Introduction to Evolution the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
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Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions Http
Buzzle – Zoology Terms – Glossary of Biology Terms and Definitions http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biology-terms-glossary-of-biology-terms-and- definitions.html#ZoologyGlossary Biology is the branch of science concerned with the study of life: structure, growth, functioning and evolution of living things. This discipline of science comprises three sub-disciplines that are botany (study of plants), Zoology (study of animals) and Microbiology (study of microorganisms). This vast subject of science involves the usage of myriads of biology terms, which are essential to be comprehended correctly. People involved in the science field encounter innumerable jargons during their study, research or work. Moreover, since science is a part of everybody's life, it is something that is important to all individuals. A Abdomen: Abdomen in mammals is the portion of the body which is located below the rib cage, and in arthropods below the thorax. It is the cavity that contains stomach, intestines, etc. Abscission: Abscission is a process of shedding or separating part of an organism from the rest of it. Common examples are that of, plant parts like leaves, fruits, flowers and bark being separated from the plant. Accidental: Accidental refers to the occurrences or existence of all those species that would not be found in a particular region under normal circumstances. Acclimation: Acclimation refers to the morphological and/or physiological changes experienced by various organisms to adapt or accustom themselves to a new climate or environment. Active Transport: The movement of cellular substances like ions or molecules by traveling across the membrane, towards a higher level of concentration while consuming energy. -
The Evolutionary Biology of Decision Making
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology Psychology, Department of 2008 The Evolutionary Biology of Decision Making Jeffrey R. Stevens University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Stevens, Jeffrey R., "The Evolutionary Biology of Decision Making" (2008). Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology. 523. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub/523 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in BETTER THAN CONSCIOUS? DECISION MAKING, THE HUMAN MIND, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INSTITUTIONS, ed. Christoph Engel and Wolf Singer (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2008), pp. 285-304. Copyright 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology & the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies. Used by permission. 13 The Evolutionary Biology of Decision Making Jeffrey R. Stevens Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany Abstract Evolutionary and psychological approaches to decision making remain largely separate endeavors. Each offers necessary techniques and perspectives which, when integrated, will aid the study of decision making in both humans and nonhuman animals. The evolutionary focus on selection pressures highlights the goals of decisions and the con ditions under which different selection processes likely influence decision making. An evolutionary view also suggests that fully rational decision processes do not likely exist in nature. -
Plant Evolution an Introduction to the History of Life
Plant Evolution An Introduction to the History of Life KARL J. NIKLAS The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 1 Origins and Early Events 29 2 The Invasion of Land and Air 93 3 Population Genetics, Adaptation, and Evolution 153 4 Development and Evolution 217 5 Speciation and Microevolution 271 6 Macroevolution 325 7 The Evolution of Multicellularity 377 8 Biophysics and Evolution 431 9 Ecology and Evolution 483 Glossary 537 Index 547 v Introduction The unpredictable and the predetermined unfold together to make everything the way it is. It’s how nature creates itself, on every scale, the snowflake and the snowstorm. — TOM STOPPARD, Arcadia, Act 1, Scene 4 (1993) Much has been written about evolution from the perspective of the history and biology of animals, but significantly less has been writ- ten about the evolutionary biology of plants. Zoocentricism in the biological literature is understandable to some extent because we are after all animals and not plants and because our self- interest is not entirely egotistical, since no biologist can deny the fact that animals have played significant and important roles as the actors on the stage of evolution come and go. The nearly romantic fascination with di- nosaurs and what caused their extinction is understandable, even though we should be equally fascinated with the monarchs of the Carboniferous, the tree lycopods and calamites, and with what caused their extinction (fig. 0.1). Yet, it must be understood that plants are as fascinating as animals, and that they are just as important to the study of biology in general and to understanding evolutionary theory in particular. -
Number of Living Species in Australia and the World
