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Home , Dasysyrphus, Dasysyrphus albostriatus, Dasysyrphus pinastri, Eupeodes, Eupeodes latifasciatus, Eupeodes luniger

Shetland’s A PHOTOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

Rebecca Nason

Hoverflies are the most attractive group of ! There are over 280 of in the UK but currently only around 40 recorded on the Shetland Islands and illustrated here. Although flight times vary, the majority of Shetland hoverflies can be seen between May and late September, out in the countryside or in more urban parks and gardens. Hoverflies are important and a crucial part of a healthy natural environment. The best places to look for them is on garden or -filled ditches and verges in summer. They are sun- worshippers too, so when not busy feeding on flower or enjoying ‘hovering’ in mid-air, they can often be seen perfectly still, basking on sunlit leaves.

Most Shetland hoverflies can be identified with close inspection in the field and from photographs.Try to take as many close-up photographs as possible, including a side, top and front profile to aid key identification features. With a little effort and patience, most of these hoverflies can easily be recognised by their clear, often colourful, distinctive markings by even the most amateur of naturalists. A number of hoverflies have very different looking males and females so a good starting point is telling them apart. This is easily done as male hoverflies have eyes that join in the middle, females are clearly separated.

Several of our hoverflies are black and yellow, resembling , others are brown and furry like or the honey . Indeed their shape and behaviour can also imitate wasps or . This is likely a clever guise evolved to ward off potential predators. Some are more convincing mimics than others!You will soon start to recognise the difference between hoverflies and other and then this guide should help you take that next step to identify your find. All hoverflies are harmless with no bite or sting – so get out there & discover hoverflies, a great outdoor discovery activity for all the !

MARMALADE HOVERFLY MIGRANT HOVERFLY TIGER HOVERFLY Episurphus balteatus (6-10.25mm) corallae (5-8.25mm) pendulus (8.5-11.25mm)

Probably our most familiar hoverfly. Attractive small hoverfly & a common Also known as ‘Dangling Marsh Lover” Both similar. Very common, small migrant to the Isles in Summer, sometimes due to favouring damp, wetter habitats or migrant which can turn up in big numbers in big numbers. Both sexes similar “The Footballer” due to the distinctive on southerly winds in Summer. Small, however male ‘comma’ abdominal vertical thorax stripes. A relatively slender-bodied with variable black & markings can often fuse together in the common, widespread resident & possible orange bands or ‘moustaches’ across middle & appear more orange than pale migrant to the Isles. Very distinctive. abdomen. Larvae feed on , adults yellow. Look out for the scarce Common Look out for the very rare Large Tiger feed on variety of flowers. Excellent Spotted Hoverfly: also Hoverfly: which hoverers. recorded on Shetland. The distinctive is larger with striking lemon yellow yellow abdominal markings NOT abdominal markings. reaching the sides on the abdomen is a key ID feature of E.luniger. COMMON SNOUT TAPERED DRONEFLY PLAIN-FACED DRONEFLY campestris (6 – 9.5mm) pertinax (8.25 – 12.75mm) (7 – 10mm)

Reddish-orange hoverfly (very dark A stocky Honey Bee mimic. Fairly common & widespread Honey Bee without close inspection & good light), Distinguished from other Eristalis species mimic found in variety of habitats from grey thorax, bulbous, broad abdomen by pronounced tapering of abdomen in late Spring to late Summer. Abdominal & unmistakable facial feature of a males & pale yellow front & middle legs markings can be variable. Slightly smaller long, pointed ‘snout’. Prefers wooded, (tarsi) in both sexes. Face has central than , close inspection sheltered habitats & . Larvae black stripe. Abundant in gardens, parks, needed to see the distinctive, pale dusted feed on dung, unusual for hoverflies. woodlands, edge habitats. Long flight face & dark front legs (tarsi). Similar to Common in suitable habitat. Found from season. Resident, common. Possibly also very scarce E.nemorum & E.abusivus Summer to late Autumn. a migrant. Often hovers motionless in not illustrated which need very careful mid-air. Obviously territorial. Feed on examination. Visit wide range of flowers wide range of flowers. including thistles & umbellifers.

