372 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 2f spirits !or beverage purposes; to the Commit­ By Mr. YOUNGBLOOD: ttle on Banking and CUrrency. H. R. 5062, A bill for the relief of Peter SENATE By Mr. SADLAK: Kristian Kristensen; to the Committee on H. J. Res. 301. Joint resolution authorizing the Judiciary. WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1948 the President o! the to proclaim October 11, 1948, General Pulaski's Me'morial The Chaplain, Rev. Peter Marshall, Day for the observance and commemoration PETITIONS, ETC. D. D., offered the following prayer: of the death of Brig. Gen. Casimir Pulaski; to Under clause 1 of ru1e XXII, petitions the Committee on the Judiciary. and pa~rs were laid on the Clerk's desk 0 Lord most high and very near, to By Mr. MILLER <;>f Connecticut: and referred as follows: whose mind the past and the future meet H. J. Res. 302. Joint resolution to effectuate in this very day, hear us as we pray. the principles of the President's Committee 1170. By Mr. ELSTON: Petition of Robert The great questions that stand un­ on National Employ the Physically Handi­ C. Reigert and 214 other veterans, students . answered before us defy our best wis­ capped Week; to the Committee on Appro­ at the University of Cincinnati, in support priations. of an increase in subsistence rates under dom. By Mr. KELLEY: Public Laws 346 and 16; to the Committee Though our ignorance is great, at least H. J. Res. 303. Joint resolution to effectuate on Veterans' Affairs. we know we do not know. · the principles of the President's Committee 1171. By Mr. GRAHAM: Petition of 75 res· When we do not know what to say, on National Employ the Physically Handi­ !dents of Butler County, Pa., urging legis­ keep us quiet. capped Week; to the Committee on Appro- lation establishing a system of universal When we do not know what to do, let priations. · military training; to the Committee on Armed Services. us ask of Thee, that we may find out. By Mr. HOFFMAN: We dare to ask for light upon only one H. Con. Res. 131. Concurrent resolution 11'72. Also, petition of 16 residents of New against adoption of Reorganization Plan Castle. Pa., in favor of S. 265, a bill to abolish step at a time. No. 1 of January 19, 1948; to the Committee liquor advertisements in magazines, radio We would rather walk with Thee than on Expenditures in the Executive Depart­ programs, etc.; to the Committee on Inter­ jump by ourselves. ments. state and Foreign Commerce. We ask this in the name of Jesus By Mr. ANDREWS of New York: 1173. By Mr. LEWIS: Petition of 36 res­ Christ, who promised to send us a guide H. Res. 436. Resolution authorizing the idents of Somerton, Ohio, and vicinity, in into all truth. Amen. Committee on Armed Services to make in­ support of legislation establishing a system vestigation on matters coming within juris­ . of universal military training; to the Com­ DESIGNATION OF ACT.ING PRESIDENT diction of the committee; to the Committee mitte on Armed Services. PRO TEMPORE on Rules. 1174. Also, petition of 225 residents of By Mrs. ROGERS of : Steubenville, Ohio, and vicinity, circulated The Chief Clerk read the following H. Res. 437. Resolution providing for the by the American Legion Auxiliary of Argonne letter: consideration of H. R. 4244; to the Commit­ Post, No. 33, in support of legislation es­ UNITED STATES SENATE, tee on Rules. tablishing a system of universal military PREsiDENT PRO TEMPORE, H. Res. 438. Resolution providing for the training; to the Committee on Armed Washington, D. C., January 21, 1948. To the Senate: consideration of H. R. 3565; to the Com­ Services. mittee on Rules. 1175. By Mr. MILLER of Maryland: Peti­ Being temporarily absent from the Senate, H. Res. 439. Resolution providing for the tion of 54 residents of Snow Hill, Md., and I appoint Hon. WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND, a Sen­ ator from the State of California, to perform consideration of H. R. 4243; to the Com­ 2 residents of Pocomoke City, Md., in support mittee on Rules. of S. 265, a bill to prohibit the transporta­ the duties of the Chair during my absence. H. Res. 440. Resolution providing for the tion of alcoholic-beverage advertising in A. H. VANDENBERG, consideration of H. R. 3'748; to the Commit­ interstate commerce and the broadcasting President pro tempore. tee on Rules. of alcoholic-beverage advertising over the Mr. KNOWLAND thereupon took the H. Res. 441. Resolution providing for the radio; to the Committee on Interstate and chair as Acting President pro tempore. consideration of H. R. 3016; to the Commit­ Foreign Commercer tee on Rules. 1176. Also, petition of 20 citizens of Cris­ THE JOURNAL H. Res. 442. Resolution providing for the field, Md., in support of S. 265, a bill to pro-­ On request of Mr. WHERRY, and by consideration of H. R. 1335; to the Commit­ hibit the transportation of a.lcoholic"!bever­ unanimous request, the reading of the tee on Rules. age advertising in interstate commerce and H. Res. 443. Resolution providing for the the broadcasting of alcoholic-beverage ad­ Journal of the proceedings of Monday, consideration of H. R. 4309; to the Committee vertising over the radio; to the Committee January 19, 1948, was dispensed with, on Rules. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. and the Journal was approved. H. 444. Res. Resolution providing for the 1177. By Mr. TIBBOTT: Petition of citi­ MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT consideration of H. R. 4212; to the Committee zens of Indiana County, Pa., urging legisla­ on Rules. tion establishing a system of universal mlli­ Messages in writing from the Presi­ tary training; to the Committee on Armed dent of the United States were com­ PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Services. municated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, 1178. . Also, petition of citizens of Arm­ one of his secretaries. Under clause 1 of · rule XXII, private strong County, Pa., urging legislation estab­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE bills and resolutions were introduced and lishing a system of universal military train­ severally referred as follows: ing; to the Committee on Armed Services. A message from the House of Repre­ By Mr. JENNINGS: 1179. Also, petition of citizens of Cam­ sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, one of its H. R. 5055. A bill !or the relief of sundry bria. County, Pa., urging legislation estab­ reading clerks, announced that the claimants, and for other purposes; to the lishing a system of universal military train­ House had passed without amendment Committee on the Judiciary. ing; to the Committee on Armed Services. the following bills of the Senate: By Mr. COUDERT: 1180. By Mr. TOWE: Petition of Roy C. H. R. 50::.6. A bill for the relief of Lewyt Morgan, commander, New Milford Post, No. S. 84. An act for the relief of Mrs. Clinton Corp.; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 217, American Legion, and 80 members of R Sharp; By Mr. DEVITT: that post, urging the establishment of a S. 99. An act for the relfef of John T. Hol­ H. R. 5057. A bill for the relief of Mrs. system of universal military training; to the landsworth. Jr.; Elizabeth DeCourcy and minor children; to Committee on Armed Services. S. 136 An act for the relief of Joannis the Committee on the Judiciary. Stephanes; 1181. Also, petition of F. C. Hazard, adju­ S 166. An act for the relief of Anna M. H. R. 5058. A bill for the relief of Walter tant, Teaneck Post, No. 128, American Le­ Wetteschreck; to the Committee on the Kinat (Mrs. John P. Taylor); gion, Teaneck, N. J., and 61 members of that S. 167. An act for the relief of Mrs. Yoneko Judiciary. • post, urging the establishment of a system Nakazawa; By Mr. FERNOS-ISERN: of universal military training; to the Com­ S. 185. An act for the relief of Thomas H. R. 5059. A bill to authorize Martin mittee on Armed Servic~s. Abadia; Travieso, chief justice of the Supreme CoUrt 1182. By the SPEAKER: Petition o! Mary S. 186. An act for the relief of Santiago of Puerto Rico, to accept a decoration from Strobel and others, of Brooklyn, N. Y ., peti­ Naveran; the French Government; to the Committee tioning consideration of their resolution S. 187. An act for the relief of Antonio on Forelg_n Aiiairs. with reference to enactment of legislation Arguinzonis; By Mr. LEWIS: to lower foreign postage rate; to the Com­ S. 189. An act for the relief of Simon Per­ H. R. 506D. A bill for the relief of John S. mittee on Post Offt.ce and Civil Service. min Ibarra; Steber; to the Committee on the Judiciary. 1183. Also, petition of Jewish Peoples Fra­ S. 190. An act for the relief of Pedro By Mr. RliDDEN: ternal Order of New York City, petitioning Ugalde; H. R. 5061. A bill for the relief of James consideration of their resolution with ref­ S. 191. An act for the relief of Julian B. DeHart; to the Committee on the Judi­ erence to enactment of H. R. 2848; to the Uriarte; ciary. Commit~ee on Post Office and Civil Service. S. 192. An act for the relief of Juan Llana; 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 373 S ..258. An act for the relief of Troy Charles H. R. 899. An act !or the relief of Mrs. veterans at the birthplace of Booker T. Wash­ Davis, Jr.; Keum Nyu Park; ington in Franklin County, Va.; S. 298. An act for the relief of certain H. R. 927. An act for the relief of the estate H. R. 3849. An act for the relief of Domingo Basque aliens; of Mary D. Briggs, deceased; Gandaria.s; S. 339. An act for the relief of Lucy Jef­ H. R. 1009. An act for the relief of Mrs. H. R .'3930. An act to amend the act en­ _ferson Weil; l"lorence Byvank; titled "An act to estabHsh a uniform system S. 851. An act for the relief of Belmont H. R. 1139. An act for the relief of Dr. Gisela of bankruptcy throughout the United Properties Corp.; Perl (Krausz); States," approved July 1, 1898, as amended, S. 944. An act for the relief of Oran Curry; H. R. 1169. An act for the relief of Samuel in relation to extensions made pursuant to S. 957. An act for the relief of Col. William . W. Poorvu; wage earners' plans under chapter XIII of J. Kennard; H. R. 1189. An act to establish the methods such act; S. 1039. An act for the relief of Ada B. of advancement for post-office employees H . R. 3937. An act for the relief of William Foss; (rural carriers) in the field service; C. Reese; S. 1043. An act for the relief of Frank J. H. R. 1286. An act for the relief of Law­ · H. R. 4141. An act to amend subsection Shaughnessy, collector of internal revenue, rence Reves; 602 (d) (5) of the National Service Life Syracuse, N. Y.; H. R. 1298. An act for the relief of Ana­ Insurance Act of 1940, as amended, to extend S. 1324. An act to amend the Civil Service stasios Panage Ioannatos (known as Ana­ for 2 years the time within which eligible Retirement Act so as to make such act ap­ stasios Panage Ionnetos or Tom Panage persons