introduction ..••.•.••...•...... 122 Relations with the United Nations and its subsidiary bodies Recommendations addressed by the United Nations to the Organization. 123 Participation in meetings ...... •.....•...... ••.•.•...... 123 Relations with United Nations economic commissions and their secretariats ..•...•...... 123 Relations with the Joint Inspection Unit ...... 124 Relations with the United Nations Environment Programme ...... 124 Relations with the United Nations specialized agencies and IAEA ..... 125 Relations with other international organizations ...... 125 x CONTENTS

ADMINISTRATION Financial matters General •...•..•....•••...... •...... •..••...... 126 Budgetary situation ..••...... •...... •....•.....•••.•..•.... 126 Contributions ...... •.•.•...... 127 Working Capital Fund .....•...... •...... •...... 127 Special and trust funds ...... 128 Technical co-operation field programmes ...... •...... 128 Publications sales and distribution ...... 128 WMO bui lding ...... •...... •...... ••... 129 Staff matters Staff ing ...... •...... •...... •.•...... •...... •... 129 Technical co-operation field programmes ...... •...... 129 Joint Staff Pension Fund ...... •...•..•••...... •.... 129 Staff rules ...•.•....•....•.•.•.•..••.....•...... •...... •.. 130

ANNEXES

I MEMBERS OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ...... 131

II MEMBERSHIP OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND TECHNICAL COMMISSIONS ...... 134

III INDEX OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED IN 1987 ...... •...... 138

IV TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN 1987 UNDER UNDP AND TRUST-FUND ARRANGEMENTS ...... •..•...... •... 142

V CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WMO VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME

I MEMBERS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WMO VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME IN 198 7 •••.•...... ••.•....••.••••...••••• 184

II MEMBERS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE VCP ON A BILATERAL BASIS IN 1987 ...... 191

III UNEP CONTRIBUTIONS IN SUPPORT OF VCP PROJECTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BAPMoN STATIONS IN 1987 •...... •...... •..•... 191

VI COMMITTEES, PANELS OF EXPERTS, WORKING GROUPS AND RAPPORTEURS OF WMO CONSTITUENT BODIES .•...... •..••..•.....•...... •••.•... 192

VII WMO PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1987 .....•••....•....•..•...... •....•.. 199

VIII DISTRIBUTION OF STAFF BY NATIONALITy...... 204 FOREWORD

The main purpose of the annual report of the World Meteorological Organization is to place on record its many and varied activities during the year. The present report refers to activities during 1987, the fourth and final year of the ninth financial period.

The year 1987 was one of continued progress and achievement in the activities of the Organization. A major event was the quadrennial session of the World Meteorological Congress, the supreme body of the Organization, which reviewed the activities carried out during the period 1984-1987 and adopted the programme and budget for the period 1988-1991. The important decisions of Congress are referred to in this report.

The report follows the previous practice of commencing with a brief general review, which is contained in Part 1. This is followed by detailed information on the activities in each of the main programme areas: World Weather Watch (Part 2), World Climate Programme (Part 3), Research and Development Programme (Part 4), Applications of Meteorology Programme (Part 5), Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (Part 6), Education and Training Programme (Part 7), and technical co-operation activities (Part 8). The remaining two parts deal with other technical and supporting activities (Part 9) and external relations, legal and administrative matters (Part 10).

As in previous years, the report is illustrated with a number of photographs.

<~ .•• --==cJ70--. (G.O.P. Obasi) Secretary-General

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACC Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, UN

ACCAD Advisory Committee for the World Climate Applications and Data Programmes

ACSAD Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands

AGGG Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases, ICSU/UNEP/WMO

AGRHYMET Regional training centre for agrometeorology and operational hydrology and their applications (programme for the Sahel ian countries)

AI REP Aircraft weather report

ALECSO Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization

ANMET Antilles Meteorological Telecommunications Network

APT Automatic picture transmission

ASAP Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme

ASDAR Aircraft-to-satellite data relay

ASECNA Agency for Air Safety in Africa and Madagascar

ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations

AVHRR Advanced very-high-resolution radiometer

BAPMoN Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network

BATRY Bathythermographic observation

CAeM Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology

CAgM Commission for Agricultural Meteorology

CARS Climate Applications Referral System

CAS Commission for Atmospheric Sciences

CATIE Centre for tropical agronomical research and training

CBS Commission for Basic Systems

CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee

CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee ceco Committee for Climate Changes and the Ocean XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CCI Commission for Climatology

CEMET Central American Meteorological Telecommunication Network

CES Coast Earth station

CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons

CHy Commission for Hydrology

CILSS Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel

ClMO Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation

CLICOM Climate computing

CMM Commission for Marine Meteorology

COSNA Composite Observing- System for the North Atlantic

COSPAR Committee for Space Research

CPPS Permanent South Pacific Commission

CSM Climate system monitoring

DARE Data rescue

DBCP Drafting Buoy Co-operation Panel

DCP Data-collection platform

DRlBU Drifting buoy reports

DST Direct sounding transmission

EC Executive Council

ECA Economic Commission for Africa

ECE Economic Commission for Europe

ECMWF European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts

EGC Enhanced group call

EMEP Co-operative Programme for the Monitoring and Evaluation of Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe

ENSO El Nino/Southern Oscillation

ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Experiment

ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv

EUMETSAT European Meteorological Satellite Agency

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FGGE First GARP Global Experiment (also known as the Global Weather Experiment)

FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency

FIT Funds in trust

GARP Global Atmospheric Research Programme

GATE GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment

GDPS Global Data-processing System

GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System, UNEP

GESAMP Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution

GEWEX Gerbal energy and water cycle experiment

GHGs Greenhouse gases

GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite, Japan

GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, USA

GOMS Geostationary Meteorological Operational Satellite, USSR

GOS Global Observing System

GTS Global Telecommunication System

Habitat UN Centre for Human Settlements

HNRC HOMS National Reference Centre

HOMS Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme

HRPT High-resolution picture transmission lAEA International Atomic Energy Agency lARS International Association of Hydrological Sciences

IAMAP International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics lATA International Air Transport Association lCAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICOMHA International Centre for Operational Meteorology and Hydrology in Africa

ICRAF International Council for Research in Agroforestry XVI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions

ICRCCM Intercomparison of radiative codes in climate models

I DeC International Data Rescue Co-ordination Centre

IDeS International data-collection system

IDPSS IGOSS Data Processing and Services System

I FAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

IGAS Inter-Agency Group on Agricultural Biometeorology, WMO/FAO/Unesco

IGBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

lGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Services System

IHP International Hydrological Programme

IMO International Maritime Organization

IMO International Meteorological Organization (predecessor of WMO)

INFOCLlMA World Climate Data Information Referral Service

INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization

INTERPOLL Interchange of Pollutants between the Atmosphere and the Oceans

IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Unesco

lOS lGOSS Observing System

IPF Indicative planning figures, UNDP

IR Infra-red

ISA WWW Implementation Support Activity

ISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ISS Integrated WWW System Study

ITA IGOSS Telecommunication Arrangements

lTU International Telecommunication Union

IUGG International Union for Geodesy and Geophysics

JIU Joint Inspection Unit of the United Nations

JOC Joint Organizing Committee

JPS Joint Planning Staff LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XVII

JSC WMO/ICSU Joint Scientific Committee

LDCs Least developed countries

LRCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

Limited-area models

LUT Local User Terminal

MeSS Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme

MED-POLL Long-term Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme in the Mediterranean, UNEP

METNO Advance telegraphic notification relating to the operation of the WWW

MMS Marine meteorological services

MSC Meteorological Synthesizing Centres

MSS Message switching system

MTN Main Telecommunication Network

NAOS North Atlantic ocean stations

NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA

NMC National Meteorological Centre

NOM National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

NWP Numerical weather prediction

OHP Operational Hydrology Programme

OIS WWW Operational Information Service

OWS Ocean weather ship

OWSE Operational WWW Systems Evaluation

PBL Planetary boundary layer

PCDPPP Pan Caribbean Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Project

PEP Precipitation Enhancement Project

PSMP Programme on Short- and Medium-range Weather-prediction Research

Regional association

RCS Reference climatological station

RMC Regional Meteorological Centre XVIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

RMTC Regional Meteorological Trairting Centre

RSMC Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre

RTH Regional Telecommunication Hub

RTT Radioteletype

RVR Runway visual range

SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference

SATCC Southern African Transport and Communications Commission

SCAR Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research

SCOR Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research

SES Ship Earth station

SHARE Software help for applications, research and education

SLTP Second WMO Long-term Plan

SOO Ship of opportunity

SPMR Special Programme for African Agricultural Research

TCDC Technical co-operation among developing countries

TCO Technical co-operation

TCP Tropical Cyclone Programme

TEMA . Training, Education and Mutual Assistance programme (IGOSS)

TESAC Temperature, salinity and current observation

TF Trust fund

TMP Tropical Meteorology Programme

TMRP Tropical Meteorology Research Programme

TOGA Tropical Ocean and Global Atmospheric Study

TOMS Total ozone mapping spectrometer

TOPE}{ Typhoon Operational Experiment

TOVS TIROS operational vertical sounder

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNDRO Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Co-ordinator LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIX

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

. Unesco United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ow United Nations Volunteer uv Ultra-violet

VCP Voluntary Co-operation Programme

VCP(ES) Voluntary Co-operation Programme (Equipment and Services)

VCP(F) Voluntary Co-operation Programme (Fund)

VHRR Very-high-resolution radiometer

VOS Voluntary observing ships

WAFS World Area Forecast System

WCAP World Climate Applications Programme wee World Climate Conference

WCDP World Climate Data Programme

WCED World Commission on Environment and Development

WCIP World Climate Impact Studies Programme

WCP World Climate Programme

WCRP World Climate Research Programme

WEFAX Weather facsimile

WGNE CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation

WHO World Health Organization

WIFMA Advance telegraphic notification relating to the operation of the marine meteorological services

WMC World Meteorological Centre

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment www World Weather Watch

XBT Expendable bathythermograph

PAR T 1

GENERAL REVIEW

INTRODUCTION

General

The World Meteorological Organization operates on a four-year budgetary basis and the year under review was the fourth year of the ninth financial period (1984-1987). The programme of activities of the Organization and the maximum expenditures for the period were approved by the Ninth World Meteorological Congress (Geneva, 1983).

The highlight of the year was the tenth session of Congress, which was held in May with the participation of delegations from 134 Member States and four Member Territories. In a period of prolonged economic crisis for the whole United Nations system, and with WMO itself facing severe difficulties, Congress devoted much attention to financial problems and finding solutions to ensure the stability and future of the Organization.

Congress decided, inter alia:

• To adopt the Second WMO Long-term Plan;

• To establish a Financial Advisory Committee;

• To approve a series of fundamental changes to the Financial Regulations, i.e.: to institute a two-year instead of a one-year budget cycle, using the Swiss franc instead of the US dollar as the currency unit, redefine "distributable surplus", and adopt a formula to encourage Members to pay their contributions promptly;

• To allocate a budget of 170 million Swiss francs for the tenth financial period (1988-1991).

The thirty-ninth session of the Executive Council met in early June, immediately after Tenth Congress. The main purposes of this short session were to arrange for the follow-up of Congress decisions and to approve the programme and budget for the first biennium of the financial period. A number of panels and working groups were also established.

Second WMO Long-term Plan

As mentioned above, Tenth Congress adopted the Second WMO Long-term Plan (for the period 1988-1997), defining overall policy and strategy, the Organization's long-term objectives and plans for its scientific and technical programmes.

Subsequently, the Executive Council re-established its Working Group on Long-term Planning which was charged with preparing proposals on methods and criteria for monitoring the implementation of the Plan for submission to the forty-first session of the Council in 1989. The Working Group was also 2 PART 1 - GENERM. REVIEW

asked to prepare recommendations on future policies, strategies and priorities and on the major programme structure of WMO, so as to provide a framework for the Third Long-term Plan (1992-2001) and the Secretary-General's programme and budget proposals for the eleventh financial period (1992-1995).

WORLD WEATHER WATCH

The World Weather Watch is the basic Programme of WMO, providing support for nearly all the other programmes in the fields of both applications and research as well as for several international programmes undertaken jointly with other organizations~ The essential elements of the WWW are the Global Observing System (GOS), whereby observational data are obtained; the Global Data-processing System CGDPS), which .provides for the processing, storage and retrieval of observational data and makes available processed information; and the Global Telecommunication System (GTS), which provides the telecommunication facilities and arrangements for the rapid collection, exchange and distribution of observational and processed information.

The facilities offered by WMO were increasingly solicited, both by Members to enable them to fulfil their national and international responsibilities and by other programmes for operational support of their growing activities.

The main thrust of WWW activities in 1987, after completion of the Integrated System Study and the approval by Congress of the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme for 1988-1997, was directed at the improvement of the WWW operational components, particularly in Regions where major difficulties were encountered. Efforts were concentrated on the optimum use of existing facilities combined with advanced technology. The development and implementation of Operational WWW System Evaluations (OWSEs) for the North Atlantic (which began on 1 January 1987) and Africa (which will begin on 1 July 1988), were particularly important in this context.

Co-ordinated regional implementation support formed an important part of the activities carried out within the WWW Programme in conjunction with relevant VCP projects. Scientific and technical support and various training events were arranged as a contribution to the transfer of technology and knowledge. These activities, together with the professional, scientific and technical support to the planning and the implementation of relevant VCP projects, had a most significant impact on WWW implementation.

Within the GOS, the overall level of implementation of surface and upper-air observations during 1987 was virtually the same as in 1986 and 1985.

The meteorological satellite systems operated by certain Members continued to provide valuable input into the GOS for extensive use by Meteorological and Hydrological Services in their day-to-day operational work. Encouraging progress was made in the development of observing systems involving new technology for improving the global coverage of observational data, especially from the oceans and other remote and data-sparse areas. In this connection, mention should be made of the aircraft-to-satellite data relay (ASDAR) system for automatic meteorological observations from wide-bodied commercial aircraft, the Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (ASAP) for upper-air observations from merchant ships, and from drifting-buoy systems. The introduction of these observing systems into the WWW as an PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 3

integral part of the GOS has begun with significant improvements already realized. Implementation will continue until 1989.

The purpose of the GDPS is to co-ordinate the data-processing activities of Members in order to make available all the processed information they require for both real-time and non-real-time applications in an effective and efficient manner. To this end, two technical reports and a number of supplements containing regulatory and guidance material were published during 1987.

Implementation of the GTS continued on the global, regional and national levels and many improvements were introduced. Close collaboration was maintained with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the introduction of new telecommunication techniques, and with EUMETSAT on the WWW applications of the services to be provided by the METEOSAT Operational Programme for the collection and dissemination of meteorological information.

The WWW Plan includes prOVl.Sl.on for' monitoring the operation of the WWW with a view to maintaining the effectiveness of the Programme on the global, regional and national levels, and for taking the appropriate remedial measures to remove deficiencies. These activities were carried out with the participation of Members, as necessary.

The Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP) aims at establishing national and regionally co-ordinated systems to ensure that the loss of life, disruption of economic activity and damage caused by tropical cyclones are reduced to a ml.nl.mum. Its work is carried out in close relation with the WWW Programme, which provides the basic facilities for the detection, forecasting and warning of tropical cyclones. The major activities within the TCP are carried out through two intergovernmental bodies - the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee and the WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones - and three regional association working groups - the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean, the RA IV Hurricane Committee and the RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific.

The Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme, which is co-ordinated by the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO), aims at ensuring high-quality observational data and functions in close association with the WWW Programme. The emphasis of the programme in 1987 was on organizing and conducting important regional and global intercomparisons of instruments. Within CIMO, activities aimed at updating regulatory and guidance material and the development of algorithms for automated surface and upper-air measurements and of new standards for data quality were maintained at a high level.

WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

The purpose of the World Climate Programme (WCP), which was accorded a high priority by Tenth Congress, is to aid nations in the application of climate information to human activities and to foresee and warn of possible future variations and changes in climate which may significantly affect economic and social activities. 4 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

The WCP has four components, namely: (a) the World Climate Data Programme (WCDP); (b) the World Climate Applications Programme (WCAP); (c) the World Climate Impact Studies Programme (WCIP); and (d) the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). WMO is responsible for the overall co-ordination of the entire Programme as well as for the planning and execution of the first two components. Responsibility for the WCIP rests with UNEP in collaboration with WMO, and the WCRP is conducted jointly by WMO and ICSU. The Programme is a wide-ranging one and depends on co-operation with many governmental and non-governmental bodies.

The planning and implementation of the different components of the WCP continued to make progress. Activities within the WCDP, the object of which is to ensure the timely availability of reliable climate data in support of other activities within the WCP, included the publication of a scientific review of the Global Climate System relating to an approximately l8-month period centred on 1985 (CSMR 84/86), under the Climate System Monitoring (CSM) project. Further progress was made in the development of the project for the transfer of technology in the processing and application of climatological data through the provision of low-cost microcomputers (CLICOM). Similarly, progress was made in the development of the World Climate Data Referral Service (INFOCLIMA), the DARE (data rescue) project, and in the expansion of the network of stations from which monthly surface climatological data (CLlMAT reports) are transmitted over the GTS.

Within the WCAP, activities related to food, water and energy continued to receive priority. Attention was also given, however, to other areas such as urban and building climatology, and transportation and human health. In respect of the latter, the proceedings of the Symposium on Climate and Human Health, held in Leningrad in September 1986, were prepared for publication as was a brochure on climate and human health.

Within the WCIP, the greenhouse gases issue continued to receive major attention and the ICSU/UNEP/WMO Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases met in Paris in December.

The objectives of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) are to determine the extent to which climate can be predicted and what the possible influences of human activities on climate are. Achieving these objectives requires input from many scientific disciplines and to assist in this, the WCRP is conducted jointly by WMO and ICSU, co-ordination and overall guidance being provided by the WMO/ICSU Joint Scientific Committee. Steady progress continues to be made in the implementation of the programme. Efforts in the development of atmospheric models and in global climate analysis have been directed toward the problem of systematic errors and the representation of ocean-atmosphere interface fluxes. The project to assemble a quality­ controlled, consistent global climatological set of sea-surface temperature continues according to plan and steps are being taken towards the establishment of a global precipitation climatology project. In the study of climate processes, the first global cloud fields from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project have been produced. Many of the observing and data-processing activities required for the international TOGA programme have now been established and there has been progress in the development of the tropical ocean models needed for the dynamical prediction of the coupled tropical ocean/global atmosphere system. An international planning office for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, responsible for international co-ordination of the implementation of this experiment, has been established PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 5

in the United Kingdom. The Commission for Atmospheric Sciences has continued to support activities in the WCRP concerned with the study of climate forcings, including the role of greenhouse gases, studies on radiation codes used in climate models and the global ozone research and monitoring project. Thought is being given to WCRP contributions to the study of global change and co-operation with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme of ICSU is being strengthened. Looking to the future, an intensive study of the scientific rationale for undertaking a global and water energy cycle experiment (GEWEX) has been undertaken, along with an assessment of the feasibility and effectiveness of the observational and data systems to be used. A strong underlying motivation for this experiment is to provide a firm foundation for future progress in meteorology, climate research and global change studies by means of a major improvement in observations of Earth from space.

As decided by Congress and the Executive Council, detailed planning started for a second World Climate Conference in 1990. It will be recalled that a high-level scientific and technical World Climate Conference was held in February 1979, preceding the formal establishment of the World Climate Programme by Eighth Congress. The planned Conference will review the experience gained and the progress made during the first decade of the WCP and will focus on the benefits of climate applications and the global issues associated with possible climate changes.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Activities under the Research and Development Programme are related to study of atmospheric processes and the environmental conditions important for the wellbeing of mankind. Priority areas identified by previous sessions of Congress were maintained by Tenth Congress. Specific fields of activity at present are: weather prediction research, tropical meteorology research, environmental pollution monitoring and research, and cloud physics and weather modification research. The responsibility for promoting and co-ordinating the research activities _of Members in these fields lies -with the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) and, for environmental issues, with the Executive Council Panel of Experts/CAS Working Group on Environmental Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry. The residual activities relating to the WMO/ICSU Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP) continued, as was decided by Ninth Congress, to be assumed by CAS in conjunction with the Joint Scientific Committee.

High priority continued to be assigned to weather prediction research on all time scales, with particular attention being given to the development of numerical weather prediction in the tropics. Strengthening of the BAPMoN network in terms of quality of observation and geographical extension also continued, and constructive suggestions regarding development of the field of weather modification were made.

The 1987 WMO Research Award for Young Scientists was conferred upon Dr J.G. Papageorgiou (Greece) for his research work entitled "A 3-D mesoscale model of PBL including pollutant dispersion". 6 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY

The applications of meteorology cover many fields and are reflected in practically all the programmes of WMO. Three fields of application which are particularly important, however, constitute three separate programmes grouped under a major Programme entitled the Applications of Meteorology Programme. The components of this major Programme are (a) the Agricultural Meteorology Programme; (b) the Marine Meteorology Programme; and (c) the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme.

The main objective of the Agricultural Meteorology Programme is to assist Member countries in orgam. z long and strengthening their agrometeorological services so that optimum use can be made of meteorological and hydrological information and knowledge in agricultural production and protection. The programme is carried out in close co-ordination with the relevant activities under the WCP. The Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM) provides advice on different aspects of the programme and close collaboration is maintained with FAO and other organizations.

In 1987, efforts were concentrated on the follow-up activities to the decisions of the ninth session of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (Madrid, Spain, 17-28 November 1986) (appointment of rapporteurs and members of working groups; publication of reports) and on training through workshops and roving seminars covering different aspects of operational agrometeorology, including drought and desertification.

The objectives of the Marine Meteorology Programme include the promotion of marine meteorological services over the high seas and coastal areas and the applications of marine climatological information for planning marine activities. The Commission for Marine Meteorology is responsible for keeping abreast of developments in this field and for making appropriate recommendations. Parallel with the marine activities co-ordinated by the Commission, certain other ocean-related activities are carried out within the joint IOC/WMO programme known as the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) . Tenth Congress agreed that high priority during the next intersessional period should be given to the further development of marine meteorological services, both basic services directed towards the safety of life and property at sea and specialized services in support of specific user groups and activities. Tenth Congress also agreed on the importance of IGOSS in the provision of oceanographic data and services in support of operational users and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).

In addition to the increasing implementation and expansion of marine meteorological services by Members, the past year has witnessed a number of other important activities including the publication of the Marine Cloud Album, finalization of the Guide to Wave Analysis and Forecasting and the commencement of the Guide to Applications of Marine Climatology; further developments in the use of the INMARSAT system for the collection and dissemination of marine meteorological and oceanographic information; strengthening and expansion of the work of the Drifting Buoy Co-operation Panel; and the development of proposals for improved long-term training activities in marine meteorology and physical oceanography.

lGOSS is now entering a phase of rapid expansion in support of a variety of operational and research uses. The numbers of BATHY/TESAC reports exchanged over the GTS are now higher than during the Global Weather PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 7

Experiment, while Specialized Oceanographic Centres in France, Japan, the USSR and the USA are producing a variety of surface and subsurface oceanographic products of direct benefit to users.

The Aeronautical Meteorology Programme aims at assisting Members in the planning, establishment and operation of aeronautical meteorological services required to ensure the safety, efficiency and economy of air navigation. The programme is carried out in close collaboration with ICAO and other relevant international organizations. The Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM) is responsible, in co-operation with IeAO when appropriate, for making recommendations on matters relating to the programme.

Throughout the year, activities under this programme were carried out along the lines approved by Tenth Congress, taking into account the need to assist developing countries. Questions relating to regulatory material for meteorological services for aviation received particular attention. Through CAeM and its working groups, WMO provided support for the World Area Forecast System. The preparation of two Guides was under way. Close co-operation was maintained with ICAO, particularly through participation in the work of a number of panels and study groups. The first co-ordination meeting was held between ASECNA and directors of national Meteorological Services in RA I.

HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES

The core of the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (HWRP) is the Operational Hydrology Programme (OHP), which includes such activities as: measurement of basic hydrological elements from networks of stations; collection, processing and publication of basic hydrological data; hydrological forecasting; and development of procedures and techniques in support of the foregoing. These activities are essential in promoting world-wide co-operation in the evaluation of water resources and in helping to develop these resources to meet the needs of Members.

The OHP, along with certain activities under the other component programmes of the HWRP, functions through the Commission for Hydrology (CHy). The current programme of activities was established by the seventh session of CHy in 1984. The results of a large number of these activities became available in the last quarter of 1987 and the rest are expected to be ready for submission to CRy-VIII, scheduled at present to be held in late 1988. A major activity within the OHP is the Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS), which provides an efficient means of transfer of operational hydrological technology and an international framework for the integration of techniques for collecting and processing hydrological data. HOMS was launched into its second phase on the basis of the plan of implementation and schedule of activities for 1984 to 1991 as approved by the Commission, and continued to prove very effective in collecting available technology and in facilitating its organized transfer to meet the needs of Members. In 1987, the number of HOMS National Reference Centres (HNRCs) and focal points increased from 88 to 102. The HOMS Reference Manual now contains 383 components and the total number of requests for components increased from about 1 000 to over 1 250.

A major event in 1987 was the third Unesco/WMO International Conference on Hydrology and Scientific Bases for Water Resources Management which was held in Geneva in March. 8 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

Regional working groups on hydrology continued to implement their respective assignments in co-operation with CRy. In addition, the hydrological components of other progranunes and activities such as the World Climate Progranune and the Tropical Cyclone Progranune were supported under the Applications and Services to Water Resources Progranune.

Close co-operation with the water-related progranunes of other international organizations was maintained, particularly the International Hydrological Progranune (IHP) of Unesco.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

The education and training activities in meteorology and operational hydrology continued in accordance with the directives of Ninth Congress and were pursued as a matter of high priority. These activities cut across many other scientific progranunes for which the Education and Training Progranune continued to provide support and co-ordination.

A panel of experts established by the Executive Council continued to serve as the advisory body on all aspects of education and training. The Regional Meteorological Training Centres continued to play an important role. Thirteen training events were organized on different topics to meet the needs expressed by Members; an additional 24 training events were co-sponsored or supported by the Organization. The total number of fellowships awarded and conunenced during the year was 162. Financial assistance was also provided for 75 participants in various WMO-supported training events and study tours under the fellowship progranune. Three new training publications and translations of four other training publications were issued, while eight more were being prepared.

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

Technical co-operation activities, through which assistance is rendered to developing countries, continued to be an important part of the of the Organization's activities. As in previous years, assistance was provided through the United Nations Development Progranune, the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Progranune, trust-fund arrangements and the regular budget of the Organization.

Assistance provided to countries under the UNDP and trust-fund arrangements in 1987 totalled some US $14 million; the corresponding figure for 1986 was US $14.46 million. Some of the large-scale projects carried out during 1987 were directly related to the expansion and strengthening of national Meteorological and Hydrological Services but a shift toward applications-oriented projects, such as those in the fields of agrometeorology, energy and operational hydrology, was discernible. The project for assistance to drought-stricken countries in eastern and southern Africa and the project for strengthening the agrometeorological and hydrological services of the Sahelian countries continued to be of great importance for the development of agrometeorology and operational hydrology. Other large-scale projects were concerned with the evaluation of water resources, flood forecasting, meteorological services for agricul ture, meteorological training, research, and improvement of facilities for the detection and warning of tropical cyclones. PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW 9

The Voluntary Co-operation Programme, which is maintained by voluntary countributions from Members, either in the form of equipment and services or in cash, continued to provide significant assistance, mainly for the WWW Programme and training activities. VCP-co-ordinated projects, combining contributions from UNDP and other donors, are becoming increasingly important.

Considerable assistance continued to be rendered in 1987 in the form of equipment and services for the development of observational and telecommunication facilities; many long-term fellowships for training were also awarded. The total number of countries which received assistance under the VCP in 1987 was 103. The number of VCP projects completed during the year was 33, while 123 projects were being implemented.

One of the most pressing needs of the Meteorological and Hydrological Services of developing countries is for an adequate number of trained personnel. Through the long-term fellowship programmes of the Organization, many Member countries have been able to increase the professional level of the staff in these Services. At the end of the year, a total of 469 people had either completed their studies or were still studying with fellowships awarded by WMO under various programmes; 162 students began training under fellowships awarded in 1987.

REGIONAL PROGRAMME

The regional programme is carried out mainly through the six regional associations: Regional Association I (Africa), Regional Association II (Asia), Regional Association III (South America), Regional Association IV (North and Central America), Regional Association V (South-West Pacific) and Regional Association VI (Europe). The three Regional Offices - for Africa (located in Bujumbura, Burundi), for the Americas (located in Asuncion, Paraguay) and for Asia and the South-West Pacific (located at WMO Headquarters) - continued to provide support for the activities of the corresponding regional associations.

OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

The twelfth session of the NAOS Board was held in Geneva from 24 to 26 August. Having been informed of the progress being made in the development of the Composite Observing System for the North Atlantic (COSNA), the Board was of the view that, in the context of the Global Observing System, it would be indispensable for the NAOS system to continue to operate well into 1989.

The annual World Meteorological Day was celebrated with much success throughout the world on 23 March with the theme "Meteorology - a model of international co-operation". The day is celebrated each year to mark the anniversary of the coming into force of the Convention of WMO and to focus public attention on the services rendered by meteorology and operational hydrology. Many public information acti vi ties were also organized during Tenth Congress. 10 PART 1 - GENERAL REVIEW

EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

The thirty-second International Meteorological Organization Prize was awarded to Prof. M.I. Budyko (USSR). The Prize was established to commemorate the International Meteorological Organization, the non-governmental organization which was the predecessor of the World Meteorological Organization.

Throughout the year, close collaboration was maintained with the United Nations and its specialized agencies as well as with governmental and non-governmental organizations, as appropriate. Opening of the Tenth World Meteorological Congress in Geneva, 4 May 1987 (Photo: WMOIBianco)

Participants at the 39th session of the Executive Council, Geneva, June 1987 (Photo: WMOIBianco) INSAT-lB picture of an intense tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal on 1 Febmary 1987 -a rare occurrence at that time of the year (Photo: IMD) PAR T 2

WORLD WEATHER WATCH

INTRODUCTION

The World Weather Watch (WWW), the basic Programme of WMO, is a fully co-ordinated world-wide system, the primary purpose of which is to make available, within the agreed system, meteorological and other environmental information required for both applications and research. In addition, WWW facilities are used in support of other WMO programmes and international programmes jointly established with WMO such as the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) - with IOC - and the World Area Forecast System (WAFS), which is co-ordinated with ICAO.

The essential operational elements of the WWW are:

• The Global Observing System (GOS);

• The Global Data-processing System (GDPS);

• The Global Telecommunication System (GTS).

The monitoring of the operation of the WWW constitutes an integral part of the WWW. The operational information service is an important support activity for Members and is designed to provide essential operational information for the efficient functioning of the overall WWW.

The salient activities relating to the WWW Programme conducted in 1987 are described in the following sections. Activities in two other fields closely connected with the WWW are described thereafter. The first relates to the Tropical Cyclone Programme, which is concerned with the mitigation of harmful effects of tropical cyclones and for which the WWW Programme provides the basic facilities for the meteorological forecasting and warning systems. The second is the Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme for ensuring the high quality of observational data essential for several WMO programmes and the WWW in particular.

The main thrust of WWW activities in 1987 after completion of the Integrated System Study and the approval by Congress of the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme for 1988-1997 was directed at the improvement of the WWW operational components, particularly in Regions where implementation of the WWW Plan encountered major difficulties. Efforts were concentrated on the optimum use of existing facilities in combination with the introduction of advanced technology; of particular note in this context were the OWSEs for the North Atlantic and Africa.

Co-ordinated regional implementation support has formed an important part of the activities carried out within the WWW Programme in conjunction with relevant VCP projects. Scientific and technical support and various training events were arranged as a contribution to the transfer of technology and knowledge. These activities, together with the professional, scientific and technical support for the planning and implementation of relevant VCP projects, had a most significant impact on WWW implementation. 12 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

COMMISSION FOR BASIC SYSTEMS

The main responsibility of the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) is to promote world-wide co-operation in the operation and further development of the www system in the light of new requirements and technological developments and to make recommendations to the Executive Council on relevant issues.

The activities of the Commission in 1987 were conducted mainly by correspondence within the various working groups and study groups described below. There were, however, two meetings of the CBS Advisory Working Group in April and October 1987, both in Geneva, which dealt mainly with the preparations for the ninth session of the Commission, including the Associated Technical Conference on Operational Weather Forecasting, to be held in January/February 1988.

Following the recommendations of an EC ad hoc group of experts on operational meteorological aspects concerning the emission of hazardous materials into the atmosphere and atmospheric emergency responses, a number of activities were carried out and arrangements made for WWW to meet the requirements of the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident. An agreement on the use of the GTS in support of the Convention has been concluded between IAEA and WMO. A joint IAEA/WMO project on the intercomparison and validation of atmospheric transport/dispersion/deposition models has been initiated. Actions have also been taken on the collection and international exchange of radioactivity data in case of a nuclear accident.

INTEGRATED WWW SYSTEM STUDY

The Integrated System Study was formally brought to its conclusion with the approval by Tenth Congress (Res. 2 (Cg-X» of the WWW Plan and Implementation Programme for 1988-1997. A number of activities started under the ISS and included in the Long-term Plan were pursued during 1987. These included, in particular, the WWW Implementation Support Activity (ISA), comprising arrangements for the exchange of knowledge, methodology and means between Members, and the Operational WWW Systems Evaluations (OWSEs) for the North Altantic and for Africa. The OWSE-North Atlantic exercise began on I January 1987 and the build-up of the observing systems, particularly the Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (ASAP) and drifting buoys, continued throughout the year. Four special OWSE-NA monitoring periods were conducted.

For the OWSE-Africa, which will be based primarily on data collection by satellite, the RA I Working Group on Regional WWW Systems Planning, Co-ordination and Implementation drew up planning principles at a meeting in Dakar in March 1987. An expert meeting, held in Geneva from 31 August to 4 September, drew up an operational plan and a compilation of resources required. The OWSE-Africa is expected to begin in July 1988.

As an outcome of the ISS, several activities were geared towards strengthening the WWW operation in some particularly critical areas. These included the establishment of a joint and co-ordinated WMO/ASECNA action plan in the area of WWW and the possible designation of Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres, such as the specialized centre foreseen for ASEAN countries. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 13

GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM

General

The Global Observing System (GOS) is composed of a variety of meteorological observing networks combining different methods, techniques and facilities for making observations on a global scale within the framework of the WWW. It was established to provide world-wide meteorological and related environmental observations required by Members for operational and research purposes. The system is designed to be flexible and evolutionary in nature so that the combination of specific observational elements may be adapted to advances in technology and changes in requirements. The concept of developing the GOS further by combining existing elements with new ones - several are still in the process of being tested for future use through the ISS - does not aim at a new observing system but rather at improving the present system. The principle that proven existing systems should not be eliminated until the replacement systems have themselves been operationally tried and tested is the main consideration on which the development of new elements of the GOS is based.

Together with the other basic elements of the WWW, namely the Global Data-processing System and the Global Telecommunication System, the GOS also provides support for other international programmes. It is convenient in the planning and co-ordination of the system to consider it on the three levels used to classify observational data requirements: global, regional and national. The GOS is a composite system comprising the surface-based and the space-based (satellite) subsystems. The surface-based subsystem is composed of the regional basic synoptic networks, other observational networks of stations on land and at sea (at national level), aircraft meteorological observations, climatological stations, agricultural meteorological stations and special stations (e.g. ozone stations, radiation stations etc.). The space-based subsystem is composed of the near-polar-orbitingand geostationary meteorological satellites.

The GOS provides quantitative as well as qualitative information. The quantitative information, derived from instrument measurements, specifies the physical state of the atmosphere by providing values of parameters such as atmospheric pressure, humidity, air temperature and wind velocity. The qualitative information aims rather at describing phenomena by providing information on the state of the sky, the form of clouds and the types of precipitation.

Review of the activities of WMO constituent bodies relating to the GOS

The planning of the GOS and the overall co-ordination of its implementation are part of the main functions of the Commission for Basic Systems. The regional associations also play an active part in the development and co-ordination of some elements of the GOS, such as the regional basic synoptic networks of surface and upper-air synoptic stations. On the basis of the WWW Plan, as developed further by CBS, the regional associations and the EC Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology, Members take appropriate measures to set up and operate the observing systems on their territories or make arrangements for observations to be made in extraterritorial areas such as the oceans and the Antarctic. 14 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

The Working Group on the Global Observing System was constituted to carry out specific tasks assigned to it by the Commission. To cope with its work programme, the Working Group established a Study Group on OWSEs, a Study Group on the Manual and the Guide on the GOS, and appointed a Rapporteur on Monitoring and Quality Control of Observational Data as well as three rapporteurs to deal with various aspects of new observing techniques. As no session of the Working Group on the GOS was held in 1987, its work was conducted mainly by correspondence. The members of the Study Group on the Manual and the Guide on the GOS completed a draft of an entirely revised Guide as well as a rearranged and expanded Part III of the Manual dealing with the surface-based subsystem. The texts of both were circulated among members of the full Working Group on the GOS in mid-1987 and the modified texts are to be considered by CBS-IX in January 1988.

Two additional rapporteurs were specially appointed in 1987 to prepare a report for CBS on TOVS (TIROS operational vertical sounder) data-retrieval· methods. which are aimed at making certain satellite data more available for operational use. The report also foreshadows future developments in satellite soundings and presents recommendations for the consideration. of CBS.

Implementation of the various components of the GOS

Detailed information on the state of implementation of the various components of the GOS is published in the WWW Thirteenth Status Report on Implementation (WMO-No. 674). For ease of reference, however, and to update certain information on the basis of material provided by Members, a summary is given below.

Surface-based subsystem

The most recently published information on the surface and upper-air stations comprising the regional basic synoptic networks is provided in the WWW Thirteenth Status Report on Implementation referred to above. Table I gives the level of implementation of these networks as at 1 June 1987 based on more recent information made available by Members. It shows for each standard time of observation the number of observations made and the degree of implementation of the basic synoptic network expressed as a percentage of the number of observations required.

The overall level of implementation of surface observations is practically the same as that for 1986 but there has been a slight improvement in the case of upper-air observations.

Apart from the surface and upper-air observing stations constituting the regional basic synoptic networks, the surface-based subsystem also includes supplementary observing stations established to meet particular needs on a national basis. There were some 4 500 observing stations of this kind in 1987, of which over 500 also made pilot-balloon observations. It is to be noted that among these stations the number of automatic weather stations shows a constant increase over the past £e1>1 years. There are now 325 automatic weather stations in operation. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 15

All of these surface and upper-air observing stations, including those belonging to the regional basic synoptic networks, also record meteorological parameters for climatological purposes. However, to ensure that Meteorological Services had early access to the ml.nJ.mum amount of recent climatological information on a world-wide basis, reports of monthly values of a number of meteorological data from a selection of observing stations were exchanged each month over the GTS. This exchange concerns 1 950 surface stations issuing CLIMAT reports and 560 upper-air stations issuing CLIMAT TEMP reports. The locations of these stations are kept unchanged as far as possible, in order to maintain the necessary uniformity in the series of the data collected for the preparation of climatological summaries and records.

TABLE I

Level of implementation of the regional basic synoptic networks as at 1 June 1987

Upper-air observations Type of observation Surface observations Radiowind Radiosonde

Hours of observation 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 0000 1200 0000 1200 (GMT)

Requested number of 4 038 4 038 4 038 4 038 4 038 4 038 4 038 4 038 984 9B3 BB9 BB6 observations

Number of observations 3 59~ 3 464 3 61B 3 534 3 797 3 529 3 704 3 423 770 B1B 730 725 made

Level of implementation 89 B6 90 B8 94 B7 92 85 7B B3 B2 82 (%)

It is gratifying to note the increases over the 10-year period in the number of automatic weather stations making observations at the main standard times and in the number of radiowind and radiosonde observing stations. The number of stations making upper-wind observations by optical means continues to decrease as this method of observation is gradually being replaced by radiowind observations. The increases in CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations are in response to the needs of the World Climate Programme.

Table II illustrates the general development of the observing system over the past 10 years. · 16 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

TABLE II

General development of the observing system over the past 10 years

(a)

1977 1987 Number of stations making: 0000 0600 1200 1800 0000 0600 1200 1800

Surface observations 6 679 7 184 7 657 7 015 6 956 7 384 7 889 7 235

Pilot-balloon observations 479 549 591 416 360 497 460 374

Radiowind observations 760 312 832 306 804 292 870 304

Radiosonde observations 729 34 751 19 764 28 777 22

(b)

Total number of stations making observations: 1977 1987

Surface observations (manned) 8 303 8 296

Surface observations. (automatic) 99 325

CLlMAT reporting stations 1 585 1 950

CLlMAT TEMP reporting stations 497 560

Selected ships recruited 4 574 4 642

Supplementary ships recruited 2071 1 470

Auxiliary ships recruited 725 1 274 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 17

Ocean weather stations

The regional basic synoptic networks of Regional Association IV (North and Central America) and Regional Association VI (Europe) include three fixed ocean weather stations operating in the Atlantic Ocean under the North Atlantic Ocean Stations (NAOS) Agreement.

Full programmes of surface and upper-air observations, as specified in the NAOS Vessel Manual (WMO-No. 414), were carried out on an almost continuous basis at the three ocean weather stations in the North Atlantic operated by Norway, the USSR and the United Kingdom. In addition, a wide variety of oceanographic and other environmental observations were made by NAOS ships outside the regular NAOS programme.

The twelfth session of the NAOS Board (Geneva, 24-26 August 1987) reviewed the reports submitted by the Operating Parties on their activities in 1986 and agreed on a programme and budget for 1988.

The future of NAOS as part of the Global Observing System was a subject of discussion at the session and the Board received a report on the status of the planning for OWSE-NA. Concern was expressed on the future observing system in the North Atlantic after the envisaged termination of the NAOS Agreement in December 1988. In view of the likely delays in the establishment of a sui table follow-up system, the Board agreed that the NAOS system would continue until the fourth quarter of 1989.

Detailed information regarding ships recruited by Members in the framework of the WMO Voluntary Observing Ships Scheme is contained in the 1987 edition of WMO-No. 47 - International List of Selected, Supplementary and Auxiliary Ships. The scheme now comprises 49 Members. These Members contribute 4 642 selected ships, 1 470 supplementary ships and 1 274 auxiliary ships, making a total of 7 386 ships recruited.

The number of ships' weather reports exchanged over the GTS continued to increase over the year. However, many observing ships still suffered from inadequate ship-to-shore marine telecommunication facilities in some sea areas and experienced difficulties in clearing their weather reports. Efforts to improve this situation were pursued, in particular through the increased use of space communication techniques (e.g. INMARSAT, data collection through polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites).

