Health Physics Division Annual Progress Report for Period Ending July 31, 1967
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0« «IOK NATIONAL LABORATORY LIBRARY \l RESEARCH LloF.AfvY JMENT COLLECTION 3 MMSt. DOSISMT A 3 ORNL-4168 UC-41 - Health and Safety HEALTH PHYSICS DIVISION ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD ENDING JULY 31, 1967 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY CENTRAL RESEARCH LIBRARY * -DOCUMENT COLLECTION LIBRARY LOAN COP DO NOT TRANSFER TO Ar>OTHER PERSON If ypu wish someone els >to see fhis document, send in name with document and the library wi || arrar ge a loan. OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION "> Printed in the United States of America. Available from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151 Price: Printed Copy $3.00; Microfiche $0.65 LEGAL NOTICE This report wos prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United States, nor the Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission: A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned rights; or B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or far damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report. As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" includes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, disseminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor. INTRA-LABORATORY CORRESPONDENCE OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY ORNL-4168 Errata Central Research Library Document CoIJectW IM* 28 1968 HEALTH PHYSICS DIVISION ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD ENDING JULY 31, 1967 Please insert the attached corrected table, page 225, in your copy of the subject report. The table is printed on gummed stock and may be glued directly on the page. UCN-430 (« 5-e.i) INTRA-LABORATORY CORRESPONDENCE OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY /^ To: Recipients of ORNL-4168 Subject: Health Physics Division Annual Progress Report for Period Ending July 31, 1967 The attached page contains corrected versions of Tables 25.5 and 25.6 on page 272 of the subject report. The page is printed on gummed stock so that it may be pasted directly over the copy. UCN-430 (3 5-61) ORNL-4168 Contract No. W-7405-eng-26 HEALTH PHYSICS DIVISION ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT For Period Ending July 31, 1967 K. Z. Morgan, Director W. S. Snyder, Assistant Director E. G. Struxness, Assistant Director OCTOBER 1967 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY LIBRARY 3 445b D02154T A ra'»*m&$*&Wf&*^^^m'rf-*'^.• Reports previously issued in this series are as follows: ORNL-166 Per od Endi"9 August 31, 1948 ORNL-227 Per od Endi"9 November 30, 1948 ORNL-346 Per od Endi ng February 28, 1949 ORNL-375 Per od Endi ng July 15, 1949 ORNL-495 Per od Endi ng October 15, 1949 ORNL-596 Per od Endi ng January 15, 1950 ORNL-695 Per od Ending April 15, 1950 ORNL-786 Per od Endi ng July 15, 1950 ORNL-877 Per od Endi ng October 15, 1950 ORNL-968 Per od Endi ng January 20, 1951 ORNL-1004 Per od Ending April 20 , 1951 ORNL-1086 Per od Ending July 20, 1951 ORNL-1174 Per od Endi ng October 20, 1951 ORNL-1277 Per od Ending January 20, 1952 ORNL 1353 Per od Endi ng July 20, 1952 ORNL-1420 Per od Endimg October 20, 1952 ORNL-1488 Per od Endi ng January 20, 1953 ORNL-1596 Per od Endi ng July 31, 1953 ORNL-1684 Per od Ending January 31, 1954 ORNL-1763 Per od Ending July 31, 1954 ORNL-1860 Per od Endi ng January 31, 1955 ORNL-1942 Per od Endi ng July 31, 1955 ORNL-2049 Per od Endi ng January 31, 1956 ORNL-2151 Per od Ending July 31, 1956 ORNL-2384 Per od Endi ng July 31, 1957 ORNL-2590 Peri od Endi ng July 31, 1958 ORNL-2806 Per od Ending July 31, 1959 ORNL-2994 Per od Ending July 31, 1960 ORNL-3198 Per od Ending July 31, 1961 ORNL-3347 Period Endi ng July 31, 1962 ORNL-3492 Per od Endiing June 30, 1963 ORNL-3697 Per'od Enditng July 31, 1964 ORNL-3849 Period Endiing June 30, 1965 ORNL-4007 Per od Endiing July 31, 1966 >J,l**'* Contents SUMMARY ix PART I. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL 1. FATE OF RADIONUCLIDES IN TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 3 Differential Movement of 137Cs and 134Cs on Runoff Plots 3 Effect of Soil Moisture Content on Uptake of 137Cs by Plants 7 Radionuclide Adsorption Studies 8 2. DISPOSAL BY HYDRAULIC FRACTURING 12 Injections of ORNL's Evaporator Concentrate 12 Rock Mechanics 13 3. DISPOSAL IN NATURAL SALT FORMATIONS 18 Project Salt Vault 18 Laboratory Tests on Deformation of Rocks 26 Salt Space Requirements for Projected Nuclear Power Economy to Year 2065 29 4. APPLICATION OF MINERAL EXCHANGE TO REACTOR TECHNOLOGY 32 Behavior of Sulfur Hexafluoride and Methyl Iodide in an Idaho Soil 32 Movement of Curium in Soil Columns 35 Processing Organic Reactor Coolants 35 5. ENGINEERING, ECONOMIC, AND SAFETY EVALUATIONS 39 Krypton-85 