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The Angles of Building Orientation for Solar Energy Use; a Case Study of Tehran City, Iran

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The Angles of Building Orientation for Solar Energy Use; a Case Study of Tehran City, Iran ISSN: 2538-4384; Geographical Researches. 2019;34(3):427-436. DOI: 10.29252/geores.33.2.427 The Angles of Building Orientation for Solar Energy Use; a Case Study of Tehran City, Iran A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Aims & Backgrounds One of the approaches to reduce fossil fuel consumption and their pollution in Article Type cities, is to pay attention to the climatic conditions and ecosystems of the region and to use renewable Original Research energy in architecture and the design of buildings. This subject in the case for Tehran metropolis is more important, due to the high concentration of population and the activity and, consequently, the Authors great amount of constructions. The aim of this research is to determine the optimal building orientations Akbari H.*1 PhD, through surveying the amount of direct radiation energy, received by vertical surfaces of buildings in Hosseini Nezhad FS.2 PhD Tehran city. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative computational models have been used. In order to achieve this goal, taking into account the azimuth and the height of the sun at different times of the year, the “Law of cosines” computational method and Q-BASIC software were applied to compute and analyze the amount of received direct energy on vertical surfaces of buildings in all months of the year and in 24 geographic directions. The most suitable direction for building orientation is determined through the maximum difference between the amount of energy in cold and How to cite this article hot periods or the highest percentage of radiation received in the cold period. Akbari H, Hosseini Nezhad FS. Findings Based on the results of the research, the maximum annual amount of received solar energy The Angles of Building Orientati- in the city of Tehran belongs to the 150 degree South-East and West, and the lowest annual amount of on for Solar Energy Use; a Case energy is related to the walls facing the North; In order to get optimal solar energy, the directions of Study of Tehran City, Iran. Geogr- aphical Researches. 2019;34(3)- priority). The best orientation for one-way buildings in Tehran is 180 degrees South. 150 degrees South-East to 210 degrees South-West are among the acceptable orientations (first to third ConclusionThe best orientation for two-way buildings is the North-South direction and for four-sided :427-436. buildings are (0, 180, 90, -90) degrees. Keywords Optimal Building Orientation; Vertical Surfaces; Solar Energy; The “Law of Cosines” C I T A T I O N L I N K S [Angstrom; 1924] Solar and terrestrial …; [Ashra; 1995] Handbook of heating, ventilating and air- conditioning …; [Bakirci; 2009] Models of solar radiation with hours of bright sunshine: A …; [Barzegar, et al; 2012] Evaluuation of the effect of biulding- orientation on achieved solar …; [Barzegar & Heidari; 2013] Investigation of the effects of building envelopes received …; [Coppolino; 1990] Validation of a very simple model for computing global solar radiation in …; Solar engineering of thermal …; Energy Balance Sheet of …; [Farajzadeh 1 [Duffie & Beckman; 2006] Department of Architecture, Fac- & Abbasi; 2012] Optimization of the direction of buildings of Qir town in …; [Fazeli & Heidari; 2013] ulty of Engineering, Mohaghegh [Energy Balance Sheet of Iran; 2016] Optimization of energy consumption in …; [Ganji; 1955] Iran’s climatic …; [Gueymard; 2000] Prediction Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran 2Department of Urban Planning, and performance assessment of mean hourly global …; [Habibi Khameneh & Mohammadi; 2014] The Faculty of Urban and Regional study of architecture of Tehran …; Optimizing the orientation of the Planning, Shahid Beheshti Univer- open spaces and …; [Hossein, et al; 2012] Climate design of buildings in Sabzevar with an emphasis on [Hedayatian & Goodarzi; 2016] sity, Tehran, Iran ...; [IRIMO; 2018] [Karbalaee doree & Hejazi Zadeh; 2017] Optimizing building orientation establishment in the city of Kashan …; IRIMO Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Office, Data Center, …; [Kasmai M; 2002] Climate …; [Kheirabadi, et al; 2017] The role of urban spaces physical orientation on *Correspondence the extent of climate comfort of …; [Lashkari, et al; 2011] Optimizing buildings orientation in Ahvaz ...; Address: Faculty of Engineering, [Lashkari, et al; 2012] Optimization of the direction of buildings in ...; [Maghrabi; 2009] Parameterization Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Uni- of simple model to estimate monthly global solar …; [Mondol , et al; 2008] Solar radiation modelling for versity Street, Ardabil, Iran. Postal the simulation of …; [Neuwirth; 1980] The estimation of global and sky radiation in …; [Paltridge & Phone: +98 (45) 33519985 Monthly mean solar radiation statistics for ...; [Prescott; 1940] Evaporation from a water FaxCode:: +98 13131-56199 (45) 33512904 surface in relation …; [Sabbagh, et al; 1977] Estimation of the total solar radiation from …; [Samimi; Proctor; 1976] [email protected] 1994] Estimation of height-dependent solar irradiation and application to …; The appropriate form of tall building for …; [Sozen, et al; 2004] Estimation of solar potential in Turkey by [Shafiei, et al; 2014] Article History [Watsoz & Labs; 1983] [Wu, et al; 2007] Methods Received: May 4, 2019 and strategy