Aircraft

Observations made on board aircraft are of great importance for both World Weather Watch and research purposes. The collection and distribution of AIREP reports, through a system of co-operation between the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and WMO, continued to work effectively. As a complement to the AI REP system, the ASDAR system, in which measurements will be made automatically on selected wide-bodied commercial jet aircraft and relayed through the geostationary meteorological satellites to ground stations, is being developed and is expected to be integrated into the Global Observing System when operational (see paragraphs relating to ISS above). Reports from prototype ASDARs continue to be received and used routinely. 18 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

Ground weather radar stations

Observations from weather radar stations constitute one of the best means of studying small- and mesoscale cloud/precipitation systems. One of the main purposes of radar observations is to detect thunderstorms and follow their development. These observations are also essential for the effective and reliable detection, tracking, forecasting and warning of dangerous weather phenomena such as tropical cyclones and tornadoes. It should be noted in this connection that, in some countries, systems combining the output of radar networks and the information received from meteorological satellites are already being used operationally or are in an advanced stage of development. Radar observations provide both qualitative and quantitative information which can be used to advantage in the fields of synoptic meteorology, aeronautical meteorology and hydrology, particularly for the provision of improved quantitative forecasts of specific elements such as rainfall quantity and distribution. More than 600 radar stations used for synoptic purposes were being operated by Members.

The number of drifting-buoy reports (DRIBU) transmitted over the GTS increased significantly compared with 1986, due in some measure to the build-up of the TOGA drifting-buoy programme. In June 1987 the operational drifting-buoy programme comprised some 220 active drifting buoys transmitting a total of about 2 000 DRIBUs over the GTS during a 24-hour period.

Other stations

In addi Eon to the stations referred to in the preceding paragraphs, Members operate meteorological stations for various other purposes. In the framework of the surface-based subsystem, they operate background air­ pollution monitoring stations which constitute the BAPMoN network, radiation stations, ozone stations, climatological stations, agricultural meteorological stations and tide-gauge stations. They also operate atmospherics detection systems to locate distant thunderstorms and use meteorological rockets to measure meteorological parameters above the 10 hPa level. Finally, to meet specific requirements, they operate stations for measurements in the planetary boundary layer.

Measurements made by rockets are indispensable for a better knowledge of the atmosphere at very high levels, as well as for the calibration and interpretation of data obtained from satellites. Tide-gauge observations are made to monitor variations in the sea-level and storm surges; the stations at which such observations are made are normally linked to a warning centre by reliable means of cOfm\1unication. Total ozone measuring stations and ozone sounding stations serve as the basis for the determination of the long-term trends in the global ozone content and for other relevant research studies.

Space-based subsystem

In accordance with the WWW Plan for 1984-1987, two complementary satellite systems continued to provide valuable input into the daily operation of the Global Observing System during 1987. These systems are composed of meteorological satellites of two types: PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 19

(a) Polar-orbiting satellites (800-1 000 km near-polar orbit), comprising the METEOR-2 system (USSR) and the NOAA series TIROS-N (USA). Each of these sytems provides for two operational satellites in orbit at any time;

(b) Geostationary operational satellites (in geosynchronous orbit at 36 000 km), comprising six satellites at the following locations over the Equator:

• 1400E - operated by Japan;

• 74°E - operated by India;

• 70 0 E - to be operated by the USSR (not yet launched);

• 0° - operated by the European Meteorological Satellite Agency;

• 75°W - operated by the USA;

• 135°W - operated by the USA.

The third generation of the USA polar-orbiting operational satellite system continued to provide data for operational and research purposes in 1987. During 1987, two polar orbiters, NOAA-9 and NOAA-IO, were operating. Due to some difficulties, NOAA-9 will be replaced by the satellite NOAA-ll which is to be launched in early 1988. Data from the TIROS operational vertical sounder (TOVS) and the advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) were made available to all Members with satellite-receiving equipment through direct-sounding transmission (DST), automatic picture transmission (APT) and high-resolution picture transmission (HRPT) services. In addition, the TIROS satellites continued to be used in the Argos data-collection and location missions. TOVS data, including raw radiances and sea-surface temperatures, were distributed over the GTS in the SATOB and SATEM code forms and other ways.

The USA plans to continue the advanced NOAA series TIROS-N through the remainder of the decade and to launch polar-orbiting satellites approximately every 15 months to provide continuity of the satellite programme. This includes plans to improve satellite data and services through improvements in the polar-orbiting satellites planned for 1992.

The present METEOR-2 meteorological satellite system continues to form the basis of the USSR near-polar-orbiting operational satellite service. The satellites are equipped with camera systems and scanning radiometers to provide visual and infra-red images of cloud as well as snow and ice cover. The METEOR-2 satellite system also provides cloud-top temperatures and height, and temperatures and values of outgoing long-wave radiation and reflected solar radiation. These data are processed and distributed over the GTS in pictorial and other forms. Trends for the future development of this system envisage an increase in orbital altitude of the spacecraft to ensure complete coverage over the Equator and the introduction of improved high-resolution imagery and IR sounding instruments.

Orbital prediction information as well as information on the operation of onboard sets of instruments from both USA and USSR polar-orbiting 20 PART Z - WORLD ~~THER WATCH

meteorological satellites was distributed over the GTS in the form of TBUS (USA APT PREDICT) and FANAS (USSR orbital prediction) messages on a routine basis.

As far as the geostationary meteorological satellites are concerned, the USA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system normally consists of two satellites, GOES-West located at 135°W and GOES-East located at 75°W. These satellites provide both high- and low-resolution (WEFAX) imagery by direct transmissions and relay of information from data-collection platforms (DCPs) . They also provide upper-air wind observations based on cloud movement in the form of SATOB bulletins distributed over the GTS. GOES-7 was launched in February 1987, became operational in March 1987 and was utilized as GOES-East; GOES-6 was moved to the GOES-West position in April 1987. Other partially functional GOES spacecraft including GOES-2, 3 F 4 and 5 do not provide imagery or sounding data but support data-collection services, WEFAX and other communication functions. The US has contracted for the next generation of geostationary satellite system called GOES-I, J, K, Land M. The launch of the first of this series, GOES-I, is planned for late 1989. This new series of GOES spacecraft will provide geostationary services into the late 1990s.

The European Meteorological Satellite Agency (EUMETSAT) geostationary satellite METEOSAT-2 continues to provide a full service of high- and low-resolution visible and infra-red imagery, as well as information on upper winds based on cloud movement, distributed over the GTS as a SATOB bulletin. However, the data-collection mission is carried out by the US satellite GOES-4 located at 40oW. METEOSAT P-2 with a data-collection mission was scheduled to be launched in early 1988. The METEOSAT Operational Programme satellites MOP-I, MOP-2 and MOP-3 are scheduled to be launched in 1988, the end of 1989 and 1991/1992 respectively.

The Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite GMS-3 replaced the GMS-2 in September 1984 to provide both high- and low-resolution visible and infra-red imagery, upper-air wind observations based on cloud movement as well as data-collection and -dissemination services from DCPs. The GMS-4 satellite is now being developed and is scheduled to be launched in 1989 with some improvements planned to increase the reliability of the imaging sensor.

The Indian multipurpose national satellite INSAT-1B was launched and became operational in October 1983. INSAT-IB is equipped with a very-high­ resolution radiometer (VHRR) which can provide half-hourly pictures of the Earth's cloud coverage over India and adjoining land and sea areas in visible and infra-red channels. Quantitative processed satellite data, i.e. wind­ vector data, are transmitted over the GTS. Satellite INSAT-1C is already being built and is to be launched in early 1988. INSAT-1C is to be located at 94°E. A fourth satellite, INSAT-1D, is also planned so as to ensure the availability of the requisite space-segment capability and capacities during the transition from the first generation INSAT-1 to the second generation INSAT-2 in the early 1990s.

The USSR Geostationary Meteorological Operational Satellite (GOMS) is planned for launch before 1991.

Both polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites continued to be complementary in the frequency and areal coverage of observations, collection and relay of in situ observations and dissemination of data by direct PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 21

broadcast. During the year, the space-based subsystem made it possible to obtain a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative information concerning the state of the atmosphere and the Earth's surface, which was used extensively in the operational work of most Members. Further progress was achieved in satellite-data applications in such vital fields as environmental warning services, determining ocean conditions (including sea-ice monitoring) and hydrological and agricultural conditions.

During 1987, implementation of the WWW publication programme on satellite aspects and the distribution of information on various summaries of satellite-related activities in the countries concerned were continued. Two technical documents were published in 1987 in the WMO Satellite Report Series, i.e. SAT-5, Application of Satellite Technology - Annual Progress Report 1986 and SAT-6, Survey of Meteorological Satellite Ground-based Receiving Equipment.

WMO continued its participation in the co-ordination of geostationary meteorological satellites (CGMS). The CGMS-XVI meeting in Washington, OC in October 1987 again emphasized the use of the international data-collection system (IOCS). The IOCS serves an important function for the World Weather Watch, especially for the acquisition of ship and aircraft observations. The CGMS-XVI session also decided to include, under its regular agenda item on satellite winds, a review of progress made in improving satellite winds.

GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM

General

The specifications and details of the organization and functions of the Global Data-processing System are given in Volume I of the Manual on the Global Data-processing System (WMO-No. 485) (Annex IV to the Technical Regulations) and are included in Part II, Volume I of the Second WMO Long-term Plan which was approved by Tenth Congress. Details on methods used in real-time operations of GDPS centres are found in the Guide on the Global Data-processing System (WMO-No. 305).

The purpose of the GDPS is to co-ordinate the data-processing activities of Members in order to make available all the processed information they require for both real-time and non-real-time applications in an effective and efficient manner. The GDPS should provide high-quality products generated in the world and regional data-processing centres using sophisticated numerical models in conjunction with powerful computers. Each Member should have real-time access to these products through the GTS and thereby be able to benefit fully from recent advances in atmospheric sciences. Access to information in the non-real-time mode should allow an effective use of information needed by Members to meet requirements as regards observational and processed information for research and less time-critical purposes.

The GDPS is organized as a three-tier system, namely WMCs at the global level, RSMCs with geographical and/or activity specializations at the regional level and NMCs which carry out GDPS functions at the national level. In general, real-time functions of the system involve collection, quality control, pre-processing, analysis and prognosis, including derivation 22 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

of appropriate meteorological parameters and verifications. The non-real-time functions include collection, quality control, storage, retrieval and cataloguing of observational data and processed information for operational and special applications as well as for research.

The system of WMCs and RSMCs is kept under review by CBS and, as appropriate, by regional associations which, in order to ensure that the necessary steps are taken to fill any gaps in the system and to avoid any undesirable redundancy, make appropriate recommendations to the Executive Council. Detailed information on the implementation of the GDPS is given in the WWW Thirteenth Status Report on Implementation.

Publication of GDPS regulatory and guidance material

A new edition (987) of Volume II of the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), concerning the updated procedures of regional coding practices for all regional associations and the Antarctic as well as national coding practices notified by Members, was issued in October 1987.

Two reports were prepared and published as WWW Technical Reports:

• No. 4 - Report of the first session of the Executive Council ad hoc Group of Experts on Operational Meteorological Aspects concerning the Emission of Hazardous Materials into the Atmosphere and Atmospheric Emergency Responses (WMO/TD-No. 102);

• No. 5 - Results of the WMO/CAS NWP Study and Intercomparison for Forecasts for the Northern Hemisphere in 1986 (WMO/TD­ No. 197).

The following supplements to manuals were also issued:

• Supplement No. 6 to Volume I of the Manual on the Global Data­ processing System (WMO-No. 485), concerning the definitions of forecasting ranges and a revised Attachment II-14 to the plan for monitoring the operation of the WWW, was issued in June 1987 and became effective on 1 November 1987;

• Supplement No. 6 to Volume II of the Manual on the Global Data~processing System (WMO-No. 485), concerning the new texts for RA I, RA III, RA IV and RA VI, was issued in June 1987;

• Supplement No.3 to Volume I of the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), concerning decisions of CBS-Ext. (85) as contained in Recommendations 5 to 11 inclusive (CBS-Ext. (85», was issued in September 1987;

Activities of the CBS Working Groups on the GDPS and Codes

As no session of the Working Group on the GDPS was held in 1987, the following work was conducted mainly by correspondence: PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 23

(a) Continuation of the WMO/CAS NWP Data Study and Intercomparison Project for Forecasts for the Northern Hemisphere in 1986. The report was published as WWW Technical Report No.5;

(b) Tables concerning the monitoring of the quality of observational data were developed and circulated to Members concerned;

(c) A survey on the development of RSMCs as laid out in the Second WMO Long-term Plan (SLTP) and approved by Tenth Congress was carried out;

(d) The Guide and Manual on the Global Data-processing System were reviewed and updated.

The following activities were carried out mainly by correspondence:

(a) Continuation of development of an international special phenomena code table;

(b) Approval of Recommendation 2 (CBS/WGC-VII) Proposed modification of FM 12-VIII Ext. SYNOP and regulations to standardize procedures for reporting station pressure and past weather from automatic stations;

(c) Further review of the annex to Recommendation 3 (CBS/WGC-VII) - Minor modifications to FM 35-V TEMP, FM 36-V TEMP SHIP, FM 85-VI SAREP and editorial improvements to specifications of symbolic letters of DRIBD code;

(d) Further review and development of the annex to Recommendation 4 (CBS/WGC-VII) FM 65-IX WAVEOB Report of spectral wave information from a sea station;

(e) Minor improvements and clarification. to the annex to Recommendation 5 (CBS/WGC-VII) - FM 42-IX ASDAR Aircraft report (Aircraft to satellite data relay);

(f) Further development of the BUFR code;

(g) Improvements to specification of BATHY and TESAC.

Regional activities

The following activities were carried out by the relevant regional working groups:

(a) A plan for the activities to be carried out by the RA VI Working Group on the Co-ordination of the Implementation and Operation of the WWW in Region VI was circulated to members of the Working Group;

(b) A plan for the activities to be carried out by the RA I Working Group on WWW System Planning, Co-ordination and Implementation was circulated to members of the Working Group. 24 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

Antarctic meteorology

The Chairman of the EC Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology represented WMO at the XIVth Consultative Meeting of the Antarctic Treaty held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 16 October 1987.

As proposed by the fourth session of the EC Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology, a special moni toring of the transmission of Antarctic meteorological data was carried out in December 1987. The results will be circulated to Members concerned.

GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

General

The Global Telecommunication System - an important component of the World Weather Watch Plan for 1984-1987 as adopted by Ninth Congress - provides for the efficient flow of meteorological data and information to meet the agreed www system requirements in a timely and reliable way and ensures that all Members have access thereto in a cost-effective manner. The GTS has been established primarily to provide communication services for the rapid and reliable collection, exchange and distribution of required observational data, particularly GOS data, and processed information from WMCs, RMCs and NMCs operating wi thin the GDPS of the WWW, as well as from other specialized centres, to meet the needs of Members for operational purposes and those research purposes which necessarily involve the exchange of information in real-time or quasi-real-time.

The GTS is organized on a three-level basis, namely:

(a) The Main Telecommunication Network (MTN);

(b) The regional meteorological telecommunication networks;

(c) The national meteorological telecommunication networks.

The GTS is internationally supported by the telecommunication functions of the following centres:

(a) World Meteorological Centres;

(b) Regional Telecommunication Hubs (RTHs);

(c) Regional Meteorological Centres, as necessary, in accordance with regional agreements;

(d) National Meteorological Centres.

The WWW Plan and Implementation Programme for 1988-1997 was approved by Tenth Congress, as part of the Second WMO Long-term Plan. While retaining the three-level structure of the GTS, the Plan foresees that new techniques will be progressively introduced by taking maximum advantage of standardized protocols and techniques of ISO and CCITT. The GTS will integrate special satellite-based data collection and dissemination systems as essential common PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 25

elements of global, regional and national systems. WWW data management functions would be developed to co-ordinate and facilitate the storage, monitoring and handling of data with a view to providing Members with meteorological information in an efficient and convenient manner.

Review of the activities of WMO constituent bodies relating to the GTS

Close collaboration was maintained with ITU and ISO with a view to introducing new telecommunication techniques into the GTS and to preserving and improving the administration and technical arrangements concerning meteorological telecommunications in ITU regulatory material. Studies carried out by ITU and ISO were kept under continuous review by WMO representatives at various meetings of the two organizations.

WMO pursued collaboration with ICAO as regards the support of the WWW Programme to the WAFS, including exchange of data and products over the GTS. A WMO/ICAO study on the feasibility of joint use of a satellite-based distribution system for the distribution of both WAFS products and basic and processed meteorological information was initiated, with a view to avoiding unnecessary duplication of effort and expense for Members.

WMO collaborated with EUMETSAT on the development of applications of services to be provided by the METEOSAT Operational Programme for the collection and dissemination of meteorological information for the benefit of the WWW Programme. In order to mitigate existing deficiencies in the operation of the GTS in Region I, the integrated use of these services will be evaluated in the near future in several African Member countries as part of an Operational WWW Systems Evaluation.

In collaboration with IAEA, the use of the GTS for the exchange of information, as prescribed by the Conventions on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and on Assistance in Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, was considered. Following the. agreement in principle of the governing bodies of both organizations, suitable working arrangements have been established for this purpose and adopted by an exchange of letters between the Director-General of IAE!>. and the Secretary-General of WMO.

A study of the possible extension of WMO support to the activities of the United Nations Conference on Disarmament through the transmission of additional types of seismic data over the GTS was initiated in collaboration with the Conference's Group of Scientific Governmental Experts to Consider International Co-operative Measures to Detect and Identify Seismic Events.

The sixth session of the RA II Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications (Guangzhou, China, September 1987) reviewed the RA II regional meteorological telecommunication plan for the WWW and developed recommendations for amendments thereto. The session considered further developments of the RA II Regional Meteorological Telecommunication Network and in particular the possible use of the geostationary meteorological satellite (GMS) operated by Japan for the collection of observational data and the distribution of processed information. 26 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

Implementation of the Global Telecommunication System

The WWW Thirteenth Status Report on Implementation was issued in 1986. This report contains detailed information on the implementation of the GTS plan, which has continuously progressed. The configuration and present operational status of the GTS are shown in the diagram on the page opposite. Some important points concerning it are given in the following paragraphs. Table III provides a summary of the implementation of point-to-point circuits called for in the GTS plan.

TABLE III

Summary of the implementation of point-to-point circuits called for in the GTS plan

Number of circuits

Recommended Established circuits in the plan

Satellite/cable/ Radio HF Total microwave

Telephone- Telegraphic type

Main Telecom- munication Network 21 16 4 1 21

Region I 75 - 23 34 58

Region II 47 6 21 7 34

Region III 16 - 12 - 12 Region IV 35 22 12 - 34

Region V 14 2 12 - 14

Region VI 51 28 20 3 51

Interregional circuits 21 7 10 1 18

Total 280 81 114 46 241 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GLOBAL TELECOMMU- I~ NICATION SYSTEM IT 50 B

MISE EN OEUVRE DU LEGEND SYSTEME MONDIAL DE 1200 b/s + 2400 b/s FAX TELECOMMUNICATIONS .....

EJECUCION DEL Moin Telecom- SISTEMA MUNDIAL DE It munication- Network TELECOMUNICACION 1i1~1'=''''5''i'=""J1)' FAX -=-=-Main Regional Circuit

OCYW.ECTBJlEH~E Regional Circuit rJlO&AJlbHOI7I C~CTEMbl ...... Interregional Circuit TEJI ECBfl3~ IIIIIII1 Supplementary Interregional Circuit

Regional Meteorological Centre TUNIS/ CASABLANCA (joinlly operation) I~I 75B Supporting RTH for RMC I~ TUNISIA/CASABLANCA x The Government of the I~ Republic of South Africa (BRLNEI ') ~~~o~:t~~n ~~~8~~t~~ by from exercising Its rights and enjoying its privileges as a Member of WMO Ie BOGeTA B: BAUD 75 B b/s: bits per second CAYENNE) HF: High Frequency 508 QUITO radio circuit '1::. RR: VHF/UHF radio relay System e LlMA- -x=:: 75 B T BRASILIA ., (LA PAZY ~ :? Established =....:J Icircuit ITllI1

Circuits coiled for in the GTS plan w NOTE_: Circuits not 758 L ...... ~~~iilMELBOURNE .. -o-re_ those-'operating -

The deSignations employed and the presentation of material in this map do not imply the expression YnoTpe6JUleMWC lJa aToIi lIapTC O(jO~IIU'leIllUI It 113110il,Cllue MaTCplla!1a IIC 0311a'ta1OT ULlI)ailil'lIIll1 of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization co CTOPOllbl CeKpeTaplI3.TU llceMllplIUl1 MCTCOPUlIOI'II'It!clwii OpI'all1l3alUIU HaKoro tiLl TO 1111 ULt1l0 concerning the legal status of any coUlllry. territory, city or area or of lis authorities. or concerning the &IIICIIIIII OTIlOCUTCJlbllO npaUODOI'O CTUT)"ca CTpalll,l. TepIIIlTOIIHlI, l'opOAa IInIl PUiiOIlU, 111111 lIX dellmltallon of Its frontiers or boundaries. . BJlaCTen, IIJlIt OTHOCilTeUbHO AtmUMilTaLtilH IIX rpalUUl.

PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 29

The Main Telecommunication Network

The present Main Telecommunication Network consists of 21 circuits, all of which are in operation. In particular, 11 circuits: Melbourne­ Tokyo-Washington-Bracknel I-Pari s-Offenbach-Prague-Moscow, Offenbach-Beijing­ Tokyo, Offenbach-Jeddah and Offenbach-Nairobi are telephone-type circuits operating at a data-signalling rate of 9 600 bit/s using multiplexing facilities. Five other circuits are also telephone-type circuits at a data­ signalling rate of 1 200 or 2 400 bit/s, or multiplexed to transmit simultaneously alphanumerical data and analogue facsimile. The remaining five circuits are operating at 50/75 bauds.

As regards the automation of telecommunication centres, the WMCs Melbourne, Moscow and Washington and the RTHs Beijing, Bracknell, Brasilia, Buenos Aires, Dakar, Jeddah, Nairobi, New Delhi, Offenbach, Paris, Prague, Sofia and Tokyo are equipped with automatic switching systems. RTH Cairo is being automated.

The regional meteorological telecommunication networks for the six Regions consist of 259 point-to-point circuits, of which 220 circuits have been established. Twelve are now operating at 9 600 bit/s, 28 others are operating at data-signalling rates higher than 1 200 bit/s, 175 are satellite/cable/microwave circuits and 46 are HF circuits.

As regards RTH radio broadcasts, 23 RTT broadcasts and 27 radiofacsimile broadcasts were operating to disseminate observational data and processed information between GTS centres. In addition to the three WMCs and the 13 RTHs located on the MTN, 12 RTHs and 32 NMCs are already automated.

The national meteorological telecommunication networks are essential parts of the GTS, through which each NMC can collect observational data from individual observing-stations and distribute meteorological information to all stations in its territory to meet the requirements of users.

MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WWW

Plan for monitoring the operation of the WWW

The object of monitoring the operational performance of the WWW is to facilitate co-ordination and co-operation between Members and centres with a view to maintaining efficiency and taking action as necessary for upgrading the operation of the WWW at global, regional and national levels.

Non-real-time monitoring of the operation of the WWW

With a view to identifying levels or areas in which deficiencies in­ the operation of the WWW exist and to remedy these deficiencies as quickly as possible, specific monitoring surveys on a regional scale were carried out: 30 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

(a) For the exchange of SYNOP and TEMP reports from 1 to 7 June 1987 in Region II and from 1 to 7 July 1987 in Region I;

(b) For the exchange of SYNOP and TEMP reports issued from ANMET and CEMET centres in Region IV during the period 6-10 October 1987;

(c) For the exchange of SHIP reports from Singapore during the period 1-15 October 1987;

(d) For the exchange of Antarctic SYNOP, PILOT and TEMP reports from 30 November to 13 December 1987.

The results of these specific monitoring surveys were compiled by the WMO Secretariat and analyses of these results were sent to Members concerned or to members of working groups concerned.

Annual global monitoring

The results of annual global monitoring surveys carried out in October 1985, 1986 and 1987 concerning SYNOP and TEMP reports received at MTN centres are summarized in Tables IV, V, VI and VII.

The average number of SYNOP and TEMP reports included in the global exchange list available at MTN centres daily were about 7 300 SYNOP reports (Table IV) and 1 200 TEMP (Table VI) reports during the October 1987 annual global monitoring period. The percentages of SYNOP (Table V) and TEMP (Table VII) reports out of the number of reports expected were about 77 per cent and 82 per cent respectively.

The results of the October 1987 annual global monitoring for SYNOP and TEMP reports were similar to those of October 1986. However, it can be noted that the number of reports received from Regions I and" II, for which the percentage availability remained the lowest, did increase.

TABLE IV

Average number of SYNOP reports included in the global exchange list available each day at MTN centres

Date of Region annual global monitoring I II III IV V VI Total

October 1985 888 2 389 699 1 039 871 1 022 6 908

October 1986 1 091 2 424 730 1 114 875 1 030 7 264 October 1987 1 102 2 461 750 1 135 844 1 021 7 313 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 31

TABLE V

Percentage number of SYNOP reports included in the global exchange list available at MTN centres out of the number of SYNOP reports expected

Date of Region annual global monitoring I II III IV V VI Total

October 1985 44 79 66 73 77 93 72

October 1986 54 80 70 80 77 94 76

October 1987 57 82 72 83 75 93 77

TABLE VI

Average number of TEMP reports included in the global exchange list available each day at MTN centres

Date of Region annual global monitoring I II III IV V VI Total

October 1985 50 460 28 245 71 249 1 103

October 1986 48 526 18 270 84 258 1 204

October 1987 63 513 32 269 89. 248 1 214

TABLE VII

Percentage number of TEMP reports included in the global exchange list available at MTN centres out of the number of TEMP reports expected

Date of Region annual global monitoring I II III IV V VI Total

October 1985 51 77 45 86 68 93 78

October 1986 43 85 34 91 72 92 82

October 1987 57 85 50 91 76 90 82 32 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

The results of the October 1987 annual global monitoring showed major discrepancies in the availability of AlREP/CODAR and SHIP reports at different MTN centres. These discrepancies might be due to differences in the implementation .of monitoring procedures at these centres. CBS will consider this matter in 1988.

It can be estimated, however, that an average of about 4 000 AlREP/CODAR reports and 4 000 SHIP reports were exchanged daily over the MTN during the October 1988 annual global monitoring period.

The results of the October 1987 global monitoring concerning CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports are summarized in Tables VIII and IX.

The number of CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports included in the global exchange lists available at MTN centres during the October 1987 global monitoring period totalled 921 and 315 respectively; the corresponding percentages were 73 and 74 per cent respectively.

TABLE VIII

Number of CLlMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reports included in the global exchange list available at MTN centres during October 1987 global monitoring period

Region

I II III IV V VI Total

CLIMAT 104 265 137 85 113 217 921

CLIMAT TEMP 13 94 19 58 53 78 315

TABLE IX

Percentage number of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports included in the global exchange list available at MTN centres during October 1987 global monitoring period out of the number of reports expected

Region

I II III IV V VI Total

CLIMAT 53 84 55 75 74 90 73

CLlMAT TEMP 31 80 44 85 83 89 74 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 33

Like AIREP/CODAR and SHIP reports, the results of the October 1987 annual global monitoring also showed discrepancies in the availability of BATHY/TESAC reports at different MTN centres. It can be estimated, however, that an average of about 120 BATHY/TESAC reports were exchanged daily on the MTN during this monitoring period.

WWW OPERATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICE

As in the previous year, the Operational Information Service (CIS) continued to provide WMO Members and WWW centres with detailed and up-to-date information on facilities, services and products made available in the operation of the WWW. The timely dissemination of this information is becoming increasingly important for the progressive automation of WWW centres. Information on the WWW implementation and plans of Members was made available to WWW Members and WMO bodies as requested by Congress. The OIS also continued to provide support to the Marine Meteorological Services (MMS) Programme.

The operational information was distributed in the form of printed publications and supplements thereto, magnetic tapes, monthly letters on the operation of the WWW and the MMS, and telegraphic notifications over the GTS circuits (METNO and WIFMA messages).

As decided by the Executive Council, operational information continued to be distributed to those Members deprived of the free receipt of publications and to non-Member countries.

Data- and text-processing techniques were increasingly utilized for the speedy and accurate processing of the operational information. Six interactive terminals and a laser printer were being used to this effect. More detailed information on the supplement service to WWW operational publications may be found in Part 9.

TROPICAL CYCLONE PROGRAMME

Introduction

The ultimate objective of the TCP continues to be the establishment of national and regionally co-ordinated systems to prevent loss of life and mitigate damage caused by tropical cyclones. The TCP comprises two components: a general component concerned with methodology and transfer of technology, and a regional component devoted to the activities of regional tropical cyclone bodies within the programme. It is implemented on both regional and national levels through co-operative actions.

Progress was made at the regional level on developing centres for tropical cyclone forecasting and operational plans. Such centres, using existing facilities, would provide the most effective services by promoting regional co-ordination and co-operation and would encourage the implementation of technical plans for further development and the formulation of regional co-operation programmes. Attention was focused not only on the meteorological and hydrological elements of the programme but also on the related disaster­ prevention and preparedness aspects. Substantial progress was also made in training and in the transfer of technology and methodology. 34 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

The draft long-term plan for the TCP for the 10-year period 1988-1997 was submitted to Tenth Congress for inclusion in the Second WMO Long-term Plan (SLTP). Congress approved the sections concerning the Tropical Cyclone Programme for inclusion in Part I (overall policy and strategy, 1988-1997) and Part II (detailed plans) of Volume 1 the SLTP.

General component

The main activities under the general component comprise the publication of manuals and reports which provide information and guidance to Members and thus assist them in the increased application of scientific knowledge and technological developments for the improvement of the warning and disaster-prevention and preparedness systems.

Work continued on updating and completing a draft text of a publi­ cation on tropical cyclone warning systems under Project No.9, which had been assigned to a group of experts designated by Hong Kong and the Philippines under the leadership of an expert designated by Australia. It is expected that the report will be reviewed for publication in the TCP series in 1988.

Continued attention has been given to the implementation of Project No. 14 - Public information and education, which is being executed jointly by WMO, UNDRO and LRCS with the participation of the USA. A first draft of the report has been completed. Further contributions to the draft, mainly on disaster-preparedness aspects, are under preparation. The draft will be reviewed before publication and distribution.

Project No. 15 - Typhoon Operational Experiment (TOPEX) formed part of the programme of activities of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. A report entitled "Counterattack: the story of the Typhoon Operational Experiment" was published in the TCP series in October 1987 for wide distribution.

Other project areas have been identified and activities are in the planning stage. Following the success of the training course on tropical meteorology and tropical cyclone forecasting organized by the University of Miami and NOAA (USA) in co-operation with WMO in past years, and the request of the tropical cyclone bodies for further courses in this biennial series, the Executive Council made provision for the next course to be held in early 1988.

Regional component

The main thrust of the regional component continues to be the efficient operation of tropical cyclone early warning systems, including warnings of associated phenomena such as storm surge and floods, and of the relevant disaster-prevention and preparedness organization.

ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee

The Committee, at its twentieth session (Bangkok, October 1987), reviewed a regional co-operation programme aimed at the further improvement of typhoon and flood forecasting and warning services as well as disaster­ prevention and preparedness measures and the external support required for the implementation of the programme, taking into account the short- and medium-term plans for the Committee' s activities. The first review of the Typhoon Committee Operational Manual for the meteorological component was PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 35

carried out and the Manual was published in the Tep series in October 1987. Activities under the hydrological component continue to concentrate on the monitoring of designated flood-forecasting systems.

The second issue of the Typhoon Committee Annual Review 1986, compiled and finalized by the chief editor, designated by Hong Kong, in co-operation with the national editors, was distributed widely in late 1987 to Typhoon Committee Members, other Members of WMO and ESCAP, and interested scientific organizations and agencies.

In the light of the plans for a new GMS data-transmission scheme, WMO arranged for a team of experts from Japan to carry out a roving mission in March 1987 to the Committee Members concerned, mainly to advise on modifications and additions to meet the new requirements for reception of upgraded GMS transmissions or on the need for new installations, including detailed specifications and cost estimates. A report on the mission has been distributed to the Members visited.

A consultancy survey mission to the Typhoon Committee Members concerned was undertaken to prepare a plan for the establishment of a regional computer network for the computerization of operational typhoon monitoring and forecasting services.

WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones

The Panel held its fourteenth session in Bangkok in March 1987. A consultancy mission to the Panel Members concerned was carried out in early 1987 to assess national and regional capabilities and requirements for storm­ surge activities and to survey the operational models of storm-surge prediction currently in use. As part of the Panel's activities for the storm­ surge project, the Second Regional Workshop on Cyclone Storm Surge took place in Calcutta in December 1987.

With regard to a new hydrological component for the technical plan for the next medium- or long-term plan, WMO has started to prepare a draft of the revised plan based. on inputs and contributions from Panel Members and reflecting their specific needs and requirements.

RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean

A detailed programme for regular exchange of tropical cyclone forecasters in the region during the cyclo~e season (mid-January to mid-February) was established by the seventh session of the Committee. The first stage of the exchange programme was successfully implemented during the 1985/1986 cyclone season. The second stage of the programme was partially implemented in 1987.

In order to further elaborate the regional co-operation project, as suggested by the ninth session of Regional Association I, a consultancy mission was organized by WMO for Members concerned in August 1987. The Committee, at its eighth session (Antananarivo, Madagascar, September 1987), examined the detailed project proposal based on the information provided by the consultant, which included a regional centre with specialization in tropical cyclones in the South-West Indian Ocean region. The Committee agreed on a regional co-operation programme (formerly project) and recommended the establishment of a regional tropical cyclone advisory centre in Reunion and two subregional tropical cyclone advisory centres in Madagascar and Mauritius. 36 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

RA IV Hurricane Committee

The number of Members of RA IV participating in the work of the RA IV Hurricane Committee continued to increase. Participants from 25 Members of WMO, including all of the 24 Members of RA IV, and from six international and regional organizations attended the ninth session of the Committee which was held in Orlando, Florida, from 27 March to 3 April 1987. The session reviewed and updated the operational and technical plans which set out the co-operative arrangements for the hurricane warning system and the steps to be taken for the improvement of the overall system. The Committee established a number of subgroups and rapporteurs to facilitate its intersessional work.

As a result of the efforts by Members and the support given, particularly through the VCP, substantial progress was made during the year in the upgrading of ANMET and CEMET. The Committee proposed specific actions to alleviate deficiencies, principally in the improvement of the facsimile reception and through the training of personnel.

A highly successful workshop on hurricane forecasting for Class I and Class II personnel was held in Miami in March 1987 with - for the first time for this type of workshop - interpretation in English and Spanish. Several important recommendations made by the workshop were endorsed by the ninth session of the Committee.

RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific

Substantial progress was made in following up the decisions and recommendations of the first session of the RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee which was held in Nadi, Fiji, in January 1986. A draft Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan was prepared, incorporating the arrangements relating to the cyclone forecasting and warning services proposed by the Committee, and contingency plans aimed at providing the most effective warning system with existing facilities through regional co-ordination and co-operation. Steps are being taken to further develop the draft through consultation with and inputs from Members.

Following approval of the UNDP regional project, plans are being made for the elaboration of a detailed work programme based on requirements of participating countries in regard to the tropical cyclone monitoring, forecasting and warning systems and the related disaster-prevention and preparedness measures. Attention has also been given to other areas including, in particular, training. Support is being given to candidates from Members of the Committee to participate in training events held outside their countries.

Co-operation with other organizations

In accordance with the wishes of Congress, close co-operation with other international and regional organizations continued. Thus, there was close consultation with ESCAP, UNDRO, UNDP, LRCS, PCDPPP and other organizations on a variety of matters of common concern. The main items included ESCAP's co-sponsorship of the Typhoon Committee and the Panel on Tropical Cyclones, UNDP's invaluable support through regional projects, as well as UNDRO and LRCS involvement in the disaster-prevention and preparedness PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 37

element of the TCP. Special mention may be made of UNDRO and LRCS involvement in TCP Project No. 14 Public information and education. The close co-operation with the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Co-operation and the Pacific Islands Development Program should also be mentioned.

INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF OBSERVATION

General

The Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme is aimed at achieving a high level of standardization of meteorological observations and, for this purpose, provides guidance for the performance of meteorological instruments and methods of observation.

The main programme components include:

(a) Provision of input into ongoing WMO programmes, particularly the WWW;

(b) Promotion of the development of new instruments and evaluation of instruments;

(c) Studies of instrumentation for improved methods of meteorological surface and upper-air observations and development of suitable criteria for standard algorithms to achieve higher data quality;

(d) Evaluation of improved remote-sensing techniques with a view to introducing them into operational observing networks;

(e) Development of performance characteristics for instruments, particularly automatic instruments, on the basis of user requirements;

(f) Organization of international and regional instrument comparisons;

(g) Definition of calibration requirements and methods;

(h) Provision of technical input for education and training (training seminars and training material) and guidance on instrument maintenance;

(i) Updating of the fifth edition of the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8);

(j) Exchange of information and experience on the operation of new instruments and methods of observation through technical conferences.

During 1987, efforts were made to implement the programme on a global level by CIMO and on a regional level through the regional associations. Various intercomparisons were organized in co-operation with Members concerned under the Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme. The Secretariat also undertook the co-ordination of instrument matters with other WMO programmes and activities and with other international organizations such as ISO. 38 PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH

Activities of CIMO working groups

The first session of the Working Group on Surface Measurements was held at the Instrument Office in Munich from 13 to 16 April 1987. Priority was allocated to relevant tasks for the updating of several chapters of the Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8). The Group also prepared algorithms for automatic weather stations and discussed the preparation of guidance material on the calibration of meteorological instruments and techniques for use in developing countries, and problems of automation of visual observations as well as the transfer of information using both proven instruments and new technologies. The session also considered specific requirements of CBS and CMM concerning quality-control procedures, standard algorithms and improvements in standardizing meteorological measurements.

Organization of international comparisons

The WMO Ceilometer Intercomparison, carried out in the United Kingdom with instruments from Finland, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the USA, was completed by the third session of the International Organizing Committee. The Committee evaluated the results and prepared the final report of the intercomparison which will be published in the Instruments and Observing Methods series and distributed to Members early in 1988. The contributions to the successful implementation of the participating Members and in particular of the host country were very much appreciated.

The WMO Hygrometer Intercomparison was continued in 1987 at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute in Oslo with 19 different humidity sensors from Finland, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, the German Democratic Republic, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the USA. Some of the sensors have three equivalent units, so that output from 33 sensors are included in the evaluations. The intercomparison is expected to be finished in 1988.

The WMO Assmann Psychrometer Intercomparison begun in 1986 at the Meteorological Service of the German Democratic Republic in Potsdam, was concluded in 1987. Ten Members participated with different constructions of Assmann psychrometers, namely China, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, the Uni ted Kingdom, the USA and the USSR. The report on this intercomparison, with the final results, will be published in the Instruments and Observing Methods series and distributed to Members in 1988.

The WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison, prepared by an International Organizing Committee in 1985 and which will last five years, was started in 1986 by some participating Members. Other Members intended to commence their comparison in 1987 or 1988. First results showed differences of solid precipitation measurements of up to 50 per cent between the reference equipment and national gauges, as was expected. The results underline the great importance for Members to participate in this comparison in order that the data quality of solid precipitation measurements, which are used in many WMO programmes, might be improved. The International Organizing Committee, at its second session at the Hydrometeorological Institute in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, in October 1987, prepared some further guidance material to facilitate Members' participation in this important intercomparison. PART 2 - WORLD WEATHER WATCH 39

Following the decision of the thirty-eighth session of the Executive Council (1986), the WMO Intercomparison of Visibility Measurements will be carried out in the United Kingdom, starting in September 1988. The International Organizing Committee, at its first session in Reading, United Kingdom (October 1987), prepared the procedures and rules of the intercomparison. According to the reply of Members to a WMO circular letter, the following Members will participate in the intercomparison: Finland, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Panama, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, with a total of 17 instruments. It was noted that at least one example of long and very short baseline transmissometers, forward scatter meters and backscatter instruments will be represented. This will allow useful evaluation of the different measuring principles employed. PAR T 3

WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

Tenth Congress decided that the World Climate Programme (WCP) should continue to constitute one of the major Programmes of WMO and should receive high priority.

WMO is responsible for the overall co-ordination of the entire WCP, which has four components:

(a) World Climate Data Programme (WCDP);

(b) World Climate Applications Programme (WCAP);

(c) World Climate Impact Studies Programme (WCIP);

(d) World Climate Research Programme (WCRP).

The primary responsibility for the planning and execution of the WCDP and WCAP is borne by WMO. As regards the other two components, UNEP has accepted responsibility for the WCIP in close collaboration with WMO, while the WCRP is conducted jointly by WMO and ICSU under a formal agreement between the two organizations.

OVERALL CO-ORDINATION OF THE WCP

Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases*

An Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases (AGGG) was jointly established by ICSU, UNEP and WMO. The group is to undertake continuous scientific assessment and review of greenhouse gases and the progress that is being made towards a more complete understanding of their nature and extent. The second session of the group was held in Paris from 14 to 16 December 1987.

The AGGG discussed the outcome of various meetings on the climate change issue, the activities and report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) and plans for future major events such as the second World Climate Conference (WCC).

Planning for a second World Climate Conference

In compliance with the directive of the thirty-ninth session of the Executive Council, an Organizing Committee was formed to provide guidance on

* "Greenhouse gases" (GHGs) is an informal term used for all radiatively active constituents in the atmosphere, including aerosols, which collectively tend to increase the temperature of the lower atmosphere through the process of absorbing the long-wave radiation from the Earth 's surface. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 41

various matters related to the organization of the second World Climate Conference.

The Committee met in Geneva from 14 to 16 October 1987. The following items were discussed, inter alia:

• Purpose, scope of and issues for the second WCC;

• Lectures and proposed speakers;

• Venue and dates for the Conference and the pre-Conference planning schedule.

The Committee agreed that the purpose of the second WCC should be:

(a) To create an awareness, through specific case-studies or examples drawn from experience in the World Climate Programme, of the economic impact of climate and benefits from climate applica­ tions; and

(b) To assess the current state of knowledge on the global issues of climate change and GHGs, requirements for scientific activity and implications for public policy.

It was suggested that the second WCC should be held in Geneva, in early to mid-1990, if possible immediately before the regular session of the Executive Council.

