ISSN: 2538-4384; Geographical Researches. 2019;34(3):427-436. DOI: 10.29252/geores.33.2.427 The Angles of Building Orientation for Solar Energy Use; a Case Study of Tehran City, Iran A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Aims & Backgrounds One of the approaches to reduce fossil fuel consumption and their pollution in Article Type cities, is to pay attention to the climatic conditions and ecosystems of the region and to use renewable Original Research energy in architecture and the design of buildings. This subject in the case for Tehran metropolis is more important, due to the high concentration of population and the activity and, consequently, the Authors great amount of constructions. The aim of this research is to determine the optimal building orientations Akbari H.*1 PhD, through surveying the amount of direct radiation energy, received by vertical surfaces of buildings in Hosseini Nezhad FS.2 PhD Tehran city. Methodology The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative computational models have been used. In order to achieve this goal, taking into account the azimuth and the height of the sun at different times of the year, the “Law of cosines” computational method and Q-BASIC software were applied to compute and analyze the amount of received direct energy on vertical surfaces of buildings in all months of the year and in 24 geographic directions. The most suitable direction for building orientation is determined through the maximum difference between the amount of energy in cold and How to cite this article hot periods or the highest percentage of radiation received in the cold period. Akbari H, Hosseini Nezhad FS. Findings Based on the results of the research, the maximum annual amount of received solar energy The Angles of Building Orientati- in the city of Tehran belongs to the 150 degree South-East and West, and the lowest annual amount of on for Solar Energy Use; a Case energy is related to the walls facing the North; In order to get optimal solar energy, the directions of Study of Tehran City, Iran. Geogr- aphical Researches. 2019;34(3)- priority). The best orientation for one-way buildings in Tehran is 180 degrees South. 150 degrees South-East to 210 degrees South-West are among the acceptable orientations (first to third ConclusionThe best orientation for two-way buildings is the North-South direction and for four-sided :427-436. buildings are (0, 180, 90, -90) degrees. Keywords Optimal Building Orientation; Vertical Surfaces; Solar Energy; The “Law of Cosines” C I T A T I O N L I N K S [Angstrom; 1924] Solar and terrestrial …; [Ashra; 1995] Handbook of heating, ventilating and air- conditioning …; [Bakirci; 2009] Models of solar radiation with hours of bright sunshine: A …; [Barzegar, et al; 2012] Evaluuation of the effect of biulding- orientation on achieved solar …; [Barzegar & Heidari; 2013] Investigation of the effects of building envelopes received …; [Coppolino; 1990] Validation of a very simple model for computing global solar radiation in …; Solar engineering of thermal …; Energy Balance Sheet of …; [Farajzadeh 1 [Duffie & Beckman; 2006] Department of Architecture, Fac- & Abbasi; 2012] Optimization of the direction of buildings of Qir town in …; [Fazeli & Heidari; 2013] ulty of Engineering, Mohaghegh [Energy Balance Sheet of Iran; 2016] Optimization of energy consumption in …; [Ganji; 1955] Iran’s climatic …; [Gueymard; 2000] Prediction Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran 2Department of Urban Planning, and performance assessment of mean hourly global …; [Habibi Khameneh & Mohammadi; 2014] The Faculty of Urban and Regional study of architecture of Tehran …; Optimizing the orientation of the Planning, Shahid Beheshti Univer- open spaces and …; [Hossein, et al; 2012] Climate design of buildings in Sabzevar with an emphasis on [Hedayatian & Goodarzi; 2016] sity, Tehran, Iran ...; [IRIMO; 2018] [Karbalaee doree & Hejazi Zadeh; 2017] Optimizing building orientation establishment in the city of Kashan …; IRIMO Islamic Republic of Iran Meteorological Office, Data Center, …; [Kasmai M; 2002] Climate …; [Kheirabadi, et al; 2017] The role of urban spaces physical orientation on *Correspondence the extent of climate comfort of …; [Lashkari, et al; 2011] Optimizing buildings orientation in Ahvaz ...; Address: Faculty of Engineering, [Lashkari, et al; 2012] Optimization of the direction of buildings in ...; [Maghrabi; 2009] Parameterization Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Uni- of simple model to estimate monthly global solar …; [Mondol , et al; 2008] Solar radiation modelling for versity Street, Ardabil, Iran. Postal the simulation of …; [Neuwirth; 1980] The estimation of global and sky radiation in …; [Paltridge & Phone: +98 (45) 33519985 Monthly mean solar radiation statistics for ...; [Prescott; 1940] Evaporation from a water FaxCode:: +98 13131-56199 (45) 33512904 surface in relation …; [Sabbagh, et al; 1977] Estimation of the total solar radiation from …; [Samimi; Proctor; 1976] [email protected] 1994] Estimation of height-dependent solar irradiation and