COMMON DRONEFLY FURRY DRONEFLY WHITE-CLUBBED HOVERFLY (9.75 – 13mm) Eristalis intricarius (8.25 – 12mm) pyrastri (9.25 – 12.5mm)

A large, uncommon Eristalis with a Distinctive mimic, males & Large distinctive, also called Pied distinctively swollen, curved dark hind females differ. Males dark with orange- Hoverfly with white narrow “comma” tibiae which are often dangled like a brown tip to abdomen, Females are black or “club” markings on large, oval, landing Honey Bee. Has broad black & orange with whitish abdominal tip. matte black abdomen. Similar to Scaeva central face stripe & two lines of fine Both have orange scutellums (oval area selenitica but markings are white & fall vertical dark hairs running through eyes between thorax & abdomen. Hind tibia short of meeting the outer abdomen edges. (under very close inspection!). Favours half yellow, half black, this chequered leg Both Scaeva species on Shetland show a ivy flowers & most records are from late pattern is conspicuous in the field. Prefer swollen area (frons) between the eyes. Summer. habitats but found readily in Frequent summer migrant throughout the gardens across Shetland from late Spring. isles, sometimes in good numbers. Long flight season, observed well into the Autumn. YELLOW-CLUBBED YELLOW-BARRED PEAT WHITE-BARRED PEAT HOVERFLY HOVERFLY HOVERFLY (10.5 – 12mm) silentis (9.5 – 14mm) (10 – 13.5mm)

Large, distinctive hoverfly, similar to Also known as Bog Hoverfly. An Surely the cream of Shetland hoverflies, but the comma-shaped unmistakable large, bright species with this stunning, large species is associated markings on the abdomen are pale striking narrow orange broken bars on with peaty moorland & pools where yellow not white. Appears to be a very matte black, rounded abdomen. Legs is breeds but can be found in gardens scarce migrant on Shetland with few orangey-red. Very conspicuous when at & croft-land with suitable flowers. annual records. Preference for conifers rest. Uncommon species found in rural & Comparable with S. silentis but slightly or moorland with pines as its larvae feed more suburban gardens around Shetland. smaller, with white abdominal broken on pine aphids but also found in coastal Breed in peaty pools & ditches. bars on matte black abdomen contrasting gardens on a variety of flowers. with reddish-orange legs & red wing bases. Scarce resident.

SPOTTED COMMON SPOTTED LONG HOVERFLY (6 – 9.5mm) FIELD SYRPH scripta (5 -7mm) Eupeodes luniger (6.5 – 10mm)

Fairly frequent from mid-Summer Look out for this scarce Eupeodes among Small, very slender, narrow hoverflies through into Autumn, does not appear the very common Eupeodes corallae with yellow & black banded abdomens to be an early hoverfly here like in other (Migrant Hoverfly) also recorded & yellow faces. There are a number of parts of the UK. Small, slender hoverfly on Shetland. The distinctive yellow unconfirmed records of a’Sphaerophoria’ with distinctive triangular, slanted yellow abdominal markings do NOT reach species on Shetland but only S.scripta markings on abdomen. Often holds wings the edged of the abdomen unlike in (commonest species of this group in the open. Found in well vegetated gardens. E.corallae. Both sexes similar however UK) has been confirmed. Males have Distribution poorly known. Possibly abdominal markings can vary is colour conspicuous, large genital capsules resident to the Isles. & shape as can the overall size of the protruding under the end of the abdomen species. This is the most common & can only be identified from several UK Eupeodes on mainland UK but not found ‘Sphaerophoria’ species by microscopic to be so on Shetland, though they must be gentialia examination. Females cannot be considerably under-recorded. There are identified reliably at all. A scarce annual potentially several other rare Eupeodes migrant to the Isles. species which could be found on Shetland too, E.nielseni for example. ORANGE-BELTED HOVERFLY GREEN MARSH HOVERFLY COMMON MARSH HOVERFLY segnis (7 – 9.5mm) metallina (4.75 – 6.5mm) hirtella (5 – 6mm)

Strikingly different, more like an Small, metallic green, rather bulbous Small, rather indistinct, dark hoverfly ichneumon in structure & behaviour. little hoverfly, with large rounded with dull brownish tones. Abdomen shape When not sunbathing, characteristically antennae. Favours wetlands, marshes flat, oval. Easily overlooked but locally runs about on low, sunlit foliage, & flushes with rushes & its favoured common in wetlands, flushes & marshy sucking up or honeydew droplets buttercups. Often overlooked in areas of areas with plenty of rushes & buttercups. (honeydew secreted by aphids) from due to similar size See similar . Larvae leaves, rarely feeds on flowers. Medium- & shape. Resident, locally common in live on emergent vegetation on edges of sized, long-bodied hoverfly with wings suitable habitats. water courses. Resident, locally common. often closed. Abdomen, (when viewed!) mainly orange-red with black tip. Long legs black, white & pale yellow. Larvae feed on dead wood. Found in rural croft & more urban gardens & woodland habitats. Fairly frequent resident.