The tentative outline of the Conference programme was prepared.

COMMISSION FOR CLIMATOLOGY

Advisory Working Group

A session of the Advisory Working Group of the. Commission was held in Geneva from 17 to 21 August 1987. The Working Group reviewed the work plans of the working groups and rapporteurs of the Commission.

Special consideration was given to the tasks of the Commission in promoting the various applications of climatology and the urgent need for establishing user requirements. It was also considered important to continuously inform users of the opportunities of applying meteorology and climatology as well as the potential value of such applications, and to emphasize these aspects at the second World Climate Conference planned for 1990.

The Advisory Working Group felt that the substance of all climate-related questionnaires should be consolidated into a single enquiry to be addressed to Members. This comprehensive questionnaire on climate-related activities was in the final stages of preparation in November 1987.

Publications

The collection and editing of the data for the 1971-1980 series of the WMO-sponsored publication World Weather Records were completed or had neared 42 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

completion for most WMO Regions, thanks to Members which had provided data and, in particular, those which had acted as regional collectors and editors, i.e. India (Region II), Argentina (Region III), USA (Region IV), New Zealand (Region V) and the Federal Republic of Germany (Region VI). The data collection from Region I (Africa) will take place in 1988, using a special scheme elaborated by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the USA, aimed at reducing the associated workload in the Region.

The various volumes of the World Weather Records 1971-1980 series are planned to be published by the USA NCDC (Asheville) gradually during the period 1987-1989.

Technical Note No. 672 - Applications of Meteorology to Atmospheric Pollution Problems - prepared by the CCI Rapporteur on Atmospheric Pollution, and the second supplement to the Guide to Climatological Practices, including a new section on climatic maps for applied purposes, were published.

WORLD CLIMATE DATA PROGRAMME

The WCDP is implemented through a series of projects in collaboration with other international organizations such as ICSU, UNEP and IOC. Key aspects of climate research, applications and impact studies are incorporated as necessary.

Data and exchange requirements

In order that the climate system and its significant anomalies can be operationally monitored with an adequate level of reliability, Congress urged Members to increase the number of CLlMAT reporting stations on their territory as necessary to meet the requirement specified in paragraph [B.1.] 3.1.1.2 of the Technical Regulations, which states that "the distribution of stations from which monthly surface climatological data are transmitted should be such that every 250 000 km 2 is represented by at least one (CLlMAT) station and up to 10 stations where the density of the Regional Basic Synoptic Network permits". Noting that the proposed increase did not imply that Members should expand the existing observing system, Congress urged all Members to consider its implementation as early as possible and to inform the Secretariat of the additional stations designated for CLlMAT reporting purposes. Congress emphasized the important role of the regional associations in the development and maintenance of a co-ordinated regional network of CL I MAT reporting stations in their respective Regions. In accordance with this decision, many Members expanded their CLlMAT reporting networks.

Assistance to countries to improve/upgrade climate data management systems/services (national, subregional, regional)

The guidelines prepared earlier on a variety of climate data management subjects were distributed at regional training events and used by many countries. Examples are: WCP-31 Guidelines on climate data organization and formats; WCP-85 - Guidelines on the quality control of surface climatological data; WCP-99 - Guidelines on the structure, management and operation of climate data centres; and WCP-116 - Guidelines on the selection of reference climatological stations (RCSs) from the existing climatological station network. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 43

In 1987, the CCI Working Group on Climate Data Management considered preparing a series of simple, brief manuals containing step-by-step instructions on how to perform a particular sequence of climate data management tasks. This activity is currently being carried out through correspondence, since a meeting planned for 1987 could not be held, due to a shortage of funds. Co-ordination for and support to regional activities were also curtailed for the same reasons.

DARE (data rescue)

In consultation with the president of RA I, the RA I DARE project was revised in 1987, incorporating feedback from several countries. Assuming sufficient donor support and international (e.g. UNDP and UNEP) assistance, the project will be phased over six years, beginning in 1988. Belgium agreed to host, on a two-year interim basis, the International Data Rescue Co-ordination Centre which will initiate the project in 1987-1988. Support was also sought from other potential donor countries. UNEP committed partial support for the project in 1987-1988 (extendable if funds are available) to cover equipment and co-ordination for three or four countries. A detailed questionnaire was also sent to RA I countries to survey requirements and national commitments to the project in the form of staff, office space, etc.

In order to plan for data rescue in other Regions, an enquiry was sent out to assess requirements.

CLICOM (transfer of technology in climate data processing and user services)

The CLICOM project of the WCDP is aimed at achieving computerized climate data management, processing and user services at all Meteorological Services within 10 years.

Thus far, about 20 CLICOM systems have been deployed in nine countries. This includes the transfer of CLICOM software to "donor" countries in the process of developing the capability to directly deploy CLICOM in developing countries under the Voluntary Co-operation Programme (VCP) or bilaterally funded projects. Funds have been or are being allocated to sponsor the installation of CLICOM systems in approximately 45 countries under WMO/UNDP, VCP, bilateral or nationally funded projects. Under the project, an intensive two-week training programme is conducted in each country that obtains or receives a CLICOM hardware/software system. In mid-1987, training sessions were also held by several of the CLICOM sponsoring countries to train "trainers" to initiate a full-scale world-wide installation and deployment cycle in 1988.

Based on feedback from over 40 countries represented at the CLICOM training workshops in RA II/V and RA III/IV and many experts in Australia, Belgium, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Finland, France, Sweden, United Kingdom and USA, a CLICOM expert review meeting (Toronto, August 1987) recommended that the following should be carried out prior to large-scale world-wide deployment: 44 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

• Add to the basic software system:

A 10-day data archiving structure in addition to the existing hourly, synoptic, daily, monthly, etc. one;

Expanded output product (especially graphics) capability;

Algorithms for the computation of various moisture variables;

• Prepare a set of carefully written "self-teaching" tutorials, to complement the CLICOM user reference manuals.

The tutorials, written in the United Kingdom with inputs from Finland and the USA, were tested at the RA I Training Workshop on Climate Data Management and User Services (16~20 November 1987, Nairobi, Kenya), prior to finalization in December 1987/January 1988.

The first CLICOM Newsletter was distributed in November 1987 containing information on developments under the project concerning hardware and software specifications as well as future plans for a variety of other CLICOM applications.

INFOCLIMA (referral information on climate data sources, data sets, station networks and station histories)

Based on 600 data set descriptions from 82 countries (140 data centres) an updated computerized INFOCLIMA catalogue of climate system data sets was prepared, including new sections on satellite and remote-sensing data, hydrological data, historical and proxy data. Its publication, however, has been delayed due to lack of funds. The possibility of issuing the catalogue (over 550 pages) on computer diskettes is being considered.

The WMO INFOCLIMA Inventory of Climatological and Radiation Stations was prepared as a computerized data base, on the basis of information collected from over 100 countries. Summary statistics on station networks for Region III are being published in the WCP-Report Series. The information for 1 334 stations in Region I (from the 35 countries that have sent lists) was processed for inclusion in the inventory. Region VI information was also partially processed. Reminders were sent to those Members which had not yet sent lists in order that useful regional summaries can be prepared for other Regions. The issue of the station inventory computerized data base on diskettes is being considered, to reduce printing and distribution costs.

Climate system monitoring (CSM)

CSM Monthly Bulletins have been issued regularly since July 1984. Of particular interest in 1986 and 1987 were the onset and progression of the EI Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) which continued through December 1987. The Global Climate System Review (CSM-R84/86) issued in May 1987 covered in considerable detail the type of precipitation response that could be expected during ENSOs. The report was widely distributed and well received by countries and scientific institutions.

The CSM project was, as in previous years, co-sponsored by UNEP. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 45

Global Climate Data Base Project

Several data centres with global data sets were contacted in order to identify gaps and questionable data in existing time series of data and gaps in the spatial distribution of stations. The goal of the project is to: (a) arrange for the preparation of a global climate data base at the approved station density of 10 per 250 000 km 2 for archiving at the World Data Centres; (b) analyse the data and compute normals for each station; and (c) prepare spatially analysed maps of normals for a variety of parameters which could then be used for the monthly monitoring of anomalies. The project will be linked to CSM and CLICOM.

WORLD CLIMATE APPLICATIONS PROGRAMME

The purpose of the WCAP is to promote applications of existing climate information and knowledge to various areas of htunan activity. The priority areas of application are food, water and energy but attention is also paid to other areas such as urban and building climatology, climate and human health, transportation and tourism.

WCAP-Food and WCAP-Water

The activities within the WCAP in the areas of food production and water resources were carried out through the Agricultural Meteorology Programme and the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme and are therefore described under the relevant sections of this report.

Climatic atlases

For financial reasons, it was not possible to publish several manuscript maps that had been prepared under the WMO Regional Climatic Atlases Project following decisions of Regional Associations III, IV and VI. The maps relate to such elements as vapour pressure, cloudiness and sunshine duration. In 1987, the possibilities of publishing these maps on a commercial basis - i.e. with little or no cost to WMO - were explored.

As requested by Tenth Congress, following a proposal made by the USSR, the feasibility of preparing and publishing a world climatic atlas, based in part on existing climatic maps, is being investigated.

The Egyptian Meteorological Authority continued with the preparation of monthly and annual maps of mean temperature and amount of precipitation for the climatic atlas of Africa, which is expected to be completed before the next session of RA I.

In Region III (South America), most Members sent their data to the Association I s Rapporteur on the Climatic Atlas for Region III for use in preparing the third and fourth sets of maps of the atlas.

WCAP-Energy

Technical conference

A WMO Technical Conference on the Operational Aspects of Energy-meteorology was held in Quito, Ecuador, from 19 to 23 October 1987. 46 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

There were about 70 participants and 26 papers were presented on the following subjects: applications of meteorology to the assessment of requirements for energy use and conservation; use of meteorological information in the planning and operation of various energy systems; optimal presentation of climatological data to energy decision-makers; and the transfer of technology in operational energy-meteorology. There were lively discussions focusing mainly on how WMO can best promote the application of meteorology to the energy sector. A set of conclusions and recommendations was agreed upon and is contained in the report of the conference.

Short-term missions

Two short-term missions relating to the application of meteorology to energy problems were carried out in the course of the year. One of these provided advice on the measurements, analysis and use of solar-radiation data in Nicaragua; the other was concerned with the exploration of wind-energy potential in Cuba.

Publications

A report on the use of information on meteorological extremes for the design and operation of energy systems was prepared and is expected to be available shortly as a WCP report.

The French version of WMO Technical Note No. 175 - Meteorological Aspects of the Utilization of Wind as an Energy Source (WMO-No.575) - is available in manuscript but its publication has had to be delayed due to lack of funds.

Co-operation in the field of energy matters was maintained in 1987 with several international organizations both within and outside the United Nations system. The following in particular should be noted:

• WMO continued to participate in the activities of the UN Inter-Agency Group on New and Renewable Sources of Energy. WMO took part in the sixth session of the group, which was held in Geneva from 18 to 20 March 1987. WMO was also represented at the Symposium on the Status and Prospects of New and Renewable Sources of Energy in the ECE Region, held in Sophia Antipolis, France, from 29 June to 3 July 1987 under the aegis of the Economic Commission for Europe, as well as at the Regional Workshop on Aspects of Energy Management in Africa, organized by the UN Economic Commission for Africa and held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 16 to 20 November 1987. Collaboration with UNDP was pursued, notably in connection with the UNDP inter-country project on meteorological information for solar and wind energy in Europe and the TCO project URU/82/021 - Meteorological Data for Solar and Wind Energy in Uruguay;

• Collaboration continued with the Latin American Energy Organiza­ tion, in particular in contributing to the organization of the Quito technical conference referred to above. Certain topics were continuously discussed, particularly with the World Energy Conference and the Commonwealth Science Council. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 47

Urban and building climatology

A Workshop on Urbanization and Environmental Quality: Adverse Effects on Climate was held in Sao Paolo, Brazil, from 7 to 11 December 1987. It was attended by some 50 experts, mainly from Latin American countries. In the first part of the workshop, about 20 lectures were presented. The last part was devoted to discussing problems of building climatology and activities in environmental analysis and urbanization in Brazil, including legislation and policy aspects of the protection of the environment.

An extensive project entitled Special Climate Applications Programme (SCAP) - Urban Climate Investigations in Kuala Lumpur is being developed by the Malaysian Meteorological Service in co-operation with WMO. In 1987, a WMO consultant (Professor R. Taesler, Sweden) visited Malaysia and assisted in the preparation of a project proposal. This project would provide for the compilation of basic knowledge about urban climate modifications, the organization of field measurements and the application of this knowledge in analyses of different urban planning scenarios. The proposed project also includes an education and training component, and its first stage is planned to last four years.

Publications

A Technical Note entitled Guidance Material on the Calculation of Climatic Parameters used for Building Purposes by Professor N.V. Kobysheva is ready for printing but it was not possible to publish it in 1987 for lack of funds. A Spanish version of the Proceedings of the Technical Conference on Urban Climatology and its Applications with Special Regard to Tropical Areas (WMO-No. 652) was published.

The draft of a technical document on guidelines for the use of urban climatology in urban planning was prepared by Professor B. Givoni (USA) and is being processed for publication.

Climate and human health

The main activity was the editing of the proceedings of the Symposium on Climate and Human Health held in Leningrad, USSR, in September 1986. This volume will include, in addition to the text of the lectures, recommendations for future action in the area of climate and human health. The proceedings were ready for printing in English and Russian at the end of 1987.

To inform decision-makers, planners, archi tects, builders and engineers about the potential economic/social/ecological benefits of climate as a factor in various activities related to land use, urbanization and building, a brochure entitled "Climate, urbanization and man" was published in 1984 in English, French, Russian and Spanish. To reach the national and international community of users, this brochure was distributed through WMO, UNEP, Habitat, Unesco, WHO, the International Federation for Housing and Planning and the International Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation. The brochure was very well received by all those interested in the subject. A similar publication on climate and human health was prepared 48 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

in 1987 in co-operation with UNEP and WHO; it will be published in early 1988. The brochure describes, in an easily understandable manner, the effect of meteorological and climatic factors on human comfort, sickness and disease. It points out the usefulness of preparing bioclimatic maps of a region or country showing, for example, the zones particularly suitable for tourism, health-related recreation, location of sanatoria, etc. It draws attention to the benefits of a biometeorological forecasting service for both the medical profession and the general public.

Statistical climatology

Climatology cannot be defined without reference to statistics and in recent years the contribution of statistics to the different facets of climatology has been increasing. Member countries have shown a strong interest in developments in this area.

A comprehensive monograph on the statistical methods of the analysis and spatial interpolation of meteorological fields (prepared by Mr G. der Megreditchian, France) was completed (in French only) and is planned to be printed in early 1988 in the World Climate Report series.

WORLD CLIMATE IMPACT STUDIES PROGRAMME

This component of the World Climate Programme is implemented by UNEP.

The fourteenth session of the UNEP Governing Council focused, inter alia, on the issue of global climate change and requested the Executive Director to report to the next regular session of the Governing Council on:

(a) Progress in the implementation of the WCIP;

(b) The work of the ad hoc intergovernmental mechanism. This group is expected to carry out an internationally co-ordinated scientific assessment of the magnitude, timing and potential impact of climate change. The establishment of the intergovernmental mechanism, requested by Tenth Congress, was fully supported by the Governing Council;

(c) The full range of possible responses by Governments and international agencies to anticipated climate changes, including possibilities for reducing the rate of change, taking into account, inter alia, the findings of the AGGG.

With respect to (a) and (b), the UNEP/International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis project Integrated Approaches to Climate Impact Assessment was successfully completed during 1986. This project was concerned with food production in three zones, namely:

(a) High latitudes where temperature is a constraint;

(b) High latitudes where both temperature and precipitation are limiting factors;

(c) Low-latitude, precipitation-deficient areas. PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 49

The reports for the cold regions were submitted to the publishers towards the end of 1986 and that for the low-latitude precipitation-deficient areas soon afterwards. Both volumes, entitled The Impact of Climate on Agriculture, were distributed early in 1987.

UNEP, in conjunction with the Inter-Agency Group on Agricultural Biometeorology (WMO/FAO/Unesco), initiated a study to evaluate the impact of climate on the socio-economic systems of the humid tropics of South America. It was expected that the project would be completed by the end of 1987 and that the results would enable decision-makers in South America to introduce national climate considerations in planning a development policy.

With the collaboration of the Beijer Institute in Stockholm, UNEP held a technical workshop for scientists and decision-makers to address the issue of greenhouse-gas-induced climate change and policy options (Villach, Austria, 28 September - 2 October 1987).

WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME

Introduction

The WCRP is the main scientific component wi thin the World Climate Programme. Its objectives are to determinate the extent to which climate can be predicted and what the possible influences of human activities on climate are. The programme encompasses studies of the global atmosphere, oceans, sea and land ice and land surface, all of which playa vital role in the Earth's climate system.

Since climate variations can be observed on all time scales of interest, from months to decades or centuries, the programme is organized according to success~ve scientific goals or streams of, climate research, each corresponding to different time scales. The first stream aims at establishing the physical basis for the prediction of weather anomalies on time scales of one to two months. This goal requires observations of the ocean-surface temperature field which has a controlling influence on weather and climate, and improvements in the prediction of precipitation and extended clouds and in the formulation of radiative transfer algorithms in the presence of clouds. The second stream aims at predicting the variations of the global climate over periods ranging from several months to several years, which are particularly evident in the tropical regions. The largest contributor to the variations of the global atmosphere predictable on interannual time scales is now seen to be the oceans, especially the tropical oceans, where large-scale circulation and temperature anomalies can be forced by remote atmospheric events which propagate along the Equator. The third stream aims at characterizing the variations of the atmospheric climate over periods of several decades and assessing the potential response of climate to either natural or man-made influences, such as the increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As the global ocean is a key element in the response to the climate system on such time scales, a major oceanographic programme is required to observe the time-dependent world ocean circulation and to model the coupled global atmosphere and ocean system. 50 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

To meet these scientific goals, the main projects in the WCRP are as follows:

• Global climate analysis to produce global estimates of energy sources and sinks, and model development to improve the formulation of all significant physical processes by means of numerical experiments and comparison of model results with observations;

• Research on individual climate processes by means of modelling experiments and detailed field studies, including study of land-surface processes, cloud-radiation feedback, boundary-layer processes, and sea ice;

• Study of the tropical ocean and global atmosphere (TOGA), with the objective of describing, modelling and predicting the evolution of the coupled tropical oceans/global atmosphere system, involving a range of atmospheric and tropical oceanographic observations and data-collection projects in conjunction with oceanic and atmospheric modelling;

• World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), including a global oceanic circulation modelling programme and five-year intensive field phase (expected to begin in 1990), including observations by oceanographic satellites and detailed in situ oceanographic surveys;

• Study of climate forcings to determine the sensitivity of climate to possible causal factors such as changes in the concentrations of CO 2 and other radiatively active species, solar radiation and land vegetation by means of monitoring environmental factors, investigating individual physical effects, diagnostic studies and model simulations;

• Study of global change, to understand how the Earth's land, sea and atmosphere interact through combination of the physical, chemical and biological processes and how ecosystems function to absorb, buffer or generate changes on the global scale.

Overall conduct and implementation of the WCRP

Tackling the complex range of problems and activities involved in the WCRP requires input from many scientific disciplines, and co-operation between governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and scientists is a hallmark of the programme. This co-operation is crystallized in an agreement between WMO and ICSU, under the terms of which the overall responsibility for planning and co-ordinating the WCRP is undertaken by the WMO/ICSU Joint Scientific Committee (JSC). Several other international organizations participate in the implementation of the WCRP, notably the Unesco Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (rOC) as well as many organizations in the ICSU family such as the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAP), the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR). The co-ordination with IOC and SCOR is arranged through their joint Committee on Climatic Changes and the Ocean (CCCO). Several specific contributions are also made by the WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences. The day-to-day work is carried out by a small number of full-time staff, appointed jointly by WMO and ICSU, who PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 51

develop and organize the detailed plans and activities and ensure co-ordination of the WCRP with the work in the other components of the World Climate Programme.

In 1987, the JSC held one session, its eighth, which reviewed the diverse range of activities in the WCRP. A highlight of the session was the consideration given by the JSC to the concept of a global energy and water cycle experiment (GEWEX) which could become a main thrust of the WCRP in the period 1995-2000 and, in the meantime, provide a scientific focus for the various studies of atmospheric and surface thermodynamic processes, as well as a target for the development of a new generation of Earth-observation satellites serving future meteorological and climatological applications. The JSC formed a Study Group on GEWEX to refine the scientific rationale for undertaking such a project and to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed observation and data systems. With regard to the impact of radiatively active gases on climate, and noting that the primary cause of uncertainty in predicting the atmospheric response to these gases lies in the treatment of extended cloudiness and correlative effects on radiative transfer, the JSC decided to promote, in co-operation with the CAS Working Group on Climate Research, the development of a network of baseline radiation climatology stations to measure as accurately as possible surface radiation fluxes, the vertical distribution of clouds, and moisture. The JSC also reviewed the latest scientific findings on atmospheric and climatic consequences of a major nuclear war. The estimates of mean temperature fall based on earlier calculations with simple atmospheric models have now been substantially reduced by more detailed simulations using the same basic assumptions of optical depth and distribution of smoke but more realistic representation of the physics. Although the mean global (or hemispheric) temperature would not now be expected to fall to below freezing level in the northern hemisphere summer, local occurrences of sub-freezing temperatures would be likely. On the other hand, there are indications of a significant reduction of precipitation. Wide uncertainties persist in these estimates, especially regarding the amplitude of long-term effects of the smoke and the second-order effects due to other atmospheric pollutants that may be produced by the nuclear explosions (e.g. dust) and consequent fires (a great variety of chemicals).

The practical implementation of the WCRP as a whole is proceeding along the lines envisaged at the intergoverrunental informal planning meeting on the WCRP held in Geneva in May 1986. Progress in specific activities in the various areas of the WCRP is described in the following paragraphs. One particularly noteworthy development in 1987 was the re-establishment of the International TOGA Project Office on an active basis in WMO Headquarters, with the task of carrying out the international co-ordination of activities required for the implementation of TOGA.

Global climate analysis and model development

The development of atmospheric general circulation models is an essential objective for all streams of the WCRP, either standing alone with specified boundary forcings for long-range weather prediction or as a component of comprehensive climate models with interactive oceans and cryosphere for the second and third streams. Since the type of model development required benefits both climate modelling and numerical weather prediction, the international co-ordination of activity in this regard is 52 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

carried out by the WCRP in co-operation with the Research and Development Programme under the auspices of the joint CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (WGNE).

In 1987, the problem of systematic errors or "climate drift" in numerical models continued to be the subject of attention. To foster activity in this area, planning has begun for a workshop at which modellers and dynamical meteorologists will be invited to present numerical and theoretical results on systematic errors in climate and forecasting models, their sensitivity to model formulation and, to the extent possible, strategies for their elimination. Another key requirement is the improved representation of clouds and their interaction with radiation in atmospheric models. A wealth of satellite data on cloud distribution and radiation fluxes is now becoming available as a result of such activities as the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) (see below), providing a good basis for refining the performance of models in simulating and predicting clouds. WGNE is therefore undertaking a programme of global model verification and intercomparison using these data, including the study of model-simulated relative humidity fields and clouds as well as the treatment of diurnal variations.

In connection with the development of the coupled ocean-atmosphere models required for TOGA and WOCE, the accurate estimation of ocean-atmosphere fluxes in atmospheric models is of particular importance. WGNE is therefore organizing a comparison of such estimates from analyses based on the same observations and derived using state-of-the-art global forecasting models. So far two centres (ECMWF and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office) have contributed results to the study. It has been found that the wind-stress values (in seven-day averages of flux estimates) agree to a considerable extent except in strong winds. There are also encouraging similarities in the general patterns of heat and moisture fluxes, although there are considerable differences in the detailed structure and local magnitudes, especially in tropical regions. As an additional approach to this question, a study of the interface fluxes in atmospheric climate models has been carried out at the Canadian Climate Center. The results are greatly influenced by systematic modelling errors, but the magnitude and latitudinal variations of the simulated atmosphere-ocean energy fluxes were comparable to those deduced from climatology. There was, however, a considerable spread amongst the different model estimates. A number of questions have been raised that must be further explored, including the reliability of the climatological estimates of the fluxes, the factors responsible for differences between model flux values, and the ways in which realism and consistency can be improved.

Another distinctive aspect of the global climate analysis project is the planning and implementation of several global climate data activities, aiming at the acquisition and analysis of observational data to produce consistent fields of a number of significant atmospheric quantities. Such global data sets are high-priority requirements for all streams of the WCRP but are of particular application in experimentation with and refinement of atmospheric general circulation models where knowledge of sea-surface temperature, precipitation and radiation budget climatology are especially important. The situation regarding the assembly of the required data sets is as follows: PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 53

(a) Global Sea-surface Temperature Project: the USA Climate Analysis Center continues its work as the WCRP Global Sea Surface Temperature Data Centre which began in January 1985. Monthly mean sea-surface temperature-analysed fields are produced on a 200 x 200 krn 2 grid, using a technique which blends information from Voluntary Observing Ships, drifting buoys and operational polar-orbiting satellite visible and infra-red radiometers. The fields are being archived in the World Data Centres for Meteorology;

(b) Global Precipitation Climatology Project: steady progress is being made towards the implementation of this project. Formal commitments have been made by Japan, the USA and EUMETSAT to provide the geostationary satellite infra-red histogram data in the form required. Furthermore, the USA has agreed to operate the Geostationary Satellite Precipitation Data Centre and production of monthly rainfall estimates for the zone 400N - 400S has already begun. The Federal Republic of Germany has offered to implement the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre which will collect surface raingauge data from SYNOP, CLIMAT and other sources and merge them with satellite data to produce global precipitation fields;

(c) Radiation budget climatology: during the past year the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) continued with observations from broad-band instruments on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, NOM-9 and NOM-10. The processing and analysis of ERBE data are being carried out under the guidance of the ERBE Science Team made up of investigators from the Federal Republic of Germany, France, the United Kingdom and the USA. The information obtained is of fundamental importance for climate studies providing fluxes of reflected sunlight and emitted thermal energy from the Earth and its atmosphere.

Research on climate processes

The achievements of numerical prediction for short- to medium-range weather forecasting are based, to a large extent, on exploiting the information contained in the initial dynamic state of the atmosphere. Long-range weather prediction and climate studies require, in addition, realistic representations of the exchanges of energy and water resulting from a variety of physical processes in the atmosphere/ocean/ice/land-surface system. Thus, a series of process studies is being undertaken, leading to improved parametric representations of relevant properties and/or fluxes. Specific activities are as follows:

(a) Study of surface hydrology and land-surface processes: the formulation of land surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes on spatial scales reaching up to several hundred kilometres requires field studies over several large areas representative of the major climate types. A first pilot investigation (HAPEX-MOBILHY) has been undertaken in France, in which the hydrological balance and evaporation over an area typical of the size represented by a grid-point in a general circulation model have been examined. A comparable field study is being planned in the Hei He River Basin in 1989 by China with international participation, aiming at 54 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

obtaining information on atmosphere/land-surface exchanges of moisture, heat and momentum over an arid and semi-arid mid-latitude region. An important contribution to the study of land-surface processes is also being made by the International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project and an investigation of the various inversion algorithms that could be used to infer surface radiation fluxes, surface temperature, vegetation index, soil moisture and evapotranspiration from satellite data is being carried out;

(b) International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP): a comprehensive climatology of the global distribution of clouds is considered essential for a comparison between reality and the cloud fields which are generated by atmospheric circulation models to aid the formulation of the cloud-radiation feedback and to provide the basic data for diagnostic studies of the present climate. The ISCCP was therefore established in 1983. It completed the fourth year of its data-collection phase in June 1987 with radiance data from all operating meteorological satellites (with the exception of INSAT) routinely collected, processed and delivered to a global processing centre in accordance with project requirements; the first global cloud fields have now been produced. The original plan for ISCCP called for a finite satellite data-collection period ending in 1988. However, the full complement of geostationary and polar­ orbiting satellites was not available during the five-year period 1983-1988, leaving serious gaps in the planned global coverage. The JSC therefore recommended that the ISCCP observational period should be extended for a further two-year period on the understanding that an assessment would be made in 1988 to determine the value of the data in climate modelling studies;

(c) Research programme on sea ice and climate: sea ice is believed to play a significant role in the fluctuations of the climate system on the time scale of seasons and longer through its effects on surface albedo, the heat exchange between the atmosphere and ocean at high latitudes, and the thermohaline circulation of the world ocean. The scientific approach being adopted involves numerical experimentation with sea-ice models driven by the time-dependent atmospheric forcing fields derived from current meteorological observations, and specified ocean heat and momentum fluxes based on the best available knowledge of oceanic circulation and heat transport. The aim is to reproduce, in hindcasting mode, the observed time-dependent distribution of sea ice over periods of several years. As regards the determination of the atmospheric forcing fields, analyses and climate simulations in polar regions have only had limited verification and an assessment of the quality of polar surface wind, temperature and humidity fields is being undertaken. Another serious uncertainty is the estimation of radiative fluxes in polar regions and the activities that could lead to a better parameterization of radiative transfer at high latitudes are being considered. For the evaluation of oceanic forcing on sea ice, the main possibility of obtaining requisite information in the Arctic rests with the Greenland Sea Proj ect being conducted by the Arctic Ocean Science Board. A formal scientific liaison PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 55

has therefore been established l'lith the Board. In the Antarctic, there is an almost total lack of required data and proposals for a suitable research project will have to be drawn up in collaboration with the appropriate working groups of SCOR and SCAR.

Study of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA)

The international TOGA programme is focused on the study of the upper tropical ocean and overlying atmosphere in order to understand and eventually predict the evolution of tropical ocean perturbations and the global atmospheric response. The overall aims of TOGA encompass investigations of the global aspect of monsoon climate, i. e. to determine the nature of the long-period fluctuations of the monsoon and their relationship to the planetary-scale circulation, and to understand the mechanisms which determine the interannual variability of monsoons and the predictability of their variations. TOGA depends on progress in global climate analysis and model development, and on research into climate processes as described above, and also requires the following specific activities:

(a) An oceanographic observation component aimed at describing the month-to-month variability of the temperature, circulation and pressure fields of the upper layer of the tropical oceans in the latitude band between about 200N and 20 0S over a 10-year period;

(b) In addition to the World Weather Watch observing and data­ processing systems, a limited number of supplementary atmospheric observations and data-collection activities, aimed at describing the month-to-month variations of the general circulation of the atmosphere and at characterizing the response to forcing by tropical oceans; in particular, the upgrading of the number of vertical wind soundings in the tropics and a special effort to collect additional tropical wind observations in a delayed mode are necessary;

(c) An ocean modelling component aimed at developing tropical ocean models and data-analysis techniques for specifying initial values for numerical prediction;

(d) An atmospheric modelling component to assess the sensitivity of the atmospheric regime to ocean forcing on time scales of several months to several years and to couple atmospheric models with the ocean.

TOGA formally began in 1985 and will continue for a 10-year period, the first three years having corresponded to a build-up phase when the various observing and data-management activities were gradually initiated. Concerning the oceanographic observation component, the proposed XBT network for collection of ocean subsurface data in the Pacific Ocean is almost complete. In the Atlantic, the six XBT lines required are serviced at least once a month and additional valuable data are being provided for certain periods by the USSR "Sections" programme. However, considerable efforts are still required to reach a minimal level of implementation in the Indian Ocean. As for sea level, the Pacific Ocean network is nearing completion and monthly sea-level charts are being produced by the TOGA Sea Level Data Centre (established at the University of Hawaii). Further action is necessary to complete the Indian 56 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

Ocean network and to establish a near-real-time network for TOGA purposes in the Atlantic basin.

With regard to the atmospheric observation component of TOOA, there continue to be shortcomings in the collection of the required tropical upper-air winds, this effort depending to a large extent on the availability of cloud-wind data from satellites. Insufficient amounts of data are being provided by the Indian satellite and there is a need for improved general uniformity in wind retrievals. The requirements for sea-surface temperature and global precipitation information for TOGA will be met by the assembly of relevant data in the Global Climate Analysis and Model Development project (see above). The United Kingdom has agreed to take on the responsibility of the TOGA Marine Climatology Data Centre for collection and archival of surface marine observations and, following the agreement of the WMO Executive Council in June 1987 on procedures for the operation of the Centre, actions are now being taken to implement a sui table data-collection scheme. The ECMWF, with support from the Research Council of the Federal Republic of Germany and the US National Academy of Sciences, has undertaken the task of establishing the Level-III Atmospheric Data Centre to archive a hierarchy of analysed data sets in appropriate format for use by TOGA, WOCE and, indeed, by the climate science community as a whole.

The Intergovernmental TOGA Board has been established to provide a forum for the. co-ordination of national resources that may be applied for implementing TOGA and other WCRP projects needed to achieve the objectives of TOGA. At its first session in November 1987, the Board concentrated on TOGA observing and data-management systems, identifying gaps in these systems and actions to fill the gaps. Concern was expressed over the slow progress in implementing the necessary data collection and monitoring schemes for the Indian Ocean area. While there was continuing uncertainty about the potential level of commitments from individual Members in the region, the Board concluded from the responses of those nations represented at the meeting that a significant eru1ancement of the existing in situ observational component for TOGA in the Indian Ocean was possible, and that alternative plans for satellite remote-sensing of climate variables over the Indian Ocean should be vigorously pursued.

As regards the scientific strategy now being followed in plaxming the future activities of the TOGA programme, emphasis is being given to refining the conceptual basis for real-time prediction and the development of an operational capability for dynamical prediction of the coupled tropical ocean/ global atmosphere system for several months, beginning with the current initial state. Experimental predictions for the Pacific Ocean with even relatively simple tropical ocean models driven by time-dependent observations of the surface wind field have already achieved some success in that the onset of anomalous ocean circulation and sea-surface temperature patterns late in 1986 were indicated fairly successfully. However, the relatively small amplitude of the event and its evolution during 1987 were not, in general, satisfactorily predicted. A range of experiments is also being carried out with a number of more complex tropical ocean models. The results have gone a long way toward confirming that the behaviour of the tropical oceans, unlike the atmosphere, is not dominated by hydrodynamic instability and mainly depends on the history of surface forcing. The uncertainty in the current values of surface heat flux has been highlighted and there is a pressing need to obtain a more consistent set of climatological estimates of surface energy flux components. Progress is also being made in the development of coupled PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 57

ocean-atmosphere models. Although most such models are still in their infancy, there is evidence in the results of greater persistence of pertubations in the ocean component of a coupled model compared to the behaviour of perturbations in the ocean system alone, and that atmospheric feedback plays a significant part in determining not only the establishment but also the evolution of the oceanic event.

Finally, the question of the global north-south oscillation in sea­ surface temperature (especially noticeable in the Atlantic Ocean basin) and its apparent relation to changes in the tropical circulation (particularly manifest in the precipitation regime over Africa) is assuming increasing prominence. Attention will be given to the organization of an appropriate investigation of this global-scale oscillation of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system.

World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)

The objective of the WOCE is to determine and understand the world ocean circulation and its relation to climate, with emphasis on:

• The large-scale average heat and freshwater fluxes and their annual/interannual variations;

• The variations of the space-averaged ocean circulation over time periods of months to years and the statistics of smaller-scale motions;

• The volume and location of water masses with a ventilation time scale of 10-100 years.

Three main thrusts or "core projects" have been identified and are being given top priority:

• Core project 1: the global survey aims to obtain data that will give quantitative descriptions of the circulation of heat, fresh­ water and chemicals and of the statistics of eddies, thus constituting a basic description of the circulation of the world ocean. These data will provide the basis for a powerful test of global ocean circulation models;

• Core proj ect 2: the Southern Ocean Experiment is concerned with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its interactions with the oceans to the north;

• Core project 3: the Gyre Dynamics Experiment is designed to meet the objective of developing accurate eddy-resolving ocean general circulation models by a combination of modelling and experiments that will directly address key aspects of the dynamical balance of the circulation and its response to changes in surface forcing on the decadal time scale.

The implementation of the field phase of WOCE, expected to begin in the early 1990s, depends on the timely launching of various satellites in the next few years. In this regard, the situation is promising in view of the agreement by France and the USA to proceed with the implementation of the joint TOPEX/POSEIDON precision altrimetric satellite mission for WOCE and the 58 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

satisfactory progress in the preparation of the European oceanographic satellite mission, ERS-l. However, it is essential that an appropriate launch opportunity be confirmed for the microwave scatterometer (NSCAT) in time to provide global surface wind data for WOCE. As to the hydrographic and geochemical measurements necessary for WOCE, there are firm indications that the requisite number of ships will be made available by participating nations, together with one or more dedicated research vessels. The WOCE International Planning Office, responsible for co-ordinating the implementation of WOCE, has been established at the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences in the United Kingdom and is staffed by scientists seconded by participating nations.

A pressing need in WOCE is for fields of ocean-atmosphere fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and moisture over the entire global oceans (in contrast to TOGA requirements for these data over the tropical ocean basins). Whilst there is optimism regarding the work undertaken by WGNE to improve the estimates of these fluxes from operational analyses of meteorological variables using atmospheric models, deficiencies in the coverage and quality of near-surface data over the oceans could affect the accuracy of the basic analyses. This problem is likely to be alleviated to a considerable extent by the availability of satellite scatterometer data in the future. A standing group on air-sea fluxes has therefore been established specifically to examine the question of inferring new information on surface wind or wind stress and other air-sea fluxes from ERS-l and other satellite microwave instruments.

Study of climate forcings

The aim of the activities in the WCRP under this heading is to investigate the potential response of climate to changes of the Earth's environment or to external factors such as the distribution of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols or the concentration of various atmospheric gases. Many such parameters are not strictly determined by the internal dynamics and thermodynamics of the climate system, and can be modified by unconnected natural events such as volcanic eruptions or by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel or release of propellant gases from aerosol spray cans. Activities include detailed investigations of the physical processes by which a factor Can affect climate, leading to a quantitative formulation of the sensitivity of the relevant climate variables (in general, energy fluxes) to changes of that particular factor. These investigations are closely co-ordinated with the overall activities of CAS and are conducted as specific tasks of CAS in support of the WCRP. Studies in progress at present include the following:

(a) The role of greenhouse gases (C0 2 , CFC13, CF 2 Cl 2 , CH4, NzO and tropospheric 03) in climate variations. The participation of the WCRP in this effort lies in providing a valid physical basis and understanding for assessing the response of the climate system to future increases in the amounts of these gases. The JSC agreed that this issue should be given high visibility within the established scientific strategy of the WCRP and in response to Resolution 9 (Cg-X) on the potentially serious consequences of global climate change that could ensue from increasing concentrations of these gases, a specific WCRP programme is now being proposed. The focus of activity will be the study of the bio- and geochemical reactions of these species in relation to the thermodynamic properties of and transport by the atmosphere and ocean. This will involve promoting the development of comprehensive models of the dynamical, physicaL PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME 59

development of comprehensive models of the dynamical, physical, chemical and biochemical interactions which control the large-scale distribution of greenhouse gases and related chemical species in the climate system;

(b) Intercomparison of radiation codes in climate models. While the basic physical processes of absorption, emission and scattering involved in radiative transfer are well understood, there is no universally accepted set of values of the optical characteristics nor a consensus on optimal radiation transfer codes to be used for climate model computations. Furthermore, there is a general lack of adequate observations to verify the accuracy of these radiation codes. For these reasons, the WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences, the US Department of Energy and the IAMAP International Radiation Commission have jointly organized a programme for the intercomparison of radiative codes in climate models (ICRCCM). The results that have emerged show that the treatment of the water vapour continuum is responsible for significant variations in the calculation of long-wave fluxes, even in line-by-line models. In the short-wave case, variations arise from different estimates of gaseous absorption and treatments of multiple molecular scattering, aerosols and clouds. The results point to the need for further detailed observations of the radiation field since the uncertainties in, for example, spectral absorption coefficients mean that even line-by-line calculations cannot be considered as an absolute reference;

(c) Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. Ozone plays an important part in the stratospheric radiation budget. It is therefore essential to determine the trends in ozone amounts and their vertical distribution in order to understand the full climate system and evaluate the potential impact of ozone changes on climate and the biosphere. The international Dobson spectrophotometer network is the main component of the global ozone observing system, consisting of about 70 active stations, concentrated mostly in the northern hemisphere. The WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring project aims at maintaining, improving and expanding atmospheric ozone measurements. The collected data are published by the World Ozone Data Centre operated jointly by WMO and the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. As part of the Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, WMO conducts intercomparisons of ozone monitoring instruments, including Dobson spectrophotometers, and is promoting the automation of those instruments. A world primary standard for the latter has been established, as well as several regional and national secondary standards. The matter of most prominent concern currently arising from ozone measurements is the steady decline in the southern hemisphere springtime values of total ozone in the Antarctic. This phenomenon (the "ozone hole") is the subject of study by several Members of the Organization. Special expeditions have been mounted to collect data and co-ordinated observations with balloon, aircraft, satellite and ground-based instruments have been obtained. Measurements have shown that the 1987 total ozone in all latitudes south of 60 0 S was the lowest on record (15 per cent less than the previous low in 1985). 60 PART 3 - WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME

Global change

The concept of global change encompasses an extremely wide range of phenomena and processes of a physical, chemical or ecological nature. The evolution of these complex phenomena in time is certainly influenced and in part controlled by the behaviour of the physical climate system comprised of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice. However, changes in global ecosystems are also determined by biochemical and biological processes whose investigation goes well beyond the present domain of expertise of the meteorological/oceanographic community already engaged in WCRP activ~ty. Notwithstanding, the wider scientific community, as represented by ICSU, is looking to the WCRP for technological and methodological support for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) to study global change. The IGBP offers an opportunity to support the objectives of the WCRP regarding the study of man I s influence on climate. Co-operation with the IGBP is therefore being strengthened and activities in support of the overall study of global change are being developed, in particular the study of the physical aspects of climatologically significant biogeochemical cycles. First session of the TOGA Board, WMO Headquarters, November 1987 (Photo: WMOIBiallco)

Hydrological data-processing unit at Kathmandu, Nepal, installed under Project NEP/87/020 (Photo: T.M. Azab) Participants at the WMO Technical Conference on the Operational Aspects of Energy-Meteorology, Quito, Ecuador, October 1987 (Photo: INAMHI)

Panels of the solar energy conversion system at the Cosmos BAPMoN station in Peru (Photo: Instituto Geoflsico del Penl) PAR T 4

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

The Research and Development Programme covers the fields of weather prediction research, tropical meteorology research, environmental pollution monitoring and research, and cloud physics and weather modification research.