may apply for gratuitous insurance plicable to the officers and employees of the Yanatos); benefi ts; National Library for the Blind; and H. R. 1516. An act for the relief of A. S. H . R. 4236. An act to amend the Civil Serv­ S. 1579. An act for the relief of Damian Osten, certifying , and for the relief of ice Act to remove certain discrimination with Gandiaga. Guy F. Allen, former chief disbursing officer; respect to the appointment of persons having H. R. 1572. An act for the relief of Basque any physical handicap to positions in the The message also announced that the aliens; classified civil service; House had passed the following bills of H. R. 1653. An act for the relief of Edward H. R.. 4331. An act for the relief of Bertha the Senate, each with an amendment W. Bigger; M. Rogers; . _ in which it requested the concurrence of H. R. 1747. An act for the relief of Mrs. H. R. '4403. An act for the relief of Ladislao the Senate: Margaret Lee Novick and others; Valda, Elena Valda, and Stefano Vaida; and S. 929. An act to amend section 2 of the H. R. 1809. An act to facilitate t he us.e and H. J. Res. 251. Joint resolution to author­ act prescribing regulations for the Soldiers' occupancy of national-forest lands, and for ize the issuance of :. ·special series of stamps Home located at Washington, in the District other purposes; commemorative of the one-hundredth anni­ of Columbia, and for other purposes, ap­ H. R. 1859. An act for the relief of Philip versary of the coming of the Swedish pioneers proved March 3, 1883 (22 Stat. 564); and Lee Sjoerdt Huizenga; to the Middle West. S. 1100. An act for the relief of Frankie H . R. 1912. An act for the relief of John A. ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION Stalnaker. Dilboy; SIGNED H. R. 1927. An act for the relief of Mar- The message further announced that garet Katherine Hume; · The message also further announced the House had agreed to the amendment H . R. 2009. An act for the relief of the es­ that the Speaker had affixed his signa­ of the Senate to the bill

TABLE I.-FedeTal pers(!)nneZ inside conti. TABLE II.-Federal personnel outs-ide conti­ TABLE TIL-Consolidated table of Federal per· nental United States employed by execu· nental Umted States employed by executive sonnel inside and outside continental tive agencies during November 1947, and agencies during November 1947, and com­ United. States employed by the ezeeuti'Ve comparison with October-Continued parison with October 1947-Continued agencies during November 1.947, and com· parison with. October-Continued lncrease Increase Increase Department or agency October Nb~~- d~e~e Department or agency October Nb:m· J:c;~e~e Department or agency October INovem- (+) or (-} (-) ber decrease ------(-) INDEPENDENT AGENCIEs­ lNDEl'ENDENT AGENCIES­ ------1------continued continued INDEl'ENDENT AGENCIEs­ continued Veterans' Administration. . 207, 073 207, 078 +5 Veterans' Administration.. 1, 574 1,591 +17 ------1------Federal Power Commis~ 774 780 +6 Total, excluding N a- Total, excluding N a- } -193 sion .. ------tiona! MilitaryEs· { +2 485 trona! MilitaryEs- 53,427 53,376 { Federal Security Agency __ 32.368 32,3!H +23 tablisbment ...... 1, 119,2781,115, 400 _ • tablishment ______+142 Federal Trade Commis- Net decrease, exclud- 6• 363 sion __.------___ __ 558 559 +1 ing atioual Mil- Net decrease, ex­ Federal Works Agency,__ 23, 118 23,043 -75 itary Establisb- cluding National General Accounting Office. 9, 969 9, 520 -449 ment ______------. -3,878 Military Estab- Government Ptinting Of- lishment ______------51 fice. ______--_------. 7, 539 7, 578 +39 N.ATlONAL MILITARY Housing and Home Fi- ESTARLISIIMENT NATIONAL MJIJTARY ES· nance Agency .. ___ .... _- 11,514 12,336 -liB TABLISHMENT Interstat~ . Commence Office of Secretary of De- CommJsswn. ______2, 264 2, 265 +1 fense ... ______...... 433 455 +22 Department of the Army.. 137,528 125,042 -12,486 Maritime Commission ..... 6,838 6, 913 +75 Department or the Army.. 252,878 255, 142 +2,264 Department of the Navy__ 44, 081 43, 5Zi -554 National Advisory Com­ Department of the N avy .. 296,078 295,692 -386 mittee for Aeronautics... 6,023 6,048 +25 Department of the Air Total, including Na- } National Archives ______328 320 -2 Forces...... 110,305 111,229 +924 tiona! Military Es· 235, 036 221,945 {- 1 ~~J National Capital Housing tablishment...... Authority------­ 278 287 +9 Total, including Na- National Capital Park tional Military Es- { +5 695 Net decrease, in­ and Planning Commis- tablishment. ______1, 778,972 1, 777, 918 • ~ cluding ational ston. ------19 21. +2. Net decrease, includ- - 6• 149 Military Estab- National Gallery of Art.. .. 317 318 +1 ing ational Mili- lishment. ______------13,091 National Labor Relations tary Establish- Board ______------849 788 -61 ment ______------1,054 Natfonal Mediation Board. 1{)3 102 -1 Panama CanaL ______TABLE m.-Consolidatec}; table of Federal per. 24, 252 24,126 -126 RailroadBoard ______Retirement______1 Exclusive of the personnel of the Central Intelligence sonnel inside and outside continental 2, 841 2, 811 -30 Agency. United States employed by the executive Reconstruction Finance 2 Adjusted from the previously repo ted figure of Corporation ______6, 619 -201 agencies during November 1947, and com­ 6, 820 :<2,205. Securitie~ f!ond Exchange parison with October Commtsswn .. ______1,179 1,180 +1 Smithsonian Institution... 522 522 ------TABLE !I.-Federal personnel outside conti­ Tariff Commission ______2'25 224 -1 Increase Tax Court of the United nental United States employed by executive . Department or agency October Nobe~!D· J:c;fe~~e States.------­ 125 124 -1 agencies during Novembe1· 1947, and com· Tennessee Valley Author- (-) ity------14, 649 14,514 -135 parison with October 1947 ------Veterans' Administration .. 208, 647 208,669 +22 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Total, excluding Na- Increase (EXCEPT NATIONAL MIT.I· tional . Military ~ ~ { -6 335 TARY ESTABLISHMENT) Department or agency October Nb~~- d~~e~~e Establtshment.. ... 1, 1t2, 705 1, 168,116 + 2; 406 Agriculture ______(-) Commerce ______74,885 72,499 -2,386 36,799 36,774 -25 Net decrease, ex­ ------1------Interior _____ • ___ ------. 47, 151 47, 190 +39 clu<;ling National EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Justice __ ..• ______. ___ .--.- 25,094 25,250 +156 Military Estab- (EXCEPT NATION AL M:lLI· Labor_.. ------4,481 4, 487 +6 lishment ______------3,929 TARY ESTABLISHMENT) Post Office ______461,959 4.63, 58 +I, 623 State .. _------. _____ ..... _ 20,765 20,767 +2 NATIONAL li!ILITARY Agriculture...... 1, 741 1,816 +75 Treasury------86,126 85, 300 -826 ESTABLISHMEXT Commerce ...... 2, 649 2, 649 ------Interior ...... ____ ...... 4,853 4, 800 EMERGENCY WAR Office of Secretary of De- -53 fense. ______------433 407 AGENr~ Justice ... ------406 -1 Department of the Army: Labor.------Post Office ______77 78 +1 1, 537 1, 540 +3 Office of Defense Trans- Inside continental State. _____ ..... ------13,584. 13, 511 portation. ______.. United States. ______252,878 255, 142 +2. 264 -73 40 41 +1 Outside continental Treasury------589 594 +s Office of Scientific Research United States ______. and Development ______58 48 -10 137, 528 125, 042 -12, 486 EMERGENCY W.AR AGENCIES Office of Selective Service Department of the Navy .. 340, HiO 339, 219 -940 Records. ___ . ______----- 661 659 -2 DeForcespartment ______of tbe A..ir -- Office of Selective Service 110,305 111, 229 +924 ~0 19 POSTWAR AGENCIES Records.------1 Total, including POSTWAR A11ENCIES Council of Economic Ad- Nation_al Military {-!9 761 visers .... _____ . ______.. _ 59 59 Establlshment..___ 2, 014, 008 1, 999, 853 +~ 616 Office oi the Housing Expe- National Security Coun------Net decrease, in­ diter ______. ______._ cil! ______.______------28 28 ------4 +4 cluding National Philippine Alien Property National Security Re­ Military Estab- Administration.. _. _____ 162 167 +5 sources Board.------­ 44 51 +7 lishment ______------14,145 U.S. AtomicEnergyCom- mission ______Officeports of ______Government______Re- _ 3 ------20 19 -1 War Assets Administra- Office of the Housing Ex- 1 Exclusive of the personnel of the Central Intelligence tion .• ------li16 509 -7 pediter_------·li,347 4,802 -545 Agency. 2 .Adiusted from the previously reported figure of 22,517. INDEPENDENT .AGENCIES p~~~t"~i~~n~~-~~~~::_ 164 170 +6 TABLE IV.-Industrial employees of the Fed­ American Battle Monu- uco!m:s;~~~-- -~~~~~:- 4, 378 4,663 +285 eral Government inside and outside con­ ments Commission ______96 96 ------War Assets Administra- tinental United States emp~oyed by execu­ Civil Aeronautics Board .. 14. 15 +1 tion______33,729 32,456 -1,273 Civil Service Commission. 5 tive agencies during November 1947, and Export-Import Bank of 5 ------comparison with October 1947 Washington ______INDEPENDENT .AGENCIES 2 2 ------Federal 9~mmunications American Battle Monu- CommlSSton. ____ . _____ . _ 36 36 ------ments Commission ______99 Increase Federal Deposit Iilsurance Bureau of the Budget ____ _ 99 --·------Corporation ______606 599 -7 Department or agency October Nob~~- J~e~ c 3 3 ------Civil Aeronautics Board... 570 573 +3 Federal Security Agency __ 1,301 1, 336 +35 Civil Service Commission. 8, 613 3,668 +55 (-) Federal Works .A'gency ___ _ 312 300 -12 Expoct:-Import Bank of Housing and Home Fi- 113 116 +3 ----....------·1------nance Agency ______43 42 -1 F:ci:.ltina~::CUiilli<:ations- EXECUTIVE DEPARTM:E TS Maritime Commission ___ __ 148 140 -2 commission.. ____ _. ______1,301 1,303 +2 (EXCEPT NATIONAL MILl· National Labor Relations Federal Deposit Insurance TARY ESTABLISHMENT) Board ____ . __ !._ ••••• -.-- Corporation. ______. 2 2 ------1,164 1,173 +9 Commerce ______Panama Canal______23,606 23,577 -29 Federal Mediation and 1,139 1,087 -52 Reconstruction Finance Conciliation Service ____ _ 360 360 ------Interior------.------6,238· 6,033 -205 Corporation ______113 99 -14 State ______------__ _ 318 343 + 7'5 Smit!_lsonian .fEstitution• .:.:...... 6 6_--:··---- Footnotes at end of table. Treasury--::-·-~.::: ------3,835 8,628 -207 :1948