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World 2nd edition Arthur D. Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services australia’s nature Toowoomba, Australia there is more still to be discovered… Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study Canberra, Australia September 2009 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Insecta (insects) 23 Plants 43 Viruses 59 Arachnida Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 43 Protoctista (mainly Introduction 2 (spiders, scorpions, etc) 26 Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Protozoa—others included Executive Summary 6 Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 28 Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta under fungi, algae, Myriapoda and Ginkgophyta) 45 Chromista, etc) 60 Detailed discussion by Group 12 (millipedes, centipedes) 29 Ferns and Allies 46 Chordates 13 Acknowledgements 63 Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc) 31 Bryophyta Mammalia (mammals) 13 Onychophora (velvet worms) 32 (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 47 References 66 Aves (birds) 14 Hexapoda (proturans, springtails) 33 Plant Algae (including green Reptilia (reptiles) 15 Mollusca (molluscs, shellfish) 34 algae, red algae, glaucophytes) 49 Amphibia (frogs, etc) 16 Annelida (segmented worms) 35 Fungi 51 Pisces (fishes including Nematoda Fungi (excluding taxa Chondrichthyes and (nematodes, roundworms) 36 treated under Chromista Osteichthyes) 17 and Protoctista) 51 Acanthocephala Agnatha (hagfish, (thorny-headed worms) 37 Lichen-forming fungi 53 lampreys, slime eels) 18 Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 38 Others 54 Cephalochordata (lancelets) 19 Cnidaria (jellyfish, Prokaryota (Bacteria Tunicata or Urochordata sea anenomes, corals) 39 [Monera] of previous report) 54 (sea squirts, doliolids, salps) 20 Porifera (sponges) 40 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 55 Invertebrates 21 Other Invertebrates 41 Chromista (including some Hemichordata (hemichordates) 21 species previously included Echinodermata (starfish, under either algae or fungi) 56 sea cucumbers, etc) 22 FOREWORD In Australia and around the world, biodiversity is under huge Harnessing core science and knowledge bases, like and growing pressure. -
Evolution by Natural Selection, Formulated Independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
UNIT 4 EVOLUTIONARY PATT EVOLUTIONARY E RNS AND PROC E SS E Evolution by Natural S 22 Selection Natural selection In this chapter you will learn that explains how Evolution is one of the most populations become important ideas in modern biology well suited to their environments over time. The shape and by reviewing by asking by applying coloration of leafy sea The rise of What is the evidence for evolution? Evolution in action: dragons (a fish closely evolutionary thought two case studies related to seahorses) 22.1 22.4 are heritable traits that with regard to help them to hide from predators. The pattern of evolution: The process of species have changed evolution by natural and are related 22.2 selection 22.3 keeping in mind Common myths about natural selection and adaptation 22.5 his chapter is about one of the great ideas in science: the theory of evolution by natural selection, formulated independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. The theory explains how T populations—individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time—have come to be adapted to environments ranging from arctic tundra to tropical wet forest. It revealed one of the five key attributes of life: Populations of organisms evolve. In other words, the heritable characteris- This chapter is part of the tics of populations change over time (Chapter 1). Big Picture. See how on Evolution by natural selection is one of the best supported and most important theories in the history pages 516–517. of scientific research. -
Adaptation ×
This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more × security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry adaptation For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/adaptation/ An adaptation is a mutation, or genetic change, that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive in its environment. Due to the helpful nature of the mutation, it is passed down from one generation to the next. As more and more organisms inherit the mutation, the mutation becomes a typical part of the species. The mutation has become an adaptation. Structural and Behavioral Adaptations An adaptation can be structural, meaning it is a physical part of the organism. An adaptation can also be behavioral, affecting the way an organism acts. An example of a structural adaptation is the way some plants have adapted to life in the desert. Deserts are dry, hot places. Plants called succulents have adapted to this climate by storing water in their thick stems and leaves. Animal migration is an example of a behavioral adaptation. Grey whales migrate thousands of miles every year as they swim from the cold Arctic Ocean to the warm waters off the coast of Mexico. Grey whale calves are born in the warm water, and then travel in groups called pods to the nutrient-rich waters of the Arctic. Some adaptations are called exaptations. An exaptation is an adaptation developed for one purpose, but used for another. Feathers were probably adaptations for keeping the animal warm that were later used for flight, making feathers an exaptation for flying. -