Within the Research and Development Programme, responsibility for promoting and co-ordinating research activities of WMO Members and for arranging for the exchange of relevant information lies with the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS).

COMMISSION FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

The Commission for Atmospheric Sciences continues its co-ordinating role in the promotion of research activities and in the exchange of relevant information. The chairmen and members of its diverse working groups have acted in advisory capacities and/or participated in the many activities reported in the following paragraphs.

WEATHER PREDICTION RESEARCH

General

Tenth Congress noted with satisfaction the actions taken by the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences to strengthen its activities and recognized that CAS had contributed substantially to the promotion of the use of research results- in Members I operational activities, in particular those regarding weather analysis and forecasting.

In addition to the CAS working groups, the CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation played an important role in fostering the utilization of these valuable data in both the operational and research activities of national Meteorological Services (for details, see Part 3 - World Climate Programme).

Short- and medium-range weather prediction research

The thirty-ninth session of the Executive Council commended the work of the CAS Working Group on Short- and Medium-range Weather Prediction Research for the implementation of the six existing priority study projects for which 14 Members have volunteered to act as activity centres, with some of them (Canada, France, Japan, USA) involved in more than one study project.

The WMO Workshop on Significant Weather Elements Prediction and Objective Interpretation Methods was held from 22 to 26 June 1987 on the premises of the Ecole nationale de la meteorologie, Toulouse, France, with the 62 PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMF....NT PROGRN-1ME

participation of some 60 experts from 20 cOQ~tries. More than 40 papers were presentad, followed by lively discussion on major topics in the field. Several papers on the application of artificial intelligence and expert systems in weather prediction were delivered for the first time at a WMO meeting. Participants exchanged accounts of their experiences and the methods used in the forecasting of significant weather elements, comparing advantages of each forecasting method and the procedures used to overcome disadvantages.

The WMO-sponsored Symposium on Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting, a successor to three earlier nowcasting symposia (Hamburg, August 1981; Norrkoping, September 1984; and Honolulu, August 1985) was held during the nineteenth General Assembly of IUGG in Vancouver, Canada, 17-19 August 1987. More than 50 papers were delivered orally and about 70 presented as posters. More than 100 experts from 20 countries, including system designers, observers, forecasters, numerical model1ers and theoreticians, exchanged results and ideas on the latest developments in very-short-range forecasting (0-12 hours).

The value of annual progress reports on numerical weather prediction (NWP) and the publication of the PSMP report series was reiterated at the thirty-ninth session of the Executive Council. Together with the annual progress report on NWP for 1986, the following technical reports were prepared and widely distributed during 1987:

• Development of mesoscale models for weather elements prediction;

• Mediterranean cyclones and their influence on the weather and climate;

• Extended abstracts of papers presented at the WMO Workshop on Significant Weather Elements Prediction and Objective Interpretation Methods (Toulouse, 22-26 June 1987);

• Papers presented at the WMO Workshop on Limited-area Fine-mesh Models for the Mediterranean Region (Erice, Italy, 17-20 November 1986).

Long-range weather forecasting research

Tenth Congress noted the progress made within the Programme on Long-range Forecasting Research towards the objective of achieving a significant level of skill in long-range forecasting by the end of the decade and ensuring that the methodologies were transferred to all Members. Among other things, the emergence of semi-operational monthly and seasonal forecasts in the tropics, the demonstration of skill of monthly mean forecasts obtained from numerical models, progress in estimating a priori the skill of numerical monthly forecasts, and advances in the application of forecasts in decision-making were indicated as examples of the steady progress achieved in long-range forecasting over the past few years.

The major event in long-range weather forecasting during 1987 was the second WMO Workshop on the Diagnosis and Prediction of Monthly and Seasonal Atmospheric Variations over the Globe, combined with the WMO Symposium on Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions relevant to Long-range Forecasting, held at the Ecole nationa1e de la meteorologie in Toulouse from 15 to 19 June 1987. It PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 63

was organized along the same lines as the first workshop held in 1985, with special attention being given to the ocean-atmosphere aspects.

There were some 60 participants from 18 countries. Among the 43 papers presented, 15 had been prepared by invited experts of repute. The workshop/symposium showed an increase in understanding of the reasons for and behaviour of atmospheric variations on the monthly and seasonal scales and improvements in the skill of predicting these variations, including numerical prediction for periods of up to 30 days.

TROPICAL METEOROLOGY

In the implementation of the Tropical Meteorology Research Programme (TMRP), a great deal of attention was given to the development and application of numerical weather prediction in the tropics, including training of meteorologists from tropical countries.

The WMO Training Workshop on Numerical Weather Prediction for the Tropics was held at Florida State University (FSU) in Tallahassee, USA, from 8 to 26 June 1987. The course consisted of lectures and laboratory exercises given by international experts and local instructors based on the WMO publication Workbook on Numerical Weather Prediction for the Tropics for the Training of Class I and Class II Meteorological Personnel (WMO-No. 669) by Professor T.N. Krishnamurti. The workshop enabled the participants to acquire experience with NWP theory and practice.

A meeting of the Steering Committee for Tropical Limited-area Weather Prediction Modelling was held at FSU from 22 to 23 June 1987 during the above-mentioned workshop. The meeting reviewed progress in the implementation of a study project on the development of multi-level tropical limited-area models (LAM) and recommended that, as a follow-up to a paper on tropical single-level models, documentation on the primitive equation model software for use by tropical countries should be prepared. The meeting also discussed the organizational plan for the second workshop on extra-tropical and tropical LAM in mid-1989.

Following the relevant directives of Congress and the Executive Council, the CAS Working Group on Tropical Meteorology, with the assistance of steering committees, continued monitoring the implementation of ongoing priority study projects with the collaboration of activity centres. The Working Group also assisted in the organization of international activities, which included:

(a) Long-term project for Asian/African monsoon studies with activity centres functioning at New Delhi and Kuala Lumpur (one at Nairobi is yet to be established), including the organization of the second Regional WMO Workshop on Asian Winter Monsoon (Kuala Lumpur, June 1988);

(b) Research and monitoring of moisture budget studies in the Sahel with the AGRHYMET Centre, with the French Meteorological Service and the University of Reading (UK) serving as activity centres; close collaboration was maintained with the Sahel-related projects within the AGRHYMET programme which are being conducted with the assistance of a contribution by Italy; 64 PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRN-1ME

(c) Study project on the development of multi-level tropical LAM l'Tith Australia, India, Japan and Malaysia serving as activity centres;

(d) Study project on rain-producing systems in Central America (TEMPORAL) with Costa Rica serving as activity centre;

(e) Radiation flux studies in the tropics (activity centres yet to be determined);

(f) Tropical cyclone research with Colorado State University (USA) acting as activity centre, including the organization of the Second International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (Manila, March 1989).

Four publications were issued in the TMP report series:

• Asian sununer monsoon (based on papers presented at the New Delhi workshop in 1985);

• Documentation on two simple tropical models;

• Collection of papers presented at the RA II/RA I Seminar on Local Weather Systems Prediction (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, January 1986);

• Report of the third meeting of the Steering Committee for Tropical LAM (Tallahassee, USA, June 1987).

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING AND RESEARCH

Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network (BAPMoN)

The implementation of BAPMoN steadily continued. New stations came into operation in China, Mongolia, and Uruguay. The global station Cosmos (Peru) was equipped with a solar panel to operate the CO z continuous analyser at the 4 600 maltitude station. A new station in China received a continuous automatic COz monitor. For a large number of other stations, new sunphotometers, automatic raingauges and high-volume aerosol samplers as well as spare parts to repair existing instruments were provided, using funds allocated by the UNEP Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS).

Special attention continued to be devoted to the high-precision moni toring of atmospheric CO z. More than 20 stations participate in this exercise using continuous analysers while at some 30 others flask samples are taken regularly. At a WMO co-sponsored expert meeting hosted by the US National Bureau of Standards, procedures were discussed to provide the necessary sets of highest-accuracy (better than 0.2 ppmv) calibration gases to all CO z monitoring stations. The technical prerequisites for globally comparable high-precision CO z measurements have been organized and provided through WMO since 1975, with the participation of all the existing CO z laboratories. In this global system of measurement, a very high accuracy has been achieved to meet the scientific requirements for the study of this most important radiatively active trace gas. PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 65

Although the tenth precipitation chemistry BAPMoN Laboratory Performance Survey was not yet completed at the time of writing, a summary of Surveys 4-9 was prepared. The number of laboratories submitting results reached 43, although some 60 laboratories were receiving samples for analysis. A moderate but steady improvement in the accuracy was observed, e.g. the overall inaccuracy per session in the determination of ions (including all reported numbers) dropped from 47 per cent in 1982 to 22 per cent in 1986. With outliers removed, the respective numbers remained nearly constant, namely within a range of 8-16 per cent, suggesting that this is the attainable range of laboratory accuracy and that, while the higher deviations in the complete data set (the proportion of outliers is only about 4-5 per cent) are caused by newcomer laboratories, their performance improves rather rapidly, thus demonstrating the high value of these surveys.

An assessment of data on precipitation chemistry submitted by about 80 stations in all continents (with lower coverage in Africa, South America and parts of Asia and the south Pacific area) for the period 1975-1982 showed a significant decrease in the sulphur content of 25-30 per cent. Other assessments were made on a regional scale. For example, the nitrogen content in precipitation in Europe increased from 1974 to 1978/1979 and decreased to the end of the period covered (1982). These examples indicate that BAPMoN has already reached a useful stage for the study of certain constituents in precipi tation but that station coverage, completeness of data reporting and quality-assurance activities require more attention by Members in the areas indicated above to allow for a more detailed study on the global and regional scales of background environmental pollution.

Following the recommendations made at the Sunphotometer Workshop (Tenerife, Spain, 1984), a new generation of sunphotometers has been developed. These are slowly being introduced into BAPMoN - eight were placed in service in 1987 - to replace the now obsolete Voltz sunphotometers. The new sunphotometer (the type known as "Mainz II") measures the attenuation of sunlight on nine wavelengths. An estimation is possible of the auxiliary parameters (e.g. the interference by ozone) needed to calculate the aerosol optical depth.

An in-depth reVlSlon of publication WMO-No. 491 International Operations Handbook for the Measurement of Background Atmospheric Pollution - was nearing completion. Publications issued included three meeting reports, BAPMoN Newsletter No. 2 in four languages, and BAPMoN data reports.

The 13th session of the WMO training course on background air pollution measurements was successfully held (in French) in Budapest. In accordance with a decision of the Executive Council, it lasted one week longer than the previous ones. The eight participants came from seven countries and two regional associations.

Credit is due to UNEP/GEMS for its continued support to all BAPMoN activities for the particular benefit of Members in developing countries.

Transport and dispersion of atmospheric pollutants on different time and space scales

The assessment of meteorological aspects of the third phase (1984-1986) of the ECE/WMO/UNEP Co-operative Programme for the Monitoring and 66 PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

Evaluation of Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) was made at an expert meeting held in Laxenburg, Austria, from 30 March to 2 April 1987. The meeting considered that the main achievements of the two EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing Centres (MSCs) were: more precise routine model calculations of transboundary fluxes and deposition over Europe of sulphur compounds, good agreement in the comparison of models used by both MSCs, improvements in model parameterization resulting in good agreement between calculated and observed values, and development of models for nitrogen oxides. Uncertainties in emission data remain a major factor in limiting the agreement between calculated and observed values. The meeting made a number of recommendations for modelling improvements during the fourth phase of EMEP (1987-1989), aimed at improving the accuracy and reliability of existing models, developing routine models for nitrogen oxides and research models for the transmission of photochemical oxidants, and at estimating so-called "undecided" sulphur deposition attributable to anthropogenic or natural sources.

Within the UNEP Long-term Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme in the Mediterranean (MED-POLL), a number of national research projects were supported and sampling equipment provided to further the participation of more Mediterranean countries in a pilot project studying the atmospheric transport and deposition of pollutants into the Mediterranean Sea. A Workshop on Airborne Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, from 10 to 13 November 1987, to consider the ongoing research and monitoring in this field and to elaborate detailed programme proposals and recommendations for future activities.

The three-volume Proceedings of the WMO Conference on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application (Leningrad, USSR, 19-24 May 1986) were published as TD-No. 187 and will be widely distributed at the beginning of 1988.

Exchange of pollutants between various environmental compartments and integrated monitoring

The implementation of the WMO/UNEP Pilot Project on Integrated Monitoring in Temperate Forest Biosphere Reserves was continued at the Torres del Paine biosphere reseL"'ve (Chile) and Olympic National Park (USA). Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide (N0 2 ) monitors were put into operation and extensive sampling of biological material was carried out. A draft report entitled "Integrated monitoring project at Torres del Paine National Park, Chile - Methodology and data report; 1984-1986" was prepared. The manual Procedures and Methods of Integrated Global Background Monitoring of Environmental Pollution (TD-No. 178), completed at the end of 1986, was published, as were the four-volume Proceedings of the International Symposium on Integrated Global Monitoring of the State of the Biosphere (Tashkent, USSR, October 1985) (TD-No. 151), co-sponsored by WMO. Principles and guidelines for monitoring the transfer of airborne pollutants through the environmental media and their effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were discussed at a WHO co-sponsored Workshop on Integrated Monitoring held in Stockholm, Sweden, 23-26 June 1987.

The activities of the WMO-led GESAMP Working Group on the Interchange of Pollutants between the Atmosphere and the Oceans (INTERPOLL) were considered at the WMO co-sponsored 17th session of GESAMP held in Rome from 30 March to 3 April 1987. INTERPOLL was requested to provide a continuous PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 67

review of the air-sea material exchange with emphasis on the modification by contaminants of the atmosphere, sea-surface microlayer and ocean processes related to climate and mass and energy balance of the ocean, as well as to assess and compare the pathways and fluxes of important contaminants and nutrients into the global ocean and specific regions through the atmosphere with those from river outflows. To consider the latter problem, an expert meeting was held in Norwich, United Kingdom, in September 1987. The report of the Norwich meeting was submitted to a WMO-co-sponsored GESAMP meeting on the State of the Marine Environment (Geneva, 14-19 December 1987) and will also be used for an updated review of the state of the marine environment being prepared by the UN agencies co-sponsoring GESAMP.

Global Ozone Observing System

It has been known since 1985 that the springtime value of total ozone in the Antarctic has shown a steady decline since the early 1970s. This phenomenon, which is popularly referred to as the "ozone hole", was under intensive study in 1986 and 1987 by many WMO Members. Special expeditions led by the USA with participation by Argentina, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, France, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, the United Kingdom and industry (Chemical Manufacturers Association) collected data during the late (southern hemispheric) winter and spring of 1987. Co-ordinated observations with ground-based, balloon, aircraft and satellite instruments were made.

The total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) aboard the NASA NIMBUS-7 satellite, balloon ozonesondes and aircraft measurements all show that the 1987 springtime ozone amount is the lowest on record, some 15 per cent less than the previous low in 1985. The springtime ozone amount is the lowest observed in all latitudes south of 60 0 S.

Even though only preliminary analyses have been carried out, the weight of the observational evidence strongly suggests that both chemical and meteorological mechanisms affected the ozone. It seems particularly clear that the weather creates the conditions required for the interplay of the chemical processes.

CLOUD PHYSICS AND WEATHER MODIFICATION RESEARCH

The Register of National Weather Modification for 1984 and 1985 was published as WMP-No. 9 (WMO/TD-No. 182). A study of trends in weather modification from 1975 to 1985 based on data contained in the registers is being prepared. WMO continues to encourage Members to open national projects related to weather modification research to the international community. In this context, WMO is working with the organizers of Hailswath II, a field experiment focused on the study of natural hail processes, to be carried out in North Dakota, USA, in 1988. Additional opportunities for international participation in field experiments on hail suppression and precipitation enhancement in Europe and South-East Asia are being examined.

Support and participation in the analysis of data collected during the Precipitation Enhancement Project (PEP) field activities in Spain continue. PEP Report No. 34 (available in the four working languages of WMO) is a synopsis of the project from its conception until 1985. Research papers by the Principle Investigators continue to be published in the referred 68 PART 4 - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

scientific literature. The prograrrune is arranging for the preparation of computer codes (software) to aid in the development of weather modification projects. Codes for the electronic processing of synoptic data according to the "transfer function" concept developed during the PEP have been written. A model simulating the microphysics and dynamics of clouds with either a two-dimensional or axisyrrunetric domain is also available.

Planning is well under way for the Second International Cloud Modelling Workshop, which will be held in Toulouse, France, in August 1988 and planning has corrunenced for the Fifth WMO Conference on Weather Modification and Applied Cloud Physics, which is scheduled to be held in Guangzhou, China, from 27 to 31 March 1989. PAR T 5

APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

The applications of meteorology referred to in this part include three traditional fields of application which constitute three separate WMO programmes, namely the Agricultural Meteorology Programme, the Marine Meteorology Programme and the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme. These programmes are grouped together under a WMO major programme known as the Applications of Meteorology Programme.

AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

General

In 1987, efforts were concentrated on the follow-up activities to the decisions of the ninth session of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM) (Madrid, Spain, 17-28 November 1986) (appointment of rapporteurs and members of working groups; publication of reports) and training through workshops and roving seminars on different aspects of operational agrometeorology, including drought and desertification.

Economic benefits of agrometeorology

Tenth Congress complimented the Commission and its members for adopting operational agrometeorology and the economic benefits of agricultural meteorology as the main thrusts of the next intersessional period. The Agricul tural Meteorology Programme should continue to emphasize the need for the transfer of knowledge and proven methodologies to and between developing countries, and the, continuation of training and, education activities, especially in new techniques such as the use of remote-sensing.

An exhibition on the economic benefits of agricultural meteorology was organized from 14 to 21 May 1987 during Tenth Congress, with the participation of several Member countries.

NORBERT GERBIER - MUMM AWARD

The thirty-ninth session of the Executive Council welcomed a proposal to institute the NORBERT GERBIER - MUMM AWARD, the purpose of which is to reward authors of original scientific papers on the influence of meteorology in a particular field of the physical, natural or human sciences or, conversely, the influence of one of those sciences on meteorology. The Council approved guidelines to be followed for the presentation of the award, which would consist of a medal and a monetary prize financed by the MUMM champagne company. The award will be presented for the first time at the Council's fortieth session in Geneva in 1988. Members were invited to submit nominations for the award, the winner to be chosen by a selection committee constituted by the Council. 70 PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

Support to studies on the effect of weather on crop and animal production

A Symposium on the Agrometeorology of the Potato Crop was organized jointly by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Meteorology, WMO, the International Centre for Potato Research (CIP), the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS) and the European Association for Potato Research (EAPR) . At the kind invitation of the Government of the Netherlands, the symposium was held at the International Agricultural Centre, Wageningen, from 8 to 11 April 1987, following a meeting on international potato research strategies organized by CIP, ISHS and FAO. A total of 94 participants from 45 countries took part in the symposium. Sixteen papers were contributed dealing with agrometeorology and potato cultivation in temperate and tropical zones; agrometeorology and pests and diseases of the potato crop; and agrometeorology and potato harvest, storage and transport. An e~cursion to potato farms in the Netherlands polders was organized. The conclusions and recommendations of the symposium articulate the need for, and ways of providing, agro­ meteorological information to be used· by large- and small-scale farmers in temperate and tropical zones respectively. The proceedings will be published jointly by WMO and ISHS.

Promotion of the use of agroclimatic data in land-use planning and in plant and animal selection, including questions relating to genetic adaptability, pedology and farming techniques

A Workshop on the Application of Meteorology to Agroforestry Systems Planning and Management was held at ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya, from 9 to 13 February 1987. Some 70 participants and observers from more than 30 countries took part in the workshop, which dealt with such topics as agroforestry issues in relation to macroclimate including environmental information, component response, productivity and stability, and soils; agroforestry and climate (country-specific examples); component interactions in agroforestry systems in relation to microclimate including wind, water balance and rainfall, and light and radiation; and environmental monitoring in agroforestry. The session on instruments and observations was chaired by the president of CIMO. A total of 50 papers was presented. Five working groups discussed and adopted guidelines and recommendations on the various topics.

An RA III/RA IV Workshop on Techniques used in Agrometeorological Studies in the Humid Tropics was organized in Quito, Ecuador, from 23 to 27 March 1987. The workshop, which was a joint activity of the FAO/WMO/Unesco/UNEP Inter-Agency Group on Agricultural Biometeorology in the context of the agroclimatological survey of the lowlands of the humid tropics of South America, was co-sponsored by FAO, UNEP and UNDP. The workshop agreed on the outline of the final report of the agroclimatological survey which will include a synthesis of the social and economic aspects of the agroclimatology of the area concerned. There were five invited lecturers, 27 participants from 16 countries and 10 observers from the host country.

Combat against desertification

WMO participated at the meeting of the ad hoc Panel of Experts on the Application of Science and Technology to the Study, Prevention, Monitoring and Combating of Drought and Desertification held in Ashkhabad, USSR, from 13 to PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 71

17 January 1987. The meeting was jointly organized by the UN Centre for Science and Technology for Development, the Ashkhabad Institute of Deserts and the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology. There were 16 participants from 10 countries, four representatives of UN agencies and 12 observers from the host country. The meeting clarified and highlighted those aspects of drought and desertification which, for various reasons, are not normally considered by decision-makers. The experts specified the action that should be taken at national and regional levels and presented ways and means by which affected countries could formulate and strengthen policies, plans and programmes to combat the effects of drought and the process of desertification.

Subjects discussed were: co-operation at the national and regional level, practical experience in the field, forestry development, reforestation and intensive rainfed agriculture (including erosion control, agroforestry, improved fertilizer applications, and cropping and pastoral systems). The panel agreed that a major new approach was necessary wi th emphasis on, inter alia, climate aspects of desertification, drought-response planning in arid and semi-arid regions with long dry periods, analyses of soil conditions, studies of the water budget and methods of water conservation.

WMO provided a consultant in March 1987 to direct the national seminar in Mexico on the analysis of meteorological data to evaluate soil degradation and the transport of sand and dust. There were 30 participants from various national organizations. The lectures and practicals included the use of the Universal Soil Loss Equation to estimate erosion and of rainfall data analysis to derive drought and aridity indices, meteorological and hydrological aspects of land- and vegetation-cover degradation, desertification, and salinization and waterlogging of irrigated land.

WMO was represented at the sixth session of the Consultative Group for Desertification Control (DESCON) held in Geneva from 24 to 27 March 1987. An important outcome of the meeting was the setting up of an ad hoc working group to review and evaluate the DESCON mechanism, its priorities and objectives, and to make recommendations for consideration at the seventh session. Many of the projects presented to the Group did not receive support from donors.

WMO was also represented at the Inter-Agency Working Group on Desertification (IAWGD) held at Unesco headquarters in Paris from 21 to 23 September 1987. The meeting agreed that the establishment of networks on sand-dune fixation, afforestation and research and training centres in Africa, South America and Asian and Pacific regions respectively should be taken up individually between the UNEP Secretariat and concerned agencies. WMO was designated as a co-operating agency for establishing the network of sand-dune fixation. The meeting also discussed the Cairo Programme for African Co-operation on the Environment.

The meeting of Designated Officials on Environmental Matters (DOEM), which was held concurrently, approved a draft ACC report prepared by IAWGD on desertification for consideration by the UNEP Governing Council.

Support to AGRHYMET programme

A workshop for teacher training on agrometeorological instruments and methods of observation was organized jointly with the Italian Meteorological Service in Florence, Italy, from 28 October to 11 November 1987. 72 PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

Co-operation with other organizations

FAO continued to co-operate with WMO in many activities of CAgM and in the organization of workshops, training courses and seminars.

A meeting of the WMO/FAO/Unesco/UNEP Inter-Agency Group on Agricultural Biometeorology was held from 20 to 23 January 1987 at WMO Headquarters, Geneva. The Group agreed upon an outline of the survey report of the ongoing agroclimatological survey of the lowlands of the humid tropics of South America. It was decided that the final report should be submitted in January/February 1988 for publication.

WMO was represented at the International Symposium on Climate and Food Security held in New Delhi, India, from 6 to 9 February 1987 and a keynote address on the role of climate in sustainable food-crop production systems was presented on behalf of the Secretary-General. A paper entitled "Basic data requirements of an agroclimatic system" was also presented by WMO at the symposium.

In February 1987, WMO was represented at the pre-planning meeting for the RA lI/RA V Symposium/Workshop on Meteorology and Plant Protection, organized by the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Calcutta, India, which will host the workshop in Calcutta in August 1988.

In co-operation with the International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), the preparation for a joint WMO/ICARDA Symposium on the Agrometeorology of Barley-based Farming Systems was initiated. This symposium will take place in Tunis from 4 to 8 March 1989.

The president of CAgM represented WMO at the consultative UNDP workshop to consider Inter-country Project No. RAN/84/034 - Sand dune mapping, stabilization and afforestation, held in Rabat, Morocco, from 13 to 17 April 1987.

The tenth FAO/UNDRO/WMO/ESA Training Course on Remote Sensing Applications to Agricultural Drought and Desertification was held in Rome from 29 June to 10 July 1987. Participants from 21 countries attended the course.

WMO was represented at and provided a lecture for the Seminar on the Economic Benefits of Applied Agrometeorology which was organized by the World Bank for high-level officials in Nairobi, Kenya, from 5 to 9 October.

Fisheries

Tenth Congress approved the recommendation of CAgM to include an additional item, "Fisheries - food aspects", in the terms of reference of the Commission. CAgM had previously undertaken studies on the meteorological and climatological aspects of marine, inland and coastal fisheries. PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 73

Publications

Several of the reports submitted by the working groups and rapporteurs to the ninth session of CAgM are being prepared for publication as Technical Notes or CAgM Reports in accordance with the decisions of the Commission. The reports are being translated into other working languages of WMO with the help of Members.

Technical co-operation activities

The president, vice-president and several members of CAgM continued to provide support to technical co-operation acti vi ties in agrometeorology, in particular to the implementation of pilot projects, to the preparation of UNDP-financed activities in many countries, and to the AGRHYMET programme.

MARINE METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

Introduction

The general objective of the Marine Meteorology Programme is the promotion of marine meteorological services (MMS) over the high seas and coastal areas and the application of marine climatological information to planning marine acti vi ties. These services are organized in accordance with the provl.Sl.ons contained in the Manual on Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 558) and its complementary volume, the Guide to Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 471). The Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM) is the principal body responsible for keeping abreast of developments in this field and for making appropriate recommendations. In respect of regional applications, the regional associations play an important role l.n the implementation and co-ordination of marine meteorological activities.

Parallel with the activities indicated above, certain other ocean-related acti vi ties are carried out wi thin the joint IOC/WMO programme known as the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS).

Tenth Congress made a thorough review of the status of all activities taking place under the Marine Meteorology and Associated Oceanographic Activities Programme and agreed on the major thrusts of the programme for the next four-year financial period. Congress agreed that the highest priority project remained the provision of marine meteorological services, both the basic services required in support of the safety of life and property at sea and also the more specialized services being increasingly required by specific marine user groups, which are often closely related to national economic and commercial activities. The provision of oceanographic data and services l.n support of operational users and the WCRP is now developing rapidly in importance. Congress recognized both the current success of IGOSS in delivering such data and products, as well as the major efforts which were still required by Members if IGOSS was to meet fully the requirements of users in this regard. Other important projects within the overall programme which were noted by Congress included the further development of marine climatological activities, the maintenance and expansion of specialized marine observing systems as part of the GOS and the expansion of specialized education and training activities in marine meteorology and physical oceanography. 74 PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

Commission for Marine Meteorology

There was no meeting of the Commission or of its Advisory Working Group in 1987. Considerable progress was achieved in all the Commission's acti vi ties during the year, however, and this is reported in the following paragraphs. In addition, planning has begun for CMM-X, scheduled to be held in Paris in February 1989. This tenth session is to include a two-day open technical conference on ocean waves to be structured around reports from members of the newly established ad hoc Group of Rapporteurs on Numerical Wave Modelling.

Marine meteorological services

An essential part of MMS is the provision of marine meteorological information, including warnings, to the user community. Such information includes weather and sea bulletins, provided in both alphanumeric and voice form by radio, as well as meteorological analyses and forecasts provided in pictorial form by radiofacsimile. The Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services held its fourth session in 1985 and is now actively engaged in studies and other work related to: support to the further establishment and expansion of marine meteorological services in developing countries; marine teleconununication facilities; forecast formats for specialized marine meteorological services; improvements to the Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) scheme; and standardization of the classification of tropical cyclones for marine purposes. In addition, regional rapporteurs on marine meteorological services, particularly in RA I and RA III, are involved in assessing the present status of the provision of marine meteorological services in their respective Regions, which will lead eventually to proposals designed to improve and upgrade the basic services to shipping and other maritime activities, as outlined in the Manual on Marine Meteorological Services.

Marine climatology

In addition to their use in the provision of marine meteorological services, marine climatological data are increasingly required by the WCP and particularly the WCRP. The Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme (MCSS), which was established by Fourth Congress, is of major importance in this regard and the Conunission is now making strenuous efforts to improve the quality, quantity and timeliness of data available under this scheme to suit the evolving requirements of users such as the WCRP. In this context, agreement has been reached on details of a scheme for a special TOGA Marine Climatological Data Centre in the United Kingdom. The scheme is due to take effect from 1 January 1988, covering all marine climatological data from 1 January 1987 onwards in the band 300 S to 30o N. In addition, a pilot project for a high-quality subset of VOS data in support of both the MeSS and the WCRP has been initiated. The pilot project involves the active support of six maritime Members in the North Atlantic region.

Marine teleconununications

Congress, the Executive Council, CMM and CBS have all recognized the increasing importance of the INMARSAT system not only for the collection by satellite of ships' weather reports and for the distribution of meteorological information to shipping, but also as a possible key element in the IMO Future Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. The INMARSAT system began operation on 1 February 1982 and, by June 1987, about 5 700 ships, including PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 75

1 082 VOS, were equipped with ship Earth stations (SES). Of the 19 coast Earth stations (CES) which were operational in June 1987, only six were accepting ships' weather reports free of charge to ships. These were:

• Pacific Ocean Region: Ibaraki (Japan) Santa Paula (USA) Singapore

• Atlantic Ocean Region: Goonhilly (United Kingdom) Ploemeur Bodou (France) Southbury (USA)

Southbury and Santa Paula also accept BATHY/TESAC reports. Congress recognized the increasing financial burdens being borne by these Members in accepting ships' reports via INMARSAT and urged all Members who had operational CESs to initiate arrangements for the co11ection of such reports through them. At the same time, Congress also agreed that, as a matter of urgency, efforts should be made to develop a suitable cost-sharing scheme for such data-collection procedures.

As foreseen in the 1986 Annual Report, trials of the enhanced group call (EGC) system of INMARSAT took place over the North Atlantic during 1987. These trials included in particular the application of the system to the dissemination of meteorological information to shipping; five WMO Members were directly involved in the trials. Results of the trials were sti11 being evaluated at the time of writing for presentation to the relevant bodies of IMO. They will also be made available to WMO Members as quickly as possible. In addition, a preliminaty meeting was ca11ed by INMARSAT in early 1987 to explore possibilities for the funding of marine safety information dissemination (including meteorological forecasts and warnings) to shipping via INMARSAT. While the results were inconclusive, the question has at least been opened for discussion and further progress will be communicated as the situation develops.

Techniques for marine observation and forecasting

The new WMO Guide to Wave Analysis and Forecasting was reviewed in draft form by a number of WMO wave experts. On the basis of these reviews, a final revised version of the Guide was prepared by the technical editor. Publication of the English-language version was expected in late 1987 or early 1988. The revised draft code for the real-time reporting of spectral wave data, which was adopted by the CBS Working Group on Codes in late 1986, is to be presented for approval by CBS-IX in January 1988. The results of the survey undertaken by the Secretariat on the applications of spectral wave data have been co11ected, summarized and analysed by the chairman of the CMM Working Group on Technical Problems and will be published in early 1988 as a report in the WMO series Marine Meteorology and Related Oceanographic Activities.

Specialized education and training activities in the field of marine meteorology

Unfortunately, due to the difficult financial situation in the Secretariat in 1987, the Seminar on Marine Meteorological Services planned for 76 PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

RA III/RA IV had to be postponed. At the same time, increased attention was paid to the needs and possibilities for longer-term education and training courses in marine meteorology and physical oceanography. In particular, following suggestions by the CMM Rapporteur on Education and Training, a proposal for the development of a six-month UNDP-supported course at the RMTC Nairobi in this field has been prepared. If this course is successfully established (perhaps in 1989), it is hoped that the concept will be extended to other Regions.

Publications

The following reports in the WMO series Marine Meteorology and Related Oceanographic Activities were published and distributed during 1987:

• No. 17 - The processing of marine data. By G.D. Hamilton;

No. 18 Baltic multilingual list of sea-ice terms. • By J. Malicki, A.N. Turchin and H. Valeur.

The new Marine Cloud Album (WMO-No. 659) was also published, while the complete, quadrilingual revision of the WMO Sea-ice Nomenclature should appear in late 1987 or early 1988.

The Second WMO Long-term Plan (SLTP)

A final revised draft of Section 43 Marine meteorology and associated oceanographic activities programme - of Part 1 of the SLTP, containing all the modifications proposed by Members and by the various CMM working groups, was presented to Tenth Congress which approved it with only very minor amendments. The complete SLTP will be published shortly. At the same time, preparatory work has begun on a draft of Section 43 of the Third Long-term Plan, which must be considered by CMM-X.

Drifting Buoy Co-operation Panel (DBCP)

The technical co-ordinator for the DBCP took up his position, based within the Argos Service in Toulouse, France, on 1 June 1987. His principal initial tasks included the monitoring of buoy data transmitted over the GTS and the development of proposals for real-time quality control of such data; finding solutions for co-ordination problems which have arisen in the use of LUTs; establishment of global contacts and development of proposals for co-ordination of buoy programmes; preparation of appropriate documentation on drifting-buoy activities; and liaison between buoy programmes and the Argos Service. The third session of the DBCP took place in Paris in October 1987. This session prepared, inter alia, a revised work plan for the technical co-ordinator and discussed in detail possible arrangements for the employment of the technical co-ordinator after 1988.

Ocean activities - Integrated Global Ocean Services System

The Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) is a world-wide ocean services system planned, developed and co-ordinated jointly by IOC and WMO for the global collection and exchange of oceanic data, and the timely preparation and dissemination of oceanic products and services for both operational and research activities. The three main elements of lGOSS are the lGOSS Observing System (lOS), the lGOSS Data Processing and Services System PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 77

(IDPSS), and the IGOSS Telecommunication Arrangements (ITA). The planning and implementation of lGOSS are undertaken in conjunction with the WWW and MMS. The Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee for lGOSS is responsible for planning and co-ordinating the implementation of lGOSS and reports to the governing bodies of both organizations.

The primary element of the IGOSS Observing System (IDS) continues to be the BATHY/TESAC operational programme, constituting the major source of surface and subsurface temperature, salinity and current data which are collected and exchanged on a world-wide basis. The total number of such observations exchanged over the GTS in 1986 was 46 769, significantly higher than in 1985 (41 399) and also higher than the level achieved during FGGE. Figures for the first six months of 1987 indicate a continuing substantial increase in the real-time global availability of these data, a trend which is extremely encouraging and which must be maintained if the requirements of both operational and research users of the data are to be fully met. The second joint IOC/WMO meeting for the implementation of lGOSS XBT ship-of-opportunity (SOO) programmes, held in Victoria, B.C., Canada, in August 1987, acted as a further catalyst for the expansion of the lOS through the identification of both new SOO lines and sources for manpower and equipment for servicing these lines. Particular attention was given to data-sparse regions of the southern hemisphere oceans.

The IGOSS Data Processing and Services System (IDPSS) consists of national, specialized and world oceanographic centres for the processing of observational data, and the provision of products, services and operational data-exchange activities to various marine-user groups. National oceanographic or meteorological centres with corresponding functions are operated by 41 Member States. Information service bulletin No. 8 (1987) (Oceanographic products issued by national centres), provides information regarding three different product areas:

(a) Subsurface products including temperature, salinity, currents, chemical and biological parameters: 21 Members - 66 products (data, analyses, summaries);

(b) Surface products, including sea-surface temperature, _salinity and current, waves, sea-level and surface-feature products such as surface water-colour charts available from satellites: 41 Members - 264 products (data, analyses, forecasts, summaries);

(c) Surface meteorological products, including surface wind, wind stress, air pressure, air temperature, dew point and precipitation.

In addition, ocean-bas in-wide synoptic surface and subsurface monthly analyses have become available for the first time on a regular, real-time basis from the lGOSS Specialized Oceanographic Centres in the USA, for the lGOSS sea-level pilot project in the Pacific and for the lGOSS subsurface thermal structure pilot project respectively. These permitted real-time monitoring of the E1 Nino event of 1986/1987. 78 PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

The IGOSS Telecommunication Arrangements (ITA) consist mainly of telecommunication facilities of the ~vww GTS and other arrangements necessary for the rapid and reliable collection and distribution of observational data and processed information. BATHY/TESAC reports collected from ships and platforms are normally transmitted over the International Maritime Mobile Service to coastal radio stations which are designated to accept the reports free of charge to the ships or through the INMARSAT satellite communications system. At present, only bolO INMARSAT CESs, operated by the USA, accept BATHY/TESAC reports from specified ocean areas free of charge to ships. This number needs to be considerably increased to ensure the efficient collection of oceanographic reports. In addition, the Argos satellite data collection and location system provides an efficient mechanism for the collection of ocean data from a variety of platforms in remote ocean areas. The session of the lGOSS Group of Experts on Operations and Technical Applications ~n December 1987, discussed, inter alia, both new code requirements for the transmission of IGOSS data and future advances and improvements to the ITA.

The development of IGOSS on a regional basis has continued through concentrated efforts in selected ocean regions such as the Pacific Ocean (including the El Nino region), the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean and adjacent regions and the Baltic Sea region, in conjunction with regional oceanographic programmes. All WMO regional associations have expressed their belief in the importance of IGOSS to national and regional meteorological services.

The IGOSS Training, Education and Mutual Assistance (TEMA) programme is considered to be a supporting activity for the efficient and effective implementation of the three essential elements of IGOSS, namely the lOS, the IDPSS and the ITA. Efforts are being made in this area to demonstrate the economic importance of IGOSS to both developing and developed countries. In addition, the new training course being planned for theRMTC Nairobi in marine meteorology and physical oceanography (see above) is to include substantial elements related directly to lGOSS activities.

AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

General

The primary objective of the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme is to promulgate regulations and plans for internationally co-ordinated activities in support of air navigation. In particular, the programme is aimed at assisting Members to plan, establish and operate the aeronautical meteorological services required to ensure the safety, efficiency and economy of air navigation. The activities within this programme are carried out in co-operation and co-ordination with other WMO programmes, in particular the WWW and the Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme, as well as with ICAO and other relevant international organizations. The Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM) is the WMO body responsible, in co-operation with IeAO when appropriate, for matters relating to the application of PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 79

meteorology to aviation. Regional associations are also involved in relevant activities at the regional level.

Activities within the Aeronautical Meteorology Programme are mainly concerned with:

(a) Development of regulatory material for updating the WMO Technical Regulations, Volume II - Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation;

(b) Preparation of guidance material;

(c) Further co-ordination of action, at the regional and national level, for the implementation of standardized global and regional practices;

(d) Co-operation with other international organizations, in particular ICAO, in matters relating to the application of meteorology to aviation.

Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology

The CAeM Working Group on Advanced Techniques Applied to Aeronautical Meteorology held its first meeting since its inception at CAeM-VIII in Vancouver on 20 August 1987. The Group's work was focused on the development of a work plan reflecting its terms of reference.

With regard to the general monitoring of and advising on scientific and technical matters relevant to aeronautical meteorology, the Group felt that two avenues should be explored: (a) the holding of a conference on advances in aeronautical meteorology which would bring together specialists in various fields of meteorology working on advanced forecast techniques with application to improved services to the aeronautical meteorological community; and (b) the production of a regular newsletter, circulated to CAeM members, containing information on research and development topics relevant to aeronautical meteorology gleaned from proceedings of conferences, symposia and other technical reports.

It was agreed that ongoing work in the area of monitoring and verification of aerodrome forecasts should be continued with the aim of preparing a report on the subject.

The importance of close liaison with CBS and CAS to the work of the Group was recognized and it was felt that formal links with the relevant working groups of these two bodies should be established.

The following topics were identified by the Group as meriting additional effort:

(a) Cloud-layer parameters (including bases, tops and liquid water content) ;

(b) Fog;

(c) Visibility; 80 PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME

(d) Precipitation intensity;

(e) Precipitation phase (e.g. freezing rain);

(6) Runway condition and temperature;

(7) Low-level winds in complex terrain (of particular importance to general aviation).

Amendments to the WMO Technical Regulations

Tenth Congress approved the alignment of the WMO Technical' Regulations, Volume IIfC.3.1.J with Amendment 67 to lCAO Annex 3. This amendment introduced provisions relating to light intensity settings used for RVR assessment, the identification of selected aerodromes and the deletion of the requirement for temperature circles on WAFS charts, the . transmission time of forecasts from regional area forecast centres to users, the origination and dissemination of information concerning volcanic activity and. volcanic ash clouds, and the inclusion of wind-speed units in examples of the aviation meteorological figure codes. It was decided that the applicability date for this amendment would be 19 November 1987.

Guidance material

Work continued on the preparation of two guides, one on aerodrome meteorological office practices and the other on meteorological observing and distribution systems at aerodromes.

World Area Forecast System (WAFS)

The provisions of WMO .Technical Regulations [C.3.1.] relating to the introduction of the WAFS came into force at the end of 1984. WMO, through CAeM and its working groups, provides support for the WAFS as requested by ICAO. The system is not yet fully operational in certain parts of the world and the continued support of the World Weather Watch is essential.

Co-ordination with ASECNA

The first co-ordination meeting between Directors of national Meteorological Services in RA I and representatives of ASECNA (Agency for Air Safety in Africa and Madagascar) was held in Dakar, Senegal, from 16 to 20 March 1987. The meeting identified problems in the co-ordination of meteorological services to national and international user groups and adopted recommendations where specific planning, operational and implementation actions should be co-ordinated in order to avoid unnecessary duplication and to provide all users in the countries concerned with the most cost-effective service.

Co-operation with lCAO

Excellent collaboration continued with ICAO, a prerequisite if the efficiency and effectiveness of aeronautical meteorological services are to be maintained and further improved. PART 5 - APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY PROGRAMME 81

WMO is represented on the following ICAO panels, working groups and study groups:

• Low-level Wind Shear and Turbulence Study Group;

• Meteorological Advisory Working Group of the European Air Navigation Planning Group;

• Volcanic Ash Warnings Study Group;

• AFS Systems Planning for Data Interchange Panel;

• WAFS Study Group;

• Meteorological Operational Telecommunication Network - Europe RPG.