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I would say that the rior and the Commissioner of Indian Af­ servation of the health of the Indians of Indians of Alaska come in a different fairs with respect to the administration, within the Territory of Alaska, of laws relat­ Alaska than under the present system. category from the Indians in the States. ing to Indians are hereby transferred to and The repeal of the Wheeler-Howard Act Our relationship with the Indians in the shall be exercised by or under the direction as it applies to Alaska is imperative in States is controlled by treaties which are of the Territorial government of Alaska. order that Alaska may be developed. provided for in the Constitution of the (b) All records and property of the De­ The said Wheeler-Howard Act provides United States. There is no such provi­ partment of the Interior or the Office of In­ for creation of Indian reservations by the sion with relation to the Indians of dian Affairs used primarily in the exercise Secretary of the Interior with approval Alaska, and therefore we are attempting of powers, duties, and functions transferred by the Indians, and that such reserva­ to act on the Alaska Indian situation under subsection (a) are hereby transferred tions shall not be allotted in severalty separately from the situation of the In­ to the Territorial government of Alaska. (c) All unexpended balances of appropria­ to any Indian. dians in the States. tions, allocations, or other funds available Under authority of the Wheeler-How­ Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the for use in the exercise of functions trans­ ard Act, large areas in Alaska comprising Senator further yield? ferred under subsection (a) are hereby made more than a million and a half acres Mr. BUTLER. I yield. available to the Territorial government of have been set aside and created as In­ Mr. LANGER. Let me call attention Alaska for carrying out such functions. dian reservations. Proposals for crea­ to the fact that th-ere are approximately (d) This section shall become effective on tion. of additional1ndian reservations in 12,000 employees of the Bureau of Indian the first day of April 1949. Alaska, totaling millions of additional Affairs at the present time, and we are SEc. 2. (a) All functions, responsibilities, acres, are now under consideration by trying to get rid of thousands of: them. and duties of the Secretary of the Interior, . the Interior Department. the Office of Indian Affairs, and the Commis­ I particularly call attention to the· In­ sioner of Indian Affairs relating to the main­ The Indian people of Alaska through dians of Oregon, especially those at tenance and operation of hospitals in the their organization, the Alaska Native Klamath Falls. There is a school there­ Territory of Alaska and the conservation of Brotherhood, have gone on record ! think it is called the Sherman School­ the health of Indians in such Territory are against reservations. where in my opinion the situation is de­ hereby transferred to and shall be adminis­ The Indians or natives of Alaska get plorable. tered by the Public Health Service and the along very well with the other citizens. I wish to'" commend the distinguished Surgeon General, respectively. Some of thes~ Indians are leading busi­ (b) All personnel, records, and property Senator from Nebraska, Mr. President, (including office equipment) of the Office of nessmen of their communities; others for the fine job he is doing in connection earn above the average annual income Indian _l\.ffairs or the Department of the Inte­ with the Indians in Alaska, but I hope rior used primarily in the performance of for Alaska residents and are fully cap­ it will include all the Indians in the functions transferred under subsection (a) able of managing their own affairs. United States of America. are hereby transferred to the Public Health Many have been and are members of the Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the Service. Territorial legislature. Senator yield? (c) All unexpended balances of appropria­ The excellent relationship between the' tions, allocations, or other funds available Indians or natives of Alaska is evidenced Mr. BUTLER. I yield. for use by the Department of the Interior by the fact that the Legislature of the Mr. MORSE. I wish to associate my­ or the Office of Indian Afiairs in the exercise Territory of Alaska, on February 16, self with the views expressed by the Sen­ of functions transferred under subsection 1945, enacted the so-called equal rights ator from North Dakota in regard to (a) are hereby made available to the Public law, which provides: commending the Senator from Nebraska Health Service for use in carrying out such for the points he has just made on the functions. SECTION 1. All cit~ens within the juris­ (d) This section shall become effective on diction of the Territory of Alaska shall be floor of the Senate with regard to the Alaskan Indian problem. I also wish the tha first day of April 1949. entitled to tne full and equal enjoyment SEc. 3. There are hereby authorized to be of accommodations, advantages, facilities, record to show that I share the views appropriated to the Territorial government and privileges of public inns, restaurants, of the Senator from North Dakota in of Alaska such sums as may be necessary to eating houses, hotels, soda fountains, soft regard to the need for immediate action enable such government to provide educa­ drink parlors, taverns, roadhouses, barber in connection with the problems of the tion for children of Indians, Eskimos, and shops, beauty parlors, bathrooms, resthouses, Klamath Indians. other natives of Alaska. theaters, skating rinks, cafes, lee cream par­ lors, transportation companies, and all other Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, in con­ SEC. 4. (a) Section 13 of the act entitled conveyances and amusements, subject only nection with the remarks just made by "An act to conserve and develop Indian lands to the conditions and limitations established the distinguished Senator from North and resources; to extend to Indians the right by law and applicable alike to all citizens. . Dakota and the distinguished Senator to form business and other organizations; to SEc. 2. Any person who shall violate or from Oregon, I may say that the Sub­ establish a credit system for Indians; to aid or incite a violation of said full and grant certain rights of home rule to Indians; committee on Indian Affairs, in charge to provide for vocational education for equal enjoyment; or any person who shall of the Senat... :.· from Utah [Mr. WAT­ display any printed or. written sign indicat­ Indians; and for other purposes,'' approved ing a discrimination on racial grounds of said KINS], has under consideration-and we June 18, 1934 (48 Stat. 984), is amended by full and equal enjoyment, for each day for hope for action on at least one of the striking out the following: "except that sec­ which said sign is displayed shall be deemed proposals-the liberation or the emanci­ tions 9, 10, 11, 12, and 16 shall apply to the guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction pation, if you will, of certain Indian Territory of Alaska." thereof shall be punished or imprisoned in tribes, in cases in which it has been (b) Section 19 of such act of June 18, 1934, jail for not more than 30 days or fined not publicly admitted by the Bureau of In­ is amended by striking out the following: more than $250, or both. "For the purpose of_ this act Eskimos and dian Affairs that they are ready for other aboriginal peopl·s of Alaska shall be This would indicate that there is no emancipation; and let me point out that considered Indians." discrimination or segregation of the the tribe to which both Senators have (c) The act entitled "An act to extend cer­ Indians of Alaska. referred, namely, the Klamath Indians, tain provisions of the act approved June 18, The solution of the Indian problem in Is one of that group. 1934, commonly known as the Wheeler-How­ Alaska is not to set them apart from the Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ ard Act (Public Law No. 383, 73d Cong., 48 Stat. 984), to the Territory of Alaska, to other people or from modern life, but to sent that the bill which I have intro­ provide for the designation of Indian reser­ give them the tools with which to com­ duced ·be printed in the body of the vations in Alaska, and for other purposes,'' pete on an equal footing with other RECORD. approved May 1, 1936 ( 49 Stat. 1250), is here­ people. There being no objection, the bill

• 386 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 21 resolve to come together and work together United Nations is to succeed as a voluntary Many scientists and statesmen believe that for mutual advantage, to exchange blessings union of peoples, it is imperative that, pend­ the traditional national states will have to instead of curses, they still have it in their ing the realization of its objectives, the ex­ make way for a broader cooperation among power to sweep away the horrors and miseries isting power relationships among the great the people of the world. Contemporary in­ which surround them and to allow the nations be preserved. The United States can­ ternational affairs are marked by our going streams of freedom, happiness, and abund­ not tolerate the expansion of Russia to the through a great historical transition, which ance to begin again their healing :flow. point where she can control, directly or indi­ is modifying the old state system into "This is the supreme opportunity, and, if rectly, all the resources and manpower of another ;form of political control. Sound it be cast away, no one can predict that it Europe, Asia, and Africa; for such control foreign policy dictates the reexamination of will ever return or what the resulting catas­ would spell the end of a voluntary associa­ the characteristics of the nation state, par­ trophe will be • • * tion of nations and the issue would certainly ticularly calling for the elucidation of how "We hope to reach again a Europe purged be decided by war. states have come into existence and passed of the slavery of ancient days in which men A United States of Europe cannot conceiv­ into oblivion; what conditions affect the will be as proud to say, 'I am a European,' ably threaten Russia's security; but, on the growth of nation states; colonial systems; as they were to say, 'Civis romanus sum.' We contrary, it would mean a substantial con­ national economies; the factors which create hope to see a Europe where men of every tribution to Russian development and well­ world crises; the decline of the nation state country think as much of being a European being. There is nothing aggressive in the in terms of int~rnational economic depend­ as of belonging to their native land, and uniting of Europe for economic, social, and ence; the logistics of heavy industrial con­ wherever they go in this wide domain will political purposes. The objectives are the centration; the logic of the drive toward truly feel 'Here I am at home'." rehabilitation of that unhappy region in the autarchy, and the modern state as a common­ interests of peace and the prevention of war. wealth or a political economy. Without at­ Why it is important to us that Europe be There is ample reason to believe that the tempting to evaluate any of these, we cannot united Russian objections to a united Europe are fail to recognize that we have entered upon There are many reas.ons why it is to the based upon the imperialistic intentions of an era when we must explore the possibility interest of the Western Hemisphere that Russia herself. One of her political tech­ of an organized cultural community without