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Effets Des Plantations D'arbres Sur Les Communautés De Carabes Et De

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Effets Des Plantations D'arbres Sur Les Communautés De Carabes Et De UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC EN OUTAOUAIS EFFETS DES PLANTA TI ONS D'ARBRES SUR LES COMMUNAUTÉS DE CARABES ET DE PETITS MAMMIFÈRES MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN BIOLOGIE EXTENSIONNÉ DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL PAR JUSTINE FONTAINE- TOP ALOFF 16 AVRIL 2018 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 - Rév.0?-2011 ). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l'article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l 'auteur] concède à l'Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d'utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d'une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l 'auteur] autorise l'Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l'Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n'entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l'auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l 'auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire. » REMERCIEMENTS Cette maîtrise a été, pour moi, un grand défi du début jusqu'à la toute fin, mais les apprentissages ainsi que les compétences développées sont importants et me seront utiles pour toute la vie. Je n'aurais pas pu les développer sans l'aide, les conseils et la supervision soutenue de mes directeurs, Angélique Dupuch et François Lorenzetti que je tiens à remercier. En plus, je tiens à remercier mes amis et ma famille, qui sont extérieurs au monde de la science et des études supérieures, pour n'avoir jamais cessé de croire en moi et s'être toujours intéressés à ce que je faisais. Je tiens aussi à remercier tous les gens de l'Institut des Sciences de la Forêt tempérée (ISFORT) que j'ai côtoyé de près ou de loin. Votre accueil chaleureux fait que nous avons envie de considérer l'ISFORT comme notre deuxième maison et vous, comme notre deuxième famille durant notre passage à Ripon. Finalement, je tiens à remercier tous les châtelains pour m'avoir supportée dans les bons et les mauvais moments et plus spécifiquement Maxime et Anna pour leur dévouement exceptionnel. --- ------------- --------- TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS ... .. ............ ............... .... ..... ....... ..... .. ... .... ....... .. .... .............. .... ........ ii LISTE DES FIGURES ..... ... .. ... .......... ... .... .... ......... .. ..... .. ..... .. .... .. ......... ... .... ...... ..... .. .... v LISTE DES TABLEAUX ... ... .......... ......... ... ..... .... ... ..... .. ............ .. .... .... .. ...... .... .. ..... ... vii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS SIGLES ET ACRONYMES ... .. ......... .... .... ........... .. viii RÉSUMÉ .. ... ....... .................. .... .... ........ .. ...... .... ........... .. ..... .......... .. .... .......... ... .... ........ ix CHAPITRE I INTRODUCTION .............. ... .. ............... .. ..... .. .... .......... ..... ... ... .... .. ... ........... ... ... .......... 1 1.1 Importance et rôle des plantations .................................................... .. ... .......... .. .. 1 1.2 Plantations et conservation de la biodiversité .. .. ......... .. ......... ... ....... .. ............ ..... 1 1.3 Les petits mammifères et les carabidés comme modèles biologiques ................ 3 1.3 .1 De bons bio-indicateurs ....... .... .......................... .... ........ ... ........................... 3 1.3 .2 Impacts des plantations sur la diversité des petits mammifères et carabidés ..... .. ........................ ...... .... .. .... .... ..... .................. .. ...... .. ....................... ............... ..... 4 1.4 Objectifprincipal de l'étude .. .. .... ............ ... ... .. .... .. ... .. ........ .. ... ..... ... .... .... .. ... ....... 5 CHAPITRE II EFFECT OF TREE PLANTATIONS ON SMALL MAMMAL AND GROUND BEETLE COMMUNITIES ..... ... ... .. ....... .. .......... .. ..... ...... ........... ............................ ....... 8 2.1 Introduction ... ..... .. ..... ... ... ....... .. .... ...... ..... ... .... ..... .. .... .. .. ... ... .. .. ........ ... .... ... ... .. ... .. 8 2.2 Materials and Methods ... .......... ..... ... .................................................. .... ... ........ 11 2.2.1 Study area .. ... ...... ............ .. .. .... ..... ..... .. ... .... ..... .... ....... ..... ...... .... ....... ....... .... 11 lV 2.2.2 Experimental Design .. ... .. .. ............ ............. .. ..... .. ................ ...................... 