During 1987, WMO participated in the ICAO meetings mentioned below:

• Thirteenth Meeting of the Meteorological Advisory Working Group of the European Air Navigation Planning Group (Paris, 16-20 March 1987) ;

• ASPP Working Group 2, Amsterdam, 27 Apri1-1 May 1987. PAR T 6

HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

The Hydrolegy and Water Reseurces Pregramme (HWRP), a majer Pregramme ef the Organizatien, censists ef the follewing cempenents:

(a) Opetatienal Hydrelegy Pregramme (OHP), including the Hydrelegical Operatienal Multipurpese Subpregramme (HOMS);

(b) Applicatiens and services to. water reseurces; and

(c) Ce-eperatien with_ water-related pregrammes efether int

A large part ef the Organizatien IS activities in the Hydrelegy and Water Reseurces Pregramme, including the OHP, is carried eut threugh the werk ef the Cemmissien fer Hydrelegy (CHy). The Cemmissien held its seventh sessien in Geneva in August/September 1984.

OPERATIONAL HYDROLOGY PROGRAMME (OHP)

The OHP is executed mainly by CHy threugh its three werking greups cemposed ef 17 rapperteurs and 10 ether individual rapperteurs. The Advisery Werking Group ef the Cemmissien acts also. as the Steering Cemmittee fer the Hydrelegical Operatienal Multipurpese Subpregramme (HOMS), which is implemented within the OHP.

The activities ef the werking greups and rapperteurs centinued to. be carried eut effectively. The results ef mest _ef the current CHy activities became available in the last quarter ef 1987 and the rest are expected to. be ready fer submissien to. CHy-VIII scheduled to. be held in Prague in late 1988.

Meetings ef CHy werking greups

During 1987 the fellewing CHy werking groups held sessiens:

(a) r!e£king QrQu12 Qn_Hyd£o!egi~a! !n!'!t£ll!!!e!!t!'! ~nQ Metheds of O~s~r~a~iQn~ !,!efo!!d_s~s!,!iQn_(Qe!!e~a~ lO_M~rfh=3_A12rill

The Greup reviewed the technical reperts and guidance material prepared by its rapperteurs and made arrangements fer their cempletion befere CHy-VIII. It also. prepared an expanded versien ef the new layeut of Part B - Hydrelegical instruments and metheds of observatien and estimatien - of the preposed fifth edition of the Guide to. Hydrelegical Practices (WMO-Ne. 168);

The Advisery Working Group reviewed the status of CHy activities. It also censidered the ce-eperatien between CHy and PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME 83

the working groups on hydrology of the WMO regional associations and endorsed a number of proposals aimed at promoting closer links between these bodies. The Group further developed a plan of activities and a possible future structure of the Commission for the consideration of CHy-VIII, taking into account the Second WMO Long-term Plan (SLTP), the recommendations of the Third Unesco/WMO International Conference on Hydrology, the views of Tenth Congress and proposals by CHy working groups and rapporteurs. The Group examined proposals for future action by the Commission, in co-operation with other agencies concerned, on the operational hydrological aspects of the accidental release of hazardous material.

WMO Workshop on Telemetry and Data Transmission for Hydrology

As decided by Congress, the above workshop, organized jointly by the Government of France and WMO, was held in Toulouse (France) in March. It was attended by some 170 participants from 40 countries. The vice-president and three rapporteurs of CHy also participated. The 40 papers, including three general reports, were published with the assistance of the French Government.

Hydrological publications

The following publications were issued in 1987:

(a) Guides

• Guide to hydrological practices. WMO-No. 168, fourth edition, Volume I - Data aquisition and processing, R;

(i) Manual for estimation of probable maximum precipitation. ORR No.1, WMO-No. 332, second edition, E;

(ii) Intercomparison of models of snowmelt runoff. OHR No. 23, WMO-No. 646, E;

(iii) Tropical hydrology. ORR No. 25, WMO-No. 655, E;

(iv) Hydrological information referral service INFOHYDRO manual. OHR No. 28, WMO-No. 683, E;

• Telemetry and Data Transmission for Hydrology. Proceedings of the international workshop, Toulouse, France, 23-27 March 1987. Published with the assistance of the French Gove rnment . (Pape rs in or ig inal language, F or E)·.

(d) Technical documents

• Silver Jubilee of the WMO Commission for Hydrology. TR No. 22, WMO/TD-No. 184, E. 84 PART 6 - lrlDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME

Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS)

A total of 102 Members of WMO have nOvl designated a HOMS National Reference Centre (HNRC) and six regional international water resources bodies, such as international river-basin authorities, have set up a HOMS focal point to aid their members' HOMS activities. Transfers of components continued at a high rate vlith about 250 transfers taking place during the year. The HOMS Reference Manual now contains 383 components. A major reorganization of sections J and K of the Manual, dealing with hydrological modelling and analysis, was completed.

The Spanish translation of the HOMS Reference Manual was published in September, making HOMS more accessible to Spanish-speaking hydrologists. This was evidenced by the large number of requests for components from Latin America in the last quarter of the year.

The assistance of UNDP continued to foster regional co-operation between HNRCs in the transfer and adaptation of hydrological technology. In this connection, the following meetings were held in 1987:

(a) Training Seminar on Flood Forecasting, Budapest, Hungary, 1-3 June;

(b) HOMS Workshop on the Use of Microcomputers ~n Operational Hydrology, Suva, Fiji, l3-24 July;

(c) HOMS Workshop on Drought and Low Flows in Arab Countries, Damascus, Syria, 5-10 September;

(d) Training Seminar on POLFOR Computer Program for Heat and Pollution Forecasting in Rivers, Warsaw, Poland, 7-9 September;

(e) HOMS Training Seminar on Data Processing, Brussels, Belgium, 26-30 October;

(f) HOMS Workshop on Tidal Hydrometry, Rangoon, Burma, 9-20 November.

Regional co-operation in hydrology

Regional activities in hydrology continued to be satisfactorily implemented in all WMO Regions. The working groups on hydrology of RA I and RA VI were reactivated and rapporteurs designated to undertake specific tasks.

The fourth session of the RA IV Working Group on Hydrology was held in New Orleans, USA, in January. The Group drew up plans and schedules for the implementation of its various assignments. It also identified a number of regional problems which are being considered in the planning of future activities in the field of hydrology and water resources.

APPLICATIONS AND SERVICES TO WATER RESOURCES

This programme provides technical support for the water-related activities of other major WMO programmes such as the Tropical Cyclone Programme and the World Climate Progra~me. PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME 85

Tropical Cyclone Programme

The Panel on Tropical Cyclones completed the revision of the hydrological component of its technical plan and members of the Typhoon Committee continued to monitor the operation of their flood-forecasting systems. A similar monitoring exercise was initiated under the auspices of the Hurricane Committee.

World Climate Programme

Work continued on the implementation of the water-related activities under this Programme. A Workshop on Long Time Series of Hydrological Data was held in Wallingford, United Kingdom, from 13 to 14 April for participants in WCP-Water Project A-2, which is concerned with the analysis of such time series with respect to climate variability. A meeting of experts undertook a review of current studies into the sensitivity of water-resource systems to climate variability and inputs have been made, both directly and through support for the activities of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (lARS), to the development of second-generation grid-oriented hydrological models which can be coupled with atmospheric general circulation models.

CO-OPERATION WITH WATER-RELATED PROGRAMMES OF OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Co-operation with the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of Unesco

Co-operation continued with the IHP of Unesco, especially in the areas described under the following subheadings:

Third Qn~s~oL~O_I~t~r~aiiQn~l_CQnference Qn_Hyd£o!ogy_a~d_S~i~niifi~ Bases Qf_W~t~r_R~sQu£c~s_M~n~g~m~ni

More than 150 participants representing 64 countries and 15 international organizations attended this Conference which was hosted by WMO and held in Geneva in March. The main results of WMO's and Unesco's programmes in hydrology and water resources, undertaken from 1981 to 1986, were reviewed. The general view of the Conference was that the goals of Unesco's IHP-II and IHP-III had been achieved and that WMO's activities in hydrology and water resources had proved most successful. In order to meet future demands, the Conference saw an urgent need to strengthen Hydrological Services. In this regard, both the OHP and HOMS were seen as having important roles in promoting the adoption of modern technology and improving the capability of countries to implement this technology. The Conference endorsed the draft Second WMO Long-term Plan for the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme for 1988-1997. The Conference recommendations addressed to WMO were all approved by Congress and the proceedings were submitted for publication.

The Unesco/WMO Panel on Terminology continued its work on the second edition of the International Glossary of Hydrology (WMO-No. 385) which was first published in 1974. The work on the English, French and Russian parts was completed while the equivalent Spanish part was well under way. It is expected that the second edition will be published in 1988. 86 PART 6 - HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME

Co-operation with other international organizations

Close working relationships continued between WMO and other organizations in the implementation of a number of projects. The Organization participated in the work of the ACC Intersecretariat Group for Water and was represented at technical meetings of various UN agencies making inputs for the fields of hydrology and water resources. The following meetings were co-sponsored in 1987:

• International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways, Bolkesj¢, Norway, in March (Unesco, WMO);

• International Symposium on Groundwater Monitoring and Management, Dresden, German Democratic Republic, in March (HillS, Unesco, WMO);

.. International Symposium on Water for the Future, Rome, in April (rARS, WMO).

WMO al:so co-sponsored the following TARS symposia and workshops at the· XIXth General Assembly of the IUGG, held in Vancouver, Canada, in August:

• Large Effects of Seasonal Snow Cover;

• The Influence of Climate Changes and Climate Variability on the Hydrological Regime and Water Resources;

• Methods of Runoff and Streamflow Simulation Applied to Various Physiographic and Climate Conditions;

• Estimation of Areal Evapotranspiration;

• Remote Data Transmission.

TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

WMO either continued to assist Members in the organization of, or sponsored lectures at, several international courses and training seminars on hydrology, including courses in France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme continued to provide technical support for the implementation of technical assistance projects in the field of hydrology and water resources which forms a major part of WMO's Technical Co-operation Programme. This support is closely co-ordinated with HOMS in such a way that appropriate technology available at Hydrological Services of Members is transferred at minimum expense to Hydrological Services carrying out development projects with WMO assistance. UNDP-supported sectoral advisory assistance in hydrology was also provided for a number of countries. Additional details are given in Part 8 - Technical co-operation. PAR T 7

EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

The education and training activities of the Organization in the fields of meteorology and operational hydrology continued according to the directives of Ninth Congress. On the lines of the Congress decision that the Education and Training Programme of the Organization should continue to be regarded as a matter of very high priority during the ninth financial period, continued effort was made to expand and accelerate assistance and advice to Members in implementing national, regional and other international education and training programmes.

The main features of these activities were: promoting the maintenance of high standards in the technical and scientific training of personnel in all fields of activity of the Organization; the award of fellowships; the organization of training courses, seminars and workshops; and the preparation of training publications. Other activities included supporting the Regional Meteorological Training Centres, providing advice and assistance to Members on various aspects of education and training, and collaborating with other organizations in this field.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL PANEL OF EXPERTS ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING

The Executive Council at its thirty-ninth session (June 1987) re-.established its Panel of Experts on Education and Training with 10 members.

REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TRAINING CENTRES

The WMO Regional Meteorological Training Centres (RMTCs) continued to play an important role in providing education and training in meteorology and operational hydrology, including their related fields, to personnel from developing countries. As a result of actions undertaken by the Organization and Members concerned7 centres in general continued to strengthen their scientific and technological capabilities.

Activities included, inter alia, arrangements for visiting scientists to assist some centres with specific aspects of training programmes, and the provision of textbooks and other publications and materials. In addition, following the directives of the Executive Council, the Secretariat maintained links with the centres, including visits to a number of them by Secretariat staff conversant with the various aspects of education and training activities. Some of the RMTCs hosted WMO special training events.

Ten RMTCs were represented at a meeting of the directors of RMTCs which was convened at the Meteorological Office College of the United Kingdom on 20 July 1987. These directors had also attended the Symposium on Education and Training, which was held the previous week and which is reported on below. The meeting met its objective in that there was a valuable exchange of 88 PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

vievls and discussion of problems in the field of . training . The meeting was also attended by five observers from national training institutions, including the Meteorolgical Office College.

The network of RMTCs remained the same as in 1986. The list of the centres, by Region and country, is as follows:

RA I (Africa)

Hydrometeorological Institute for Training and Research, Oran (training. of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

Meteorological Centre, Mulemba (training of personnel of Classes II and IV)

£;gypt:: Regional Training Centre for Instruments Specialists, Cairo (training of personnel of Classes I, II and III)

Institute for Meteorological Training. and Research, and University of Nairobi, Nairobi (training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

Etablissement'd'enseignement superieur polytechnique, . University of Madagascar (training of personnel of Class III)

African School of Meteorology and Civil Aviation (EAMAC), Niamey (training of personnel of Classes II and III)

Regional Training Centre for Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology and their Applications (AGRHYMET), Niamey (training of personnel of Classes II and III)

Meteorological Research and Training Institute, Lagos (training of personnel of Classes II, III and IV)

RA II (Asia)

India Training facilities of the Indian Meteorological Department located in Delhi and Pune

Regional Meteorological Training Centre, Baghdad (training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

RA III (South America)

Department of Meteorology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Science, University of Buenos Aires, and the Department of Education and Training of the National Meteorological Service (training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

Brazil: Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Para, Belem (training of personnel of Classes I and II) PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME 89

RA IV (North and Central America)

Barbados: Caribbean Meteorological Institute, and University of West Indies, Barbados (training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

Costa Rica: Meteorological Section, School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San Jose (training of personnel of Class I)

Venezuela: Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, University of Venezuela, Caracas (training of personnel of Class I)

RA V (South-West Pacific)

~hilip£i~e~: . Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, and the National Institute of Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Sciences of PAGASA (training of personnel of Classes I, II, III and IV)

RA VI (Europe)

International School of Meteorology of the Mediterranean, Erice (training of personnel of Classes I and II)

TRAINING COURSES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS

During 1987, WMO organized 13 training events which took place ln 12 different Member countries. These events are listed ln Table I. The Organization also co-sponsored or supported, either financially or in other ways, the 24 training events listed in Table II.

Of particular importance was the holding of the Symposium on Education and Training in Meteorology with Emphasis on the Optimal Use of Meteorological Information and Products by all Potential Users, which took place from 13 to 18 July 1987 at Shinfield Park, United Kingdom. Some 150 participants attended 45 lecture presentations, held discussions and exchanged views and information on relevant topics. One result of the symposium was a set of 10 "Issues" which seek to promote various actions to improve, on the one hand, the production of user-oriented meteorological products and services and, on the other, the capabilities of various types of user to derive more benefits from the use of such products and services.

* * 90 PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

TABLE I

Training courses, seminars and workshops organized by WMO in 1987

Subject Event title Location Dates Lan­ area guage(s)

Agro­ Roving Seminar on Mexico City, 16-27 March Spanish meteorology Meteorological Data Mexico Analysis to Assess Soil Degradation by Erosion

RA IIIIRA IV Workshop on. Quito., 23-27 March Spanish Techniques used in Agro­ Ecuador climatological Studies in the Humid Tropics

Climatology RA I Training Seminar Nairobi, 16-20 Nov. English on Climate Data Manage­ Kenya ment and User Services

Operational Workshop on Telemetry Toulouse, 23-27 March Englishl hydrology and Data Transmission France French for Hydrology

HOMS Workshop on the Suva, l3-24 July English Use of Microcomputers Fiji in Hydrology

Workshop on the Real­ Vancouver, 30 July- English time Intercomparison of Canada 8 Aug. Hydrological Models

OperationalRA II/RA V Roving Bangkok, 23-27 Nov. English meteorology Seminar on the Routine Thailand Use of NWP Products for NMCs

RA I Seminar on Modern Addis Ababa, 30 Nov.- English Weather Forecasting Ethiopia 4 Dec.

Satellite RA II/RA V Training Beijing, 30 March­ English meteorology Course on the Manage­ China IO April ment and Application of Meteorological Satellite Data

Training Symposium on Education Reading, 13-18 July Englishl and Training in UK Frenchl Meteorology Russianl Spanish PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME 91

TABLE I (cont. )

Subject Event title Location Dates Lan- area guage(s)

Training Regional Training Niamey, 26 Oct.- Englishl (cont. ) Seminar for National Niger 6 Nov. French Instructors from RA I and RA VI

Tropical RA IV Workshop on Miami, 16-25 March English cyclones Hurricane Forecasting USA

RA V Workshop on Nadi, 23 Nov.- English Tropical Cyclone Fiji 4 Dec. Analysis and Fore- casting

TABLE II

Training courses, seminars and workshops co-sponsored or jointly supported in 1987

Subject Event title Location Dates Lan- area guage(s)

Agrometeor- WMO/ICRAF Workshop on Nairobi, 9-13 Feb. English ology/Agro- the Application of Kenya climatology Meteorology to Agroforestry Systems Planning and Management

Training Course on Reading, 8 July- English Statistics in Agri- UK 15 Sept. cultural Climatology

Sixth International Bogota, 3 Aug.- Spanish Training Course for Colombia 2 Oct. Class III Technical Personnel in Agrometeorology

Specialized Training ArIon, 1987-1988 French Course in Agrometeorology Belgium

Thirteenth Postgraduate Bet Dagan, 25 Oct.- English Course in Agricultural Israel 17 Dec. Meteorology (cont. ) 92 PART 7 ~ EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

Table II (cont.)

Subject Event title Location Dates Lan- area guage(s)

Agrometeoro- Workshop on Instruments Florence, 28 Oct.- English/ logy/Agro- and Observation Italy 11 Nov. French climatology Techniques 1n (cont. ) Agrometeorology

Air Thirteenth Training Budapest, 15 Aug.- English pollution Course on Background Hungary 12 Sept. Air Pollution Measurement

Climatology Workshop on Urbanization. Sao Paulo, 7~1l Dec. English/ and Environmental Brazil Spanish Quality: Adverse Effects on Climate

Instruments Fifth International Bogota, ·2 Feb.- Spanish Course for Hydrometeor- Colombia 29 May ological Instruments Technicians

Numerical Advanced Training Reading, 27 April- English weather Course on Numerical UK 19 June prediction Weather Prediction

Training Workshop on Tallahassee, 8-26 June English Numerical Weather USA Prediction for the Tropics

Operational Six-month Post- Birmingham, 12 Jan.~ English . hydrology experience Course in UK 10 July Water Resources Technology in Developing Countries

Eighteenth International Budapest, 1 Feb.- English Postgraduate Course in Hungary 31 July Hydrology

Training Course on Denver, 14 June- English Techniques of Hydrologic USA 21 Aug. Investigations for International Participants

Training Workshop on Brussels, 26-30 Oct. English Storage and Management Belgium of Hydrological Data PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME 93

Table II (cont.)

Subject Event title Location Dates Lan­ area guage(s)

Operational HOMS Workshop on Tidal Rangoon, 9-21 Nov. English hydrology Hydrometery Burma (cont.)

Operational Training Course for Bangkok, 15 July- English meteorology Senior Meteorologists Thailand 14 Sept.

Training Course for Galway, 6 Oct. 1987 - English Class I Meteorologists Ireland 22 July 1988

Class II Meteorology San Jose, 15 June 1987 - Spanish Course Costa Rica 14 Dec. 1988

Workshop on Geophysical Sao Jose 27-31 July Englishl Fluid Dynamics with dos Campos, Spanish Special Emphasis on Brazil El Nino

Workshop on the Addis Ababa, 10-21 Aug. English Applicability of Ethiopia Environmental Physics and Meteorology in Africa

Satellite Tenth FAO/UNDRO/WMO/ESA Rome, 29 June- English meteorology Training Course on Italy 10 July Remote Sensing Applica­ tions to Agricultural Drought and Desertifica­ tion

Fourth UN/WMO/ESA/FAO Jakarta, l3-30 Oct. English International Training Indonesia Course on Remote Sensing Applications to Operational Agrometeorology and Hydrology

Tropical Second Regional Workshop Calcutta, 14-19 Dec. English cyclones on Cyclone Storm Surge India

TRAINING PUBLICATIONS AND TRAINING LIBRARY

During 1987, the following training publications and materials were issued: 94 PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME

• WMO-No. 258 - Guidelines for the education and training of personnel in meteorology and operational hydrology (third edition) {French translation);

e WMO-No. 266 - Compendium of lecture notes for training Class IV meteorological personnel.

Volume II - Meteorology (second edition) (French translation);

e WMO-No. 364 - Compendium of meteorology for use by Class I and Class II meteorological personnel:

Volume I, Part 3 - Synoptic meteorology {French translation); - Volume II, Part 6 - Air chemistry and air pollution meteorology {French translation);

• WMO-No. 60'9 - Workbook on numerical weather prediction for the tropics for the training of Class I and Class II meteorological personnel {English);

e WMO/TD-'No. 1-52- Lecture notes on' the applications of meteorological satellite services and data (English)

The following publications are currently being prepared:

• WMO-No. 258 Guidelines for the education and training of personnel in meteorology and operational hydrology. (third edition)

• WMO-No. 266 - Compendium of lecture notes for training Class TV meteorological personnel:

Vol rune II -Meteorology (second edition) (under translation into Spanish) ;

• WMO-Nos. 327 and 335 - Compendia of lecture notes in climatology for Class III and Class IV meteorological personnel (original version in English under revision);

eWMO-No. 364 - Compendium of meteorology for use by Class I and Class II meteorological personnel:

- Volume II, Part 4 - 'Tropical meteorology (under translation into Spanish) ; - Volume II, Part 6 - Air chemistry and air pollution meteorology (under translation into Spanish) ;

• WMO-No. 434 - Compendium of lecture notes in marine meteorology for Class III and Class IV personnel (original version in English under revision) ;

• WMO-No. 551 Lecture notes in agricultural meteorology for Class II and Class III meteorological personnel (under translation into. Spanish); PART 7 - EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME 95

• Compendium of lecture notes on mesometeorology and short-range forecasting for training Class I and Class II meteorological personnel (original version in Russian).

During 1987, new books and videocassettes were added to the training library, which continued to serve its main purposes of enabling the Organization to provide advice and information on training matters and materials to Members and to national and regional training institutions, and to train consultants, experts and instructors in the field.

The Catalogue of Meteorological Training Publications and Audio-Visual Aids, available in the WMO Training Library, was updated, issued arid distributed to Members.

The video installations have proved useful for reviewing and copying videotapes for training purposes as requested by, and for the assistance of, Members of the Organization.

FELLOWSHIPS

During 1987, study programmes for the training of WMO fellows continued to be arranged and provided under UNDP, the VCP, VCP(F), trust funds and the WMO regular budget. Some countries were able to benefit, through programmed fellowships, from UNDP-assisted projects. On the other hand, every effort was made to ensure that assistance through the VCP, VCP(F), trust funds and the WMO regular budget was provided to as many countries as possible.

A total of 162 fellowships were awarded or commenced in 1987 under the above-mentioned technical co-operation programmes. Financial assistance was also provided to 87 participants in various WMO-supported training events and study tours under the fellowship programme.

COLLABORATION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

During 1987, the Organization continued to co-operate with other bodies and agencies of the United Nations system and other international organizations and participated in international meetings relevant to its education and training activities. These included the interagency meeting of senior fellowship officers and collaboration with the UN, UNEP, UNDRO, UNHCR, ILO, FAO, Unesco and other organizations. PAR T 8

TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

INTRODUCTION

The technical co-operation activities of WMO are financed from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) , the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme (VCP), trust funds (TF) and the WMO regular budget (RB). Annex III provides an analysis of the assistance by source of funding under ~vhich 133 Member countries benefited in 1987. Annex IV gives a detailed listing of UNDP and TF projects and Annex V is a listing of VCP support.

A major problem facing the WMO Technical Co-operation Programme in 1987 was a decrease in overhead support occasioned by the rise in the Swiss franc-US dollar exchange rate. EC-XXXIX, acting on the authority of Tenth Congress, provided supplemental funds to WMO to make up some of the losses caused by the exchange rate problem and to permit the continued administration of the Programme at a reduced level.

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

General

As in previous years, UNDP constituted the major source of financing for the assistance projects implemented by WMO in 1987. Besides the projects already started and continuing into 1987, 20 new country projects were approved in 1987: nine in Region I, one in Region II, eight in Regions III and IV and two in Region VI. In addition, eight inter-country projects were approved~ three in Region I, three in Region II and two in Region III, plus one interregional project.

Projects implemented in 1987

A list of projects implemented in 1987 through UNDP and also under trust-fund arrangements is given in Annex IV. An analysis of the assistance rendered from 1983 to 1987 is given in Table I.

Sectoral advisers

In 1987, UNDP sectoral adviser missions in meteorology and operational hydrology were undertaken to 32 countries at the request of resident representatives and government authorities to assist in the planning and formulation of new UNDP projects. Headquarters of the International Forecasting Centre of the HYDRO NIGER Project in Niamey, Niger (Photo: R. Manley)

Data-collection platform installed at the station of Asongo, Mali, within the framework of the HYDRONIGER Project (Photo: R. Manley) Temperature chamber installed in Nepal under Project NEP178/019 --(Photo: H. Gemandt)

Humidity test cabinet installed in Nepal under Project NEP178/019 (Photo: H. Gemandt) PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 97

TABLE I

Analysis of assistance under UNDP and TF (1983-1987)

Total number of countries which received Number of Number of UNDP UNDP & TF UNDP & TF and/or TF expert fellowships Value in US $ (millions) assistance missions* awarded of assistance provided

Year UNDP TF UNDP TF UNDP TF UNDP TF Total

1983 92 23 156 39 125 27 11. 318 4.280 15.598 1984 88 22 169 29 141 18 11. 825 4.215 16.040 1985 89 29 158 18 99 14 13.503 1.580 15.083 1986 118 31 185 28 127 24 12.500 1.958 14.458 1987 121 34 148 42 67 12 12.000** 2.000** 14.000**

* including 6 UN Volunteers, 7 associate experts and 8 national experts ** estimated

VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME (VCP)

General

The VCP consists of two elements: the VCP(F) and the VCP(ES). The VCP(F) is a multilateral fund from which the Executive Council makes allocations each year. In 1987, funds were allocated for spare parts, experts' travel, fellowships and several high-priority VCP-co-ordinated programmes. The primary focus of the VCP(F) is support for ·operation of the World Weather Watch. The VCP(ES) element, which makes up 95 per cent of the overall VCP, consists of equipment, experts' services and fellowships, which are donated in response to specific requests by developing countries.

Summary of contributions to the VCP

The total number of countries which received assistance under the VCP in 1987 was 103.

Annex V provides a summary of the VCP support provided in 1987 (as of 31 December 1987).

Cash contributions received in 1987 amounted to approximately US $242 000, bringing the total contributions to the Fund in the period 1969-1987 to approximately US $7.2 million. This amount has been augmented 98 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPER4TION

over the years by income from bank interest exceeding US $2 million. From these funds, allocations reaching US $9 million have been made by the EC Panel of Experts on the VCP,. mainly in support of the WWW Programme and for the granting of short-term fellowships.

In addition to the provision of spare parts for important www facilities in urgent cases, the EC Panel of Experts on the VCP decided at its last session (June 1987) to continue to extend this facility to the purchase of consumables in emergency situations under certain conditions.

The rules of the WWW Implementation Support Revolving Fund of the VCP - adopted by the Executive Council at its thirty-seventh session to replace the VCP Revolving Fund - were brought to the attention of WMO permanent representatives and UNDP resident representatives. Basically, the objective of the Revolving Fund is to assist developing countries in the operation and maintenance of WWW facilities through loans for the purchase of spare parts andconsumables not exceeding US $8 000 per loan. UNDP has agreed to help WMO Members with currency exchange for repayments to the Revolving Fund and, in certain circumstances, loans can be reimbursed in local currency. It is worth noting that Members can make deposits to the Revolving Fund for future use on their own behalf.

The estimated value of contributions in the form of equipment, services and fellowships for 1987 amounted to approximately US $6 million, bringing the total for the period 1969-1987 to US $82 million. Through contributions to the VCP by donor Members, many countries were provided with new surface and upper-air observing equipment, APT/WEFAX receiving stations and telecommunication equipment for the upgrading of the GTS, mainly in Africa and South America. In addition, computer systems were donated for telecommunication purposes and also for processing climatological data under the CLICOM project.

Projects approved for circulation in 1987 (training projects excluded)

During 1987, the nineteenth year of operation of the Programme, the EC Panel of Experts on the VCP, or the President on its behalf, approved 78 new projects for circulation. Of these, 26 relate to the GOS, 24 to the GTS, five to the GDPS., two to the application of WWW in the field of hydrology and 21 to data~processing facilities necessary for the World Climate Programme or in support of activities within the WCP.

Status of implementation of VCP projects

A total of 33 VCP projects, mostly in support of WWW activities, were completed during the year. As at 31 December 1987. 123 projects benefiting 63 countries were under implementation: 100 had full support and 23 had partial support only. It is worth noting that 25 of these projects aim at upgrading surface observing stations, 15 at strengthening upper-air observing stations, 14 at installing APT/WEFAX systems and 46 at upgrading telecommurlication centres or circuits. A total of 23 requests were submitted by Members for the supply of microcomputers for climatological data management purposes, as reco~~ended for the CLICOM project. PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 99

Co-ordinated programmes

Under "co-ordinated" programmes, significant efforts were made to strengthen telecommunications globally. The installation of multiplexing uni ts and terminal equipment to upgrade the ANMET and CEMET networks was almost completed. The installation of computer message-switching systems was successfully completed in Argentina, Brazil, China, Turkey and Venezuela. A second phase for each of these projects was initiated to provide for automatic data plotting and processing. The extension of the computer message-switching system in Niger was also completed. A DCP pilot project for Africa is also under way with support from a number of donors as well as from UNDP and VCP(F). The following co-ordinated programmes have been approved by EC under the VCP:

(a) Co-operative maintenance facilities are to be created in si tuations where several Members are using the same kind of equipment and where they desire to share the use of maintenance facilities and/or spare-parts depots;

(b) Regional data-processing centres are to be supported by VCP to supplement other forms of technical co-operation such as UNDP projects;

(c) CLICOM as defined by WCP;

(d) Implementation of a tropical cyclone warning system in the Pacific Islands of Region V in conjunction with a new UNDP regional project.

Expert services

Several countries in Africa and in South and Central America were, with VCP support, provided with services for the installation, maintenance or repair of telecommunication or electronic equipment, as well as on-the-job training in the operation and maintenance of telecommunications and upper-air observing equipment.

VCP training projects

A total of 95 VCP projects for training were approved for circulation. Of these, 68 were for long-term fellowships for 75 trainees and 27 were for short-term fellowships for 33 trainees.

REGULAR BUDGET

The total number of countries which received assistance under the regular budget in 1987 was 87.

During the year, 31 fellowships were awarded from the regular budget of WMO, more than half of which were long term at university level. Financial support was also given for participation in group training, technical conferences and study tours. 100 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

TRUST-FUND PROJECTS

Severa,l activities were undertaken with the trmst.-£und participation of Italy in the AGRHYMET programme~

• A pilot project in agrometeorology was initiated in Niger;

.' A telecommunication survey was carried out in the CILSS countries:

• A workshop in agrometeorology was organized for specialists from Sahel ian countries in Florence,. Italy';

• Meteorological data se,ts on specific situations in the Sahel were prepa:r;ed for further study' in Italy.

Other . trust-fund arrangements with Be,lgium, Finland.. H()nduras" the Netherlands~ S"litzerland and the United States continued in force~ In addition, WMO continued to work with the EEe concerning possible new trust funds. The Centre for Tropical Agronomical Research and Training (CATIE) is financing" through a trust fund, a regional prQject. in basin management in Central Arne'rica.

A major trust-fund arrangement for Africa under the aegis of the Special Programme for African Agricultural Research (SPAARl and the International Centre for Operational Meteorology and Hydrology in Africa (ICOMHA) was also discussed with the World Bank. A proposal was prepared by the Wodd :Bank for circulation to potential donors and a meeting held in Washington in October 19a,1~

In the context of improving food production and security through the use of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological information, Belgium once more increased its trust-fund contribution for ongoing projects to. US $500 000. All the CILSS countries received microfiches and three of them data tapes fr.om the data-bank project and eight fellowships were awarded for the French course in agrometeorology at the Fondation universitaire lux embourgeois e (Arlon). The HaMS project to, produce data-base-management software for hydrological data for use with microcomputers result.ed. in several highly attractive components which ware widely distributed around the world; two intenlational meetings on the project were held. A new data-rescue project for Africa (DARE n, along, the lines of the data bank project for the CILSS countries" was aproved and financed and is under implementation.

The Government of Finland and WMO signed an agreement on 13 May 19,8,7 for the implementation of the WMOIFINNIDAISATCC Met.eorological Project. During the period 1987-1988, Finland will contribute to the proj'ect some US $4 million, while WMo. will implement the expert and fellowship components ~ Implementation of the project has begun with the recruitment of the project manager and the assistant proj,ect manager, who will be based in Maputo, Mozambique. Recruitment procedures are also under way for the posts of expert in data processing in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, of expert in climatology in Gaborone, Botswana and of instructor in meteorology, also in Maputo. The Finnish Meteorological Institute., which is responsible for the equipment component, has initiated purchase. orders for vehicles and meteorological equipment which are expected to. be delivered in early 1988. PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 101

ASSOCIATE EXPERTS

Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands each financed associate experts in the field during 1987. Japan financed two associate experts at WMO Headquarters, one of whom worked with the Technical Co-operation Department before leaving in July 1987 for an assignment as a field associate expert in Jamaica.

ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES

Statistical data

Tables II - VI provide information on the distribution of experts by field of activity and by nationality, as well as the distribution of fellowships by field of study, host country and nationality.

TABLE II

Distribution of expert missions in 1987 by field of activity

Programme / Number of experts Field of activity

UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Automatic data processing 16 - 4 - 20 Aeronautical meteorology 2 - -- 2 Agrometeorology 30 - 8 - 38 Climatology 5 - - - 5 Hydrometeorology/hydrology 31 - 5 - 36 Instruments 9 3 1 - 13 Meteorology 23 - 18 - 41 Organization of meteorological services 2 - - - 2 Project managers 6 -- - 6 Telecommunications 6 'IS 1 - 22 Training 16 - 1 - 17 Other 2 - 4 - 6

Total 148 18 42 - 208 102 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

TABLE III

Nationality of WMO experts who served in 1987

Number of Number of Nationality of experts experts Nationality of experts experts

Algeria 1 Italy 25 Argentina 3 Japan(6} 4 Australia 2' Madagasc:ar 1 ··Ba-rbados 1 Mali 2. · HeIgi urn ( 1 ) 6 Malaysia .. 2 • Brazil 5 Nepal(7} 1 Bulgaria 1 Netherlands(8) 9 Burma'Z) 1 New Zealand 2 · Canada 6 Nigeria 2

Chile(~) .: ~. 2 " -Peru 1 ,China 1 Philippines (9) 4 Colombia 2 Poland 1 ,. : Costa Rica(4) 6 ~eilegal 2 Czechoslovakia 3 Seychelles 1 Egypt 4 Spain 1 :'El Salvador 1 Sudan 1 . France 19 Sweden 3 .·German Democratic Republic 1 Tunisia 2: 'Germany, Fed. Rep. of 5- Turkey(lO) 1 , 'Ghana(S) 1 United Kingdom 10 Hong Kong 1 United Republic of Tanzania 2. .,Hungary 1 USA . 11 ,India, 6 Uruguay 2 · Iran, Islamic Republic: of 1 Venezuela( 1 [) 5 ; Ireland 1 Viet Ham 1 . Is·raeI 3 Yugoslavia 3

'Total, (from 52 countries) 184

(I lone associate expert (7) UN Volunteers .(2) one UN Volunteer (8 ) five associate experts : (31 one UN Volunteer (9) '. one UN Volunteer '(4) four national experts (10) UN Volunteers · (51 I1M' Volunteers {ll) four national experts · (;6:)' one associate expert PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 103

TABLE IV

Training provided in 1987 under fellowships

Programme / Number of fellows Field of study

UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Automatic data processing 8 7 9 3 27

Agrometeorology 36 14 12 6 68

Climatology 4 2 - 1 7

Hydrometeorology/hydrology 48 15 10 5 78

Instruments 20 36 - 11 67

Meteorology 49 88 8 20 165

Telecommunications 3 3 2 1 9

Other 4 22 3 19 48

Total 172 187 44 66 469

*

* * 104 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

TABLE V

Training centres operating with WMO assistance and host countries which trained WMO fellows in 1987

Progranune / Number of fellows

Training provided by: UNDP VCP TF RB Total

: I. TRAINING CENTRES RECEIVING WMO ASSISTANCE

, Algeria - Oran

Hydrometeorological Training and Research Institute 1 - - 1 2 Kenya - Nairobi

Institute for Meteorological Training and Research 7 - - '4 11

- University of Nairobi 1 - 2 2 5'

Niger - Niamey ,

, , Centre for Training and -, Application of Agrometeorology and Operational Hydrology 45 2 10 - 57

Nigeria - Lagos

Meteorological Institute for Research and Training - - -- -

Total 54 2 12 7 75

(cont. ) PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 105

TABLE V (cont.>

Programme / Number of fellows

Training provided by: UNDP VCP TF RB Total

II. HOST COUNTRY

Algeria 1 - - - 1 Argentina - 1 - 5 6 Australia 2 - 1 - 3 Barbados 1 -- 1 2 Belgium 2 2 10 1 15 Brazil - - - 2 2 Burkina Paso 1 -- - 1 Canada 1 - - - 1 Cape Verde - - - 2 2 Central African Republic 1 - - - 1 Colombia 5 4 - 9 18 Costa Rica 2 11 - 1 14 Czechoslovakia 6 - - - 6 Egypt 2 2 - - 4 Ethiopia - 4 - - 4 Fiji 6 -- - 6 Finland - 2 - - 2 France 13 1 2 6 22 Hong Kong 2 2 - - 4 Hungary 1 2 - 2 5 India 17 4 - - 21 Ireland 2 3 1 2 8 Italy - 2 5 - 7 Japan 2 - - - 2 Mauritius 4 - - - 4 Netherlands -- 1 - 1 Philippines 8 6 - 1 15 Portugal - 1 - - 1 Senegal - 2 - - 2 Spain - -- 2 2 Switzerland 3 - - 1 4 Syrian Arab Republic 1 --- 1 USSR - 67 - - 67 United Kingdom 14 33 - 20 67 USA 21 36 9 3 69 Uruguay - - -- 1 Zimbabwe - - 3 - 3

Total: 37 host countries 172 187 44 66 469

NOTE: Some students studied in more than one country and some studied under more than one programme. 106 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-oPERATION

TABLE VI

Nationality of fellows in 1987

Progranune I Number of fellows

Nat iona lity UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Region I

Algeria 1 - - 1 2 Benin 2 - 1 1 4 Botswana 2 1 - 1 4 Burkina Faso 7 - 3 - 10 Buru..TJ.di - 2 - - 2 Cameroon 4 5 1 - 10 Cape Verde 5 - 2 1 7 Central African Republic 2 - - - 2 Chad 15 3 4 - 22 Como res - 1 - - 1 Congo - 1 - 2 3 Cote d'Ivoire 2 1 - - 3 Djibouti - - 1 - 1 Egypt - 1 - 1 2 Ethiopia 9 15 - - 24 Gabon - 3 1 - 4 Gambia 2 2 4 1 9 Ghana - 5 - 1 6 Guinea - 4 - 2 6 Guinea-Bissau 3 2 - 3 8 Kenya 2 5 - 1 8 Lesotho - 5 1 1 7 Liberia - 2 - - 2 Madagascar - - - 1 1 Mali 6 1 4 - 11 Mauritania 5 - 2 - 7 Mauritius - 2 - - 2 Morocco 2 1 2 - 5 Mozambique - 2 4 - 6 Niger 2 - 2 3 7 Nigeria - 1 - 4 5 Rwanda - - 1 - 1 Sao Tome & Principe - 1 - 1 2 Senegal 11 2 4 - 17 Seychelles 5 2 -- 7 Sierra Leone 1 - - - 1 Somalia - - - 2 2 Sudan 4 4 - - 8 Swaziland - - 2 - 2 Togo - 2 1 - 3 (cant.) PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 107

TABLE VI ( cont . )

Programme / Number of fellows

Nationality UNDP VCP TF RB Total

(Region I cont.)

Tunisia - 1 -- 1 Uganda - - 1 1 2 United Republic of Tanzania - 8 - 1 9 Zaire - 1 - 1 2 Zambia - - 1 - 1 Zimbabwe 2 - -- 2

Total (Region I) 94 86 42 29 251

Region II

Afghanistan - 8 - 1 9 Burma 1 4 - - 5 Democratic Yemen - 1 -- 1 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 6 1 - - 7 India 2 - -- 2 Iran 1 - -- 1 Iraq 1 - - 1 2 Lao People's Democratic Republic 2 - -- 2 Maldives 1 - - - 1 Mongolia - 6 - - 6 Nepal 7 3 - - 10 Oman 8 - - - 8 Pakistan 1 - -- 1 Qatar 1 - -- 1 Sri Lanka 1 1 - 1 3 Thailand 2 4 - - 6 Viet Nam 10 1 1 - 12 Yemen 6 - -- 6

Total (Region II) 50 29 1 3 83

Region III

Argentina - 1 - 1 2 Bolivia 1 1 - 1 4 Brazil - 3 - 1 4 Colombia - 11 - - 11 Ecuador - 3 - 2 5 (cont. ) 108 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION

TABLE VI (cont.)

Progranune I Number of fellows

Nationality UNDP VCP TF RB Total

(Region III cont.)

Paraguay - 2 - 1 3 Peru - 1 - 2 3 Suriname - - - 1 1 Uruguay 1 1 - - 2 Venezuela - 2 - 2 4

Total (Region III) 2 25 - 12 39

Region IV

Bahamas - 1 - 1 2 Barbados - 1 - 1 2 Belize - 2 - - 2 Costa Rica 2 1 - 3 6 Cuba - 6 ~ 2 8 Dominican Republic - 4 - 1 5 El Salvador - 2 - 2 4 Guatemala - 3 - 1 4 Haiti 4 -- - 4 Honduras 2 3 - 2 7 Jamaica 2 - - - 2 Netherlands Antilles - 1 - - 1 Nicaragua - 4 - 1 5 Panama - 1 - 2 3 Saint Lucia 1 1 - - 2 Trinidad and Tobago 2 - - - 2

Total (Region IV) 13 30 - 16 59

Region V

Fiji - 1 - - 1 Indonesia 7 3 - 1 11 Malaysia 1 2 - 1 3 Papua New Guinea 2 - - - 2 Philippines 2 3 - 3 8 Western Samoa 1 -- - 1 Vanatu - 1 - - 1

Total (Region V) 13 10 - 4 27 PART 8 - TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION 109

TABLE VI (cont.)