Europe should recreate the unity which, in niques is to create disturbances in the world terminal associations, an example of which ancient and medieval times, permitted her so that she may fish in troubled waters. In was medieval Europe. people· to live in relative peace and happi­ short, Russia ·does not object to a United Again without suggesting what the out­ ness. Overshadowing all other considera,­ States of Europe because it would menace come will be in the broader field we cannot tions is the supreme interest that we have her security; she objects to it because it escape the conclusion that the piecemeal in creating a peaceful world. But there is would mark the end of what she thinks is approach to the settlement of Europe's prob­ also the hard, materialistic fact that we have a profitable fishing season. lems is short-sighted, unstatesmanlike, and made, and are committed to make additional, If Russia were not so bent on establishing blind to the trend of the times. enormous loans and grants to the nations of a communistic world at any cost, she would 3. That leaves us with the third and last Europe; and as a consequence we are faced readily see that. a revived western Europe choice of policy, namely, the promotion, with with such a terrific drain upon our national would mean an increase in trade for east­ all our power of persuasion and with all our resources through these services, that we are ern Europe. It would mean political and economic and industrial strength, of an eco­ forced to take stock of our wealth lest we economic stability and ther.efore greater buy­ nomic and political union of the western impoverish ourselves in helping the world. ing power. It would give Russia a chance European nations. Such a policy would pre­ It would be strange if we did not take a to develop her resources and would furnish serve intact and free that Europe which has selfish interest in the possibilities of a United her with new markets for her goods and raw been the mother of political and religious States of Europe. But whatever malicious materials. rreedom, the creator of modern industry, the propaganda the Kremlin may spread to the However, this course of action does not builder of the world's g·reat empires, and the contrary, the fact remains that the primary appeal to Russia and, as long as that is the author of some of the greatest literature. reason for our loans and grants is our wish case, we dare not abandon Europe to her science, art, and drama of contemporary life. to create a stable and orderly world in which mercies, which we have come to know so It need not destroy the cultural autonomy we, and all peoples of the world, may live in well. of the individual states which have made peace. I am convinced that the uniting of Obviously, the easy course of isolationism these contributions. to our civilization. Europe is a fundamental pillar· of a stable is not the proper one for the United States, Our encouragement of a United States of world order. nor for the New World states, to follow with Europe cannot reasonably be construed as Our concern is not simply an idealistic regard to. Europe. It would permit Russia the unsolicited meddling of one country in dream of bringing relief to suffering Europe; to consolidate her power in Eu'rope to such the internal affairs of another. Our inter­ nor is it the hard-shelled manipulations of an extent that she would achieve domination ests are personal; they are immediate; they economic imperialism. We have a deep and over an additional 270,000,000 people. In are real. But there is another very urgent inescapable interest in the :welfare of Eu­ view of the Kremlin's policies, no one can reason for our . interest. If western Europe rope. Twice, in 25 years, we have shed our doubt that such a consolidation of power by were to succumb to the Russians, then the blood and spent our treasure in world wars Russia in Europe would ultimately spell war systems, institutions, and forces which have which grew out of European feuds and pow­ for the world, and that the two primary bel-. made all North and South America-but er politics. We know that the policy of ligerents would be Russia and the United especially our .two countries-great, will be isolation, which allowed us to :flourish and States. Such enormous power and unlimited imperiled. A healthy, prosperous, rehabili­ grow great, is no lm:iger possible. We know resources under the control of one autocratic tated, and united Europe is one of the best that our present well-being will be short government, when geared to an emotional guarantees that our own two countries, and lived unless Europe recover and can carry drive to world revolution, would be ac­ all they stand for, will continue to prosper on normal commercial, social, and political companied by an irresistible urge to conquer and flourish. relations with us. Rich as our two countries and dominate the world. If it should suc­ But we should be remiss in our discussion are, indeed, rich as are all the Americas, we ceed, it would mean the conquest of man­ were we to fail to note that our interests in the New World cannot indefinitely sub­ kind by the greatest slave state in all his­ in Europe are also filial. We are simultane­ sidize an impoverished, non-self-supporting tory, a catastrophe beyond the power of de­ ously the trustees and the exponents of Europe. That continent must learn again scription. The nature of the regime in Rus­ European civilization. It is natural law that how to take care of itself. sia is such that I do not .believe 1t has with­ children shall grow into adults, and, upon Three choices lie before us: in it the power to stop of itself. Each suc­ reaching maturity, assume their share of re­ 1. We might withdraw from western Eu­ cess only adds fuel to the fire of its fa­ sponsibilities. So it is with states. We, in rope, in which case we would in all likeli­ naticism. Until it is halted, the urge to the New World, are the children of Europe; hood abandon Europe to communism. There greater expansion only becomes stronger each and we must assume our share of the bur­ can no longer be any doubt as to Russia's time she scores a triumph. dens which Europe hitherto has carried. As international program; her army, secret po­ 2. The second course of conduct open to the physical, cultural, and spiritual chil­ lice, and fifth columns have established dom­ us is the piecemeal approach, which we have dren of Europe, we inherited at national ination over one small country after the other been following. This aid, offered on a re­ birt):l both the blood and the spirit of along her borders and beyond. She is in­ stricted scale, presents basic difficulties in Europe. While our New World climate has terfering in the domestic affairs of many the formulation and administration of been more invigorating, our resources far other countries. While she professes faith policy; for it seems to have no further aim richer, and our lands vastly larger than those in the United Nations, her actions, in and than the reconstruction of the same old of Europe-nevertheless our environment is out of that organization, belie that profes­ crazy-quilt pattern of European sovereign­ inescapably conditioned by Europe. With sion. She is abusive, belligerent, uncompro­ ties, the same redevelopment of highly in­ limited exceptions, our languages, religions, mising, and aggressive. While she shouts im­ dustrialized communities burning with eco­ ·schools, music, literature, philosophical con­ perialism at the Anglo-Saxon countries, .espe­ nomic nationalism, and seething with his­ cepts, social institutions, political phenom­ cially the United States, she is busily engaged torical wrongs and ambitions. Such a re­ ena, architectural styles, dress, habits of in grabbing Sinkiang and northern Korea constructed Europe would be built upon the thought; and ways of living, are fundamen­ and threatening Greece and Iran and I may same foundation that has produced conflict tally and inescapably European. Europe say France and Italy. Her expansion is so after conflict and an ever-increasing su­ has played a leading role in the creation of great that she threatens to. control all inde- spicion, hatred, and distrust among her peo­ our commerce, in the opening of our mines, . pendent nations except our own. If the ples . in the building of our railroads, and in the

• 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE 387 fashioning of thousands of our enterprises. this great continent would have taken place, federal form of political organization. Both Europe has performed these services for and it would have been beset by jealousies, reasons are impelling forces of utmost ur­ every country in North and South America. suspicions, and distrust so that now North gency in Europe today. It is no wqnder then that we should simul­ America, like Europe, would have been the Why Europe must and can unite taneously refiect our Old World her.edity scene of political strife and of economic and We have now seen why it is of the utmost and our New World-environment. social frustration. importance to us that Europe unite. Let us It is not surprising that, as the grown We often hear it said that the problems next see why it is of the greatest importance children of Europe, we, in the New World, of European unification cannot be compared to Europe herself that she unite. · are now the trustees of a heritage of Euro­ with the problems involved . in the federa­ It was C. B. Fawcett, one of the world's pean civilization and that our future is tion of our two countries; and I would be leading geographers, who said in 1941, when bound up with that of Europe. Once a among the last to deny that it was consid­ discussing the bases of a world common­ European monarch transferred to our shores erably easier for us to unite than it will wealth: the seat of his empire; and other European ever be for Europe to do so. But,· in spite "There are but two unchangeable natUral rulers from time to time have fied here for of this, it should not be overlooked that all units of human organization-the individ­ safety. It was here that crucial revolutions of the difficulties, under which Europe now ual and the whole of mankind. All inter­ occurred through which European doctrines labors, were in some measure to be found mediate units, such as the family, clan, tribe, of freedom were tested. New World dyna­ here prior to federation. There were bound­ or nation, church or state, or other associa­ mism has constantly given life to Old World ary problems, currency difficulties, and tariff tion, are changeable or changing." ideas. There is no escaping the link which squabbles and a vast number of other is­ binds our worlds together. The League of sues which had to be adjusted before unions I agree with this observation, but, at the Nations and the United Nations Organiza­ could be achieved. There were differences