for modeling daily …; Best orientation determination of buildings in Accepted: August 17, 2019 artificial neural …; Climate design: Energy efficient ...; …; [Zheng, et al; 2010] Developing a fuzzy analytic hierarchical process model for … ePublished: October 2, 2019 [Zamani, et al; 2016] Copyright© 2018, ASP Ins. This open-access article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License which permits Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms. ۴۲۸ ﺣﺴﻦ اﮐﺒﺮ ی و ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﺳﺎدات ﺣﺴﯿﻨﯽﻧﮋاد ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ زواﯾﺎی ﻗﺮارﮔﯿﺮ ی ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺮای ﺑﻬﺮهﻣﻨﺪی از اﻧﺮژ ی اﯾﺮان در ﺳﺎل ۱۳۹۴، ﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن (ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﺗﺠﺎری) از ﮐﻞ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ اﻧﺮژی در ﮐﺸﻮر، ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ۶/۵۰% اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪی؛ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردی ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان [ 2015 Iran, of Sheet Balance Energy]. ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژیﻫﺎی ﻓﺴﯿﻠﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺼﺮف ﺑﺮق * ﺣﺴﻦ اﮐﺒﺮ ی PhD در ﺳﺎل ۱۳۸۸ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ۳۰۹۶۶ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﻛﯿﻠﻮوات ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻌﻤﺎر ی، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻓﻨﯽ و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اردﺑﯿﻠﯽ، اردﺑﯿﻞ، اﯾﺮان ﺳﺎﻋﺖ و ﻣﯿﺰان ﮔﺎز ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ۲۹۷۶۶ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ اﺳﺖ. PhD ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﺳﺎدات ﺣﺴﯿﻨﯽﻧﮋاد روﺷﻦ اﺳﺖ ۱/۳۷% ﻣﺼﺮف ﺑﺮق و ۹۳% ﻣﺼﺮف ﮔﺎز در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﮔﺮوه ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎز ی، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻌﻤﺎر ی و ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎز ی، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﯽ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﯾﺮان ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ اﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ۵/۱۰% از ﮐﻞ ﺣﺎﻣﻞﻫﺎی اﻧﺮژی ﮐﺸﻮر در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ,Heidari & Fazeli] [2013. ﻟﺬا در ﺷﻬﺮی ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺼﺮفﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭼﮑﻴﺪه اﻫﺪاف و زﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎ: ﯾﮑﯽ از راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎی ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎی ﻓﺴﯿﻠﯽ و اﻧﺮژی در ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎزی و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎی ﻓﺴﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽﻫﺎی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از آن در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ، ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ و زﯾﺴﺖﺑﻮم ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و وﯾﮋه در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن (ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﺗﺠﺎری) ﯾﻚ ﺿﺮورت ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﯿﺮی از اﻧﺮژیﻫﺎی ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮ در ﻣﻌﻤﺎری و ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎﺳﺖ؛ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ و ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﺷﻬﺮی ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﻣﻮﺿﻮع در ﺧﺼﻮص ﮐﻼﻧﺸﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺎﻻی ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ و ﺑﻬﺮهﻣﻨﺪ از اﻧﺮژیﻫﺎی ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻧﺮژی ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪی، ﺗﺒﻊ آن، ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﻻی ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز دارای اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮی اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﻬﺖﻫﺎی ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ، از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژی درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ و راﺳﺘﺎی اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﺷﻬﺮی و روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ: روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻮده و از ﻣﺪلﻫﺎی ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻤﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎری ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان درﯾﺎﻓﺖ اﻧﺮژی ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮای ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن، اوﻟﻮﯾﺖﻫﺎی ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﺮان ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﻘﺮار و ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ آﻓﺘﺎب، اﺑﺘﺪا زاوﯾﻪ آزﯾﻤﻮت و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اوﻟﮕﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ اﻧﺮژی ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪی و ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ در ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رو ﺑﺎ از ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار Q‐BASIC اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ دﯾﺎﮔﺮام ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ، روﺷﯽ را ﺑﺮای ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژی ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮس، ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژی ﺗﺎﺑﯿﺪه ﺷﺪه در ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ از روز ﺑﺮ روی دﯾﻮارﻫﺎی ﻗﺎﺋﻢ در ۲۴ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ از روز ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن اراﯾﻪ داد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﯾﮏ، دو و ﭼﻬﺎرﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ [ 2002 Kasmaei,]. در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ درﺻﺪ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ در دوره ﺳﺮد و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﯿﻦ دوره ﺳﺮد و ﮔﺮم ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژی ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﯿﺮاز، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ در راﺳﺘﺎی ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺮژی درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ۱۵۰ ﺟﻨﻮبﺷﺮﻗﯽ و ﺷﻤﺎلﻏﺮﺑﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان درﯾﺎﻓﺖ اﻧﺮژی و ﻣﺼﺮف در درﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﻮبﺷﺮﻗﯽ و ﻏﺮﺑﯽ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژی درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ [Barzegar & Heydari, 2012, 2013] ﺳﻄﻮح رو ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﻮد. ﺟﻬﺎت ۱۵۰ درﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﯽ ﺗﺎ ۲۱۰ درﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﺟﺰو ﺟﻬﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮل از ﻧﻈﺮ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اﻧﺮژی ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ در ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎزی ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎی ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮ اﻫﻮاز ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺑﺮای ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﯾﮏﻃﺮﻓﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺟﻬﺖ ۱۸۰ درﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺑﻮد. ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺟﻬﺎت ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن، ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی: ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺑﺮای ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ، ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻤﺎل- ∘ ﺟﻬﺖ ۴۵ درﺟﻪ و ﺟﻬﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮل ۳۰ درﺟﻪ و ۱۵+ درﺟﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ از ﺟﻨﻮب و ﺑﺮای ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﭼﻬﺎرﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻬﺎت ۰، ۱۸۰، ۹۰، ۹۰- درﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ. [Lashkari et al, 2011] ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژهﻫﺎ: ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن، ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﺎﺋﻢ، اﻧﺮژی ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪی، ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮس ﻣﺒﺪا ﺟﻨﻮب اﺳﺖ . در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺒﺰوار ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄ ﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: ۰۵/۰۵/۱۳۹۷ و ﻋﻤﻖ ﺳﺎﯾﺒﺎن ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ۱۵ درﺟﻪ و ۳۰ درﺟﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: ۲۵/۰۵/۱۳۹۸ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﯾﮏﻃﺮﻓﻪ و ﺟﻬﺖ (۱۶۵+، ۱۵-) و ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ- *ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: [email protected] ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖﻫﺎی ﻗﺮارﮔﯿﺮی ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ آﻓﺘﺎب ﺑﺮای ﺳﺒﺰوار اﺳﺖ ,al et Abadi Hossein] ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ [2012.
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    Transnational Modernization and the Gendered Built Environment in Iran: Altering Architectural Spaces and Gender Identities in the Early Twentieth Century (1925-1941) A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Architecture and Interior Design of College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning By Armaghan Ziaee Bachelor of Architecture, 2009 Master of Architecture, 2013 Master of Arts, 2018 2018 Committee: Amy Lind, Ph.D. (Co-chair) Adrian Parr, Ph.D. (Co-chair) Edson Cabalfin, Ph.D. Abstract When Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925-1941) came to power in Iran in 1925, he initiated a rapid and irreversible process of change that began in the public domain of the city and filtered into the private domain of the home. During this era of accelerated, westernized modernization, gender- segregated private housing, including courtyard houses, and gender-exclusive, masculine public spaces were repurposed relatively quickly and/or were replaced by modern villa-style houses/apartments and gender-inclusive public spaces. Over the years, as Reza Shah’s policies of western-style modern houses, urban spaces, fashion, and design grew, he intensified his support for gender desegregation, most notably through banning women’s use of the Chador (the traditional Iranian veil) in public spaces. In this sense, the first Pahlavi modernization project of the built environment was constructed through a gendered lens of progress, in which physical structures, public and private spaces, and women’s (and men’s) very senses of embodiment and identity – in their homes, in public spaces, in regard to their dress – became a contested battleground at the center of broader struggles concerning modernity and westernization in Iran.