Programme I Number of fellows

Nationality UNDP VCP TF RB Total

Region VI

Bulgaria - 2 - - 2 Jordan - 3 - 1 4 Poland - -- 1 1 Turkey - 2 1 - 3

Total (Region VI) - 7 1 2 10

GRAND TOTAL (all Regions) 172 187 44 66 469 PAR T 9

OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

INTRODUCTION

The order in which the scientific and technical activities of the Organization have been presented in this publication follows the main programmes of WMO. There remain, however, a number of technical supporting activities which do not fit readily under any of the earlier parts of the report. Part 9 therefore includes some of the activities carried out by regional associations, as well as information on the publications programme, public information and the programme of conferences.

REGIONAL PROGRAMME

The WMO regional programme is carried out mainly through the regional associations with support from the WMO Secretariat, particularly the Regional Offices.

The six regional associations of WMO are composed of Members of the Organization and comprise Regional Association I (Africa), Regional Association II (Asia), Regional Association III (South America), Regional Association IV (North and Central America), Regional Association V (South-West Pacific) and Regional Association VI (Europe). The main function of the associations is to promote the implementation of WMO programmes, including the execution of the resolutions and decisions of Congress and the Executive Council in their respective Regions. The regional associations have established working groups and appointed rapporteurs (see Annex VI) to carry out the tasks of the associations during the intersessional periods.

The structure of the Secretariat also includes three Regional Offices: for Africa (Region I) located in Bujumbura, Burundi; for the Americas (Regions III and IV) located in Asuncion, Paraguay; and for Asia and the South-West Pacific (Regions II and V) located in the WMO Secretariat, Geneva. In addition, the office of the Special Assistant to the Secretary­ General serves as focal point for Regional Association VI. These offices continue to provide support to the activities of the corresponding regional associations as well as advice and assistance to Members of their respective Regions in developing their national Meteorological and Hydrological Services and in implementing the WMO programmes, for example through visits and meetings.

Tenth Congress recognized the important role played by regional associations and their presidents in the implementation of the various scientific and technical programmes of WMO. Tenth Congress also recognized the contribution made by the regional associations in the development of the WMO Long-term Plan and recommended that sessions of regional associations should be held well before that of the Executive Council preceding Congress so as to enable a better consideration of their respective contributions in the Long-term Plan. PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 111

Tenth Congress expressed its appreciation of the support provided by the Regional Offices in assisting Members in identifying and resolving national as well as regional problems relating to meteorology and operational hydrology. Congress expressed satisfaction that the Regional Offices were establishing themselves as focal points for regional activities.

Congress decided that, in the absence of any desire expressed by Members to reconsider the matter, the Regional Offices for Africa and the Americas should continue in their present locations. Concerning the Regional Office for Asia and the South-West Pacific, Congress agreed that it should continue to be located at WMO Headquarters in Geneva and that its future location should be decided on the basis of the recommendations of the forthcoming sessions of Regional Associations II and V.

The main activities of the regional associations during 1987 have already been described in this report. No session of any regional association took place during the year, as all the associations had held their quadrennial sessions during the first three years of the ninth financial period (1983-1986) .

At Regional Association V (Wellington, March 1986) and at Tenth Congress, the view had been expressed that the low priority assigned to Meteorological Services and, indeed, to meteorology itself in some countries was impeding their further development. Moreover, Congress had urged Members to focus their efforts on areas where the social and economic impacts of meteorological events were high and to develop means of supplying appropriate meteorological and climatological products to users. Consequently, an informal meeting to discuss problems in the promotion of meteorology in developing countries was held in Singapore (21-23 September 1987), attended by the permanent representatives with WMO of countries in the ASEAN region and some Members of Regional Association II. Lectures were delivered by invited experts, discussions were held and proposals for future actions aimed at improving the status of meteorology in developing countries were adopted.

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN STATIONS

The twelfth session of the NAOS Board was held in Geneva from 24 to 26 August 1987. The Board reviewed the functioning of the network in 1986 and expressed its satisfaction at the way the operating parties had discharged their primary responsibilities and performed a number of other services.

The Board decided that, in 1988, NAOS OWS "C" would be manned by the USSR, ilL" by the United Kingdom and "Mil by Norway, and agreed on an operating budget for these stations at the same level as in 1986 and 1987.

Having been informed of the progress being made in the development of the Composite Observing System for the North Atlantic (COSNA), the Board was of the viet>l that, in the context of the Global Observing System, it would be indispensible for the NAOS system to continue to operate well into 1989. Seven of the eight Contracting Parties to the Agreement indicated that they would continue their support in 1989. Procedures for bringing the Agreement to an end were discussed and agreed upon, although an actual date was not fixed. 112 PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITES

PUBLICATIONS PROGRAMME

General

The regular publishing activities (reports, manuals, pamphlets, WMO Bulletin, etc.) continued to be carried out under the approved Publications Programme.

In 1987, WMO published 76 new or revised editions of mandatory or programme-supporting publications as compared with 57 in 1986. Of these 76 titles, 29 were published in English, 20 in French, 14 in Russian, 13 in Spanish and one in bilingual form. The supplement to the 1986 edition of the catalogue of WMO publications, which was issued in October 1987, lists WMO sales publications up to WMO-No. 682. Reference publications were kept up to date either by means of supplements or by new, revised editions. A complete list of the publications issued during the year, including supplements, is given in Annex VII to this report.

Mandatory publications

At the time of writing, work was well under way for the publication in early 1988 of a new edition of the Basic Documents (WMO-No. 15) in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish, and of new editions of Volumes II and III of the Technical Regulations in English, French, Russian and Spanish. The year was an outstanding one with regard to new editions of annexes to the. Technical Regulations, which were as follows:

• . WMO-No. 306 - Manual on Codes, Volume II. New editions were issued in English and French; the Russian and Spanish versions are in preparation;

• WMO-No. 386 Manual on the Global Telecommunication System, Volumes I and II. New editions were published in the four working languages;

• WMO-No. 407 - International. Cloud Atlas. New editions were issued in English. and French. This publication contains 196 pages of photographs of which 161 are in colour, all accompanied by a concise legend.

Operational publications

WMO-No. 2 - Meteorological Services of the World - was updated in October 1987 and four editions of WMO-No. 5 - Composition of the WMO - were issued in January, April, July and October 1987 respectively.

A regular supplement service, involving about 4 000 pages, was provided to the various volumes of the publication, which remains the reference publication on existing WWW facilities and services. Complete new editions of Volume A - Observing Stations - were issued in June and November. A supplement to Volume B - Data Processing - was issued in May. PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITES 113

Supplements to Volume C - Transmissions - were issued every two months and a revised edition of Chapter I - Catalogue of meteorological bulletins - was issued in November. The catalogue includes entries for approximately 15 000 bulletins, 8 000 of which refer to products in GRID or GRIB codes.

The bimonthly supplement service to Volume D Information for shipping included a substantial revision of the material in Part A - Meteorological broadcast schedules for shipping.

The number of copies printed for supplements to various volumes ranged from 900 to 1 200. The free distribution to Meteorological Services was 330 per supplement. The paying subscriptions from institutions and/or individuals were about 340 for Volume A, 120 for Volume B, 300 for Volume C and 180 for Volume D. Parts Aii and B of Volume D were also made available as separate reprints and some 250 copies of each were sold.

Data from those volumes of WMO-No. 9 and other associated publications which are prepared by computer were also made available on a300-foot magnetic tape (nine tracks, EBCDIC, 800/1 600 BPI density). The three WMCs, seven RMCs/RTHs, 12 NMCs and the ECMWF subscribed to the magnetic tape service. Print files on tape were also made available for microform production.

~o~t~ly !e1t~r_o~ 1h~ 2p~r~t~o~ 2f_t~e_W2r!d_W~a1h~r_W~tQh_a~d_M~r~n~ ~e1e2r212g~c~1_s~r~iQe~

In addition to the supplement service to WWW operational publications and to METNO/WIFMA notifications, a monthly letter was regularly distributed at the end of each month in English, French, Russian and Spanish to provide WWW centres with a summary of operational changes and notifications. The monthly letter also included operational information in support of the Marine Meteorological Services (MMS) Programme, detailed information on moored and drifting buoys and on platforms reporting through the Argos Service and on ASAP programmes.

The weekly telegraphic notifications continued to be utilized to ensure a rapid dissemination of operational information to synoptic and marine users. Information on the temporary suspension of the operation of WWW facilities was included in the METNO, while WIFMA notifications were also used to disseminate status reports on data collection by the Argos Service and information on ASAP programmes.

!n1e£n~t~o~a! ~i~t_o; ~e!eQt~d~ ~uEP!e~e~t~ry ~nQ ~u~i!i~ry ~h~~ 1~O=N2·_41)

The master file of mobile ships participating in the WMO Voluntary Observing Ships' Scheme was kept up to date through notifications from Member countries (either in hard copy or magnetic tape form). A revised edition of the International List was published in July 1987. A magnetic tape service was also provided to users requesting the information on a machine-processable medium. 114 PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

Official records

As usual, the reports of the sessions of WMO constituent bodies held during the year were published. In particular, the report of Congress was issued in September and that of the Executive Council in October, in the four working languages.

WMO Guides

The Russian version of Volumes I and II of the Guide to Hydrological Practices (WMO-No. 168) and of the Guide to Marine Meteorological Services (WMO-No. 471) as well as the Spanish version of the Guide on the Automation of Data-processing Centres (WMO-No. 636) were issued during the· course of the year. The Russian version of the Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (WMO-No. 134) was edited and will appear early in 1988. In addition, the French, Russian and Spanish versions of the Guide to Climatological Practices (WMO-No. 100) and the Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8) are in preparation and will be published in 1988, subject to the availability of the required financial resources.

Programme-supporting publications

In 1987, WMO published 34 programme-supporting publications, including four: Technical Notes, three Operational Hydrology Reports and four training pUblications. Of these 34 pUblications, 17 were in English, 10 in French, three in Russian and four in Spanish.

WMO Bulletin

The WMO Bulletin continued to be issued quarterly in separate English, French, Russian and Spanish editions. Agreements with the State Committee of the USSR for Hydrometeorology and Control of Natural Environment and the Spanish National Meteorological Institute provided for the Russian and Spanish editions to be translated and published in Leningrad and Madrid respectively. Whereas the main purpose of the journal is to report on activities which relate to the various programmes of the Organization, the series of personal interviews with eminent meteorologists continued throughout 1987.

Among the various special features published during the year, mention should be made of articles in the January issue related to the theme for World Meteorological Day in 1987, namely "Meteorology - a model of international co-operation". There were the regular reviews of the climate in 1986 (drawn from the summary prepared under the Climate System Monitoring project) and of weather events and their consequences (based on reports submitted by permanent representatives). There were the usual reports on sessions of WMO bodies and on some of the more important conferences convened on subjects related to WMO's technical and scientific programmes.

The regular recipients of the WMO Bulletin include foreign ministers, permanent representatives, Meteorological/Hydrometeorological Services, hydrological advisers, members of technical commissions, regional meteorological training centres, the United Nations and its specialized agencies, libraries and other institutions and individuals interested in the international aspects of meteorology and hydrology. PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 115

The procedure introduced in 1986 whereby the English and French versions of the WMO Bulletin are produced by direct photocomposition through a printer in Lausanne has proved satisfactory and has resulted in substantial cost reductions.

TECHNICAL LIBRARY

During 1987, the WMO technical library acquired approximately 2 170 new books, monographs, serial publications, pamphlets or yearbooks (excluding the publications intended solely for other departments of the Secretariat or not dealing with WMO programmes). Many of these pUblications were much-appreciated gifts; others were received on an exchange basis and 95 Russian books on exhibition during Tenth Congress were donated. The technical library prepared 63 purchase orders (58 for the technical library and five for the ETR Department). In addition, it subscribed to 94 periodicals and received approximately 230 in the form of gifts or exchanges with other institutions.

Current issues of scientific and technical journals are displayed for one month when received and the tables of contents of the main scientific journals are circulated to scientific departments.

In the course of the year, 2 300 enquiries were answered and 1 260 publications were lent to readers, some through the inter-library loan service. Delegates, research workers, technical co-operation experts and consultants visited the library for study purposes; during Tenth Congress, in particular, many delegates took the opportunity to visit.

PROGRAMME OF CONFERENCES

Meetings held in 1987

During 1987, there were 111 sessions (compared with 141 in 1986) of WMO bodies of various kinds or of other meetings convened or co-sponsored by WMO.

The Tenth World Meteorological Congress was held at the Geneva International Conference Centre (CICG) from 4 to 28 May 1987. It was followed by the thirty-ninth session of the Executive Council from 1 to 5 June 1987.

The twelfth session of the NAOS Board was held at WMO Headquarters in August, while the TOGA Board held its first session in November.

The following conferences and symposia were organized or co-sponsored by WMO in 1987:

• First Technical Conference on Meteorological Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (Nairobi, January);

Third International Conference on Interactive Information and • Processing Systems for Meteorology, Oceanography and Hydrology (New Orleans, January);

• International Conference on Energy Transformations and Interactions with Small and Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes (Lausanne, March); 116 PART 9 ~ OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

• Third Unesco/WMO Conference on Hydrology and Scientific Bases of Water Resources Management (Geneva, March);

• Technical Conference on Operational Aspects of Energy Meteorology (Quito, October);

• Sixth Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation (New Orleans, January);

• International Symposium on Groundwater Monitoring and Management (Dresden, March);

.• Symposium on the Agrometeorology of the Potato Crop (Wageningen, April) ;

• International Symposium on Water for the Future (Rome, April);

• International Symposium on Acidification and Water Pathways (Bolkesj¢, May);

• Symposium on Education and Training in Meteorology-(Reading, July);

• Symposium on Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting incorporating Nowcasting (Vancouver, August).

The many other meetings held in 1987 included sessions of expert panels, working groups and seminars as well as planning. meetings on various aspects of WMO programmes.

Programme of meetings

A calendar of future meetings scheduled or planned by the Organization continued to be drawn up by the Secretariat at intervals of three months (15 January, 15 April, 15 July, 15 October) and circulated to Members, international organizations and other interested parties. Information, even of a provisional nature, was included in these calendars so as to assist Members in planning their attendance at meetings.

Use of WMO conference facilities by other organizations or bodies

The Executive Council at its thirteenth session (1961) decided that WMO conference facilities could be used by other organizations or bodies, and set forth the policy and conditions governing the renting of the rooms. In 19!3'1, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) made use of these facilities.

INTERPRETATION, TRANSLATION AND DOCUMENTATION SERVICES

The servicing of the meetings organized or co-sponsored by WMO in 1987 necessitated a substantial amount of support, including the provision of rooms and the recruitment of interpreters and other conference staff. The services of interpreters were used for 1 664 man/days (compared with 2 138 in 1986); the four interpreter-translators on the permanent staff covered approximately 16 per cent of this requirement (25 per cent in 1986). PART 9 - OTHER TECHNICAL AND SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 117

The workload for translation into the four working languages was fairly heavy in 1987 owing to session documentation for Tenth Congress in addition to other meetings. Several publications were translated into French, Russian or Spanish, or all three. Altogether, 11 550 standard pages were translated, 52.3 per cent of which was conference documentation, 17.1 per cent publications and 30.6 per cent correspondence and other texts. Secretariat staff (permanent and temporary) were able to carry out about 90 per cent of the translation work, while the remainder was done under contract outside the Secretariat, or with the asistance of Member countries.

The typing and printing of the majority of the work mentioned in the preceding paragraph was carried out by the Documents Production Section, with assistance from temporary staff recruited outside the Secretariat for work in excess of the capacity of the section.

PUBLIC INFORMATION

General

In addition to the usual activities relating to the celebration of World Meteorological Day, active public information support was provided to the Tenth World Meteorological Congress during which various displays, exhibitions and related events attracted much attention. In accordance with the decisions of Tenth Congress, action was taken to integrate the public information programme with the major WMO Programmes and to establish closer links with Members in support of these activities.

World Meteorological Day

World Meteorological Day is celebrated every year on 23 March to commemorate the anniversary of the date on which the WMO Convention carne into force and to focus public attention on the services rendered by meteorology and operational hydrology throughout the world as well as on the activities of WMO.

The theme for 1987 was "Meteorology a model of international co-operation". The topic was selected to cover the various facets of WMO technical co-operation, as well as the twentieth anniversary of the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme and the fortieth anniversary of the meetings of the 10 technical and six regional commissions of the International Meteorological Organization held in Toronto in 1947 and the Washington Conference of Directors of Meteorological Services that followed immediately thereafter. The pre-Conference meetings of the 16 subordinate bodies reviewed the entire field of activity of the organization; the Conference adopted the text of the Convention establishing the World Meteorological Organization which carne into force on 23 March 1950, 30 days after the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification or accession.

The information material specially written for World Meteorological Day included the now traditional message from the Secretary-General and an illustrated booklet written by Sir Arthur Davies, Secretary-General Emeritus. Four press features were also prepared. These documents were distributed to Members and other addressees of public information material, including WMO technical co-operation experts and United Nations Information Centres. 118 PART 9 - TECHNICAL AND OTHER SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

The reports and clippings received reveal that the day was marked by a variety of events in many countries, including exhibitions, open days, lectures, seminars and presentation of awards. In several instances, the ceremonies were honoured by the presence of ministers and other high-ranking government officials and representatives of UNDP.

The booklet by Sir Arthur Davies was publicized in the UN periodical Development Forum and requests for copies were received from many institutions and specialists from allover the world.

The material for World Meteorological Day 1988 illustrating the theme "Meteorology and the media" has been prepared and sent to Members and other addressees.

Activities related to Tenth Congress

Very close working contacts were maintained with media representatives with regard to the activities described belol'l as well as in connection with the overall work of the Organization. Many press briefings were conducted and interviews with various delegations attending Congress were arranged.

METEOHYDEX 87

In accordance with a recommendation of Ninth Congress, an exhibition of meteorological, hydrological and related instruments and equipment METEOHYDEX 87 - waS organized, at no cost to WMO. Some 87 exhibitors from 13 countries participated. METEOHYDEX 87 took place in the Geneva International Conference Centre where Congress was meeting and in a nearby building. The exhibition was open on one day for the general public, but was normally reserved for Congress participants, their guests and journalists. The practical arrangements were made by ORGEXPO, a non-profit~making Swiss foundation, working in close co-operation with the Secretariat. A general catalogue was distributed to Congress participants and other visitors.

In connection with the publication of the revised edition of the International Cloud Atlas (Volume II), a· cloud photography display, which included the projection of slides used for the Atlas, was organized with great success during the period 6 to 9 May. This was followed by an exhibition showing how the appropriate use of agrometeorolog.ical information could result in economic benefits. A number of Members co-operated in mounting the latter display and provided information leaflets and posters on the subject.

The French Meteorological Service, in co-operation with the Secretariat, installed a METEOTEL system in the Conference Centre for the duration of Tenth Congress. The equipment, with a keyboard-operated monitor, enabled delegates to obtain a wide range of information with regard to actual and forecast weather, including radar images from the French, Swiss and United Kingdom Meteorological Services (updated every 30 minutes); visible and infra-red METEOSAT images (updated at 3D-minute intervals); hourly values of surface meteorological parameters, numerical forecast charts for a period of up to 30 hours; and analysis and forecast charts specially intended for road services. PART 9 - TECHNICAL AND OTHER SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES 119

Many of the stamps on display commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the scientific drifting station "North Pole 1", donated to WMO by the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Control of Natural Environment. The collection also included a first-day cover in honour of the late Academician E.K. Fedorov, former Vice-President of WMO. Meteorological stamps issued by various postal administrations were exhibited by Mr G. Racca of the Italian Meteorological Service. Stamps in honour of Zhang Hen (AD 78-139), astronomer and meteorologist, were displayed by the State Meteorological Administration of China. Sheets of stamps issued by the United Nations in honour of WMO and the World Weather Watch were also exhibited.

Exhibitions of publications were organized by Argentina and the USSR. Some 130 USSR publications relating to meteorology, hydrology, oceanography and protection of the environment were shown. The books were subsequently donated to the WMO Library. The national Meteorological Service of Argentina displayed a collection of 29 information brochures covering various meteorological topics as well as eight of a series of 44 instruction manuals which constitute the correspondence course in meteorology offered by the Service.

Co-operation with the media

Publicity was given to WMO activities and meetings, in particular through attendance at the weekly press briefings for correspondants accredited to the United Nations Office at Geneva.

Background information on the work of WMO was provided to media representatives upon request or on special occasions, either orally or in writing. Participants at WMO meetings in Geneva, technical co-operation experts and the scientific and technical staff of WMO contributed to this activity. The number of individual requests from both specialists and the general public remained high.

Radio interviews were arranged with the co-operation of the United Nations Radio Services for inclusion in United Nations and other world-wide short-wave broadcasts. The Swiss French-language television channel featured a short interview on the activities of WMO on the occasion of World Meteorological Day.

Assistance, suggestions and, whenever possible, audio-visual material were provided to journalists interested in producing television programmes.

Film loan service

At the end of the year, 161 titles of training and public information films were listed in the film library. Videocassettes were also available for loan. However, the number of films and videocassettes produced and available on the market about meteorological and related topics is low and the main source of acquisition is through Members which produce or commission this type of material themselves. Whenever possible, use is made of the diplomatic pouch for the dispatch and return of films to avoid delays in customs clearance. 120 PART 9 - TECHNICAL AND OTHER SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES

Other public information activities

Other public information activities included lectures on the occasion of visits of groups of students or members of United Nations Associations and similar organizations. The lectures were generally accompanied by the projection of a film and discussions. Several teaching institutions now include a visit toWMO in their regular curriculum. Replies l'Tere provided to a great number of individual written or telephone requests from various sources. PAR T 10

EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

CONSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY MATTERS

Tenth Congress noted the information compiled by the Secretary-General at the request of the Executive Council containing all decisions so far taken by Congress regarding the interpretation and application of the provisions of Article 28 of the WMO Convention which deals with the procedures for amending the Convention.

Congress decided to annex this compilation to the report of its session as a useful reference.

Congress examined the proposals by the Executive Council and other constituent bodies as well as by one Member of the Organization for new or amended General Regulations and adopted Resolution 33 (Cg-X), the annex of which gives the texts of these new or amended regulations.

Congress further considered the question of the term "designated" in General Regulation 142 (former General Regulation 141) and agreed to the recorrunendation of the Executive Council that the term "designated" should continue to mean "elected" until Congress decided otherwise.

Congress also noted that the Executive Council approved the following statement on the application of General Regulation 141 in conformity with General Regulation 2 (f):

"The final list of candidates for filling a vacant seat in the Executive Council will be confined to those candidates coming from the same Region as the outgoing member of the Council".

Congress reviewed this statement by the Executive Council, as prescribed under General Regulation 2 (f), and decided that it would be more appropriate to have the substance of this statement incorporated in Rule 15 of the Rules of Procedure of the Council rather than in the General Regulations.

Congress recognized the great importance of having documentation in Arabic for sessions of Congress, the Executive Council, Regional Associations I, II and VI and the technical corrunissions. However, many Members expressed concern about possible additions to the budget. It was then agreed that, as funds became available, the Executive Council should explore all possiblities of having Arabic documentation for the eleventh session of Congress.

The Executive Council examined the question of the desirability of the signature by WMO of the Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, and felt that it would be desirable that future agreements between WMO and States and/or international organizations should be governed by the Convention and thus enjoy the legal security conveyed by its provisions. 122 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

The Council decided to authorize the Secretary-General to arrange for the signature by WMO of the said Convention before 30 June 1987, recognizing that the ultimate decision regarding adherence by WMO to this Convention was to be taken by Congress. The Convention was accordingly signed in New York by Mr J. P. Bruce, Director of the WMO Technical Co-operation Department, on behalf of the Secretary-General.

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION

Composition of the Organization

Following the deposit of its instrument of accession to the WMO Convention, the United Arab Emirates became a Member of the Organization on 16 January 1987. The Membership of the Organization was thereby increased to 160 comprising 155 Member States and five Member Territories.

The full list of Member States and Member Territories is given in Annex I.

Tenth Congress elected Dr Zou Jingmeng (China) as President of the Organization. Messrs J. W. Zi llman (Australia) , S. Alaimo (Argentina) and J. Houghton (UK) were elected First, Second and Third Vice-President respectively. In addition, Congress elected 26 members to the Executive Council. A full list of members of the Executive Council. is given in Annex II.

Regional Association II (Asia)

As a result of an election by correspondence, Mr M.B .. Myagmarzhav (Mongolia) was declared elected vice-president of RA II.

Regional Association VI (Europe)

Following the departure of Mr L.A. Mendes Victor as Director-General of the National Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics of Portugal, Mr E. Jatila (Finland), vice-president of RA VI, became acting president thereof. Prof. Dr G.N. Miloshev (Bulgaria) was subsequently declared vice­ president of RA VI as the result of an election by correspondence.

Technical commissions

A full list of officers of regional associations and technical commissions is given in Annex II. PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 123

RELATIONS AND CO-ORDINATION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Introduction

As in previous years, collaboration with other international organizations in 1987 was mainly on scientific and technical matters of mutual interest. It included co-ordinated action on a wide range of administrative and legal matters as well as on matters related to the overall policy of the Organization. This necessary and highly desirable co-operation was effected through WMO participation in meetings convened by other organizations and through reciprocal representation of other organizations at meetings convened by WMO. The exchange of correspondence and documentation, contributions to the reports and studies made by other organizations and frequent inter­ secretariat consultations played an important role in the development of this collaboration. While it was neither essential nor possible to participate in all meetings to which WMO was invited, participation was in some cases desirable but not possible owing to limitations in funds and staff. In other cases, WMO representation was arranged locally through the good offices of the national Meteorological Services of the Members concerned, which made officers of their staff available for such representation. The nature and extent of the collaboration with other international organizations are indicated briefly in the following paragraphs, further details being given under the appropriate subject headings of this report.

Relations with the United Nations and its subsidiary bodies

During 1987, the Organization continued to give effect, to the extent possible, to recommendations emanating from the United Nations. The nature and scope of the Organization's response to those recommendations dealing with scientific and technical matters within the competence of the Organization are described in the sections of this report dealing with the various WMO programmes. In addition to these, many resolutions dealing with the general subject of the co-ordination of the work of the United Nations system as a whole and with other matters of a non-technical nature were referred to WMO. Tenth Congress considered a number of such resolutions, including those relating to special assistance to individual countries, and commented appropriately thereon.

The Organization participated as usual in the second regular session of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations held in Geneva. The Organization was also represented at sessions of the various UN governmental and inter-agency bodies. The Secretary-General of WMO also participated in meetings of the Administrative Committee on Co-ordination (ACC), composed of the executive heads of the organizations within the United Nations system, while appropriate staff of the Secretariat participated in meetings of subcommittees of the ACC established to deal with specialized matters. Representatives of the United Nations and its subsidiary bodies, particularly the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Programme, participated in appropriate sessions of WMO constituent bodies held during 1987 as well as in other meetings organized by the Organization. 124 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE M.7l,.TTERS

------Relations with the United Nations economic commissions and their ------secretariats WMO continued to maintain close collaboration during 1987 with the five regional economic commissions of the United Nations: the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP), and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). Collaboration was mainly in the field of water-resource development and management and in fields connected with environmental matters as well as - in the case of ESCAP - in the regional activities to assist in the mitigation of damage and loss of life resulting from tropical cyclones. Details of significant co-operative efforts are given in the sections of this report dealing with the scientific and technical programmes of the Organization.

In this connection, the Organization continued to collaborate with ECA in the preparation of the proposed. African Centre of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD) in Niamey, Niger.

Full co-operation was maintained throughout the year with the Joint Inspection Unit. The Organization also participated in the preparation of joint comments of various organizations of the UN system on a number of earlier reports of the JIU.

WMO collaborated closely during the year with UNEP in accordance with the directives of Congress and the decisions of the Governing CounciL In particular" there was close co-ordination with UNEP and ICSU in connection with the preliminary assessments and recommendations developed by the WMOIICSU/UNEP Villach Conference and subsequently by the Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases.

The Executive Council believed that the establishment of a more broadly representative mechamsm should be considered in view of the complexity and importance of the issue. The Council therefore requested the Secretary-General, in co-ordination with the Executive Director of UNEP, to explore and, after appropriate consultation with members of the Executive Council, to establish an ad hoc intergovernmental mechanism to carry out internationally co-ordinated scientific assessments of the magnitude, timing and potential impact of climate change. The mechanism developed should avail itself of balanced scientific expertise and provide for participation by Governments and organizations.

Congress requested the Executive Council to make arrangements for the convening of a second World Climate Conference in late 1989 or early 1990. in co-operation with UNEP, ICSU and other international agencies. which would review all aspects of the World Climate Programme but with emphasis on the economic benefits of climate applications, especially for developing countries. The Council in turn requested the Secretary-General, in co-ordination with the agencies concerned, to submit to EC-XL a detailed proposal for the organization of a World Climate Conference in late 1989 or early 1990 reviewing all aspects of the WCP with emphasis on climate PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 125

applications in developing countries and also providing a status report on the scientific understanding of climate change.

Congress endorsed the views expressed by the Executive Council on the hosting by WMO at no extra cost to the Organization of the permanent secretariat of the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted and signed in Vienna on 22 March 1985. Congress authorized the Executive Council to make a final decision on this matter once the Convention came into force and the Contracting Parties had approached WMO.

WMO continued to receive support from UNEP for activities relating to ozone, the monitoring of background pollution in the atmosphere, the pollution of the oceans and climate change. The total funds committed by UNEP up to the end of 1987 for past and current projects were approximately US $7.0 million.

The Organization had previously concluded formal agreements or working arrangements with FAO, Unesco, ICAO, WHO, ITU, IMO, IFAD and IAEA which provide for inter-organizational collaboration and co-operation as well as for the co-ordination of programmes in which there is mutual interest.

Collaboration concerned mainly scientific and technical matters of common interest which are discussed fully in the appropriate sections of this report.

In this connection, the Organization continued to collaborate with IAEA in the implementation, through the possible use of the GTS, of the Conventions on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and on Assistance in Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. Both Conventions will be acceded to by WMO in accordance with the decision taken by Tenth Congress (Res. 4 (Cg-X».

Relations with other international organizations

In addition to its co-operation with the United Nations and the specialized agencies of the United Nations system mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, WMO continued to collaborate with other organizations - both governmental and non-governmental - with which it had concluded agreements or working arrangements. This collaboration was confined almost entirely to scientific and technical matters, details of which are given in the appropriate sections of this report.

The Executive Council approved the establishment of working arrangments with the Permanent South Pacific Commission and the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization. The Secretary-General was authorized to enter into formal working arrangements on the basis of the respective texts approved by the Council.

WMO continued its collaboration with many of the non-governmental organizations which have been granted consultative status with the Organization. Details of this collaboration are given in the sections dealing with the scientific and technical work of the Organization. 126 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

In this connection,· the Executive Council considered the application of the International Society of Aeronautical Telecommunications (SITA) for consultative status with WMO and recognized that there would be benefits to be derived therefrom. The Council also noted, however, that concern had been expressed regarding the advisability of granting such status, in particular with regard to the plans and activities of the WWW. The Council considered that it would be wiser to continue with the present arrangements which would enable WMO to assess in a more detailed way the activities of SITA and their possible impact on the WWW Programme. The Council therefore, whilst deciding not to grant consultative status at the present time, requested the Secretary-General to pursue further collaboration with SITA. The Council felt that, with the experience gained in the course of such collaboration, SITA's application could be reviewed.

The Organization also collaborated with a large number of other international organizations which are concerned to some extent with meteorological matters.

ADMINISTRATION

Financial matters'll

--General-- The exchange value of the US dollar vis-a-vis the Swiss franc continued to depreciate during 1987. The budget for 1987 was based on an exchange rate of Sfr 1.90 = US $1.00. The average monthly exchange rate adopted by the United Nations for accounting purposes during 1987 was Sfr 1.51 = US $1.00.

The year 1987 was the fourth and last year of the ninth financial period (1984-1987). The appropriations to the regular budget approved by the Executive Council at its thirty-eighth session (1986) amounted to US $21 112 500. Additionally, surpluses arising from underexpendi ture of the 1986 budget in the amount of US $1 229 196 were re-appropriated. At its thirty-ninth session, the Executive Council approved, under the flexibility clauses of Resolution 35 (Cg-IX), supplementary estimates for 1987 amounting to US $5 236 100.

Obligations incurred during 1987 totalled US $24 199 197, leaving a budgetary surplus of US $3 378 599. This surplus represents the difference between the total appropriations and the actual expenditures incurred during 1987.

Tenth Congress approved the retention of accumulated defined surplus in the General Fund up to the amount of unpaid contributions. The unpaid contributions as at 31 December 1987 amounted to US $8 517 465. This was more than the defined surplus which was consequently retained in full .

." The figures quoted are preliminary, having been extracted from financial records before final audit. PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 127

Contributions

Of the contributions assessed for 1987, 71.83 per cent had been received by 31 December 1987 as compared with the corresponding figure of 85.49 per cent for 1986.

On 1 January 1987, 27 Members were in arrears for non-payment of contributions in excess of two full years. As at 1 January 1988, 24 Members had also forfeited their rights, in accordance with the decisions of Congress, to vote in constituent bodies and to receive the quota of publications of the Organization free of charge. The following table shows the situation as at 31 December 1987 concerning the level of payment of assessed contributions:

Total contributions Percentage Balance assessed received received outstanding US $ US $ US $ First to eighth financial periods 1951-1983 165 411 581 164 478 240 99.44 933 341

Ninth financial period 1984-1987 1984 18 750 092 18 503 446 98.68 246 646 1985 19 279 107 18 960 075 98.35 319 032 1986 15 769 456 15 335 805 97.25 433 651 1987 23 372 361 16 787 566 71.83 6 584 795

The comparative figures for 1986 and 1951-1986 as at 31 December 1986 were:

Total contributions Percentage Balance assessed received received outstanding US $ US $ US $

1986 15 769 456 13 482 067 85.49 2 287 389 1951-1986 219 210 236 214 874 196 98.02 4 336 040

At 31 December 1987, the sum of Sfr 7 531 528, representing 1988 assessed contributions, was brought to account.

The principal of the Working Capital Fund was maintained by Ninth Congress (Geneva, 1983) at US $2 500 000 for the ninth financial period.

The advances to the Fund for 1987 were brought to account 1n accordance with paragraph 13.2.19 of the general summary of EC-XXXV (1983) and as listed in the annex to Resolution 26 (EC-XXXV). 128 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

The principal of the Fund at 31 December 1987 was as follows:

us $

Principal of the Fund at 31 December 1986 2 501 500

Advance assessed on new Member 4 000

Principal of the Fund as at 31 December 1987 2 505 500 ======

During the course of 1981-, the Organization experienced a very severe shortage of cash resources due mainly to non-payment of assessed contributions by a large. munber of Members and to currency fluctuations. Recourse had to. be made to the Working Capital Fund to finance the activities of the Organization during the month of September. The resources of the Fund were exhausted by November when recourse was made to the short-term borrowing authority, approved by Resolution 45 (Cg-VIII), in the amount of US $466 656 from the Publications Fund and US $640 900 from the Voluntary Co-operation Fund (VCP(F». In December 1987, the amount so borrowed was paid back in full from the advances received in respect of 1988 assessed contributions.

During 1987, WMO continued toadininister a considerable number of special and trust funds. The main sources of funding of these extrabudgetary activities. were the Voluntary Co-operation Fund, the trust funds for the implementation of VCP(ES) projects, the Agrometeorologica1 Programme in the Sahel, technical co-operation projects financed by various donor Members, trust funds established to finance associate experts and those projects financed from UNEP funds.

In 1987, the WMO Secretariat continued to carry out the financial administration of that part of· the United Nations Development Programme assigned to WMO. Details are given in Part 8 of this report, and the financial accounts for the year 1987 will be incorporated in the United Nations accounts for that year.

------Publications sales and distribution During 1987, the income resulting from the sale of WMO publications and advertisements in the WMO Bulletin amounted to US $481 222 as compared with US $308 390 in 1986. Total obligations in 1987 amounted to US $794 985. Following various authorizations of the Executive Council, appropriations totalling US $342 583 were transferred from the General Fund to the Publications Fund. PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS 129

The balance of the Publications Fund, which stood at US $348 606 as at 1 January 1987, was increased to US $377 426 at 31 December 1987. This amount is fully committed to meet the production costs of those publications which were already in preparation at the end of 1987 or planned for 1988.

Further efforts were made throughout the year to keep production costs of WMO publications at a minimum in order to maintain the lowest possible selling prices.

WMO building

The architects of the building submitted plans and price estimates for the emergency exits and staircases from the conference rooms. Once again, the work could not start in 1987 because of shortage of funds; it is planned to start work as soon as the cash situation permits. This condition also applies to the provision of fire detection and suppression devices and the renovation of the north frontage of the original building.

Staff matters

On 31 December 1987, the total number of staff was 283 compared with 292 on 31 December 1986. These figures include the number of persons serving in the Secretariat and in the Regional Offices on those two dates and whose salaries were met from the Organization's General Fund, from funds allocated for staff in the Technical Co-operation Department or from funds for supernumerary staff and consultants.

Annex VIII gives details of the classification of staff and their distribution by nationality and Region on 31 December 1987. The number of Members which had nationals serving the Organization was 61 at the end of 1986 and remained unchanged at the end of 1987.

In 1987, the Secretariat continued to administer the experts and consultants recruited under the various technical co-operation programmes in which WMO participates. The distribution of expert missions by field of activity is shown in Table II of Part 8 of this report.

In addition to Professional-category personnel, 30 locally recruited staff were serving at certain duty stations to assist senior technical staff in their administrative duties and to perform maintenance duties. They are employed under United Nations rules and are paid in accordance with the salary rates established by the United Nations for the duty stations concerned.

Joint Staff Pension Fund

Conditions of participation in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund made it mandatory for staff appointed for a period of six months or more to participate in the Fund.