same time, it would be unrealistic for us to tion were European in concept; but they of language, religion, and social institutions. disregard the power of racial, historical, cul­ came into being chiefiy as a result of New In my own country the issue of slavery tural, and other prejudices which have di­ World effort and vision. We need not go could not be solved in the beginning and vided Europe into seemingly permanent units further to show how completely we, as chil­ finally had to be purged by a bloody civil called states. In spite of the forces making dren of Europe, are interest.ed in what hap­ war. Slavery was no small obstacle to unity. for separation, there are many compelling pens to that, at present, unhappy continent, Then, too, in the self-sufticient provincial factors which are working for the eventual and how inextricably our fate is bound up economy of 1776, with its slow means of com­ termination of European differences, and for with hers. munication and its limited power of mass the wiping out of racial trade, and other bar­ We are more than the mere recipien~s of a destruction, I doubt that the compelling ne­ riers that for centuries have affi.icted Euro­ European heritage. Here, and through us, cessity for federation was anything like as pean politics. many things which began in Europe have obvious to the citizens of that time . as it It is not· necessary to canvass them all been brought to fruition. With due humility should be to anyone who knows there are here, but a few might be mentioned. The we may observe that in much we are the supersonic planes and atomic bombs in the political frontiers of Europe are largely his­ exponents and maximizers of European civil­ arsenals of today. torical and seldom follow geographical lines. ization. Take, for example, industry and We solved the problems of that era. With Racial groups, as a rule, cannot be separated finance. In these fields we are much more our help, Europe can solve hers, too. from each other by any clear-cut line, but, than a branch df Europe. Not only have we Many years ago we blazed the trail for rather, one group merges into the other achieved world leadership; but our strength Europe to follow. If the English of Can­ through a zone of intermarriage and mixed in these areas, in a very substantial measure, ada and the French of Quebec, if the Dutch­ population. No boundary line can do justice contributed to the United Nations' victory man of New York and the Englishman of to all. The railroads of Europe, in response in the Second World War. It was also be­ Connecticut, if the Frenchman of Louisiana to economic requirements, cut across the cause of this strength that we in the New and the Spaniard of California, if the Swede 'Continent with complete disregard for geo­ World were able to help England survive the of Delaware and the German of Pennsyl­ graphical and political boundaries. The in­ ravages of the total war just ended. If we vania, could be molded into a single body land waterways, both natural and artificial, turn to the field of social welfare we note politic, living amicably with each other, make Europe a single economic whole; and that we have attained the highest standard striving for common national purposes, then it is not by chance that effort after effort of living in the world. But we must simul­ there is every reason to believe that the has been made to internationalize the major taneously note that the pattern of our social Frenchman of France and the Englishman rivers such as the Danube, the Rhine, and life and institutions is essentially European: across the Channel, that the Dutchman· of the Elbe. Europe's industry and her skilled Need we go further in the exploration of Holland and the German of Germany, and populations are located where iron, coal, and the necessity and compulsion of our interest even the Spaniard of Spain, with all their other mineral deposits have made it pos­ in Europe and in her well-being? That in­ neighbors, if given the right conditions, can sible for the industrial life to develop. Eu­ terest may be confused but it is neve1'theless unite for a reconstructed and rehabilitated rope's food supply is derived from a numper there. It is the interest of the adult indi­ Europe. of countries, regardless of political frontiers. The bread basket of Europe lies in the east. vidual in the security and well-being of his In other ways, too, we in the New Wo~ld parents, of the pupil in the welfare of the may be able to furnish Europe with useful That basket comprises in whole, or in part, at teacher, of the businessman in the prosperity examples. Our southern neighbors of Latin least nine states distinguished for the live­ of those with whom he must do business, of America have, over the years, reached among liness of their politics. Together they are the benefactor in the recovery of the person themselves and with us an understanding deeply affected by a constant common need­ he is assisting, and of one man in the well- which is operating in the interest of peace the need for food and the need for economic being of other men. · and the settlement of disputes on these two unification. It is the need for the agricul­ We are bound to Europe by the same continents. The Pan American Union, look­ tural areas to support the industri:.ll. It civilization, and we are set apart from the ing back to Bolivar for conception and to is the need for the latter to supply the for­ rest of the world thereby. There are three Blaine for realization, is now much more mer with tools and necessaries. It is the main bonds which hold us together: ( 1) The than an institution for the clarification of need for bringing to the industrial a1·eas scientific method; (2) the rule of. law; and information about the countries of the the benefit of tremendous water-power re­ above all (3) the integrity of the individual Western Hemisphere. It is a truly interna­ sources in other countries. human being. tional institution on the broadest basis, There are signs that Europe realizes the Which, since the beginning of the Second need for union. At the moment plans are The example of the New World World War, when taken in conjunction with being drawn for a customs union of west­ We, here in the New World, have a real the arrangements entered into between our €jl'n Europe. In making these plans Euro­ contribution to make and a constructive ex­ two countries, has developed into a system pean statesmen must be mindful that the ample to set for Europe to unite and to feder­ of continental security. The Pan American foundation of the modern German Reich, ate for her own best interest. In no small states have accepted responsibility for the which a short while ago was the most power­ measure are the successes of Canada and the administration of the Monroe Doctrine and ful continental state, was the merging of United States to be attributed to their ;form hemispheric defense. The Act of Chapul­ common economic interests into customs of government. Indeed, it is my conviction tepec, supplemented by the Treaty of Rio unions. Out of these unions came the po­ that the most important single reason why de Janeiro, lias created an American system litical integration which unified the Ger­ our two countries have succeeded in over­ of hemispheric defense .. man states into a single empire. Europe shadowing other similar areas of the world In trade, in transportation, and in many should be able to reach unification by the in growth and development in many fields other ways the countries of the New World same road. is that we have a Federal form of government have blazed the trail for Europe, showing her One of the chief reasons why Europe needs and thus avoid the countless frictions and how to reach effective and creative federa­ to unite is that the Continent, in its present internal frustrations of national fragmenta­ tion. In addition to these examples and the fragmentary form, is a large power vacuum tion. Had Canada, Quebec, British Columbia, several more general inducements mentioned which Russia is striving to fill. The people and the Maritime Provinces, and had each above, there are two particular reasons why of Europe could easily lose faith in our abil­ of the Thirteen Original Colonies, which re­ states are driven into federation. One is ity to protect them from Communist infiltra­ belled against the British and which later the danger from foreign powers; the other tion and subjugation. Some have come to jointly became the United States, insisted is the inconvenience and inefticiency of eco­ believe that Russian domination is inevi­ upon retaining its independent sovereignty, nomic separation. These reasons impelled table. The s11ccess of the recent coups in political and economic dismemberment of both of our governments to · adopt a unified Hungary and Bulgaria will speed the process. 388 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 21 All the millions of dollars sent in aid to History of European federation ganization have been thought out and are Greece and Turkey, and to be sent to Italy Since the beginning of the Middle Ages, ready for adoption. Obviously, Europe does and France, will be unsuccessful unless some two contradictory forces have been pulling not need a universal empire nor a constitu­ positive program of action on Europe's part Europe in opposite directions. One has been tion like that Of the United States. Nor does gives evidence that she means to help her" a strong tendency toward local particularism, she require a Canadian system. She must self and does not intend to succumb to the which has produced small feudal entities have her own brand of union which gives spirit of defeatism which has been too evl" and new national states. The other has been effect to national peculiarities and aspira­ dent in her life. the slow-growing desire for the unification tions. It must be something more than the A United States of Europe is the answer of European peoples on a continental basis. utopian concepts of the nineteenth-century to the dilemma. We must encourage its The pages of western history are filled with Lorimer and his predecessors, who reechoed formulation. Russia, of course, will oppose philosophical discussions of ho~ Eur~pe Saint Pierre and lacked the realism of Sully it bitterly. Even though such a federation should be organized in order to achieve umty and Henry IV. would not threaten Russia, it would interfere and to eliminate recurrent warfare. These One of the organizations advocated for with the spread of communism and it is to need no repetition here, but I am sure that Europe recommends the establishment of an be expected Russian opposition will be exert" in this connection a number of illustrious upper house, a house of representatives, and ed in many ways, especially through Mos" names will come to your minds: The medie­ the assignment to the federated government