Listing a Species As a Threatened Or Endangered Species Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Listing a Species as a Threatened or Endangered Species Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, is one of the most far- reaching wildlife conservation laws ever enacted by any nation. Congress, on behalf of the American people, passed the ESA to prevent extinctions facing many species of fish, wildlife and plants. The purpose of the ESA is to conserve endangered and threatened species and the ecosystems on which they depend as key components of America’s heritage. To implement the ESA, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service works in cooperation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), other Federal, State, and local USFWS Susanne Miller, agencies, Tribes, non-governmental Listed in 2008 as threatened because of the decline in sea ice habitat, the polar bear may organizations, and private citizens. spend time on land during fall months, waiting for ice to return. Before a plant or animal species can receive the protection provided by What are the criteria for deciding whether refer to these species as “candidates” the ESA, it must first be added to to add a species to the list? for listing. Through notices of review, the Federal lists of threatened and A species is added to the list when it we seek biological information that will endangered wildlife and plants. The is determined to be an endangered or help us to complete the status reviews List of Endangered and Threatened threatened species because of any of for these candidate species. We publish Wildlife (50 CFR 17.11) and the List the following factors: notices in the Federal Register, a daily of Endangered and Threatened Plants n the present or threatened Federal Government publication. -
Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution Refers to Varieties Within a Given Type
Chapter 8: Evolution Lesson 8.3: Microevolution and the Genetics of Populations Microevolution refers to varieties within a given type. Change happens within a group, but the descendant is clearly of the same type as the ancestor. This might better be called variation, or adaptation, but the changes are "horizontal" in effect, not "vertical." Such changes might be accomplished by "natural selection," in which a trait within the present variety is selected as the best for a given set of conditions, or accomplished by "artificial selection," such as when dog breeders produce a new breed of dog. Lesson Objectives ● Distinguish what is microevolution and how it affects changes in populations. ● Define gene pool, and explain how to calculate allele frequencies. ● State the Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● Identify the five forces of evolution. Vocabulary ● adaptive radiation ● gene pool ● migration ● allele frequency ● genetic drift ● mutation ● artificial selection ● Hardy-Weinberg theorem ● natural selection ● directional selection ● macroevolution ● population genetics ● disruptive selection ● microevolution ● stabilizing selection ● gene flow Introduction Darwin knew that heritable variations are needed for evolution to occur. However, he knew nothing about Mendel’s laws of genetics. Mendel’s laws were rediscovered in the early 1900s. Only then could scientists fully understand the process of evolution. Microevolution is how individual traits within a population change over time. In order for a population to change, some things must be assumed to be true. In other words, there must be some sort of process happening that causes microevolution. The five ways alleles within a population change over time are natural selection, migration (gene flow), mating, mutations, or genetic drift. -
Investigating VIST Evolutionary Principles (Variation, Inheritance, Selection & Time)
Exploring the KU Natural History Museum Investigating VIST Evolutionary Principles (Variation, Inheritance, Selection & Time) Target Audience: Middle school and above Differentiated Instruction Summary Content/ Strategy Levels Process/ Grouping(s)* Product Readiness Small groups Content Level 1 – VIST principles in Explore Peer partners Cubing Process Evolution exhibit (organized around VIST) Homogeneous Product Level 2 – VIST principles in other exhibits Heterogeneous * Varied grouping options can be used for this activity, depending on student needs and chaperone ability. Objective: Investigate the evolutionary principles of variation, inheritance, selection and time. Pre-assessment/Prior Knowledge: Prior to their visit, students should be familiar with the four evolutionary principles of variation, inheritance, selection and time (VIST). Activity Description: Students explore the four principles of evolution: variation, inheritance selection and time through museum exhibits. In Level 1, students explore these four principles in the Explore Evolution exhibit. This exhibit presents evolutionary research across seven different organisms, from the smallest to the very large, and is organized around (and explicitly addresses) the VIST principles work in each organism. In Level 2, students apply the VIST principles to exhibits on various floors, most of which do not explicitly use this framework. Materials Needed: • Student o Cubes (three levels, see attached) o Notebooks/paper and pencils Note: Format to record/present findings determined by individual teacher. Provide clear instructions about expectations for documenting participation. • Teacher o Content Outline o Cube labels o Cube template © The University of Kansas Natural History Museum (2014) Exploring the KU Natural History Museum Content: VIST* Overview There are four principles at work in evolution—variation, inheritance, selection and time. -