12 2.2.3 Ground beetle sampling and habitat characterization .. ..... .. .. ................ ..... 12 2.2.4 Small marnmal sampling and habitat characterization .......... .. .. ................. 14 2.2.5 Statistical anal y sis .. ........... .. .. ...... .. .. ........ ...... .. .......... ...... ...... .. ................ .. 16 2.3 Results .... ............. ... .. ... .. .. .. ........................ .. ...... ... ... .. ........ ......... ....... .. ........... ... 19 2.3 .1 Differences in habitat characteristics ............... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... .. ........ .. .......... 19 2.3 .2 Habitat effect on the ground beetle communities ..... .. ... .. ..... ... .................. 20 2.3.3 Habitat effect on the red-backed voles ........ .. .......... ............ .. .. ................... 22 2.4 Discussion ... .. ................ .... ... ... ................. .. ..... .. ... .. ..... .. ..... ......... .. .................... 22 2.5 Conclusion ..... .. ... ....... ... ...... .... ....... .. .......... ... ... .. .. .. .... ........ .... ..... ... ... ..... .. ....... ... 25 Acknowledgements .. ...... ....... ..... .... .... ...... .. ........... ...... ..... ............ ..... .. ... ...... .......... 26 Tables ....... ... ................ .... .......... ..... .... .... .. ....... ... ............... .. .................... ..... .. .. ...... 27 Figures ..... .. .. ... ...... ... ... .. ... ..... ... ...... .. .. ........ ......... ..... .... ...... .. ..... .. .......... .. ........... ...... 32 Supplementary material ... ...... ... ... ... ... .. ............. ... .. ...... .. ... ...... .. .... .......... .... ...... .... .. 40 CHAPITRE III CONCLUSION .................. ...... ...... .. ..... ..... .. .. .. .... .. ... ..... ... .. ........ ... ..... ..... .. ............ ... .. 46 LISTE DE RÉFÉRENCES .. ............................... ....... ... ... ... .. .. ..... .. .......... ... .. .............. 48 LISTE DES FIGURES 2.1 Study area and locations of the deciduous and coniferous forest 31 stands, near La Tuque (Mauricie, Québec). 2.2 Principal component analysis surnmarizing habitat gradient (based 32 on vegetation attributes) in stands for a) ground beetles in the deciduous lay out, b) ground beetles in the coniferous layout, and c) small mammals in the deciduous layout. 2.3 Boxplot of ground beetles species richness and exponential of 33 Shannon index in plantations and naturally regenerated stands of the coniferous and deciduous layout. 2.4 Result of PERMANOV A analyses explaining species assemblage 34 differences (based on the Euclidean distances derived from Hellinger-transformed ground beetles abundance dataset) for the ground beetle communities in a) the deciduous layout and b) the coniferous layout. 2.5 Result of RDA explaining the effect of vegetation variables on 35 ground beetles species assemblages in a) the deciduous layout and b) the coniferous layout. 2.6 Boxplot of Shannon index of the small mammal communities in 36 hybrid poplar plantations (HPO) and naturally regenerated deciduous (NRD) stands. 2.7 Boxplot of the niche location (scores of the first principal component 3 7 PC 1 estimated from a PCA based on the vegetation attributes measured in small mammal habitats; see the Methods section for VI more details) of red-backed voles in hybrid poplar plantations (HPO) and naturally regenerated deciduous (NRD) stands. 2.8 Variation of demographie variables of the red-backed vole 38 populations in the hybrid poplar plantations (HPO) and the naturally regenerated deciduous stands (NRD) for a) the male/female ratio, b) the adult/young ratio and c) body mass (controlled for the body length). LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau Page 2.1 Result of linear mixed-model explaining the differences of habitat 26 gradient (represented by scores of the axes of the principal component analysis realized on vegetation attributes; see text for details) between plantations and naturally regenerated stands of the deciduous and coniferous layouts for ground beetles and small marnmals. 2.2 Result of linear mixed-model explaining diversity differences 27 (representing by species richness, ie number of species and the exponential of shannon index) between plantations and naturally regenerated stands of the deciduous and coniferous layouts for ground beetles and small marnmals. 2.3 Result of PERMANOV A analyses explaining species assemblage 28 differences (based on the Euclidean distances derived from Hellinger-transformed ground beetles abundance dataset) for the ground beetle communities between plantations and naturally regenerated stands of the deciduous and coniferous layouts.
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