cow's influence over the Communist party val Pierre Dubois, the fourteenth century of matters concerned with foreign policy, jus­ in France. This opposition is certainly one Dante, Kin_$ Podebrad of Bohemia, Erasmu~, tice, and security of the federation. of the important obstacles to the achieve" Dean John Colet, Sebastian Franck, S1r Duncan and Elizabeth Wilson, in their ment of a European federation. But that Thomas More, William · Peste!, Comines, thought-provoking Federation and World Or­ does not mean that we should give up hope, Emeric Cruce, Hugo Grotius, . William· Penn, der, published in 1940, suggested an interna" for, even in France, the Communists control Abbe Saint-Pierre, and Immanuel Kant, to tiona! federal government, with a house of less than one-third of the votes and, there" mention only a few of the more outstanding. representatives, an upper house or senate, an fore, with strong leadership in the dem" I would like to impress upon_you that these international civil service, an international ocratic parties, France could take the lead in men were not idealistic dreamers. They were army, an international judiciary, all based promoting a European un_ion . .. Althoug? thoughtful and practical men. upon a fundamental constitution or charter. France is torn by internal dissension, she IS Statesmen, too, have tried their hand at not through as a great nation and she will William Ivor Jennings, in 1940, devoted unification. One immediately recalls the several pages of his excellent work, A Fed­ again develop statesmen of the caliber of grand design of Henry IV, Elizabeth, and the Briand and Jaures, who worked so hard for eration for Western Europe, to a draft con­ Duke of Sully ·in this connection. Occasion" stitution for such a federation. In that con" European federation. It is this France, ally statesmen resorted to force to compel united with England, which must take the stitution he covered membership in the fed" Europe to combine as did Charlemagne, eration, the constitution as supreme law, the lead in uniting Europe in spite of Russia's Louis XIV, and Napoleon. opposition. guaranty of territorial integrity to the fed­ However, tt was not until after the First erated states, citizenship in the states and Let us be under no musions. If Russia World War that the movement for a Euro­ obtains control of western Europe, the con­ in the federation, the president, the council pean federation became widespread. Since · of ministers, the federal legislature consist­ trol of Africa, the Near East, and the Middle then not only has the subject been discussed East will fall into her lap like a ripe plum. ing ·of a peoples' house and a states.' house, extensively but many books dealing with it and the control of the federation over ex­ She will thus be able to carry into full effect and a new journal called Pan-Europa have the geopolitical objectives of Haushofer and ternal relations, defense, dependencies, and appeared. France took the lead in exploring a number of other items. Rudolf Hess. The only difference will be that the practical aspects of the idea, and in 1925 Russia-not Germany-will become the mas" Thus the patterns of federalism have been Premier Herriot seriously considered having extensively explored. Even the United Na­ ter of Europe. Russia will then control not his country assume responsibility for the es­ only the heartland but the whole world is" tablishment of a European federation. In tions Organization provides in its. Charter the land, and Europe, Asia, and Africa will be" basis for a European federation under the 1926 a federation conference was called in heading of "regional .organizations." come the arsenal of the Slavs. That, in Vienna, in 1930 a second was convoked in rather naked terms, is the fundamental Berlin, and in 1932 a third met in Basle. I do not wish to leave the impression at power issue which lies behind the federa" During 1929 and 1930 Foreign Minister Briand, any point in this discussion that I am un­ tion of Europe. It is no longer a question of France, became the leader of the unified aware of, or minimize, the seriousness of the of Europe's ruling, or not ruling, dependencies continental forces working for federation obstacles to federation. There are powerful and tropical and backward countries. The and unification. In calling together the 1926 influences obstructing the path to unity, but question now is, Will Europe in her turn be Congress the following statement was issued: I do not think they are insuperable. Let ruled? The answer lies with Europe. But "Anarchy is indeed the only appropriate us. summarize the obstacles which appear to Europe cannot give it alone; she needs our description for a society of 34 states without be the JllOSt potent. moral and tangible help if she is to answer law, without organization, without common The obstacles in the way it with imagination, courage, and determina­ organs or authorities, without a court of jus" tion. 1. The basic difficulty which must be over­ tice, without a police force, and without a come is the intensity of national feeling, at­ solidarity; a society the members of which tended by prejudices, fears, and animosities THE NEW WORLD LOOKS AT THE OLD WORLD are in perpetual strife with one ·another deeply ingrained in Europe's people by patri­ and pile up murderous weapons against ·one II otism and past history. National feelings are another; a society in which might takes pre­ so powerful that they keep Europe divided, In the first lecture last evening, I dis­ cedence over right, and in Which the normal cussed in some detail some of the reasons even though geographically it is less broken methods of negotiations are threats and by barriers than China. We can ascribe lack why Europe must unite for her own salva" blackmail; a society in which the members tion as well as for ours. I alluded to cer­ of political and economic unity to human are ruled by club law, as were states and obstacles alone. In spite of the fact that Eu­ tain other aspects of the question which I castles in the darkest days of the Middle should like to develop further tonight. It rope is a single permanent regional division Ages." of the habitable world, and in spite of the may be that some of these arguments will Although the efforts of the twenties did seem repetitious to you, but I think the sub­ fact that not one of her political divisions can not result in the creation of a unified and make a claim to a similar status, nevertheless ject is of such vital importance to the fu­ federated Continent, the acceptability of the ture of our countries that some repetition every national group in Europe regards itself idea to many Europeans was made clear in as a permanent entity. Nationalistic hatreds will not be amiss. the numerous efforts at economic unifica­ Last spring, on March 21, when I intro­ have kept European peoples apart for cen­ tion. Even Hitler made it the heart of his turies, and as long as the present nation­ duced a resolution in the Senate of the economic propaganda program; and it is United States endorsing the idea of a United states remain unmodified they will continue fair to say that many Europeans, who later to do so. States of Europe, there was a great deal of laid down their lives in war against Hitler, editorial comment throughout the country. were in full agreement with him on the idea 2. A second obstacle in the way of union Most of the comment was favorable and a of a European federation. is the seeming danger that a union of Europe few editors were enthusiastic but, generally, Actually, ·as I have said before, Europe has will be an occasion for the domination of the they seemed to think the idea was too go~d had many experiences with federation in whole -Continent by the German people. to be practicable. In other words, while the past-the Holy Roman Empire, the Con" Other nationalities cannot help noting that, they recognized the need and the good sense federation of the Rhine, Austria, Hungary, since the middle of the nineteenth century, of the proposal, they were defeatists· regard­ Switzerland, and Germany. Federation is the Germans have become the most numer­ ing its achievement. It was obvious from therefore a tried and tested arrangement, ous people on the Continent. They substan­ many of the articles that the writers had not only on this continent but Europe also tially outnumber the French or the Italians never seriously considered the proposal be" has used it on a limited basis and with or the English. It should be pointed out, fore and were unaware of its ancient andre" success. however, that in spite of their being the most spectable lineage. I think, therefore, that numerous people they still constitute less some further reference to its ancestry and Requirements tor federation than one-third of the population of the con­ to the considerations favorable and unfavor" Federation has been given so much templated federation of western Europe. able to its adoption may be appropriate. thought, in the past, that patterns of or" Working together, there is no reason why the 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 389 other- peoples tn the federation could not Nations Charter was being formulated it was ropean federation, then France and England avoid domination by the Germans. deemed expedient to incorporate into the participating in such a confederation can 3. A third obstacle consists of Soviet Rus­ Charter article 52, the provision which en• guarantee peace and security to the Conti­ sia's efforts to unite the continent in her couraged "regional arrangements for peace nent, for they will more than offset the Ger­ own interests by power methods similar to and security consistent with the purpose and man states acting singly or in combination. those used by Louis XIV, Napoleon, the principles -of the United Nations." While Moreover, the economic pattern will be such Kaiser, and Hitler. Russia is bending every this presumably was meant to cover the that no single element or state or combina­ effort short of war to achieve unification of Monroe Doctrine, it had special significance tion of states in the federation can conceiv­ the states under her domination. She is for Europe. ably break away and carry on a successful turning the full force of her economy and It is not clear now if any European par­ war against the others. propaganda toward preventing the federation ticipant in the Dumbarton Oaks and San The conclusion is that the best solution or unification of Europe by any other means Francisco Conferences had a united states for the dilemma of lagging European pro­ ·than her own. of Europe in mind as the subject of article duction is the merging of European states 4. A fourth and important obstacle is the 52. Certainly Soviet Russia did not, for she into a larger union, a union so large that language problem. It makes difficult the was opposed to all