Evolution, Third Edition
evolution THIRD EDITION DOUGLAS J. FUTUYMA Stony Brook University Chapter 20, "Evolution of Genes and Genomes" by Scott V. Edwards, Harvard University Chapter 21, "Evolution and Development" by John R. True, Stony Brook University SINAUER ASSOCIATES, INC. •Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. © 2013 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. 00_EVOL3E_Frontmatter_U&lc.indd iii 2/14/13 8:05 AM Brief Contents 1 Evolutionary Biology 1 2 The Tree of Life: Classifi cation and Phylogeny 19 3 Patterns of Evolution 51 4 Evolution in the Fossil Record 77 5 A History of Life on Earth 103 6 The Geography of Evolution 135 7 The Evolution of Biodiversity 161 8 The Origin of Genetic Variation 189 9 Variation: The Foundation of Evolution 217 10 Genetic Drift: Evolution at Random 257 11 Natural Selection and Adaptation 281 12 The Genetic Theory of Natural Selection 309 13 Phenotypic Evolution 347 14 The Evolution of Life Histories 379 15 Sex and Reproductive Success 399 16 Confl ict and Cooperation 427 17 Species 459 18 Speciation 483 19 The Evolution of Interactions among Species 513 20 Evolution of Genes and Genomes 537 21 Evolution and Development 565 22 Macroevolution: Evolution above the Species Level 605 23 Evolutionary Science, Creationism, and Society 631 © 2013 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. -
Information Systems Theorizing Based on Evolutionary Psychology: an Interdisciplinary Review and Theory Integration Framework1
Kock/IS Theorizing Based on Evolutionary Psychology THEORY AND REVIEW INFORMATION SYSTEMS THEORIZING BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEW AND THEORY INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK1 By: Ned Kock on one evolutionary information systems theory—media Division of International Business and Technology naturalness theory—previously developed as an alternative to Studies media richness theory, and one non-evolutionary information Texas A&M International University systems theory, channel expansion theory. 5201 University Boulevard Laredo, TX 78041 Keywords: Information systems, evolutionary psychology, U.S.A. theory development, media richness theory, media naturalness [email protected] theory, channel expansion theory Abstract Introduction Evolutionary psychology holds great promise as one of the possible pillars on which information systems theorizing can While information systems as a distinct area of research has take place. Arguably, evolutionary psychology can provide the potential to be a reference for other disciplines, it is the key to many counterintuitive predictions of behavior reasonable to argue that information systems theorizing can toward technology, because many of the evolved instincts that benefit from fresh new insights from other fields of inquiry, influence our behavior are below our level of conscious which may in turn enhance even more the reference potential awareness; often those instincts lead to behavioral responses of information systems (Baskerville and Myers 2002). After that are not self-evident. This paper provides a discussion of all, to be influential in other disciplines, information systems information systems theorizing based on evolutionary psych- research should address problems that are perceived as rele- ology, centered on key human evolution and evolutionary vant by scholars in those disciplines and in ways that are genetics concepts and notions. -
Mammal Evolution
Mammal Evolution Geology 331 Paleontology Triassic synapsid reptiles: Therapsids or mammal-like reptiles. Note the sprawling posture. Mammal with Upright Posture From Synapsids to Mammals, a well documented transition series Carl Buell Prothero, 2007 Synapsid Teeth, less specialized Mammal Teeth, more specialized Prothero, 2007 Yanoconodon, Lower Cretaceous of China Yanoconodon, Lower Cretaceous of China, retains ear bones attached to the inside lower jaw Morganucodon Yanoconodon = articular of = quadrate of Human Ear Bones, or lower reptile upper reptile Auditory Ossicles jaw jaw Cochlea Mammals have a bony secondary palate Primary Palate Reptiles have a soft Secondary Palate secondary palate Reduction of digit bones from Hand and Foot of Permian Synapsid 2-3-4-5-3 in synapsid Seymouria ancestors to 2-3-3-3-3 in mammals Human Hand and Foot Class Mammalia - Late Triassic to Recent Superorder Tricodonta - Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous Superorder Multituberculata - Late Jurassic to Early Oligocene Superorder Monotremata - Early Cretaceous to Recent Superorder Metatheria (Marsupials) - Late Cretaceous to Recent Superorder Eutheria (Placentals) - Late Cretaceous to Recent Evolution of Mammalian Superorders Multituberculates Metatheria Eutheria (Marsupials) (Placentals) Tricodonts Monotremes . Live Birth Extinct: . .. Mammary Glands? Mammals in the Age of Dinosaurs – a nocturnal life style Hadrocodium, a lower Jurassic mammal with a “large” brain (6 mm brain case in an 8 mm skull) Were larger brains adaptive for a greater sense of smell? Big Brains and Early Mammals July 14, 2011 The Academic Minute http://www.insidehighered.com/audio/academic_pulse/big_brains_and_early_mammals Lower Cretaceous mammal from China Jawbones of a Cretaceous marsupial from Mongolia Mammal fossil from the Cretaceous of Mongolia Reconstructed Cretaceous Mammal Early Cretaceous mammal ate small dinosaurs Repenomamus robustus fed on psittacosaurs.