PINE STRIPE-BACKED SIX-SPOTTED (6.25 – 10mm) DASYSYRPHUS (6.25 – 9mm) (5.5 – 7.75mm)

Small, black hoverfly with narrow, Strikingly different, wasp like hoverfly Only Parasyrphus recorded on Shetland, slightly hooked yellow bars on abdomen. with bright yellow, split, slanted bars a small, rather inconspicuous species but The yellow markings do not quite reach on jet black abdomen. Conspicuous two close inspection reveals rather slender the edge of the abdomen (under close grey stripes on black thorax, obvious dark abdomen with yellow golf-shaped inspection). Also distinguished by dark black wing stigma & dark stripe down spots rising to a point at abdomen edges. stigma, hairy eyes & dark stripe through face. Can occur in variety of habitats Legs are blackish. Very scarce species, face when viewed head-on. Superficially & flowers. Prefers woodland edges & most records from Lerwick. similar to Eupeodes, particulary gardens. Rarely recorded on Shetland, Eupeodes luniger. Associated with pine/ most recent records from Lerwick since conifer plantations but also found in 2014. gardens. Very scarce species on Shetland currently only recorded from Lerwick, recent records since 2014. SHORT SLENDER MELANOSTOMA SHORT-FOOTED HOVERFLY (4.75 – 7mm) (5.5 – 8mm) albimanus (5 – 8mm)

The females show similar yellow droplet Very small, long-bodied hoverflies seen Often our earliest hoverfly with many markings to M. scalare but the overall from April to October. Noted across the records from early April onwards. Very body length is notably shorter (they aren’t Shetland Islands in a variety of habitats. small, long-bodied hoverfly, males & easy to separate in the field though!). Sexes differ. Females (bottom photo) females differ. Tiny females (bottom Males are easier to identify as although have slender bodies with yellow spots, photo) have distinct grey spots on dark similar, the yellow markings on the each tapered out towards the edge of the abdomen, males rather dark yellow marks abdomen are distinctly wider than they abdomen like an angled droplet. Males on abdomen & with modified front yellow are long, more square like in appearance. are even more slender with 6 well defined tarsi with very close views. Common Frequent but not common in similar, yellow spots, each longer than they are resident from April to September. wide variety of habitats as M.scalare. Has wide. Common resident. been noted to migrate here, possibly also resident.

PLATYCHEIRUS MANICATUS THICK-LEGGED HOVERFLY LARGE (6.75 – 9mm) pipiens (4.25 – 7mm) equestris (8.5 – 10.25mm)

Frequent throughout Shetland & Fairly common, very small, dark hoverfly, Very large bumblebee mimic hoverfly, relatively easy to identify in the field with unmistakable at close quarters with long, also known as Greater Bulb Fly. First close views. Medium-sized with dull, narrow body & greatly enlarged hind recorded in Shetland in Lerwick, June light bronze thorax & rather rounded legs (femora). Very agile, fast, males 2014. Seems fairly common in the town yellow markings on dark abdomen. very territorial. Feeds on many different gardens & park at least. Likely to have Distinct facial profile with obvious flowers in various habitats. Numerous been accidently introduced on imported projecting lower mouth parts. Male front in Lerwick Flower Park June-August plants. Very distinctive with several tarsi pale, almost spoon-shaped with where daisies & umbellifers appear to colour forms on Shetland from pale close inspection. be favourite flowers. Possibly a resident orange with black central band as above, with migrant influxes. to completely pale orange or even black & fiery orange rear end. Has a distinct triangular projection beneath an enlarged hind femur. A rather slow, noisy hoverfly in flight which can allow close approach at rest. GARDEN SMUDGE-VEINED COMTUS Eumerus funeralis (3.5 – 6.25mm) (3.5 – 5mm) (8.75 – 11.5mm)

Also known as Lesser Bulb Fly. Small, Very small, dark hoverfly with strongly Medium-sized late summer hoverfly. rather dark, compact hoverfly with whitish clouded/dark wings, long body with Males very colourful with attractive markings under close examination. bulbous abdomen becoming thin, wasp- bright orange spots & joined orange Records from Lerwick Flower Park only like & tapered towards the thorax. squares on abdomen, noticeable in flight, in June & July annually since 2016. Visit Diffused, dark yellow spots on abdomen but less so at rest when wings are often wide range of low growing flowers. & at base of otherwise dark, swollen closed over abdomen. Females similar but Larvae feed on daffodil bulbs & other hind tibia. Very localised colony known markings are darker, often grey-toned on bulbs where rot is present. Probably from Sumburgh Quarry but also known the abdomen. Very scarce migrant species accidently introduced on imported bulbs. from other Shetland mainland sites. Not to the Isles. Prefers scrubby habitat, well Large rounded antennae conspicuous confined to wetlands like other Neoscia vegetated gardens, often seen feeding & as is swollen hind femora. Confusion species. Favours a variety of habitats & resting on Fuschia. with possible but close flowers. Larvae apparently found in cow examination reveals distinctly different dung, wet manure etc. shaped features.