The number of staff participating in the Fund through WMO on 31 December 1987 was 354; at the end of 1986 this figure was 367. 130 PART 10 - EXTERNAL RELATIONS, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS

------Staff Rules Changes to the WMO Staff Rules applicable to Headquarters staff as well as to those applicable to technical assistance project personnel, similar to those made by the United Nations, were introduced. These amendments will be reported to the Executive Council at its fortieth session. The Director-General of the United Kingdom Meteorological Office, Dr J. Houghton, presents his keynote address on the economic and other benefits of Meteorological and Hydrological Services to the WMO Symposium on Education and Training in Meteorology with Emphasis on the Optimal Use of Meteorological Information and Products by all Potential Users, in the lecture theatre of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, United Kingdom, 13 July 1987 (Photo: Crown copyright)

Presentation by Professor Obasi, Secretary-General of WMO, of the Professor Dr Vilho Vaisala Award to Dr Boris Sevruk (Switzerland) (Photo: WMOIBianco) Participants at the ninth session of the RA N Hurricane Committee, Orlando, USA, March-April 1987 (Photo: R. Sheets)

A study tour of China for directors or senior officials of Meteorological Services in Latin America and the Caribbean was organized by the State Meteorological Administration under the VCP in September 1987 on the theme "Meteorological services for development of the national economy". Participants met with Vice Premier (now Prime Minister) Mr Li Peng (Photo: SMA) ANN E X I t------MEMBERS OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

(on 31 December 1987)

I. Members (States) under the terms of Article 3, paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of the Convention:

Afghanistan Czechoslovakia* Albania Democratic Kampuchea* Algeria* Democratic People's lmgola Republic of Korea Argentina* Democratic Yemen Australia* Denmark* Austria* Djibouti Bahamas * Dominica Bahrain Dominican Republic Bangladesh Ecuador* Barbados* Egypt * Belgium* El Salvador Belize Ethiopia Benin Fiji* Bolivia Finland* Botswana France Brazil* Gabon* Brunei Darussalam Gambia* Bulgaria* German Democratic Burkina Faso* Republic* Burma Germany, Federal Burundi Republic of* Byelorussian Soviet Ghana * Socialist Republic* Greece* Cameroon Guatemala* Canada Guinea* Cape Verde Guinea-Bissau Central African Republic* Guyana * Chad Haiti* Chile Honduras China* Hungary* Colombia Iceland Comoros India* Congo Indonesia* Costa Rica Iran*, Islamic Republic of Cote d'Ivoire* Iraq* Cuba * Ireland* Cyprus * Israel

* Member States that have acceded to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies 132 ANNEX I

Italy* Republic of Korea* Jamaica* Romania * Japan* Rwanda* Jordan'" Saint Lucia* Kenya * Sao Tome and Principe Kuwait* Saudi Arabia Lao People's Democratic Senegal* Republic* Seychelles* Lebanon Sierra Leone* Lesotho* Singapore* Liberia Solomon Islands Libyan Arab Jamahiriya* Somalia Luxembourg* South Africa** Madagascar'" Spain* Malawi * Sri Lanka Malaysia'" Sudan Maldives Suriname Mali * Swaziland Malta* Sweden* Mauritania Switzerland Mauritius* Syrian Arab Republic Mexico Thailand* Mongolia* Togo Morocco* Trinidad and Tobago* Mozambique Tunisia* Nepal Turkey Netherlands* Uganda* New Zealand* Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic* Nicaragua* Union of Soviet Socialist Republics* Niger* United Arab Emirates Nigeria* United Kingdom of Great Britain Norway* and Northern Ireland* Oman United Republic of Tanzania* Pakistan* United States of America Panama Uruguay* Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Paraguay Venezuela Peru Viet Nam Philippines* Yemen Poland* Yugoslavia* Portugal Zaire* Qatar Zambia* Zimbabwe

Note: Non-Member country which has acceded to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies and declared that it will apply it to WMO: Tonga

* Member States that have acceded to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies

** Suspended by Resolution 38 (Cg-VII) from exercising its rights and enjoying privileges as a Member of WMO ANNEX I 133

II. Members (Territories) under the terms of Article 3, paragraphs (d) and (e) of the WMO Convention:

British Caribbean Territories French Polynesia Hong Kong Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia ANNEX II

MEMBERSHIP OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL AND OFFICERS OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND TECHI~ICAL COMMISSIONS

(on 31 December 1986)

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

President: Zou Jingmeng (China)

First Vice-President: J.W. Zillman (Australia)

Second Vice-President: S. Alaimo (Argentina)

Third Vice-President: J . T. Houghton (United Kingdom)

Presidents of regional associations

W. Degefu (Ethiopia) RA I (Africa)

I. Hussain AI-Majed (Qatar)* RA II (Asia)

T.R. Prado Fernandez (Venezuela) RA III (South America)

C.E. Berridge (British Caribbean RA IV (North and Central America) Territories)

J. Hickman (New Zealand) RA V (South-West Pacific)

E.J. Jatila (Finland)* RA VI (Europe)

Elected members~

A. I. liliandah Jordan L.K. Ahia1egbedzi Togo A.L. Alusa Kenya M,. Bautista Perez Spain M. Boulama Niger C. Ca:ndanedo (Ms) Panama A.M. EI-Masry Egypt H.L. Ferguson Canada C.A. Grezzi Uruguay R.E. Hallgren USA Ju.A. Izrael USSR Y. Kikuchi Japan R.L. Kintanar Philippines

* Acting president ANNEX II 135

A. Lebeau France K. Mostefa Kara Alger A.D. Moura Brazil S. Palmieri Italy F .M.Q. Malik Pakistan H. Reiser Federal Republic of Germany V. Richter Czechoslovakia R.M. Romaih Saudi Arabia R.P. Sarker India S.E. Tandoh Ghana P. Toubbe Cameroon E. Zarate Hernandez Costa Rica M.C. Zinyowera Zimbabwe

REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

Regional Association I (Africa)

President: W. Degefu (Ethiopia)

Vice-president: H. Trabelsi (Tunisia)

Regional Association II (Asia)

President: I. Hussain Al-Majed (Qatar) (acting)

Vice-president: B. Myagmarzhav (Mongolia)

Regional Association III (South America)

President: T.R. Prado Fernandez (Venezuela)

Vice-president: F. Rios Castillo (Ecuador)

Regional Association IV (North and Central America)

President: C.E. Berridge (British Caribbean Terri tories)

Vice-president: E. Velasquez (Guatemala)

Regional Association V (South-West Pacific)

President: J.S. Hickman (New Zealand)

Vice-president: H.P.A. Jaafar (Brunei Darussalam» 136 ANNEX II

Regional Association VI (Europe)

President: E.J. Jatila (Finland) (acting)

Vice-president: G.N. Miloshev (Bulgaria)

TECHNICAL COMMISSIONS

Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM)

President: J. Kastelein (Netherlands)

Vice-president: C. Sprinkle (USA)

Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (CAgM)

President: A. Kassar (Tunisia)

Vice-president: C.J. Stigter (Netherlands)

Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS)

President: F. Mesinger (Yugoslavia)

Vice-president: D.J. Gauntlett (Australia)

Commission for Basic Systems (CBS)

President: J.R. Neilon (USA)

Vice-president: A.A. Vasiliev (USSR)

Commission for Climatology (CCI)

President: J.L. Rasmussen (USA)

Vice-president:~ W.J. Maunder (New Zealand)

Commission for Hydrology (CHy)

President: O.Starosolszky (Hungary)

Vice-president: A.J. Hall (Australia) ANNEX II 137

Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (CIMO)

President: S. Huovila (Finland)

Vice-president: J. Kruus (Canada)

Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM)

President: F. Gerard (France)

Vice-president: R.J. Shearman (United Kingdom) ANN E X III

INDEX OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED IN 1987

UNDP

Inter-country Country Country or TF VCP RB projects interregional projects

REGION I

Algeria X X X X Angola X X X Benin X X X X Botswana X X X X Burkina Faso X X X X X Burundi X X X Cameroon X X X X X Cape Verde X X X X X Central African Republic X X X X Chad X X X X X Comoros X X , Congo X X X Cote d'Ivoire X X X X Djibouti X X X Egypt X X X Ethiopia X X X X , Gabon X X X · Gambia X X X X X • Ghana X X X Guinea X X X , Guinea-Bissau X X X X '. Kenya X X X Lesotho X X X X · Liberia X X X Libyan Arab Jamahirya X X : Madagascar X X X Malawi X X Mali X X X X X , Mauritania X X X X X Mauritius X X X Morocco X X X X X , Mozambique X X X Niger X X X X · Nigeria X X X : Rwanda X X X ,'Sao Tome and Principe X X X X ; Senegal X X X X ANNEX III 139

UNDP

Inter-country Country Country or TF VCP RB projects interregional projects

Seychelles X X X Sierra Leone X X Somalia X X X Sudan X X X X Swaziland X X X Togo X X X Tunisia X X X Uganda X X X X United Republic of Tanzania X X X Zaire X X X Zambia X X X X Zimbabwe X X

REGION II

Afghanistan X X Bahrain X Bangladesh X X X Burma X X X China X X X X Democratic People's Republic of Korea X X Democratic Yemen X X Hong Kong X X India X X X X Iran X Iraq X X X Kuwait X Lao People's Dem. Rep. X Maldives X X Mongolia X X Nepal X X X X X Oman X X Pakistan X X X X Qatar X X Republic of Korea X X X Saudi Arabia X X Sri Lanka X X X Thailand X X X United Arab Emirates X Viet Nam X X X X X Yemen X X 140 ANNEX III

UNDP

Inter-country Country Country or TF VCP RB projects interregional projects

REGION III

Argentina X X Bolivia X X X Brazil X X X Chile X X Colombia X X X Ecuador X X 'X Guyana , X X Paraguay X X X Peru X , X X Suriname X X X Uruguay X X Venezuela' X , X X

REGION IV ..

Antigua X X Bahamas X X Barbados X X X X Belize X X British Caribbean Terri tories X X Costa Rica. X X X X Cuba X X Dominica X X X Dominican Republic X X X El Salvador X X X Grenada X X Guatemala X X X X Haiti X X X X Honduras X X X X Jamaica X X X X X Mexico X X X Netherlands Antilles X X X Nicaragua X X X Panama X X X Saint Kitts X Saint Lucia X X X. Saint Vincent X Trinidad and Tobago X X X X ANNEX III 141

UNDP

Inter-country Country Country or TF VCP RB projects interregional projects

REGION V

Brunei Darussalam X Fiji X X X Indonesia X X X X Malaysia X X X X Papua New Guinea X X X Philippines X X X Singapore X Solomon Islands X Vanuatu X X X

REGION VI

Albania X Bulgaria X Cyprus X X Czechoslovakia X X Greece X Hungary X Jordan X X X Lebanon X Malta X Poland X Portugal X Syrian Arab Republic X X X Turkey X X X Yugoslavia X

GRAND TOTAL 55 104 34 103 87 ANN E X IV

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED IN 1987

UNDER UNDP AND TRUST-FUND ARRANGEMENTS

I. COUNTRY PROGRAMMES

REGION I (Africa)

ALGERIA

Project: Meteorological Training in the Context of the Office national de la meteorologie (ONM) and of the Hydrometeorological Training and Research Institute of Oran (IHFR) (1978-1987) US $1 622 104

Development of operational services of the ONM and training of new staff and instructors at the IHFR

Consultants: 6/2.7 Tropical meteorology, climatological statistics, numerical meteorology modelling, marine meteorology

Fellowships: 3/9 Tropical meteorology, dynamic and synoptic meteorology

Eguipmen~: Fublieations

Training at the IHFR/Oran has continued with support from the project being limited to the supply of pUblications and to consultancy missions. The ONM component of the project has benefited from the project support for short-term fellowships in tropical and synoptic meteorology.

Project: Development and Implementation of Hydrological Forecasting and Flood Warnings (1987-1989) US $547 100

Development of hydrological forecasting system within pilot basin area

This project is newly approved and implementation began at the end of the year with the fielding of three consultant missions in hydrology. ANNEX IV 143

BENIN

Project: Strengthening of the Agrometeorological Service of Benin (1984-1987) US $455 054

Improvement of use of agrometeorological data and information for agricultural production through the strengthening of the agrometeorological network, and of data collection and processing

Consultant: 1/0.6 Agrometeorology

Fellowships: 2/24 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Agrometeorological equipment, spare parts, publications and consumables

During 1987, 10-day bulletins continued to be published regularly and the data screened and archived. Training of several nationals in agrometeorology and hydrology was completed. The project also continued to provide information and advice to the agricultural sector and training of technicians and extension workers in agrometeorology. A consultancy mission was carried out to assess the achievements of the project and recommended its extension into 1987-1991.

BOTSWANA

Project: Agrometeorology/Data Processing (1983-1991) US $929 250

Establishment of an agrometeorological section and participation in the early warning system for crop monitoring

Experts: 2/19 Agrometeorology, electronics

UN Volunteers: 3/28 Data processing/instructor in meteorology/ forecaster

Fellowships: 2/14 Agrometeorology/data processing

The project has continued to contribute to the monitoring of drought and of agricultural production. The WMO experts, the UNVs and the counterpart staff have participated in the installation and maintenance of agrometeorological and telecommunications equipment, and in data 144 ANNEX IV

callection and processing. Following an evaluation of the praject, additional funding was provided byUNDP for the acquisition of equipment" the extension of the contract of' the agro­ me'teoroloqist and the recruitment of an' expert in electronic instrmments. It is expected that the project will continue during the next UNDP cycle (198,7:-199011.,

BURKINA. RASa

Project:, Streng,thening of the National Agrometeorological and. Hydrological SeEvices (T98,J-198·T)' TJS, $1 270' fil56

Training' of pars.onnel; extens,ion, ullgrading and maintenance of me,t.eorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection,. processing" analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and wate'F use'; establishment .of data l!lanks and publication of data; apIllication .of teledetection to' rainfall evaluation

FeJ;Iowships :: 7111 AgcrometeoroTogY;r documentation., hydrology, instrmments

FeHowships tTEl:: 2/6 Hydrology

Equipment:: Meteoro-logical and hydrological equipment" wo.rkshop: and office equipment, spare parts". pubTications, consumables

Thr0ugh the pro] ect ,. monitoring .of the agricultural season and issue' of 10~day agrometeorological and monthly hydrological buIletiins have continued., Agrometeorological pilot-project activities cont.inued to demonstrate the benefit of agrometeorological advice to agricultural production. Rainfall evaluation using te1edetection methods was suspended due to. lack of funds. A new project. proposal is being examined by UNDP.

BURUNDI

Project: Strengthening of the Geographical Institute of Burundi in the Field of Hydrometeorology (1981-198.7) US $858 777 ANNEX IV 145

Creation of an Agrometeorology and a Hydrology Division; strengthening of synoptic, agrometeorological and hydrological networks; establishment of data collection, control and processing for the elaboration of products to be disseminated to users

Experts: 1/6 Agrometeorology

UN Volunteers: 1/12 Data processing

Equipment: Publications, spares and consumables

The expert in agrometeorology terminated his contract in June 1987. The UN Volunteer who was assigned to the project continued his activities in the development of software and use of the computer for the archiving of meteorological and hydrological data. Ten-day bulletins are produced and disseminated to various users. A new project has been approved by the Government and UNDP, in order to continue the activities already initiated.

CAMEROON

Project: Agrometeorology and Hydrology in Northern Cameroon and Data Processing (1980-1988) US $705 888

Ensuring optimal development of agriculture and livestock raising in northern Cameroon through improvement of the basic meteorological and hydrological data

Fellowships: 2/15 Data processing, hydrology

This project has almost achieved its objectives. Only training activities have continued. An evaluation mission has recommended the continuation of the agrometeoro1ogical and hydrological activities.

CAPE VERDE

Project: Development of Agrometeorological and Hydrological Activities (1987-1992) US $472 800

Combat desertification and erosion, increase food production and optimum use of water resources 146 ANNEX IV

Expert: 1/12 Hydrology

Fellowships: 7/40 Hydrology, agrometeorology

Equipment: Agrometeorological and hydrological equipment, spares and consumables

The expert in operational hydrology has carried out regular monitoring visits to the stations and contributed to the publication of hydrological summaries and studies. The agrometeorological unit has also continued to provide support and advice to the agricultural services. The training of nationals in hydrology and agrometeorology is being carried out satisfactorily.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Project: Organization and Development of the Agroclimatological and Hydrological Services in the National Directorate of Meteorology (1984-1987) US $870 654

Improvement of the agrometeorological and hydrological networks, and data collection and processing for agricultural-production monitoring and water-resources assessment

Experts: 2122.5 Hydrology/agrometeorology

Fellowships: 2/18 Agrometeorology, data processing

Equipment: Hydrological and agrometeorological equipment, spare parts, consumables

During 1987, satisfactory progress was made. An evaluation mission carried out in October revealed that the objectives related to the hydrological component had almost been completed but not those related to agrometeorology, due to the late fielding of the expert. Five agrometeorological stations have been installed and regular 10-day bulletins are being issued. Users of meteorological and hydrological information have expressed satisfaction with the products being issued by the Service. It is foreseen that the project will be extended during the period 1988-1991, with additional inputs from UNDP to cover the costs of experts

CHAD

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1984-1987) US $1 496 649

Qbje~t~y~s : Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Experts: 2/21.4 Agrometeorology, hydrology

Fellowships: 13/93 Hydrology, instruments, agrometeorology

Fellowships (TF): 1/3 Hydrology

Equipment: Agrometeorological and hydrological equipment, office and workshop equipment, pUblications

Ten-day agrometeorological bulletins, incorporating hydrological advice, continued to be issued regularly during the crop season. Group training was organized for technicians involved in crop monitoring and for station observers. Equipment was installed at agrometeorological and hydrological stations. The hydrological activities have advanced since the fielding of an expert in April. The data-processing component is still not fully operational. c6rE D'IVOIRE

Project: Strengthening of the Climatology and Agrometeorology Divisions (1984-1987) US $683 687

QbjeQtiv~s: Use of agroclimatological data and information for applications in the field of agricultural production

Consultants: 3/3 Agrometeorology, climatology, instruments

Fellowships: 7/30 Climatology, meteorology, agrometeorology, data processing

The main activities in agrometeorology and climatology of the project were continued. Three 148 ANNEX IV

consultancies were organized. Counterpart staff were sent for training in climatology, general meteorology and agrometeorology. Local computer­ programming courses were given to the staff of the Service. An evaluation mission was organized to review the progress made. A new project proposal is under consideration by UNDP and the GOvernment.

ETHIOPIA

Project: Development of Meteorological Services (198'3-19&7) US $479 442 (LDG) US $45 aoo (IPF}

Modernization of the telecommunications system at national level and within the GTS

Fellowships: 66181 Meteorology, climatology, agrometeorology, data processing

The computer system required for the automation of the NMC telecommunications and; data processing has been delivered and installed with the accompanying software for the message switching system. Training of: software and hardware specialists is to be carFied at the premises of the manufacturers of the computer equipment and operating software system.

GAMBIA

Project: St.rengthening of the National Agromet.eorolog;ical and Hydrolog:ical Services (1982:-1987) US; $566 459

Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

UN Volunteers: 1/6 Agrometeorology

Fellowships (TF): 5/36 Hydrology, computer science, agrometeorology

Equipment (TF): Training equipment~ telecommunications, spare parts and consumables ANNEX IV 149

The UNV agrometeorologist terminated his activities in June 1987. Group training for Class IV staff continued. Publication of advice for agriculture and for water users was also provided. A new project is being approved for Phase III of the national AGRHYMET project.

MALAWI

Project: Agrometeorology/Data Processing (1986-1989) US $425 511

Improvement of agroclimatological and data processing activities in the Meteorological Service, training of specialized staff and provision of meteorological equipment

Experts: 1/3.5 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Meteorological equipment, audiovisual aids for training of observers and technicians and all­ terrain vehicle for station inspection

Implementation of the project activities was rather slow at the beginning but this is expected to improve with the recruitment of the expert in agrometeorology in the later half of the year. Most of the equipment has been procured.

MALI

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeoro1ogica1 and Hydrological Services (1983-1988) US $640 745

Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Fellowships: 5/54 Agrometeorology, instruments, telecommunica­ tions, hydrology

Fellowships (TF): 2/6 Hydrology 150 ANNEX IV

The activities of this project were nearing completion but operational activities continued with the issue of monthly hydrological bulletins and 10-day agrometeorological bulletins during the agricultural season. A new proposal was submitted to UNDP for the continuation of the project during the period 1987-1991. The activities of the agrometeorological pilot project, supported by the Government of Switzerland, were also continued, with new areas being covered by the scheme. Further support is foreseen from the Government of Switzerland to extend the zone of coverage of pilot activities.

MAURITANIA

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1978-1987) US $1 236 898

Qbie~t!v~s: Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeoro1ogical and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Consultants: 2/3.0 Evaluation and project formulation

Fellowships: 3/36 Agrometeorology, hydrology

Fellowships (TF): 2/26 Hydrology

Project activities continued to be carried out despite little support from donors. Training activities through fellowships were also continued at the AGRHYMET Centre. Assistance to hydrological and agrometeorological information users was regularly provided. A new project proposal is under consideration by UNDP.

MOROCCO

Project: Planning and Development of Hydrological Activities (Phase II) (1986-1988) US $592 608

Provision of hydrological data/information to development projects in agriculture/water­ resources management. ANNEX IV 151

Consultants: 214 Hydrology

Fellowships: 217 Hydrology

Equipment: Hydrological instruments, calibration equipment and spare parts

The consultancy missions carried out have permitted the establishment of a rational work plan and specifications of the equipment to be purchased. Several consultants will work with the national counterpart in specific areas to fulfil the objectives of the project.

Project: Strengthening and Development of the Observation Network and the Applications of Meteorology to Various Economic Sectors (1987-1991) US $1 409 300 of which US $1 009 300 are Government cost-sharing funds

Strengthening of the national capabilities for managing development; mobilization of agricultural, water and energy resources and fisheries with the view to increasing production, employment, revenue and exports

This project was approved towards the end of the year and actions have been taken to initiate recruitment of experts (vacancy notices issued) and consultants, placement of fellows and specifications of equipment to be purchased under the project.

NIGER

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1983-1987) US $773 847

Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Fellowships: 2/21 Agrometeorology, meteorology

Equipment: Meteorological and hydrological equipment and material 152 ANNEX IV

Collection and pUblication of daily rainfall data and issue of 10-day agrometeorological bulletins continued. Maintenance and upgrading of hydrological and agrometeorological stations was carried out A new project proposal was formulated and submitted to UNDP.

Project: Dissemination of Agrometeorological Advice to Farmers (1986-1990) US $707 500

The objective of this project is to test applications of agrometeorological data and information for agricultural practices in pilot areas with a view to setting up schemes for elaborating and disseminating advice and information to farmers.

Consultants: 5/7 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Vehicles, agrometeoro1ogical equipment, construction of an agrometeorological station

The implementation of the project activities continued in the Niamey area, with some activities in Keita. The meteorological station in Keita has been constructed and the necessary staff allocated. The Italian researchers have co-operated with the national staff during the crop season. Activities have also been carried out at the Institute for Agriculture in Florence with respect to growing conditions of millet, sorghum and maize in the laboratories.

SENEGAL

Project: Strengthening of the National Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services (1983-1989) US $1 215 721

Training of personnel; extension, upgrading and maintenance of meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological station networks; data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation for issue of advisory bulletins for agriculture and water use; establishment of data banks and publication of data

Experts: 1/6 Hydrology

Fellowships: 11/120 Meteorology, agrometeorology, hydrology, instruments, data processing ANNEX IV 153

Fellowships (TF): 2/6 Hydrology

Equipment: Hydrological and meteorological office equipment, spare parts

The expert in operational hydrology left the project in July 1987. Monitoring activities and issue of 10-day bulletins continued. The pilot project activities initiated in 1986 provided support to selected farmers. A new project proposal is under consideration by UNDP for the next cycle.

SIERRA LEONE

Project: Strengthening of the National Meteorological Service (1981-1987) US $1 586 956

To assist in the strengthening and organization of the Department of Meteorology through the improvement of meteorological and agro­ meteorological networks, training of personnel and development of procedures for data collection, archiving and processing, in particular in agrometeorology.

Expert: 1/2 Agrometeorology

Consultants: 1/2 Agrometeorology

UN Volunteers: 1/12 Telecommunications

Fellowships: 1/7 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Telecommunications, workshop office and agrometeorological equipment, radar tower, spare parts, vehicle, data-processing equipment

The senior expert on the project left the country at the end of February after the expiration of his contract and the project was terminated. A one­ year inter-phase project proposal has been submitted to UNDP, aimed at maintaining momentum while awaiting approval of a new project entitled Agrometeorology for Food Production.

ZIMBABWE

Project: Rehabilitation of the Meteorological Service (1982-1987) US $1 826 540 154 ANNEX IV

Training of nationals (Class II) in sufficient numbers to restore level of staffing and permit full operation of the Meteorological Service

Experts: 2/20 Training, forecasting

Training: 1/3 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Teaching material, spare parts, office furniture

The two experts continued to provide training to the second group of Class II trainees. An evaluation mission carried out in May concluded that the project had fully met its objectives.· It was, however, recommended to retain the services of the two experts beyond the termination date· of 31 July· in order to provide on-the-job training to the Class II graduates. A tripartite review meeting held on 1 July expressed satisfaction with the implementation of the project and further endorsed the extension of the contracts of the two experts. Consequently, the Government agreed to extend the experts' contracts until 30 November in order to complete training of the Class II candidates.

REGION II (Asia)

BANGLADESH

Project: Development of Meteorological Services (1985-1989) US $2 041 791

Increase agricultural production, enhance safe and efficient shipping and fishing, improve water­ management practices through the application of specialized meteorological.products and services

Experts: 1/9 Team leaderlagrometeorologist

All project activities were deferred in early February, as decided by the Government. Following repeated requests byWMO through UNDP, an inter-ministerial meeting, chaired by the Planning Commissioner, was held in late August to discuss the future of the project; a senior WMO officer was present. A revised budget with a reduction of the UNDP input of more than 30 per cent and a nearly 50 per cent reduction in government inputs was submitted to the Government for consideration but the present project has been discontinued. ANNEX IV 155

BURMA

Project: Development of River Flood Warning/Forecasting System - Phase II (1986-1990) US $1 056 400

Qbie~t!v~s: To extend the forecasting system developed for Upper Burma during Phase I to Lower Burma

Experts: 1/12 Senior expert in operational hydrology

Fellowships: 1/8 Hydrology

Group training: Tidal hydrometry

Equipment: Project vehicles (3 jeeps, 2 trucks, 1 boat), photocopier, hydrological instruments, microcomputer system, software

Additional rainfall/runoff as well as additional water-level and discharge data were collected during the rainy season to improve flood forecasting. New mathematical models were installed and tested. One gauging station is under construction. An international workshop on tidal hydrometry was held in Rangoon, co-sponsored by the regional UNDP project HOMS (Asia).

CHINA

Project: Development of National Water Resources Data and Technology Transfer Centre (1981-1987) US $480 071

To establish a centre for adaptation and dissemination of modern technology used in operational hydrology

Group training: 2/1 Computer hardware maintenance

Equipment: Computer spare parts

The project is nearing completion. Spare parts for the PDP 11/44 were ordered. Training on hardware maintenance was completed.

Project: Meteorological Prediction for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (1983-1987) US $920 500

To reduce the impact of severe weather phenomena in Hubei province through the provision of a 10-cm weather radar and a computerized telecommunication message-switching system 156 ANNEX IV

Equipment: Computer spare parts

~he project is nearly finished. Equipment provided is in operation.

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE I S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Project: Strengthening ·of Meteorological Services (1982-1988) US $1 400000

To improve weather-forecasting techniques, particularly typhoon and storm tracki.{lg, through the establishment of an HRPT station and training of ·staff

Consultants: 1/4.5 Principal consul tant

Fellowships: 6/36 Satellite meteorology

Graup training! 6/14 Maintenance of hardware, software application

Equipment: Satellite image-processing subsystems

Satellite image-processing subsystems manufactured in the German Democratic Republic and Romania were delivered and installed at the Hydrometeorological Service, Pyongyang. National engineers received training abroad in satellite meteorology and maint,enance ·of equipment. TheGMS and NOAA receiving systems will be delivered in the first half of 1988.

INDIA

Project: Improvement of River and Flood Forecastir).g' System in India - Phase II (1985-19~8) US $260 609

To update and improve the technical infrastructure created under the earlier project

Consultants: 111 Principal consultant, snow hydrology

Subcontract: 212 Study tour on operational hydrology

The transfer of technology through visits of consultants and the provision of a study tour for national personnel in the form of subcontracts with experienced organizations abroad have been carried out. ANNEX IV 157

Project: Advanced Centres of Postgraduate Agricultural Education and Research: Agrometeorology (1986-1991) US $972 000

To establish a Centre of Advanced Studies in Agricultural Meteorology at Pune

Nil

Project activities were delayed due to difficulties in recruiting the key consultant for the overall project of which agrometeorology is one of 12 components.

IRAN

Project: Advisory Services for Agrometeorology and Marine Meteorology (1987-1988) US $32 400

To assess requirements in the fields of agrometeorology and marine meteorology and prepare technical assistance programme

Nil

Implementation of the project is very slow due to difficulties in locating qualified consultants.

IRAQ

Project: Establishment of a Regional Meteorological Training Centre, Baghdad (FIT) (1980-1987) US $2 100 804

To provide equipment for the RMTC

Equipment: Training aids

A substantial amount of equipment, including a computer and a radiosonde station, was provided in previous years; residual funds are used for urgent spare parts.

MONGOLIA

Project: Establishment of a Satellite Data Reception and Processing Centre (1981-1987) US $1 287 800

Qbie~tiv~s: To provide the Hydrometeorological Service of Mongolia with a satellite reception and processing centre and associated training to enable the 158 ANNEX IV

Service to improve the quality of weather and hydrological forecasts

Equipment: HRPT ground station

The project is terminating. The image analysis system was installed in 1985 and the HRPT ground station was installed last October. The system is now in operation.

NEPAL

Project: Agrometeorology and Instrument Maintenance (1982-1988) US $540 370

Qbje~t!.v~s: To provide agrometeorological and climatological information of improved quality and quantity,. train personnel and improve the instrument workshop

Consultant: 1/5 Meteorological instruments

Fellowships: 1/12 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Spare parts and personal computer

The project is terminating. Activities in 1987 concentrated on the establishment of the instruments workshop and training of staff. Another personal computer was provided.

Project: Development of Operational Hydrology Services (1982-1988) US $1 015 800

To develop and strengthen the National Hydrological Service

Experts: 3/34 Chief technical adviser, operational hydrologist, associated hydrologist

Fellowships: 4/21 Hydrological forecasting (2), hydrology (2)

Group training: 15/2 Hydrometeorological measurements and data­ analysis techniques

Equipment: Spare parts, current meters

The main activities of the project during 1987 were concentrated on the storage of hydrological data files on computer and printouts of yearbooks ANNEX IV 159

containing daily values of river stages and discharges, data on sediment, etc.; training of personnel; and improvement of station network.

OMAN

Project: Meteorology, Training and Equipment (1983-1989) US $1 323 308

Qbie~t~v~s: To strengthen the Meteorological Department by providing training to local personnel and establishing a weather radar station

Consultants: 1/1 Meteorological organization

Fellowships: 8/64 Class III (2), general meteorology (2), B.Sc. in meteorology (3), electronic engineering (1)

Equipment: Radar spare parts

The 10-cm weather radar was installed at Masirah Island. Preparation of a development master plan was completed. Six nationals completed their studies: three obtained a university degree, two received Class III meteorological training and one received intermediate training in general meteorology. Two others are continuing their studies for a B.Sc. in meteorology and electronic engineering, respectively.

PAKISTAN

Project: Improvement of River Forecasting and Flood Warning System for the Indus River Basin Phase II (1985-1988) US $305 000 (UNDP) and US $300 000 (FIT)

Development and installation of a complete river and flood forecasting system comprising rainfall and river gauge station, telemetry data collection, rainfall/runoff and flood routeing models, comprehensive training

Consultants: 4/3.4 Principal consultant, hydrometry, modelling and telemetry data collection

Fellowships 1/2 Hydrology

Equipment: Computer system, telecommunication and hydrological equipment 160 ANNEX IV

The principal consultant carried out one mission during the year. The consultant on telecommunications carried out a mission and advised on keeping the telemetry system functioning properly. Computerization of the data base for all short-term and seasonal snowmelt forecast models was completed. A short-term snowmelt forecast model was developed and installed.

Project: Establishment of a Computerized Climatological Data Processing System in Pakistan Meteorological Department ngS7-l989} US $463 000

To computerize the existing climatological section in order to facilitate collection, processing, storage and retrieval of·climatological data; to provide users with more precise and complete information; to train local meteorological staff

Consultant: III Computers

The technical specifications of the computer system to be provided under the project were prepared by the consultant and communicated to potential suppliers.•

Project: Establishment of Agrometeorological Centres In Pakistan (1987-1989) US $467 500

Qbie~tiv~s:: To establish a fully equiped and staffed national agrometeorological centre and four regional c·entres within the framework of the Pakistan Meteorological Department

Consultant: 113 Agrometeorology

Rquipment: Meteorological equipment, office equipment

Preparations for the implementation of the project were made by the consultant and the national counterpart. Most of the equipment was ordered and delivered. Full imp1emeatation is to start in January 1988.

QATAR

Project: Development of Meteorological Services (l983-l9'S8) US $1 701 785 ANNEX IV 161

To advise on the development of a National Meteorological Service with emphasis on services to agriculture and water-resources development, to provide training locally and abroad, and to establish telecommunication and data-processing facilities

Experts: 2/17 Chief technical adviser, meteorological training

Fellowships: 1/4 General meteorology

Equipment: Training aids, spare parts

The computerized facility for meteorological data reception, message switching and processing is in full operation. The training expert left last July. One national has completed his studies abroad.

REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Project: Programme for Strengthening Meteorological Research Activities (1983-1987) US $544 214

Qbie~tiv~s: To develop rainfall-forecasting techniques and models for NWP through research activities using a mobile weather radar

Expert: 1/6 Heavy rainfall analysis and forecasting

Group training: 2/1.5 Factory training on radar operation and maintenance

Equipment: Mobile weather radar with Doppler capacity

A 3-cm wave length mobile weather radar with optional Doppler system was delivered in early May. Expert service was provided on heavy rainfall analyses and forecasting, including the application of radar data. The project terminated at the end of September.

SAUDI ARABIA

Project: National Environmental and Meteorological Centre (1984-1988) US $781 096

Qbie~tiv~s: To provide expert services in synoptic meteorology, education and training, and weather forecasting 162 ANNEX IV

Expert: 1/12 Synoptic meteorology

The project is terminating. On-the-job training was organized by the expert to improve staff capability in weather analysis and forecasting.

VIET NAM

Project:- Strengthening of the Hydrometeorological Service and Typhoon Forecasting (1986-1988) US $1 500 000

To reduce the human and material damage caused by typhoons and floods, and to provide the meteorological and hydrometeorological information needed for the exploitation of natural and agricultural resources

Consultants: 2/13 Chief technical adviser, radio and telecommunications

Fellowships: 10/30 Tropical meteorology, typhoon warning, operation and maintenance of satellite ground systems, satellite meteorology, radar meteorology

Equipment: Satellite ground systems, radio teleprinter system, computerized telecommunication and data­ processing system, fire-fighting equipment, etc.

All the main equipment for the project was ordered and three satellite ground systems and one radio teleprinter system were delivered.

YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC

Project: Development of Meteorological Services (l987-1990) US $657 200

To establish a computerized climatological section and improve meteorological instrument facilities within the Meteorological Department

Expert: 1/2 Meteorological instruments

Consultants: 2/3 Meteorological instruments, telecommunications ANNEX IV 163

Fellowships: 6/34 Agrometeorology, climatology, computers, meteorological instruments, weather forecasting and general meteorology

Equipment: Spare parts, computer system

Training of nationals in different fields and maintenance and repair of equipment are continuing. A computer system was provided for data processing.

REGION III (South America)

BOLIVIA

Project: Agrometeorological Support for Food Production (1987-1990) US $702 000

Support to Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Services

Experts: 1/2 Agrometeorology

Consultants: 2/4 Agrometeorology and hydrology

Fellowships: 2/3 Agrometeorology, organization

Equipment: Books, meteorological equipment

Preliminary assistance was completed and the full project started in late 1987.

BRAZIL

Project: Agrometeorological Support to the National Programme of Irrigation (1987-1989) US $379 500

Provide agrometeorological information to the newly created Ministry of Irrigation

Experts: 1/12 Agrometeorology

Consultants: 3/2.5 Agrometeorology, hydrology, climatology

Fellowships: 2/4 Agrometeorology

Group training: International workshop on agrometeorology and irrigation 164 ANNEX IV

Agrometeorological and hydrological studies for irrigation purposes are well advanced. Training activities have been intensive, including an international workshop on agrometeorology for irrigation.

ECUADOR

Project: Meteorology and Hydrology for Agricultural Development (1986-1988) US $482 500

Support to Meteorological and Hydrometeorological Services

Consultants: . 3/3 Instruments, climatology, agrometeorology

Fellowships: 5/19 Agrometeorology, meteorology

Group training: Course in agrometeorology

Equipment: Meteorological and hydrological equipment, sediment samplers, laboratory equipment, field vehicles

Preparation of the design of the network, review of the needs for laboratories and workshops, initiation of agrometeorological studies and publication of an agrometeorological bulletin. Purchase of equipment, including three vehicles which facilitate network inspection

PERU

Project: Hyarology, Climatology and Agrometeorology (1982-1986) US $1 181 564

Improvement of the hydrological and climatological network in the Amazon Basin and agrometeorological studies in the whole country

Equipment: Meteorological equipment, hydrological equipment, spare parts

The project was successfully completed in 1986. In 1987, the only activity was the purchase of equipment through a cost-sharing arrangement.

SURINAME

Project: Meteorology (1985-1988) US $285 000 ANNEX IV 165

Development of the national Meteorological Service

Consultants: 2/2 Agrometeorology, instruments

Fellowships: III Meteorology

Equipment: Computer equipment, spare parts

After tests of compatibility with CLICOM, a new computer system was purchased. A plan for agrometeorological activities was prepared with the assistance of a consultant. Plans for installing a workshop laboratory were prepared with the help of one consultant while another reviewed progress in agrometeorological activities.

URUGUAY

Project: Development of Agrometeorological Services (1987-1990) US $90 000

Assist in the development of agrometeorology

Fellowships: 2/1.5 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Computer peripherals, spare parts

Project started with the implementation of two fellowships and a mission by a WMO officer to prepare a work plan

Project: Hydrology for Development (1987-89) US $211 000

Improvement of hydrological services

Experts: 1/6 Hydrology (TCDC)

Consultants: 2/1.5 Data processing, sediments

Fellowships: 4/3 Hydrology, environment studies

Equipment: Computer and peripherals, hydrological equipment, sediment samplers, books

A detailed plan for the development of hydrology was prepared. The needs in data processing were analysed and a computer was purchased. A plan for sediment measurements and modelling was prepared. 166 ANNEX IV

VENEZUELA

Project: Strengthening of Meteorological Activities (1984-1987) US $1 266 233

Improvement of the national Meteorological Service

Experts: 1111 Meteorology

Consultants: 212 Computer hardware and software, instruments

Fellowships: 2/6 Meteorology, telecommunications

Equipment: Computer hardware and software, spare parts, instruments, laboratory and workshop

Improvement and automation of the RTH Maracay, an integrated project with VCP and bilateral support; installation of a meteorological radar for the Caracas valley (which is expected to be installed in 1988); two upper-air stations; mechanization of climatological data processing through a CLICOM system; improvement of workshops and laboratories; specialized training related to project activities

Project: Hydrometeorological Support to Development Programmes (1986-88) US $740 437

Support to hydrometeorological activities

Experts: 4/37 Network operation, hydrology, agrometeorology

Consultants: 2/1. 5 Data processing, water quality

Fellowships: 213 Hydrology

Equipment: Meteorological and hydrological equipment, spare parts

Main activities are strengthening of network infrastructure, collection of agrometeorological information and extension of hydrological forecasting activities. Good progress was made in all three activities in 1987.

REGION IV (North and Central America)

COSTA RICA

Project~ Agrometeorology (1982-1987) US $339 615 ANNEX IV 167

Agrometeorological studies

Consultants: 4/4 Agrometeorology, wind climatology

The project was completed by the end of 1986. The only activity in 1987 was the completion of four national consultant missions.

Project: Agrometeorology (Phase II) (1987-1990) US $180 000

Continue the agrometeorological studies

Consultants: 1/0.5 Agrometeorology

Fellowships: 4/8 Agrometeorology

Equipment: Agrometeorological equipment, computer peripherals, spare parts

The project started in mid-1987 and continues the studies started in the first phase. The main study has been on the agrometeorology of flower production. The project also contributed to the upgrading of the computer facilities at the National Meteorological Institute.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Project: Optimization of the Water Resources of the Yaque del Sur River Basin and Upgrading of the National Hydrometric Network (1987-1990) US $327 300

Support to the hydrological activities of the National Institute for Water Resources

Consultants: 111 Hydrology

Equipment: Hydrological equipment, field vehicles, books, spare parts

The project began in late 1987 with the appointment of the principal consultant and the purchase of some equipment.

GUATEMALA

Project: Hydrometeorological Activities for National Development (1987-1989) US $315 250 168 . ANNEX IV

Support to meteorological, agrometeorological and hydrological activities of the National Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (INSlVUMEH)

Experts: 1/4 Agrometeorology, 1/3 data processing (UN Volunteer)

Consultants: 1/1 Hydrometeorology

Equipment: Data processing, agrometeorological and hydrological equipment

The project began in mid-1987 with the appointment of the expert in agrometeorology. Main initial activities were in the field of agrometeorology and data processing.

HAITI

Project: Strengthening of the National Meteorological Service (1983-1988) US $580 588

Install a network of synoptic and' climatological stations and improve support capabilities of the national Meteorological Service

Experts: 2/2 Meteorology (chief technical adviser), meteorological training (associate expert)

Fellowships: 4/17 Meteorology

Equipment: Motorcycles, training aids, spare parts, books

The project was aimed at providing Haiti with a national Meteorological Service capable of providing data and information for users in the fields of agriculture, aviation and tourism. The network of observing stations was re-established, data analysis and processing systems were introduced, and an extensive training programme was implemented. Five main meteorological stations have been installed and a plan for establishing a telecommunications system was prepared. The project finished in early 1987 and only training will continue in 1988.

HONDURAS

Project: Meteorology and Hydrology for Development (1982-1988) US $547 968 ANNEX IV 169

Development of the national Meteorological Service

Fellowships: 4/26 Meteorology

The project was completed in 1986 and achieved its objective of strengthening the national Meteorological Service. Training activities will continue in 1988.

Project: Improvement of the Meteorological Network (1986-87) US $15 946

Purchase of equipment for improving the network operation

Equipment: Spare parts, meteorological equipment, books

Orders were placed for the equipment provided through a trust-fund arrangement

JAMAICA

Project: Flood-plain Mapping (1985-1988) US $559 400*

Mapping of flood-prone areas to minimize loss of life and property

Expert: 1/12 Hydrology, 1/12 hydraulics (UN Volunteer), 1/5 hydrometeorology (Japanese associate expert)

Consultants: 3/3 Hydrometeorology, hydrological forecasting, public information

Equipment: Flow forecasting system, computer software

The project is co-financed by the USA through VCP and bilateral co-operation. Japan provides an associate expert. The project has made good progress in collecting the information needed for flood-plain mapping and the first maps have been completed.

Project: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programme following Hurricane Kate Disaster (1986-1987) US $176 958

* Including Japan, USA and VCP contributions 170 ANNEX IV

An evaluation mission was conducted.

This Government-executed project, in which WMO is associate agency, is aimed at reconstructing the area destroyed by Hurricane Kate. WMO-supported activities have not started and it has been recommended to merge this project with the one for flood-plain mapping.

NICARAGUA

Project: Rehabilitation of the National Meteorological Service (1983-1986) US $681 968

Qbje~t~v~s: Rehabilitate the meteorological network and upgrade support activities of the national Meteorological and Hydrological Service

Fellowships: 5/6 Meteorology

Equipment: Meteorological equipment

The project, which had as its primary objective rehabilitation of the national Meteorological Service, was completed by the end of 1986. Some training activities were extended into 1987.

SAINT LUCIA

Project: Strengthening of the National Meteorological Service

Qbje~t~.v~s : Support to meteorological activities

Consultants: 1/0.5 Agrometeorology (sectoral support)

Fellowships: 1/4 Instruments

Equipment: Wind- and pressure-measuring equipment, spare parts and supplies

A WMO mission analysed the needs for development of the Meteorological Service and drafted plans for the execution of this small but important project. ANNEX IV 171

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Project: Strengthening of the National Meteorological Service (1984-1990) US $333 100

Establishment of a data-processing facility, upgrading of facilities at the Meteorological Service and training

Consultants: III Data processing

Fellowships: 2/13 Climatology

Equipment: Peripherals, spare parts, automatic stations

Installation of a CLICOM system and procurement of agrometeoro1ogical automatic stations started during the year.

REGION V (South-West Pacific)

INDONESIA

Project: Meteorological Programme for Increased Food Production (1983-1988) US $589 506

To improve agricultural meteorological operations

Fellowships: 4/21 Tropical meteorology (2), agrometeorology, acid rain study

The project is terminating. Fellowships are continuing.

Project: Real-time Data Collection System for Operational Hydrology (1987-1990) US $946 500

To establish self-sufficiency at the Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Bandung, in all aspects of real-time hydrological data collection including technically trained staff, as institutional framework for operation of telemetry systems, maintenance and repair facilities

Experts: 1/4 Senior technical adviser

Consultant: 2/2 Computers, telemetry 172 ANNEX IV

Fellowships: 4121 Tropical meteorology (2), agrometeorology, acid rain study

Equipment: Vehicle, office equipment

Implementation of the project started during the second half of 1987. Specifications for telemetry and computer systems were prepared.

MALAYSIA

Project: Agrometeorology (Phase II) (1987-1991) US $394 000

To improve the agrometeorologicalprogramme initiated during the first phase

Consultant: 1/2 Agrometeorology

The project was approved in 1982 but its implementation was postponed by the Government. A revised requirement was prepared by the consultant incorporating the equipment and training requirements.

REGION VI (Europe)

ALBANIA

Project: Computerized Data Collection and Processing System for Hydro-Energy.and Management of the River Drin (1987-1991) US $273 400

To establish a pilot system for real-time telemetry, to develop software for optimal water management in reservoirs and electricity production, to establish a scientific information centre and to train local staff

Nil

Activities under the project will commence in 1988.

CYPRUS

Proj'ect: Improvement of Hydrological Data Acquisition and Processing (1984-1987) US $100 000

Improvement of the system for monitoring and assessing water resources in Cyprus ANNEX IV 173

Equipment: Spare parts for sediment laboratory

Subcontract: Data processing, planning of network

The project is terminating; activities by the subcontractor are completed.