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  • Manifestation of Modernity in Iranian Public Squares: Baharestan Square (1826–1978)
    Islamic Heritage Architecture 133 MANIFESTATION OF MODERNITY IN IRANIAN PUBLIC SQUARES: BAHARESTAN SQUARE (1826–1978) ASMA MEHAN Department of Architecture and Design, Politecnico Di Torino, Italy. ABSTRACT The concept of public square has changed significantly in Iran in recent centuries. This research inves- tigated how modernity is manifested in the public squares of Tehran. In this regard, Tehran has been chosen as the main concern, while in its short history as the capital of Iran, the city has been critically transformed: first because of constant urban development during the Qajar Dynasty and then due to its rapid growth during the late Pahavi era and second because of the culture of rapid renovation and reconstruction in contemporary public spaces. Considering these facts, the urban transformation of Baharestan Square as one of the most influencing public squares of Tehran in the recent century leads us to understand the process of Iranian modernization, which is totally different from common patterns of western modernity. Analysing the historical changes of Baharestan Square based on manuscripts, western travellers’ diaries, historical images and maps, from its formation till the Islamic Revolution (1978), shows how the traditional elements of the square as well as its form and function have been totally transformed. Analysing the spatial qualities of Baharestan Square clarifies that its special loca- tion near the first Iranian Parliament building, Sepahsalar Mosque and Negarestan Garden represents it as the first modern focal point in Iranian’s political and social life. Keywords: Baharestan Square, Iranian modernity, public square, Tehran. 1 INTRODUCTION Public squares are significant parts of the history and the culture of the cities.
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  • Unveiling Iranian Courtyard House: the Example of Kuy-E Chaharsad-Dastgah (1946–1950)
    Journal of Architecture and Urbanism ISSN 2029-7955 / eISSN 2029-7947 2019 Volume 43 Issue 1: 91–111 https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2019.6046 UNVEILING IRANIAN COURTYARD HOUSE: THE EXAMPLE OF KUY-E CHAHARSAD-DASTGAH (1946–1950) * Mohamad SEDIGHI , Dick van GAMEREN Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, the Netherlands Received 09 October 2018; accepted 04 April 2019 Abstract. This article discusses the transformation of the traditional Iranian courtyard house type and neighbourhood structure in the early 20th century Iran, and focuses on the design of public housing in the country’s early years of mod- ernisation, after the second World War. It explores how (urban) legislations by Iranian reformists and modernists, and the compulsory unveiling law implemented between 1936 and 1943 contributed to change the image of urban areas and the everyday life of Iranians, particularly in Tehran. While this article provides a short overview of these transformations, it discusses how Iranian architects, educated in Europe, attempted to reconceptualise the ideal form of living, the courtyard- garden house (Khaneh-Bagh), for large-scale housing production, in the country. This article shows how the transformation of this house type became an instrument of accommodating both change and resistance in terms of local customs and hab- its, in Kuy-e Chaharsad-Dastgah, built between 1946 and 1950 in Tehran. To illustrate these, the design and development of this experimental housing project is analysed in details. It is also demonstrated how this project was developed based on a “planning document” revised by a group of modernist Iranian architects, who intended to improve the hygiene condition of living environments and to accommodate a large number of low-income civil servants in post-World War II, Tehran.
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  • Identification of the Components of Sense of Place in Architecture of Houses in First Pahlavi Era in Iran (Case Study: Tabriz)
    European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 2015; www.european-science.com Vol.3, No.3 Special Issue on New Trends in Architecture, Civil Engineering, and Urban Studies ISSN 1805-3602 Identification of the Components of Sense of Place in Architecture of Houses in First Pahlavi Era in Iran (Case Study: Tabriz) Dariush Sattarzadeh1*, Lida Balilan Asl2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Art & Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; 2Assistant Professor, Department of Art & Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran *E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In this article, considering the importance of sense of place in designed space, it has been mainly tried to reach to a brief analysis of the concept of sense of place form different perspectives, its fundamental factors, components, principles and paradigms related to sense of place in first Pahlavi era, by using library and documentary research and related documents. The overall purpose of this research is surveying how the components of sense of place appeared in housing architectural elements of this era. In this regard, four sample cases have been surveyed by the method of phenomenological recognition and with historical analysis approach. These remnants have been surveyed according to the parameters such as defection removal, regular arrangement, 3)symmetrical structure, decoration, spiritual influence, harmony, and appropriate vocabulary arrangement. The results of survey show that in first Pahlavi era, by organizing the spaces according to the past architecture and also coordination and correlation with surrounding environment, there are still components in these buildings that again create some sense of place in relation to these buildings in human.