application to …; The appropriate form of tall building for …; [Sozen, et al; 2004] Estimation of solar potential in Turkey by [Shafiei, et al; 2014] Article History [Watsoz & Labs; 1983] [Wu, et al; 2007] Methods Received: May 4, 2019 and strategy for modeling daily …; Best orientation determination of buildings in Accepted: August 17, 2019 artificial neural …; Climate design: Energy efficient ...; …; [Zheng, et al; 2010] Developing a fuzzy analytic hierarchical process model for … ePublished: October 2, 2019 [Zamani, et al; 2016] Copyright© 2018, ASP Ins. This open-access article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License which permits Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and Adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) under the Attribution-NonCommercial terms. ۴۲۸ ﺣﺴﻦ اﮐﺒﺮ ی و ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﺳﺎدات ﺣﺴﯿﻨﯽﻧﮋاد ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ زواﯾﺎی ﻗﺮارﮔﯿﺮ ی ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺮای ﺑﻬﺮهﻣﻨﺪی از اﻧﺮژ ی اﯾﺮان در ﺳﺎل ۱۳۹۴، ﺳﻬﻢ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن (ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﺗﺠﺎری) از ﮐﻞ ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ اﻧﺮژی در ﮐﺸﻮر، ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ۶/۵۰% اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪی؛ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردی ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان [ 2015 Iran, of Sheet Balance Energy]. ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژیﻫﺎی ﻓﺴﯿﻠﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﺎﻻ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺼﺮف ﺑﺮق * ﺣﺴﻦ اﮐﺒﺮ ی PhD در ﺳﺎل ۱۳۸۸ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ۳۰۹۶۶ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﻛﯿﻠﻮوات ﮔﺮوه ﻣﻌﻤﺎر ی، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻓﻨﯽ و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اردﺑﯿﻠﯽ، اردﺑﯿﻞ، اﯾﺮان ﺳﺎﻋﺖ و ﻣﯿﺰان ﮔﺎز ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ۲۹۷۶۶ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ اﺳﺖ. PhD ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﺳﺎدات ﺣﺴﯿﻨﯽﻧﮋاد روﺷﻦ اﺳﺖ ۱/۳۷% ﻣﺼﺮف ﺑﺮق و ۹۳% ﻣﺼﺮف ﮔﺎز در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﮔﺮوه ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎز ی، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻌﻤﺎر ی و ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎز ی، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﯿﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﯽ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﯾﺮان ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ اﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ۵/۱۰% از ﮐﻞ ﺣﺎﻣﻞﻫﺎی اﻧﺮژی ﮐﺸﻮر در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﺼﺮف ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ,Heidari & Fazeli] [2013. ﻟﺬا در ﺷﻬﺮی ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺼﺮفﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭼﮑﻴﺪه اﻫﺪاف و زﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎ: ﯾﮑﯽ از راﻫﮑﺎرﻫﺎی ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎی ﻓﺴﯿﻠﯽ و اﻧﺮژی در ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎزی و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎی ﻓﺴﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽﻫﺎی ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از آن در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ، ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ و زﯾﺴﺖﺑﻮم ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و وﯾﮋه در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن (ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﺗﺠﺎری) ﯾﻚ ﺿﺮورت ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﯿﺮی از اﻧﺮژیﻫﺎی ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮ در ﻣﻌﻤﺎری و ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎﺳﺖ؛ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ و ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﺷﻬﺮی ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﻣﻮﺿﻮع در ﺧﺼﻮص ﮐﻼﻧﺸﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺎﻻی ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ و ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ و ﺑﻬﺮهﻣﻨﺪ از اﻧﺮژیﻫﺎی ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻧﺮژی ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪی، ﺗﺒﻊ آن، ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﻻی ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز دارای اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮی اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﻬﺖﻫﺎی ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ، از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژی درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ و راﺳﺘﺎی اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﺷﻬﺮی و روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ: روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻮده و از ﻣﺪلﻫﺎی ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻤﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎری ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان درﯾﺎﻓﺖ اﻧﺮژی ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ و ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮای ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن، اوﻟﻮﯾﺖﻫﺎی ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ در ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﺮان ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﻘﺮار و ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ آﻓﺘﺎب، اﺑﺘﺪا زاوﯾﻪ آزﯾﻤﻮت و ارﺗﻔﺎع ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اوﻟﮕﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ اﻧﺮژی ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪی و ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ در ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رو ﺑﺎ از ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار Q‐BASIC اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ دﯾﺎﮔﺮام ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ، روﺷﯽ را ﺑﺮای ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژی ﺗﺎﺑﺸﯽ روش ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮس، ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژی ﺗﺎﺑﯿﺪه ﺷﺪه در ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ از روز ﺑﺮ روی دﯾﻮارﻫﺎی ﻗﺎﺋﻢ در ۲۴ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ در ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ از روز ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن اراﯾﻪ داد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﯾﮏ، دو و ﭼﻬﺎرﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ [ 2002 Kasmaei,]. در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ درﺻﺪ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ در دوره ﺳﺮد و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﯿﻦ دوره ﺳﺮد و ﮔﺮم ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف اﻧﺮژی ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎﻧﮕﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﯿﺮاز، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ در راﺳﺘﺎی ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻧﺮژی درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ۱۵۰ ﺟﻨﻮبﺷﺮﻗﯽ و ﺷﻤﺎلﻏﺮﺑﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯿﺰان درﯾﺎﻓﺖ اﻧﺮژی و ﻣﺼﺮف در درﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﻮبﺷﺮﻗﯽ و ﻏﺮﺑﯽ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان اﻧﺮژی درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ [Barzegar & Heydari, 2012, 2013] ﺳﻄﻮح رو ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﻮد. ﺟﻬﺎت ۱۵۰ درﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﯽ ﺗﺎ ۲۱۰ درﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﺟﺰو ﺟﻬﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮل از ﻧﻈﺮ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اﻧﺮژی ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ در ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎزی ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎی ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ در ﺷﻬﺮ اﻫﻮاز ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺑﺮای ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﯾﮏﻃﺮﻓﻪ در ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺟﻬﺖ ۱۸۰ درﺟﻪ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺑﻮد. ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﺟﻬﺎت ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن، ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی: ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺑﺮای ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ، ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻤﺎل- ∘ ﺟﻬﺖ ۴۵ درﺟﻪ و ﺟﻬﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻗﺒﻮل ۳۰ درﺟﻪ و ۱۵+ درﺟﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ از ﺟﻨﻮب و ﺑﺮای ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﭼﻬﺎرﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻬﺎت ۰، ۱۸۰، ۹۰، ۹۰- درﺟﻪ اﺳﺖ. [Lashkari et al, 2011] ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژهﻫﺎ: ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن، ﺳﻄﻮح ﻗﺎﺋﻢ، اﻧﺮژی ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪی، ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮐﺴﯿﻨﻮس ﻣﺒﺪا ﺟﻨﻮب اﺳﺖ . در ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ اﻗﻠﯿﻤﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺒﺰوار ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄ ﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮی ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: ۰۵/۰۵/۱۳۹۷ و ﻋﻤﻖ ﺳﺎﯾﺒﺎن ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ۱۵ درﺟﻪ و ۳۰ درﺟﻪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: ۲۵/۰۵/۱۳۹۸ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﯾﮏﻃﺮﻓﻪ و ﺟﻬﺖ (۱۶۵+، ۱۵-) و ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ- *ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: [email protected] ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻬﺖﻫﺎی ﻗﺮارﮔﯿﺮی ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ آﻓﺘﺎب ﺑﺮای ﺳﺒﺰوار اﺳﺖ ,al et Abadi Hossein] ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ [2012.