and Tritium in an Expanding World Nuclear Power Economy 39 Underground Disposal of 85Kr 43 Experimental Studies on the Sorption and Diffusion of Krypton and Xenon in Soil and Underground Materials 45 Long-Range Waste Management Study 45 Safety Evaluation of Tank Storage 46 6. EARTHQUAKES AND REACTOR DESIGN 49 General 49 Faults 49 Ground Motion 51 Tsunamis (Seismic Sea Waves) 52 Instrumentation 52 in 7. DOSE-ESTIMATION STUDIES RELATED TO PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF AN ATLANTIC-PACIFIC INTEROCEANIC CANAL WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVES 53 Models for Dose Estimation 53 8. RELATED COOPERATIVE PROJECTS 60 Cooperation of Other Agencies in ORNL Studies 60 Visiting Investigators from Abroad 60 Nuclear Safety Review 60 Committee Work 60 Participation in Educational Programs 60 PART II. RADIATION ECOLOGY 9. RESPONSES OF ANIMAL POPULATIONS TO IONIZING RADIATION 63 Radiation Effects in Blood of Indigenous Small Mammals 63 Radionuclide Excretion in Indigenous Small Mammals 64 Survival of Irradiated Insects in Field Environments 65 Life History Radiation Sensitivity of Bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) 67 Population Genetics and Radiation Effects Studies 69 Movement of 106Ru, 60Co, and 137Cs in Arthropod Food Chains on White Oak Lake Bed 70 ^^ 10. RESPONSES OF PLANTS TO IONIZING RADIATION 72 Radiosensitivity of Forest Tree Species to Acute Fast-Neutron Radiation 72 Genetic Modification of Radiosensitivity 74 Dosimetry in Forests Around the HPRR 75 Effects of Internal Emitters on Native Plant Species 75 Radionuclide Uptake as a Measure of Radiation Stress in Single-Component Microcosms 77 11. RADIONUCLIDE CYCLING IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 79 Summary of Radiocesium Movement in a Forest Landscape 79 Accumulation of 137Cs in Soils of the Tagged Liriodendron Forest 80 Microbial Immobilization of Radionuclides in the Field 81 137Cs Transfer in Terrestrial Microcosms 82 Trophic Level Concentration of 137Cs, Sodium, and Potassium in Forest Arthropods 83 Body Size and Bioenergetic Relations in Forest Arthropods 85 Elimination Rates of Radiocesium by Spiders as a Function of Temperature and Body Size 86 Radioactive Tungsten Retention by Insects 88 Cycling of 45Ca by Dogwood Trees 89 Biomass Regression Relations for the El Verde Rain Forest in Puerto Rico 91 Foliar Application of 137Cs on Understory Species of Mesic Forest 91 X,, 12. RADIONUCLIDE CYCLING IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS 93 Uptake and Metabolism of Strontium in Bluegill Flesh and Blood 93 Cesium and Potassium in Aquatic Food Chains 97 Radiation Effects on Carp Reproduction 98 Periphyton Growth and Radionuclide Accumulation 99 Community Structure and Function of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in a Constant Temperature Spring 99 13. WATERSHED AQUATIC HABITAT INTERACTIONS 102 Land-Water Interactions 102 Walker Branch Watershed Facility 103 Concentration and Transport of Suspended and Dissolved Material by River Water 108 14. THEORETICAL AND SYSTEMS ECOLOGY Ill The System Identification Problem Ill Radiant Energy Budget of Deciduous Forest Ill Initial Model for Energy Flow in Liriodendron Forest 113 Vertical Periphyton Growth 115 Rates of Geochemical Denudation of the Continents 115 15. FOREST MANAGEMENT 117 Forest Management 117 ^•^ Use of Linear Programming in Forest Regulation 117 PART III. RADIATION PHYSICS 16. THEORETICAL RADIATION PHYSICS 121 Double Plasmon Excitation by Charged Particles 121 Calculation of the Minimum Dipole Moment Required to Bind an Electron to a Finite Electric Dipole 121 Electron Scattering from Atoms of ls22s22pq Configuration 123 Nonadiabatic Target Distortion in Low-Energy Atomic Scattering 124 Potential Energy Shift at the Atomic Nucleus 127 Electron Mean Free Paths in a Free Electron Gas 129 Effects of Phantom Geometry on Dose Distribution 129 Reformulation of the Dielectric Constant and of Ohm's Law in an Absorbing Medium 130 Characteristic Energy Gain by Fast Electrons in Solids 131 Plasmon Exchange Scattering by Fast Electrons 131 Surface Secondary Electron Emission from Solids 132 Group Theory of Normal Modes and Molecular Orbitals 132 Potential Energy Curves for Diatomic Molecules 133 Oscillator Strengths in Magnesium Porphin 133 High-Energy Dosimetry 134 17. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 135 ^J- Photon Excitation of Surface Plasmons: Analysis of Aluminum Data 135 Optical Properties of Certain Insulating Materials 137 A New Method of Kramers-Kronig Analysis 140 Optical Properties of Evaporated Films of Amorphous Selenium 141 Refractive Index of Potassium 142 Measurement of Optical Properties at Long Wavelengths 144 An Angle Doubler for Reflectance Measurements in Evacuated Systems 144 Photoemission Measurements for Silver, Palladium, and Nickel in the Vacuum Ultraviolet 146 18.