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  • The Typology of Traditional Houses in Tabriz
    Structural Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XII 87 The typology of traditional houses in Tabriz M. Boudagh1 & P. Ghaemmaghami2 1Department of Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Architecture, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran Abstract Traditional houses are the most important places to represent the life style of the past. The lack of recognition and appreciation of these buildings on the part of authorities, and the public too, will gradually lead to their destruction and replacement by contemporary buildings. This research aims to introduce specific architectural features of traditional houses in Tabriz. Preserving the features of these houses helps in maintaining the architectural heritage and culture of the region. Most of the old houses of Tabriz were reconstructed at the beginning of the Qajar era after the devastating earthquake of 1780. The existing houses from the past are those that have survived from the modern age invasions. The destruction caused by contemporary constructions, in the chaos of the modern period, makes it difficult for researches to gather information about the principles of traditional buildings and to identify their typology. This survey is a compilation of the typology of 52 traditional houses of Qajar (1779-1925) and Pahlavi (1921-1978) periods in Tabriz. Keywords: Tabriz traditional houses, architectural elements, house typology. 1 Introduction Tabriz is one of the most significant historical cities of Iran with a history dating back to the pre-Islamic period (Sultanzade [1]). At the beginning of the rule of the Qajar1 dynasty, Tabriz became the second capital of Iran and was established as the formal settlement for the crown princess of this dynasty.
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  • Culture and Cultural Politics Under Reza Shah
    Culture and Cultural Politics Under Reza Shah Culture and Cultural Politics Under Reza Shah presents a collection of innovative research on the interaction of culture and politics accompanying the vigorous modernization program of the first Pahlavi ruler. Examining a broad spectrum of this multifaceted interaction it makes an important contribution to the cultural history of the 1920s and 1930s in Iran, when, under the rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi, dramatic changes took place inside Iranian society. With special reference to the practical implementation of specific reform endeavors, the various contributions critically analyze different facets of the relationship between cultural politics, individual reformers, and the everyday life of modernist Iranians. Interpreting culture in its broadest sense, this book brings together con- tributions from different disciplines such as literary history, social history, ethnomusicology, art history, and Middle Eastern politics. In this way, it combines for the first time the cultural history of Iran’s modernity with the politics of the Reza Shah period. Challenging a limited understanding of authoritarian rule under Reza Shah, this book is a useful contribution to existing literature for students and scholars of Middle Eastern History, Iranian History, and Iranian Culture. Dr Bianca Devos is Assistant Professor/Lecturer at the Center for Near and Middle East Studies at the University of Marburg (Germany). Her main fields of research are Iran’s modern history, particularly the press and early modern entrepreneurship, and literary history. Professor Christoph Werner holds the Chair of Iranian Studies at the Center for Near and Middle East Studies at the University of Marburg (Germany). His main fields of interest are Qajar history, vaqf studies, and modern Persian literature.
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  • Rereading Urban Form in Tehran Since the 1920S in the Case of Valiasr Street a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Natura
    REREADING URBAN FORM IN TEHRAN SINCE THE 1920S IN THE CASE OF VALIASR STREET A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY NIKOU RAASSI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE JUNE 2011 REREADING URBAN FORM IN TEHRAN SINCE THE 1920S IN THE CASE OF VALIASR STREET Submitted by NIKOU RAASSI in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architectural Design in Architecture Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Head of Department, Architecture Assoc. Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Supervisor, Architecture Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Ali Cengizkan Architecture Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Architecture Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cânâ Bilsel Architecture Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Müge Akkar Ercan City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Inst. Prof. Dr. Haluk Zelef Architecture Dept., METU Date: I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: Nikou Raassi Signature: iii ABSTRACT REREADING URBAN FORM IN TEHRAN SINCE THE 1920S IN THE CASE OF VALIASR STREET Raassi, Nikou M.Arch Design Department of Architecture Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın June 2011, 111 pages As part of an urban analysis of Tehran, the major question is how and to what extent an urban space (Valiasr Street and its surroundings) manifests urban developments in each epoch in its processes of production.
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  • Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology: the Case Study of Iran
    Durham E-Theses Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology: The Case Study of Iran DAROOGHEH-NOKHODCHERI, RANA How to cite: DAROOGHEH-NOKHODCHERI, RANA (2014) Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology: The Case Study of Iran , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10658/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology: The Case Study of Iran Rana Daroogheh-Nokhodcheri Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D The Department of Archaeology Durham University 2014 Abstract Since the first pillars of the discipline of archaeology were laid in the nineteenth century, archaeologists have been aware of the potential employment of their research for political purposes. Despite the recognition of the role of archaeology in politics, and specifically in the instigation and promotion of different brands of nationalism, there have been few studies that focused on Iran.