efforts at European unifi­ there will be no danger of German domina­ ordinary intercourse of the citizens and cation. Ever since 1917 Soviet Russia has tion or aggression. If this is done, the pro­ hampers the free movement of persons and · distrusted and opposed all plans for the unifi­ ductive power of Germany will be the spark the flow of ideas and information so impor­ cation of Europe. . Lenin condemned federa­ to light the furnaces of industry and to speed tant to the achievement of understanding tion as a threat to Russian security and bis the movement of trade throughout western and unity. But y~u hi Canada have over­ successors have followed his line meticu­ Europe. Europe can once again become self­ come that difficulty, and so have the Swiss. lously. supporting and resume her proper role in the 5. A. fifth obstacle is incompatible politi­ And so it is today. Russia still opposes all society of nations. No country with peaceful cal ideologies, · which are still active and plans f()r European recovery including cus­ intentions can, with reason and logic, object which cannot be considered as conducive to toms unions. She has warned the Scandi­ to such a development. Opposition can only cooperative or unified actions between or navian states against cooperation and con­ come from aggressive power-political inter­ among states. Authoritarian states still federation, presumably because cooperative ests whose purpose is the domination of Eu­ exist in western Europe. Both communism action among European states will make more ropean states individually and collectively. and fascism have holds upon large sections difficult Russian plans for the domination of the populations. of the Continent. Europe as an idea implies confederation 6. A s.ixth obstacle is cultural differences, The Russian fear must be understood in Having viewed some of the obstacles in the which oftentimes are much stronger than terms of what appear to be Soviet interests way of a successfUl federation of Europe, let blood differences. and purposes. Political fragmentation and us look again at some of the reasons wby a 7. A seventh obstacle is religious differ­ war have reduced European states to near federation will ultimately come about and ences, which are especially pronounced in !~potence in the face of the power of the why it is neither chimerical nor an idle eastern Europe. United States and the Union of Soviet So­ dream. 8. But overshadowing all other obstacles cialist Republics. This suits Russia per­ In order to succeed, federations require 1n European history, from the nationa;tistic fectly, for it gives her great freedom of ac­ something more than lands and people liv­ standpoint, is a ledger of unrequited in­ tion on the Continent. She fears, however, ing in close proximity. There must be a juries from the past, which each state keeps that Europe will discover that it has at hand force holding the member states together to be settled at some future date. the means for achieving power comparable · which impels them to union. These by no means exhaust the list of with that of Russia if Europe will only take Perhaps the most important single force obstacles, but they will serve to show how advantage of the opportunity to unite. So­ both in the United States and in Canada great is the task of federating Europe. C. B. viet statesmen naturally fear the reVival of Fawcett said six years ago: which operated in favor of federation was German military strength. They know that the feeling in all of the colonies that they "It is to this anarchic Europe, of conflict­ now the German people are slowly starving, ing sovereign independent states and in­ belonged together and that they individu­ the country is stripped of industrial re­ ally constituted segments of a single whole. compatible political ideologies, of uneasy sources, the agricultural land is depleted, majorities and rebellious minorities, of Even today that feeling is hard to define, and the military system is dead. But they but we know it was there at the time of peace-loving peoples and aggressive tyrants, fear the unified revival of the Continent be­ that any proposals for a United States of union. For about 150 years, the .Thirteen cause they believe that it will provide Ger­ Colonies, which later became the United Europe are to be applied." man industry and agriculture with an oppor­ It is entirely possible that the obstacles States, were associated in common perils, tunity once again to create another powerfUl objectives, and struggles. Later they were may be overemphasized. military force with which to challenge Soviet In 1878. looking upon a scene no less united in a revolutionary war, whose purpose preponderance in the future. Naturally, was political freedom. Economic, social, and ditficult, the great Swiss scholar, J. K. therefore, there is continued Russian skep­ Bluntschli, as he advocated the union of political forces finally compelled them to ticism about and opposition to a United unite. So it was with your people. Even Europe, said: States of Europe. "The need for a solution of the problem British Columbia, which for a. time seemed But it is my conviction that it is precisely lost, eventually had to decide that its proper (of a ·Eur-opean confederation) is today pres­ in a United States of Europe that the se­ ent and imperative and will grow more so course lay in union with Canada, Quebec, curity of Russia and the world must be and the Maritime Provinces rather than tn from year to year. l do not know when an­ sought. Federation is a most powerful guar­ other serious effort at solving the problem annexation to the United States. Thus, in anty against a resurgent German military both our countries an undefinable bond, will be undertaken but I am firmly con­ power. Indeed, I can see no other way in vinced that one or more European states­ which can only be described as a common which to solve the German problem. Today, consciousness of belonging to the same group, men, in the not too distant future, will un­ because of the fear of Germany, we . have dertake the task and bring it to completion. knitted our people into a single whole. been forced to impose levels of production on I -believe that I can discern a similar force The work is much. easi.er than has been the her economy which are disastrous not only establishment of the German Reich. The operating in Europe today. It has operated great danger which always prevented union, to that country but to all of western Europe. unnoticed f.or a long time. Again I quote We know that the holding of German pro­ !rom Bluntschll: namely, the hegemony of one state over an­ duction down to a fraction of its prewar level other, has now finally been overcome." bas caused starvation in Germany and costs "In spite of all the language and national When those optimistic thoughts were ex­ to England and ourselves of enormous sums differences, which separate European people, pressed, Europe was a prosperous paradise of badly needed resources. The curtailment and in spite of the many struggles in which compared to what she is today. The neces­ in the production of coal and steel essential they are engaged against each other, they sity for drastic reform was far less obvious or to construction and the resulting idleness are permeated by a feeling of being the same compelling then than it is today. The pres­ and destitution have set the stage for com­ sort and possessing common interests as a ent and the future of Europe, in the absence munism. We are not blind to the fact that European people; and they are bound to­ of some really significant reform, is scarcely the unleashing of German energy and in­ gether in spite of all these things into an bright. Winston Churchill with his usual dustrial skill and productive power will pro­ ancient European brotherhood of states." talent for forceful descriptions put it very duce better conditions on the continent of More recently, Winston Churchill said of well when he said: Europe, but we must be assured that it wHl Europe: "But what is Europe now? It is a rubble­ · not simultaneously renew war and militarism. "It has been finely said by a young English heap, a charnel house, a breeding ground of Again I say that this assurance can be found writer, Mr. Sewell, that the real demarcation pestilence and hate. Ancient nationalistic in a United States of Europe. between Europe and Asia. is no chain of feuds and. modern ideological factions dis­ Federation is the solution of both the Eu­ mountains, no natural frontiers, but a sys­ tract and infuriate the unhappy, hungry tem of beliefs and ideas which we call west­ populations." · ropean problem and of the German problem. "If," as Churchill says, "without prejudice ern civilization." The new situation in Europe-Russian to any future question of German federa­ "In the rich pattern of culture, .. says Mr. opposition tion • • * individual (German) states Sewell, "there are many strands; the He­ All through the Second World War the •· (are) • * • invited to take brew belief in God, the Christian message federation idea persisted in some form, and their place in the council of Europe," that is, of compassion and redemption, the Greek as the conflict drew to an end and the United if they operate as individual states in a Eu- love of truth, beauty, and goodness, tho 390 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 21 Roman genius for law. Europe is a spir­ thinking of European statesmen, and gives and directed in the administration of the itua~ conception. But if men cease to hold us good reason to believe that they do not Marshall plan could result in the unification that conception in their minds, cease to feel regard economic and political federation as of the signatory powers. . its worth in their hearts, it will die. impracticable or unrealistic as some of our Another caw'!e for hope occurred on Sep­ "These are not my words, but they are people have supposed. In that report the tember,12, 1947, when it was announced that my faith." · . cooperating states pledged themselves in part 14 states, namely, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Thus Europe is an idea, a concept, a be­ as follows: Denmark, Ireland, France, Greece, Iceland, lief, a feeling which has been held by the "(v) To cooperate with one another and Italy, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Portu­ people of that Continent for generations, with like-minded countries in all possible gal, Turkey, and Rumania (10 additional which has enabled them to shape and· domi­ steps to reduce the tariffs and other barriers eastern European countries, including Rus­ nate history for the last few hundred years, to the expansion of trade both between sia, were probably to be invited), were ar­ and which has permitted their sons and themselves and with. the rest of the world, ranging meetings for a discussion of closer daughters to carry