HUNGARY

Project: Development of Background Air-pollution Monitoring Network (1987~1990) US $190 000

To enhance the capability of Hungarian background air-pollution observation stations, to improve the accuracy of air-pollution measurement, to train personnel and to assist government bodies responsible for environmental management and pollution control through the provision of information obtained from the monitoring stations

Group training: 4/1 Familiarization with air-pollution recording devices and up-to-date data handling

Equipment: Background pollution monitoring equipment

Implementation of the project will start in early 1988 following the delivery of the equipment and its installation.

PORTUGAL

Project: Strengthening of Meteorological Services - Phase II (1986-1988) US $43 616

To provide short-term consu1tancies and fellowships as required by the Service, with main effort concentrating on radar and satellite meteorology

Fellowships: 4/1.5 Training courses on satellite meteorology and computers

A number of staff members of the national Meteorological Service attended workshops and seminars on satellite meteorology and meteorological telecommunications. The remaining conSUltancy and fellowships will be implemented during 1988. 174 ANNEX IV

II. INTER-COUNTRY PROGRAMMES

AFRICA (Region I)

Project: Programme for Strengthening the Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services of the Sahelian Countries and Establishment of a Centre for Training and Applications of AgrometeorologylOperational Hydrology (AGRHYMET) (1975-1987) US $52 000 000 (including contributions in kind)

Regional co-ordination of strengthening national Agrometeorological and Hydrological Services in the Sahel; training national personnel in agrometeorology, operational hydrology and instrument maintenance and repair; developing regional and national advisory information services for application of agrometeorological and hydrological advice to enable increase in food production and warning of food shortage

Experts: 9/72 Director of Centre, technical advisor, director of training, agronomist (FAO), instructor in hydrology, programmers (2), hydrologist

Experts (TF): 11/98 Administrative officer, instructor in instruments (3), director of operational activities, chief of Data Analysis Division, agroclimatologist (2), documentalist, translator, programmer

Consultants: 416 Hydrological data management, hydrological training

Associate experts: 4/26 Agronomists, hydrologists

Equipment: Hydrological and meteorological instruments, laboratory and workshop equipment and materials, office equipment and supplies, data processing and data-bank equipment and materials, publications, spare parts, consumables

Following the formulation of Phase III of the AGRHYMET programme, the Executive Committee and the Co-ordinating Advisory Committee of the programme approved the objectives and activities to be carried out during the period 1987-1991. The emphasis was laid on the development and implementation of practical and operational applications of agrometeorological and ANNEX IV 175

hydrological data to agriculture .. The donors to the programme have indicated their support in terms of funding the major activities to be carried out both at the regional centre and in the national projects. It was estimated that approximately US $50 000 000 would be required to implement the Phase III activities of the programme.

The routine activities concerning national and regional monitoring of the agricultural situation in the countries continued and the regional centre published regular la-day bulletins (including telexed bulletins) and monthly hydrological bulletins. The training courses in hydrology, agrometeorology and instruments were also continued. Activities related to the development of the data bank at the regional centre and within the national Services were carried out on a continuous basis. A technical meeting of specialists from the CILSS countries was convened in May 1987 to review the operational procedures applicable for the monitoring and assessment of the growing season.

Project: Hydrological Forecasting System for the River Niger Basin (HYDRONIGER) (1978-1987) US $6 812 633

To assist the riparian countries of the Niger River Basin in protecting life and property by increasing the safety and regularity of river navigation and by improving the planning and execution of agricultural programmes and the output of hydroelectric power facilities.

Experts: 1/9 Data processing

Subcontract: Installation and maintenance of hydrological equipment in Nigeria

Fellowships: 3/24 Hydrology, data processing

Equipment: Spare parts, office furniture, consumables, data­ processing equipment, hydrological equipment

The installation of all the data-collection platforms comprising the network of 65 stations was completed with the installation of the remaining stations in Nigeria in May 1987. The forecasting model was improved during 1987 and used on a real-time basis to test its validity. The monitoring and maintenance of the data­ collection platforms were carried out by the 176 ANNEX IV

project staff and the national authorities. The project activities were hampered by internal difficulties encountered by the Niger Basin AuthoFityin supporting the staff recruited for the project and in providing the operating costs to the International Forecasting Centre.

A new project proposal has been submitted to UNDP (US $2 000 000) to continue project activities during the period 1987-1991 with a view to consolidating the gauging network, training technical staff and disseminating the forecasts to national Hydrological Services.

Project: Institute for Meteorological Training and Research, Nairobi (1980-1986) US $1 470 970

Training staff of all categories for English­ speaking countries in Africa.

Experts: 1/9 Data processing

Fellowships: 2/4 Computer maintenance

Equipment: - Office equipment, data-processing equipment, spare parts, teaching material, vehicle

Implementation-of project activities continued satisfactorily during the year, utilizing 1986 savings. The training and research components also continued to make satisfactory progress. The data-processing expert continued to work with the counterpart staff in preparing software and-other documents required for the full use of the computer. Some peripheral equipment was purchased. Proposals were submitted to UNDP early in the year for an 18-month extension of the project in order to permit implementation of the remaining project activities.

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC (Regions II and V)

Project: Regional Co-operation in the Development of' Meteorological and Hydrological Services in Asia (Umbrella Project) (1980-1987) US $967 343

To assist Meteorological and Hydrological Services in developing countries in Asia and the Pacific to participate more fully in the regional programmes of WMO, and to encourage the participation of the least-developed countries in these programmes ANNEX IV 177

Consultants: 4/4 Coconut production prediction, solar radiation, urban climatology

Fellowships: 4/15 Meteorological instruments, electronic engineering, meteorology

Group training: Automated data processing, air pollution, economic benefits of meteorology, tropical meteorology, meteorological instruments, satellite meteorology, applied meteorology

Efforts have been made to make full use of the limited funds left over under this project to meet urgent needs in consultancy services and training activities in a variety of subjects. The project is now coming to an end.

Project: Regional Development and Application of Components of HaMS in Asia (1981-1987) US $755 200

To support the development and applications of HaMS in the participating countries

Group training: Hydrological data processing (17), tidal hydrometry (3)

Subcontract: Applications of HaMS component

The project is terminating. A workshop with 17 participants from seven countries was organized in Suva, Fiji, in July. Financial assistance was provided to enable three persons to participate in the Tidal Hydrometry Workshop held in Rangoon in November.

Project: Users' Manual for the ASEAN Climatic Atlas and Compendium of Climatic Statistics (1986-1988) US $178 000

To assist users of climatic data in the ASEAN region to fully utilize the existing ASEAN Climatic Atlas and Compendium of Climatic Statistics for climatological applications

Consultants: 3/3.5 Climatic statistics, agrometeorology, energy use and environmental studies

The consultants incorporated the information from the results of the users' questionnaires distributed in each of the ASEAN countries into the draft text of the Manual. A climate 178 ANNEX IV

supplement for Brunei Darussalam will be incorporated into the Manual.

Project: Support to the Regional Tropical Cyclone Programme in the South Pacific (1987-1990) US $1 000 000

Mitigation of disastrous effects of tropical cyclones in the South Pacific

Consultants: 2/5.5 Chief technical adviser, meteorologist

Group training: Tropical-cyclone analysis and forecasting

A detailed draft work plan was prepared, as well as proposals for the institutional framework and equipment to be procured under the project. A workshop on tropical-cyclone analysis and forecasting was organized in Nadi, Fiji, followed by on-the-job training. An operational planning meeting was also held in Nadi.

Project: Programme Support to the Typhoon Committee (1987-1990) US $1 000 000

Mitigation of disastrous effects of typhoons

Consultants: 5/7 Telecommunications and electronics, satellite data reception, computer network

Fellowships: 7/16.5 Meteorological instruments, computer telecommunications, software for radar/satellite data processing

Equipment: Inspection kits

Subcontracts: Preparation of manual and guidelines for com­ prehensive flood-loss prevention and management by ESCAP

China again sponsored a study tour on tropical­ cyclone forecasting for meteorologists from five Members of the Typhoon Committee. Hong Kong provided WMO Class IV training to nationals of the Philippines and Thailand. Japan agreed to offer advisory services to Malaysia on the AMeDAS system and to organize a study group on typhoon­ forecasting techniques for forecasters from China, Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam. Two roving missions were organized to visit Members of the Typhoon Committee concerning upgrading satellite data reception facilities to meet the requirements of the new GMS transmission scheme, and computerization of typhoon monitoring and forecasting systems. ANNEX IV 179

Project: Programme Support to the Panel on Tropical Cyclones for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea (1987-1990) US $1 000 000

Mitigation of disastrous effects of tropical cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea

Experts: 1/12 Telecommunications and electronics

Consultants: 2/1.5 Storm surge, oceanography and marine meteorology

Fellowships: 2/6 Meteorological instruments

Group training: Storm surge

Equipment: Magnetrons, publications, spare parts

A storm surge workshop was held in Calcutta, India, co-sponsored by two other regional tropical cyclone projects in East Asia and the South Pacific.

ARAB STATES (Regions I and II)

Project: Regional Development and Application of Components of HOMS in the Arab States (1984-1987) US $400 000

Strengthen the capability of national and regional institutions in charge of water-resources management by the regional exchange of hydrological technology and training national personnel in application of the relevant hydrological technology

Consultants: 1/0.6 Evaluation

Group training Drought and low flows, secondary processing of groundwater hydrological data

Equipment: Microcomputer network, software for groundwater assessment

An evaluation mission was carried out jointly by UNDP and WMO early in the year. Lecture notes for the workshops in Arabic and English were distributed to all Arab countries. New software and a microcomputer network were ordered for the Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (ACSAD) to improve its ability in hydrological data processing and numerical modelling. 180 ANNEX IV

THE AMERICAS (Regions III and IV)

Project: Caribbean Operational Hydrology Institute (CMI/COHI), English-speaking Caribbean (1982-1987) US $428 934

Training in operational hydrology

Experts: 1/12 Operational hydrology (Netherlands associate expert)

Equipment: Hydrological equipment spare parts

The project was completed in 1986 and succeeded in establishing a major training centre in hydrology as well as in assisting the participating countries in their operational hydrology operations. A few activities continued in 1987 as a bridge to a second phase of the project

Project: Hydrological Forecasting and HOMS (in the Central American Isthmus and Andean Countries) (1983-1987) US $197 912

. Application of HOMS, in particular to hydrological forecasting

The only activity pending is the purchase and installation of a computer at the regional centre in Bogota which awaits payment of a cost-sharing contribution

Project: Installation of a Radar for the Prevention of the Effects of Hurricanes (1985-1988) (Dominican. Republic, Haiti) ECU 1 500 000

Installation of a meteorological radar and related training

Expert: 1/11 Meteorological training

Fellowships: 2/2 Meteorological radars

Equipment: Meteorological radar

The meteorological radar is under construction and is expected to be installed in early 1988. The expert in meteorological training was selected and commenced duties in Haiti early in 1987. ANNEX IV 181

Project: Hydrological Data Processing in the Caribbean (CMI/COHI Phase II) (1987-1989) US $428 934

Implement a hydrological data collection and processing unit in the Caribbean

Expert: 1/2 Data processing

Consultants: III Hydrology (principal consultant)

Equipment: Hydrological equipment, climatological equipment, spare parts

Project implementation started in 1987. During his mission, the principal consultant prepared a detailed plan of activities. This project is the second phase of the CMI/COHI project (see above).

Project: Improvement of the Hurricane Warning System 1n the Caribbean (1987-1990) US $1 012 350

Based on recommendations of the RA IV Hurricane Committee, to enable Members in the area to revise and update their warning systems, improving as far as possible the observing and tracking networks

Consultants: 2/2 Project co-ordinator, radar technology

Equipment: Meteorological and hydrological equipment

This integrated UNDP/VCP project started in late 1987 with a survey on the need for improving the hurricane warning system. Quotations were obtained for the refurbishing of six radars purchased 15 years ago under anotherWMO/UNDP project and are being analysed. Placement of the order is expected in 1988

Project: Basin Management in Central America (1987-1988) US $110 645

To assist the Central American Institute for Tropical Agriculture Research and Training (CATIE) in its basin-management programme

Experts: 1/7 Data processing 182 ANNEX IV

The expert, appointed through a trust-fund arrangement, assisted CATIE in the implementation of a data base for the basic managment project in Central America, which is funded by US/AID.

EUROPE (Region VI)

Project: Regional Development and Application of HOMS Components in the Field of Applications of Hydrology to Energy Production (1985-1988) US $120 000

To support the development and application of HOMS components applicable to energy production

Group training: Flood forecasting sequence, storage and management of hydrological data, river pollution forecasting

Equipment: New HOMS components

Three workshops on transfer of technologies and two meetings of the technical committee under the project were held in 1987. New HOMS components were also ordered from a participating Member of the project.

III. INTERREGIONAL PROGRAMMES

SOFTWARE HELP FOR APPLICATIONS, RESEARCH AND EDUCATION (SHARE)

Project: Co-ordinated programme to transfer computer programmes and expertise from developed countries to developing countries. UNDP contribution - US $150 000; VCP(F) contribution - US $150 000 per year in 1986 and 1987; United States contribution - three fellowships per year. Software contribution from Brazil, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States

To prepare a library of software that will be available to developing countries by converting software already being used in developed countries; to maintain the software and provide updates to users as necessary; to train fellows from developing countries in the operation and maintenance of the software; to deliver and install the software ANNEX IV 183

A contract was signed with the Co-operative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) at Colorado State University to convert software available in the United States. Participants from Brazil, China and Niger have been sent to CIRA for 12 months on fellowships provided by the United States to work on the programmes. Graphics/ plotting software from Ireland was installed 1n Brazil and Turkey. The Federal Republic of Germany started work on telecommunications software for super microcomputers. Brazil started work on software for personal computers and arranged for a workshop on PC software to be held in Brasilia in December. ANNEX V

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WMO VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME

1. MEMBERS I CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WMO VOLUNTARY CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME IN 1987

VCP FOND(F) CONTRIBUTIONS VCP EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES VCP(ES) INCLUDING FELLOWSHIPS CONTRIBUTED IN 1987 IN US$ MEMBER

FUNDS FELLOWSHIPS ESTIMATED RECEIVED EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES (NUMBER FELLOWS I VALUE OF VCP(ES) IN 1987 MONTHS TRAINING) CONTRIBUTIONS

I (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) I

! ARGENTINA 1/4 5 000 I I

BELGIUM 2/9 10 900

I BRAZIL Expert services for RTH automation in 2 000 Region III ,

BRITISH Expert services for the ANMET regional 8 000 CARIBBEAN circuit and storage of spare parts at TERRITORIES the Caribbean Meteorological Institute

BURMA 500 (1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5 )

BYELORUSSIAN Equipment and fellowships (implementation SOVIET arrangements are made by the USSR State SOCIALIST Committee for Hydrometeorology and Control REPUBLIC of Natural Environment)

, CANADA Expert services for the overhauling of 20 000 hydrogen generator, provision of spare parts and tools

CHINA Ethiopia OB/1/2/2 - Improvement of upper- III 22 500 air observing network Ethiopia TE/4/1/1 - Equipment for facsimile reception at Addis Ababa Mozambigue OB/1/2/3 - OB/1/2/4 - Supply of I two automatic radiosonde stations c:::: Nepal TE/2/1/2 - Telecommunication link between Kathmandu and Lhasa Nigeria OB/2/2/1 - Upgrading of surface observing stations network Tunisia OB/2/3/1 - Surface observing equipment for synoptic netowork Uganda TE/4/1/1 - Improvement of RTH reception at NMC Entebbe Zambia OB/1/2/5 - Upper-air stations

COLOMBIA 418 13 600

COSTA RICA 11/37 49 300 ...... co EGYPT 4/16 20 000 U1 ..... OJ (1) (2 ) (3) (4) (5 ) 0'\

ETHIOPIA 4/4 10 000

FINLAND I Zambia ,OB/1/2/6 - Upper-air equipment for 2/2 605 000 Lusaka

FRANCE 8 649 * INiger QB/2/3/1 - Automatic weather station 4/4 322 000 and s\.1~face-wind measuring equipment Syrian:Arab ReEublic OB/3/4/1 - Spare parts for APj/WEFAX station Togo OB/2/2/1 - Supply of two portable standa~d barometers Togo WaP/2/1/1 - Strengthening of the national Meteorological Service (CLICOM project:) ~ c::: GERMANY, FEDERAL I IKenya TE/6/1 - Data-collection platforms 325 000 REPUBLIC OF Sudan IE/1/1/6 - Data-collection platfoJmls Venezuela TE/5/2/2 - RTH Maracay teleco~unications

Elements of software, participation in system design and training of operators for computer message-switching systems

Expert services in telecommunications

----r- HONG KONG 2/6 8 400

* As 1986 contribution (1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5)

HUNGARY 2117 15 900

INDIA 4/24 33 600

ITALY 212 5 000

IRELAND 6 910 .. Expert services for RTH software 3/9 17 600 development (plotting module)

! JAMAICA 2 000 I JAPAN 45 000 c:::

MEXICO Expert services for the CEMET regional 25 000 circuit Translation into Spanish of the manual on upper-air wind measurement using GMS system and distribution to Spanish- speaking countries of South America

NETHERLANDS 43 122

NETHERLANDS 500 ANTILLES

I-' CXl -...J .. As 1986 contribution D-' co (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) co

NIGER 4/24 ;WOOO

NORWAY 10 470 11 168

PAKISTAN 498

PANAMA Expert services for the CEMET 3 400 regionql circuit

PHILIPPINES 8179 74 600

PORTUGAL 1/6 6 700 ~ c:::

SENEGAL 212 5 000

UKRAINIAN SOVIET Equipm~nt and fellowships SOCIALIST (imple~entation arrangements REPUBLIC are made by the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Cop.trol of Natural Environment)

UNION OF SOVIET Angola: OB/1/2l4 - Improvement of upper- 671674 1 246 800 SOCIALIST air station at Luanda REPUBLICS Guinea, OB/l/2/l - OB/2/2/1 - Strengthening of national Meteorological Service Mozambique OB/lO/l/1 - Re-establishment of the, ozone-measuring network (l) (2) (3 ) (4) (5)

UNITED KINGDOM 32 520 British Caribbean Territories WCP/2/l/l - 33/128 1 170 000 Acquisition of a CLICOM system Ghana OB/2/2/1 - Precision aneroid barometers for synoptic stations Jordan TE/4/2/3 - MSS software for computer system at NMC Amman Liberia WCP/2/l/l - Data archive management Peru TE/5/1 - Automation of the functions of NMC Lima Seychelles OB/4/2/1 - Consultancy mission for weather radar installation Seychelles WCP/2/l/l - Microcomputer for climatological purposes Sierra Leone WCP/2/l/l - Acquisition of a CLICOM system Sudan DP/l/2/l - Minicomputer for climatological data processing I Vanuatu OB/l/3/l - Acquisition of a hydrogen c::: generator Vanuatu WCP/2/l/l - Computer for Meteorological Service CLICOM project

UNITED STATES 100 000 Bahamas OB/3/3/1 - APT/WEFAX satellite data 38/158 1 900 000 OF AMERICA receiving station Barbados TE/4/l/l - Assistance to Caribbean Meteorological Institute Barbados DP/l/2/l - Assistance to Caribbean Meteorological Institute British Caribbean Territories OB/2/3/2 - Automatic meteorological stations Chile WCP/2/l/l - Strengthening of the climatological service Costa Rice TE/2/1/4 - CEMET meteorological I-' telecommunication co Costa Rica WCP/2/l/l - Acquisition of a 1.0 CLICOM system I-' ID (1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5) 0

UNITED STATES Gabon OB/1/2/2 - Electrolytic bydrogen OF AMERICA generabor for ~ibreville (contd. ) Guyana iTE/2/1/1 - Point-to-point circuit Georgetown/Paramaribo Honduras WCP/211/1 - ~cqu.isit:ion of a C~ICOM system. Liberia OB/3/1/1 - Establishment of an APT/WEEAX stat~on Nepal OB/3/1/4 - APT/WEFAX receiving equipment Peru OS/10/1/1 - Automatic Dobson spectro~ photometer Surinaroe OB/3/1/1 - Replacement of APT/WEFAX equipm~nt at NMC Paramaribo (Zanderij) Suriname TE/4/1/1 - Telecommunication terminal equipment Uruguat OB/3/1/3 - Replacement of APT/WEFAX equipment at Montevideo i Venezuela TE/l/211 - National telecommun.i- <: cation'network Venezu,la TE/5/2/1 - RTH Maracay telecommunications Venezuela TE/5/2 - CALCOMP writer (plotter) Venezuela WCP/2/l/1 - Installation of a CL:tCOMlcomp\lter system

TOTAL 241 917 5 956 468

Total fund,s received 1968-1987 7 180 892

Total estimated value VCP (ES) contributions 1968-1987 82 624 868 ANNEX V 191

II. MEMBERS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO VCP ON A BILATERAL BASIS IN 1987

MEMBER CONTRIBUTIONS IN 1987

FEDERAL Bolivia - VAX II microcomputer for telecommunication REPUBLIC OF purposes GERMANY Syrian Arab Republic - Supplies for surface observation instruments

UNITED KINGDOM British Caribbean Territories - Test equipment, technical books, wind-measuring system Kenya - Facsimile transmitters and spare parts, one morse converter and spare parts Malawi - Education aids Senegal - Wind-finding radar spare parts and recommissioning of radar Uganda - Surface observing instruments, teleprinters, tools and instrument spare parts Vanuatu - Hydrogen generator, radiosondes and balloons for upper-air observations

III. UNEP CONTRIBUTIONS IN SUPPORT OF VCP PROJECTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BAPMoN STATIONS IN 1987

MEMBER STATION EQUIPMENT PROVIDED IN 1987 WITH UNEP FUNDS

HONG KONG Yuen Ng Fan Sunphotometer High-volume air sampler Precipitation collector (Project being completed)

MONGOLIA Terelzh High-volume air sampler balance Sunphotometer (Project being completed)

URUGUAY Precipitation collector Sunphotometer (High-volume air sampler will be sent when funds are available) ANN E X VI

COMMITTEES, PANELS OF EXPERTS, WORKING GROUPS AND RAPPORTEURS OF WMO CONSTITUENT BODIES

(on 31 December 1987)

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

Panel of Experts on Education and Training Panel of Experts on the WMO Voluntary Co-operation Programme (VCP) Panel of Experts/CAS Working Group on Environmental Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry Panel of Experts on Satellites Panel of Experts/CAS Working Group on Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Working Group on Antarctic Meteorology Working Group on Long-term Planning Working Group on Accidental Release of Hazardous Materials Advisory Committee for the World Climate Applications and Data Programmes Joint WMO/ICSU Scientific Committee on the World Climate Research Programme Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee for the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS)

In addition to the above, the following bodies also report to the Executive Council:

Regular meetings of the presidents of WMO technical commissions Selection Committee for the IMO Prize Selection Committee for the WMO Research Award for Young Scientists Selection Committee for the Norbert Gerbier - Mumm Award Staff Pension Committee of WMO Selection Committee for the Professor Dr Vilho Vaisala Award Intergovernmental TOGA Board

REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

Regional Association I (Africa)

Working Group on Regional WWW Systems Planning, Co-ordination and Implementation: Rapporteur on Regional Meteorological Telecommunications Rapporteur on Regional Observing Systems Rapporteur on Regional Data-processing Systems Rapporteur on Regional Codes RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South-West Indian Ocean Working Group on Climate Data Working Group on Research in Tropical Meteorology Working Group on Hydrology ANNEX VI 193

Rapporteur on Radiation Rapporteur on Meteorological Aspects of Energy Problems Rapporteur on Weather Modification Rapporteurs on Agricultural Meteorology and Desertification (3) Rapporteurs on Marine Meteorological Services in RA I (2) Rapporteur on Education and Training Matters

Regional Association II (Asia)

Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology: Rapporteur on Agroclimatology of the Ground-nut Crop Rapporteur on Agroclimatology of the Banana Crop Rapporteur on Agroclimatic Zoning Rapporteur on Drought and Desertification Working Group on Hydrology Rapporteur on Radiation Rapporteur on the Use of Satellite Data Rapporteur on Regional Storage and Retrieval Services Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteurs on Regional Aspects of the World Climate Programme: Rapporteur on Energy Rapporteur on Urban and Building Climatology Rapporteur on Climate and Human Health Rapporteur on Climate Data Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone Rapporteur on Regional Marine Meteorological Services

Regional Association III (South America)

Working Group on Regional Aspects of the World Weather Watch (WWW) Working Group on Solar Radiation Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications Working Group on the World Climate Programme: Rapporteur on Climate Data Management Rapporteur on Applications of Meteorology to Energy Rapporteur on Urban and Building Climatology Rapporteur on Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Variations and Changes Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology Working Group on Hydrology Rapporteur on Regional Meteorological Satellite Matters Rapporteur on Regional Aspects of the GDPS Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on the Climatic Atlas for Region III Rapporteur on Marine Meteorological Services in RA III

Regional Association IV (North and Central America)

Working Group on Solar Radiation Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications RA IV Hurricane Committee Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology Working Group on Hydrology 194 ANNEX VI

Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on Climatological Time Series Rapporteur on Climatic Applications and Impacts Rapporteur on the Climatic Atlas for Region IV Rapporteur on Urban and Building Climatology Rapporteur on Marine Meteorological Services

Regional Association V (South-West Pacific)

Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific Working Group on Hydrology Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on Climate Data Management Rapporteur on Urban and Building Climatology Rapporteur on the Monitoring of Trace Atmospheric Constituents Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone Rapporteurs in Agricultural Meteorology: Rapporteur on the Coconut Crop Rapporteur on Bananas Rapporteur on Fire Weather

Regional Association VI (Europe)

Working Group on the Co-ordination of the Implementation and Operation of the WWW in Region VI Working Group on Co-ordination of Requirements for Numerical Products Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications Working Group on Climate Data Management Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology Working Group on Hydrology Rapporteur on the Use of Satellite Data Rapporteur on Radiation Rapporteur on Radar Meteorology Rapporteur on Codes Rapporteur on Applications 6f Meteorology to Energy Rapporteur on Climatic Atlases Rapporteur on the Climate of the Baltic Sea Basin Rapporteur on Integrated Background Monitoring Systems Rapporteur on a Common System of Marine Forecast Areas in the Mediterranean Sea

TECHNICAL COMMISSIONS

Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology

Advisory Working Group of the Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology Working Group on Meteorological Observations and Information Distribution Arrangements for Local Aeronautical Users Working Group on the Provision of Meteorological Information Required Before and During Flight Working Group on Advanced Techniques Applied to Aeronautical Meteorology ANNEX VI 195

Commission for Agricultural Meteorology

Advisory Working Group of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology Working Group on Practical Methods to Transfer Knowledge and Techniques for Crop and Livestock Production and Protection and for Yield Assessment Working Group on the Practical Use of Agrometeorological Data and Information for Planning and Operational Activities in all Aspects of Agriculture, including Farming Systems Working Group on Monitoring, Assessment and Combat of Drought and Desertification Working Group on the Study of Climate Effects on Agriculture, including Forests, and of the Effects of Agriculture and Forests on Climate Rapporteur on the Application of Microclimate Management and Manipulation Techniques in Low External Input Agriculture Rapporteur on New Specialized Agrometeorological Services in Countries with Highly Developed Industries Rapporteur on the Development of Agrometeorological Services in Developing Countries Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Coffee Crop Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Citrus Crop Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of Grass and Grassland for Middle Latitude Regions Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of Grass and Grassland for Tropical and Subtropical Regions Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of Trees (as a component of the agroforestry system) Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Yam, Chick Pea and Cassava Crops Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Grape Crop Rapporteur on Meteorological Aspects of Transport of Crop Produce Rapporteur on Meteorological Aspects of Storage and Transport of Animal Produce Rapporteur on Air Pollution and Plant Injury Rapporteur on Meteorological and Climatological Aspects of Inland and Coastal Fisheries Rapporteur on Meteorological and Climatological Aspects of Marine Fisheries Raporteur on Operational Applications in Forestry Rapporteur on Crop-weather Models Applicable to the Humid Tropics Rapporteur on Developments in Operational Remote Sensing Rapporteur on Training and Education in Agricultural Meteorology

Commission for Atmospheric Sciences

Advisory Working Group of the Commission for Atmospheric Sciences Working Group on Short- and Medium-range Weather Prediction Research Working Group on Long-range Weather Forecasting Research Working Group on Tropical Meteorology EC Panel of Experts/CAS Working Group on Environmental Pollution and Atmospheric Chemistry EC Panel of Experts/CAS Working Group on Cloud Physics and Weather Modification: Rapporteur on Hail Suppression Rapporteur on Warm Cloud Modification Rapporteur on Unintentional Weather Modification Working Group on Climate Research Working Group on Atmospheric Boundary-layer Problems 196 ANNEX VI

Rapporteur on Mountain Effects in Weather Prediction Rapporteur on Solar-Terrestrial Relationships Rapporteur on Middle Atmosphere Research Rapporteur on Bibliographic Problems* CAS/JSC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation

Commission for Basic Systems

Advisory Working Group of CBS Working Group on Codes Working Group on the Global Data-processing System Working Group on the Global Observing System Working Group on the Global Telecommunication System Rapporteur on the Application of Improved Forecasting Methods and Required Technology for Operational Use

Commission for Climatology

Advisory Working Group of CCl Working Group on Climate Data Management: Rapporteur on Network of Reference Climatological Stations Rapporteur on Climatological Data Formats and Archive Strategies Rapporteur on Climate System Monitoring Rapporteur on Remote Sensing Data Management Rapporteur on INFOCLIMA Rapporteur on Data Management in Developing Countries and Data Rescue Rapporteur on the Processing of Data from Automatic Stations Rapporteur on the CLICOM Project Working Group on Energy: Rapporteur on Education and Training in Energy Applications Rapporteur on Data Needs and Data Presentation for Energy Applications Rapporteur on Guidance Material for Energy Applications Rapporteur on CARS/Energy Rapporteur on Solar and Wind Energy Rapporteur on Climatological Studies of Extreme Events as Applicable to Energy Generation and Consumption Working Group on Climate and Urban Areas including Building and Other Aspects: Rapporteur on Urban Station Networks Rapporteur on Data Aspects in Building Climatology Rapporteur on Tropical Cities Rapporteur on Papers on Urban and Building Climatology Rapporteur on Plans for New Urban and Building Climatology Papers and on a Bibliography on Urban Climate Rapporteur on Education and Training in Urban and Building Climatology Rapporteur on Statistical Methods Rapporteur on the Climate Applications Referral System (CARS) Rapporteur on Climate and Human Health Rapporteur on Applications to Transport Rapporteur on Tourism and Recreation Rapporteur on Atmospheric Pollution

* Until 31 December 1987 ANNEX VI 197

Rapporteur on Users' Requirements and Publicity in the Areas of Applications Rapporteur on New Approaches for Operational and Planning Purposes in the Areas of Applications Rapporteur on Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits from Applications Rapporteur on Climatic Maps and Atlases Rapporteurs on Drought and Desertification (2) Rapporteur on Technical Regulations Rapporteur on the Guide to Climatological Practices Rapporteurs on Education, Training and Transfer of Knowledge and Methodology Rapporteur on National Climate Programmes

Commission for Hydrology

Advisory Working Group of the Commission for Hydrology, acting also as the Steering Committee for HOMS Working Group on Hydrological Instruments and Methods of Observation: Rapporteur on Guidance on Hydrological Instruments and Methods of Observation Rapporteur on Surface-water and Sediment-transport Measurements Rapporteur on Groundwater Observations Rapporteur on Water-Quality Observations Rapporteur on Intercomparison of Hydrological Instruments Rapporteur on Application of Microelectronics to Hydrological Instruments Working Group on Hydrological Data-collection, -processing and -transmission Systems: Rapporteur on Secondary Data Processing Rapporteur on Guidance on Hydrological Data-collection, -processing and -transmission Systems Rapporteur on Data-transmission and Telemetry Systems Rapporteur on Primary Data Processing Rapporteur on Data Storage and Dissemination Rapporteur on Hydrological Networks Working Group on Hydrological Models and Forecasting: Rapporteur on Guidance on Hydrological Models and Forecasting Rapporteur on Inputs to Hydrological Models Rapporteur on Hydrological Models Rapporteur on Hydrological Forecasting Methods Rapporteur on Hydrological Forecasting Systems Rapporteur on Standardization Rapporteur on Remote-sensing Applications Rapporteur on Meteorological Systems for Hydrological Purposes Rapporteur on Areal Assessment of Hydrological Elements Rapporteur on Hydrological Forecasting in Tropical Cyclone Regions Rapporteur on Hydrological Information for Water-resources Development Rapporteur on WCP-Water Rapporteur on Operational Hydrology in Arid and Semi-arid Regions Rapporteur on Droughts and Desertification Rapporteur on Training in Hydrology

Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation

Advisory Working Group of the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation Working Group on Upper-air Measurements Working Group on Weather Radars 198 ANNEX VI

Working Group on Surface Measurements Working Group on Radiation and Atmospheric Turbidity Measurement Working Group on Instruments and Methods for Environmental Pollution Measurement Working Group on the Education and Training of Instrument Specialists Rapporteur on Surface-based Indirect Sensing of the Atmosphere Rapporteur on the Detection and Location of Radio Atmospherics (Sferics) from Lightning Flashes Rapporteur on Gustiness Specification Rapporteur on Aerodrome Meteorological Measurements Rapporteur on Hygrometry Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone Measurement Rapporteur on Radiosonde Data Compatibility Rapporteur on Point Precipitation Measurement

Commission for Marine Meteorology

Advisory Working Group of the Commission for Marine Meteorology Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services Working Group on Technical Problems: Rapporteur on the Processing of Marine Data Rapporteur on the Satellite-derived Ocean Parameters Rapporteur on Ships' Observations Rapporteur on Coastal Winds Rapporteur on the Marine Cloud Album Working Group on Marine Climatology Working Group on Sea Ice Rapporteur on Marine Telecommunications Rapporteur on Education and Training ANN E X VII

WMO PUBLICATIONS ISSUED IN 1987

A. MANDATORY PUBLICATIONS

1. Basic documents

WMO-No.

49 Technical Regulations Volume II (provisional edition). English.

60 Agreements and working arrangements with other international organizations Supplement No.6. Spanish.

306 Manual on codes Volume I, 1984 edition. Spanish. Volume I, Supplement No.2. French - Spanish. Volume I, Supplement No.3. English - French - Russian - Spanish. Volume II, 1987 edition. English. Volume II, Supplement No.9. English - French.

386 Manual on the Global Telecommunication System Volume I, 1986 edition. English - French - Russian - Spanish. Volume II, 1986 edition. English - French - Spanish. Amendements A and B. Quadrilingual (Eng1ish/French/Russian/Spanish).

407 International cloud atlas 1987 edition. English - French.

485 Manual on the Global Data-processing System Volume I, Supplement 6. English - Russian - Spanish. Volume II, Supplement 6. French - Russian - Spanish.

544 Manual on the Global Observing System Volume I, Supplement No.5. English - French - Russian - Spanish. Volume II, Supplement No.9. English - French - Russian - Spanish. Volume II, Supplement No. 10. English - French - Russian - Spanish.

2. Operational publications

WMO-No.

2 Meteorological Services of the world October 1987 supplement. Bilingual (English/French).

5 Composition of the WMO 1987 editions in January, April, July and October Bilingual (English/French). 200 ANNEX VIr

9 Weather reporting. Bilingual (English/French). Volume A - Observing stations. November 1986 and June 1987 editions. Volume B - Data processing. Supplements No. 19 and 20 and November 1987 supplement. Volume C - Transmissions. October and November 1986, January, March and May 1987. Volume D - Information for shipping. December 1986, February, April, June and August 1987 supplements.

47 International list of selected, supplementary and auxiliary ships 1987 edition. Bilingual (English/French).

3. Official records

WMO-No.

670 Regional Association VI (Europe) - Abridged final report of the ninth session (1986) English - French - Russian - Spanish.

671 Commission for Atmospheric Sciences - Abridged final report of the ninth session (1986) English - French - Russian - Spanish.

673 Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology - Abridged final report of the eighth session (1986) English - French - Russian - Spanish.

677 Commission for Agricultural Meteorology - Abridged final report of the ninth session (1986) English - French - Russian - Spanish.

678 Regional Association I (Africa) - Abridged final report of the ninth session (1986) English - French.

681 Tenth World Meteorological Cong:ress~Ug:gi) - Abridgei:Ifeport with resolutions English - French - Russian - Spanish.

682 Thirty-ninth session of the Executive Council (987) - Abridged report with resolutions English - French - Russian - Spanish.

4~ WMO Guides

WMO-No.

100 Guide to climatological practices Supplement No.2. English.

168 Guide to hydrological practices Volume I - Data acquisition and processing. Russian. Volume II - Analysis, forecasting and other applications. Russian. ANNEX VII 201

305 Guide on the Global Data-processing System Supplement No.1. Russian.

471 Guide to marine meteorological services. Russian.

636 Guide on the automation of data-processing centres. Spanish.

5. Annual reports of the WMO

WMO-No.

676 Annual report of the World Meteorological Organization - 1986. English - French - Russian - Spanish.

6. WMO Bulletin

Volume 36, Nos. 1-4. English - French - Russian - Spanish.

B. PROGRAMME SUPPORTING PUBLICATIONS - REGULAR SERIES

1. WMO Long-term Plan

WMO-No.

691 Part II, Volume 1 - The World Weather Watch Programme 1988-1997 English - French - Russian - Spanish. 692 Part II, Volume 2 - The World Climate Programme 1988-1997. English. 693 Part II, Volume 3 - The WMO Research and Development Programme 1988-1997. English. 695 Part II, Volume 5 - The WMO Hydrology and Water Resources Programme 1988-1997. English - French. 696 Part II, Volume 6 - The WMO Education and Training Programme 1988-1997. English - French - Russian - Spanish. 697 Part II, Volume 7 - The WMO Technical Co-operation Programme 1988-1997. English - French.

2. WWW Status Reports

WMO-No.

674 Thirteenth status report on implementation English - French - Russian - Spanish.

3. Technical Notes

WMO-No.

557 Meteorological aspects of the utilization of solar radiation as an energy source Technical Note No. 172. French. 202 ANNEX VII

633 Land use and agrosystem management under severe climatic conditions Technical Note No. 184. English.

672 Applications of meteorology to atmospheric pollution problems Technical Note No. 188. English.

679 The contribution of satellite data and services to WMO programmes in the next decade. Technical Note No. 189. English.

4. Operational Hydrology Reports

WMO-No.

332 Manual for estimation of probable maximum precipitation Operational Hydrology Report No.1. Second edition. English.

429 Intercomparison of conceptual models used in operational hydrological forecasting Operational Hydrology Report No.7. (Reprint). English.

646 Intercomparison of models of snowmelt runoff Operational Hydrology Report No. 23. English.

655 Tropical hydrology Operational Hydrology Report No. 25. English.

5. WMO training publications

WMO-No.

258 Guidelines for education and training of personnel in meteorology and operational hydrology Supplement No.1. French. Supplement No.2. English.

266 Compendium of lecture notes for Class rv meteorological perSonnel Volume II. French.

364 Compendium of meteorology for use by Class I and Class II meteorological personnel Volume I, Part 3 - Synoptic meteorology. French. Volume II, Part 6 - Air chemistry and air pollution meteorology French.

669 Workbook on numerical weather prediction for the tropics for the training of Class I and Class II meteorological personnel English.

6. Voluntary Co-operation Programme reports

Consolidated report on the Voluntary Co-operation Programme including projects approved for circulation in 1986. English. ANNEX VII 203

C. OTHER WMO PROGRAMME-SUPPORTING PUBLICATIONS

1. Handbooks

WMO-No.

659 Marine cloud album

2. Catalogue

Publications of the World Meteorological Organization 1987 Supplement. English.

3. IMO lectures, lectures presented at Congress and sessions of the Executive Council

WMO-No.

663 Satellite observations in environmental assessments Lectures presented at the thirty-seventh session of the WMO Executive Council. English.

675 Water Lectures presented at the thirty-eighth session of the WMO Executive Council. English.

4. Booklets

WMO-No.

688 Meteorology and the media World Meteorological Day brochure 1988. English - French - Spanish.

Man and the composition of the atmosphere (Joint WMO/UNEP publication) ANNEX VIII

DISTRIBUTION OF STAFF BY NATIONALITY (on 31 December 1987)

U P G S Total

RA I -:- AFRICA Algeria 1 2 3 Burundi 1 1 Cameroon 1 1 2 Egypt 1 1 Ethiopia 1 1 Ghana 1 1 Guinea 1 1 Kenya 2 2 Mali 1 1 Mauritius 2 2 Morocco 3 3 Niger 1 1 Nigeria 1 1 Senegal 1 1 Sudan 2 2 Tunisia 1 1 2 United Republic of Tanzania 2 2 Zambia 1 1 1 16 11 28

RA II - ASIA China 3 3 Democratic Kampuchea 1 1 India 3 2 5 Iran 1 1 Japan 2 1 1 4 Pakistan 1 1 Sri Lanka 1 1 9 6 1 16

RA III - SOUTH AMERICA Argentina 1 1 Chile 3 1 4 Guyana 1 1 Paraguay 1 1 Peru 1 1 6 2 8

RA IV - NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Barbados 1 1 Canada 3 3 Costa Rica 1 1 Haiti 1 1 Honduras 1 1 Jamaica 1 1 Mexico 1 1 USA 9 1 3 13 17 2 3 22 ANNEX VIII 205

U P G S Total RA V - SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC Australia 3 1 4 Indonesia 3 3 Malaysia 1 1 New Zealand 2 1 3 Philippines 1 5 6 7 10 17

RA VI - EUROPE Austria 1 1 Belgium 4 4 Denmark 1 1 France 13 41 54 German Democratic Republic 1 1 Germany, Federal Republic of 3 1 4 Greece 1 1 2 Hungary 1 1 2 Ireland 4 4 Italy 1 5 6 Netherlands 1 1 2 Norway 1 1 2 Spain 3 12 15 Sweden 2 2 Switzerland 9 32 2 43 Syria 1 1 United Kingdom 13 16 2 31 USSR 12 5 17 1 67 119 5 192

------General Fund 2 102 124 228 UNDP Fund (Administration and execution) 20 26 46 Supernumerary Staff 9 9

TOTAL 2 122 150 9 283

U Unclassified members of the Secretariat (Secretary-Genera1, Deputy Secretary-General and Assistant Secretary-General) P Professional category staff and above (established posts) G General Service category staff (established posts) S Supernumerary staff (P and G categories)