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  • Mausoleums: Architectural Representation of Changing Islamic Ideologies
    TDSR VOLUME XXIX NUMBER II 2018 55 Making Histories of “Sacred” Mausoleums: Architectural Representation of Changing Islamic Ideologies SHAHRZAD SHIRVANI This article explores the role of mausoleums and shrines in both the construction of Mus- lim identity and contemporary practices of nation-building in the Middle East. Using a comparative method, it analyzes the representational qualities of two important memorial complexes in Iran: the now-demolished mausoleum of Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941), who established the former Pahlavi monarchy, and the mausoleum of Ayatollah Khomeini, the charismatic founder of the present Islamic Republic. The research engages with the form, iconography and architecture of the two complexes to discern and interpret the signs of authority and religiosity inscribed in each. It thus contributes to understanding the role of sacred space and sacred memory in the formation of national identity in Iran before and after the 1979 Islamic Revolution and under different political/religious ideologies. The breaking news on June 7, 2017, was shocking. Twin terrorist attacks had targeted the Iranian Parliament and the mausoleum of Ayatollah Khomeini. Responsibility for the at- tacks, which left thirteen people dead and 46 others wounded, was claimed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS). Initial reports indicated that the attackers included suicide bombers who intended to blow themselves up inside the haram of the mausoleum complex. However, it was later confirmed that the attackers had been shot and killed by guardians and police prior to entering the “holy shrine.” Media coverage of the incident was extensive, and Iranian television showed a report- er standing at the northern gate of the shrine-like mausoleum, with its golden dome and Shahrzad Shirvani is a Ph.D.
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  • Analysis and Investigation of Lasting Architectural Projects and Plans in Housing in Post Era of Ghajar, Tehran
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino Politecnico di Torino Porto Institutional Repository [Article] Analysis and Investigation of Lasting Architectural Projects and Plans in Housing in Post Era of Ghajar, Tehran Original Citation: Mehan, Asma; Alavi, Hoda; Behraveh, Hoda (2015). Analysis and Investigation of Lasting Architectural Projects and Plans in Housing in Post Era of Ghajar, Tehran. In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN EDUCATION, vol. 3 n. 2, pp. 561-571. - ISSN 0957-7572 Availability: This version is available at : http://porto.polito.it/2641360/ since: July 2016 Publisher: University Malaysia Pahang Terms of use: This article is made available under terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Article ("Public - All rights reserved") , as described at http://porto.polito.it/terms_and_conditions. html Porto, the institutional repository of the Politecnico di Torino, is provided by the University Library and the IT-Services. The aim is to enable open access to all the world. Please share with us how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Publisher copyright claim: This is the publisher version of an article published on INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECH- NOLOGY AND DESIGN EDUCATION, Publisher [pin missing: publisher], Vol 3 , Number 2 Year 2015 (ISSN [pin missing: issn] )The present version is accessible on PORTO, the Open Access Repository of the Politecnico of Torino (Article begins on next page) Jurnal UMP
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  • Three Proposals for a New Urban Center in Tehran (1966-1976)
    CIVIC VISIONS, NATIONAL POLITICS, AND INTERNATIONAL DESIGNS: Three Proposals for a New Urban Center in Tehran (1966-1976) By Farshid Emami Bachelor of Architecture Shahid Beheshti University (2004) Master of Urban Design University of Tehran (2007) Submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2011 © 2011 Farshid Emami. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT the permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and elec- tronic copies of the thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Author_______________________________________________________________________________ Department of Architecture May 20, 2011 Certified by___________________________________________________________________________ Professor James Wescoat Jr. Aga Khan Professor of Architecture Thesis Supervisor Accepted by___________________________________________________________________________ Professor Takehiko Nagakura Associate Professor of Design and Computation Chair of the Department Committee on Graduate Students James Wescoat Jr. Aga Khan Professor of Architecture Thesis Supervisor Mark Jarzombek Professor of the History and Theory of Architecture Thesis Reader Talinn Grigor Assistant Professor of Fine Arts, Brandeis University Thesis Reader CIVIC VISIONS, NATIONAL POLITICS, AND INTERNATIONAL DESIGNS: Three Proposals for a New Urban Center in Tehran (1966-1976)
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  • Tehran (1940-1970)
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