BIG-HANDED HOVERFLIES BROAD-BANDED HAIRY (5 – 7.5mm) Epistrophe grossulare (9 – 12.25mm) (7 – 9.25mm)

Members of the “Clypeatus” group of Very scarce resident. A bright, golden A scarce resident only discovered in small Platycheirus hoverflies are difficult to banded, stocky hoverfly with distinctive numbers in April 2018 in Michaelswood, identify. Specimens are needed to confirm straight yellow bands across abdomen. Aith but recorded in Kergord & Lerwick identification. In 2017 P. podagratus was Frequently found on umbellifer flowers area since & may well be overlooked confirmed from Geosetter (past records in wetlands & woodlands in Summer. elsewhere in suitable wooded habitat. only from Fair Isle) & P. ramsarensis from The larvae often associate with sycamore A neatly marked, slim bodied hoverfly, Spiggie (past records only from Foula & trees. May hover whilst feeding, not often found resting with wings open on Unst?), both first mainland confirmed behaviour often seen with similar looking sunlit tree trunks. Matte black abdomen Shetland records. Favour upland, boggy . Apparently very local, few with narrow orange-yellow markings. habitat, alongside boggy streams & records, currently all from Lerwick (1st base-poor flushes with plentiful rushes. in 2014) & Voe. Very small, slender hoverflies with pale, modified front legs (tarsi) in males. A local species in the UK with a northern & western bias. (, not illustrated, has also been recorded). HUMMING SYRPHUS HAIRY-EYED SYRPHUS GLASS-WINGED SYRPHUS (7.25 – 11.5mm) (8.5 – 11.75mm) (7.25 – 10.25mm)

There are 3 species of Syrphus on Shetland Males are readily recognisable with close Recorded on Shetland but extremely which are hard to tell apart without views, as the eyes are covered with fine difficult to identifiy & impossible in the detailed examination of fine features, pale hairs which can be seen in good light field. Both sexes are identified through many are therefore classed as Syrphus with careful examination in the field. close examination of basal cells on the sp. and recorded as such. Medium- Females can only be seperated from S. wings. A big migrant from the continent sized & quite broad-bodied with yellow vitripennis by microscopic examination to the UK, prone to large seasonal moustache-shaped yellow markings on wing cell details. Probably both fluctuations so likely a similar, smaller on a black abdomen. Can often be seen migrant & resident on the Isles. Certainly scale status on Shetland. sunbathing on leaves of gardens plants, seems to be a late summer species & less feed on a variety of flowers. Syrphus common than ribesii An annual migrant ribesii appears to be the most common. to the Isles. Female ribesii are easily recognised by having an almost completely yellow find femur. Males need microscopic examination to see seperate from vitripennis. Annual migrants to the Isles.

MEADOW FIELD SYRPH LARGE TIGER HOVERFLY We are only just beginning to scratch the surface of species, populations and (6.5 – 8.5mm) Helophilus trivittatus distribution of hoverflies on Shetland, with (10.25 – 12.25mm) only a few naturalists delving into their identification and recording them. With understanding of Shetland hoverflies still in its infancy, there is still much to learn and add to the current database of knowledge. These are exciting times for the Shetland naturalist; with so much to still explore and understand, anyone can really make a difference to biological recording in the Islands.

We welcome your Shetland hoverfly records or photographs for identification. Please use the Shetland Insect Group Facebook page, or contact Paul Harvey at Shetland Amenity Only 1 record for Shetland of a female at Instantly recognizable from similar Trust ([email protected]). Law Lane, Lerwick in 2018. Very similar in both size & Please don’t forget to add a location (grid to Eupeodes corallae but very black & striking lemon-yellow abdonimal reference if possible) and a date to your strong yellow markings on abdomen markings. Close inspection also shows a discoveries. with females showing two bars angled red rather than black line down the front rather than spots. Half black, half yellow of the face. A rare migrant to Shetland The WildGuides publication: Britain’s ‘frons’ on face too distinctive when at with only 4 current records, the last on Hoverflies - An Introduction to the Hoverflies rest. Males trickier as they can show spots Foula, June 2020. On mainland UK large of Britain, by Stuart Ball & Roger Morris, is like corallae or angled bars like females. influxes from the continent can arrive, a fabulous book and is highly recommended. Microscope ID with specimen needed for increasing resident populations. males. Likely a rare migrant to the Isles. Copyright Rebecca Nason 2020