Europe's message and in­ in accordance with ·the principles of the cooperation and the possibilities of a customs stitutions, its religion, art, law, science, and draft charter for an international trade or­ union embracing them all. industry to all parts of the world. ganization. The cynics may scoff at these pledges and In the light of this common feeling, it "(vi) To remove progressively the ob­ these conferences. They can point to broken is not strange that the idea of a continental stacles to the free movement of persons with­ pledges and many failures in the past, but federation should have attracted Europeans in Europe; failures are an important part of the whole for hundreds of years. Occasionally some "(vii) To organize together the means by of human experience. In a negative way form of unification has been achieved. The which common resources can be developed they are the guideposts to success rather Roman Empire united western Europe by in partnership." · than proof that success is unattainable. force, and in the ninth century, Charle­ Elsewhere the signatory powers (p. 39) Human institutions develop slowly and· magne welded the Continent into a great pledged that- painfully. Rarely are they completed at one empire stretching from Spain to the Elbe "When production sufficiently increases, time and set in to successful motion imme­ River. Later, the Holy Roman Empire and countries at present maintaining export re­ diately upon their conception. It took 150 the Catholic Church knit European society strictions will abolish them. As regards im­ years of colonial experiences, and centuries into a loose yet effectual whole, held together port restrictions, . an essential condition for of English background, to create the Con­ by social and spiritual bonds. the freer development of European trade, on stitution of the United States of America. Even the national particularism, which ap­ a multilateral basis, is that balance of pay­ That instrument was anticipated by many peared with the dawn of modern states in ments difficulties should be progressively re­ conferences and efforts at union before it was the fifteenth century, was unable to destroy duced. These difficulties will diminish as ever consummated. Therefore we recog­ the European concept here described. It is production increases, internal stability is re­ nize that Europe, complicated in structure, true that the rise of the national state established, and export trade expands. As diverse in population, and confused in eco­ and its armies, as weli as the appearance they diminish, the participating countries nomic activity, cannot create at one stroke of the nation in arms, which reached its will reduce progressively restrictions on their an international order of peace and security, extreme form in modern totalitarianism, pro- mutual trade. This would be facilitated by The important thing is that many thought­ / duced the political "fragmentation of Europe the adoption of a system of transferability, .ful men of both the Old and the New World for over 500 years. But in spite of this, the designed to make European currencies inter­ have recognized the objective toward which European people have retained their com­ changeable, as proposed by the committee of we should move if western civilization is to mon consciousness. They know that ·froll). financial experts in chapter II of their re­ avoid self-destruction or domination by the· prehistoric times they have belonged to the port, on which a meeting of experts is to be East. same white race whose branches are to be held in London on September 22." It was not pure accident that the World found in north Africa and south Asia. They This bible of European recovery recognizes Wars of 1914 and 1939 originated in Europe. still believe that they once possessed a com­ that the problem does not end with recovery;· Such conflicts are the logical result of the mon primitive civilization going back to but that much more is· implied in the so­ inconsistencies, the clashing of national in­ neolithic times, and they are aware of the called Marshall plan. While it does not de­ terests which inhere in the confinement of significance of the statement of philologists velop the theme in so many words, the re­ modern industrialism within the restrictions that with one exception all their languages port does give time and space to two recent of a medieval political system. An effec­ have been derived from a common mother and notable instances of European coopera­ tive universal system such as the United tongue. Their political organizations and tion: (1) The customs convention signed in Nations could adjust these conflicts, but, un­ customs have developed along similar lines London on September 5, 1944, to which til that organization develops, the adjust­ and their histories have been distinguishable Belgium, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands ·ment must be made on a more limited scale if from the unchanging lethargy Which has were parties, and (2) Scandinavian coopera­ self-destruction is to be avoided. characterized oriental despotism. All this tion discussed at Copenhagen on August 27 Federation is also the answer to the threat is reflected in European thoughts and atti- and 28, 1947. of Russian domination. William Henry tudes. · The report further develops the idea of Chamberlin, in his book, The Cockpit of Within the last 6 months two incidents the need for closer economic cooperation Europe, shows with convincing clarity how have occurred which indicate that both my than in the past, observing- communism has spread over eastern Europe. country and Europe have sensed the neces­ "That the present division of Europe into Ruthless minorities in different ·countries, sity for joint and cooperative action in Eu­ small economic units does not correspond to by a combination of sabotage, terror, and rope if the rehabilitation of that regton is the -need·s of modern competiti9n and that force, have seized power in one country after to be achieved. The first of these incidents it will be possible with the help of customs another and established police states. It was Secretary of State Marshall's speech at unions to construct larger units on the wottld be unlikely that such tactics could be Harvard in June. strictly economic plane." used successfully against a United States Implicit in his statement that "any assist­ Of exceptional significance is that part of" Europe. ance that this Government may render in which deals with the development of hydro­ There are many other reasons why we the future should provide a cure rather than electric resources. It reads in. part as fol­ have cause for hope that federation will a mere palliative," is the idea that more than lows: come about. The last one to which I shall mere relief of the present distress, and re­ ... This work involves the cooperative de­ call your attention is the compelling char­ vival of the same old order, must be ac­ velopment of resources cutting across fron­ acter of economic forces working for union. complished. His emphasis upon cooperative tiers and the decisions are being taken with­ Prior to the Second World War, Europe, over or joint planning and action by the Euro­ out regard to national frontiers. Preparation the centuries, had developed a highly inte­ pean nations, indicates to me that he recog­ of periodic revisions of a survey of European grated economy which possessed a unique nized that, in order to achieve a cure, their large-scale power resources and the study balance of agriculture, industry, and trade. problems must be viewed as a whole and of the desirability of establishing an inter­ That balance was shattered by 6 years of solved as a whole. It seems only common national high-tension network represent campaigns. The present difficulties of sense that to try to rehabilitate each na­ similar fields for continuing common plan­ Europe are merely manifestations of the im­ tion individually, without regard to the ning." possibility of maintaining national particu­ whole, would be excessively wasteful, ex­ Much the same philosophy and attitude larism in the face of continental economic travagant and ineffective in the long run. may be discerned in the passages dealing forces which, in order to operate, must disre­ If it requires joint action to rehabilitate with steel production. Here is an example gard national . frontiers. The industrial Europe, it is equally important that they (p. 39): Ruhr, the coal-mining Saar, and the indus­ continue to act together if they are to re­ "In view of the high cost of installation trial Silesia, are not Germa:Q, French, and main strong enough to preserve their freedom of steel-producing capacity, arrangements Polish alone. They belong to all of Europe and independence from foreign domination. are being made for the interchange of in­ and are the heritage upon which the whole In response to Secretary Marshall's sugges­ formation by the steel-producing countries Continent should build. tion, representatives of 16 of the western about their programmes of modernization The Europe of the future, if it is to rise European nations gathered in Paris last sum­ and extension so that each country, in de­ from its ashes, must 'find some way by which mer and, with an extraordinary spirit of good veloping its programme, may take account the steel and coal of Germany •. the ship­ will and cooperation, unanimously issued a of the plans made by the others." ping of England, the surplus labor supply of report in September. That report gives us These pledges, I submit, are unique in Italy, and the many other contributions of the most recent indication of the trend of European history and if properly nurtured the· individual countries can be pooled for 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 39l the common continental good. A United would allow Britain to be a member of both. that stands out clear and reassuring and that States of Europe, I am convinced, is the an­ It will be recalled that the reciprocity ar­ 1s the friendship and good will that exists swer, and I believe that is borne out by 'the rangements of 1911 between our two coun­ between your country and my country and, report of the Committee on European Eco­ tries presented no serious constitutional ob­ 1n truth, among all the peoples of the New nomic Cooperation. Here are three addi­ stacles for Canada. Empire preference could World. This example of self-restraint and tional significant passages. be made consistent with obligations in a good sense has been, and will continue to On page 2: new European union. In short, to an out­ be, not only our own salvation, but gives us "(viii) ThP. participating countries • • • sider there seems to be no insurmountable the right, I believe, to look to the Old World fUrther stated their belief that the estab­ reason why Britain could not accep,t mem­ and offer it our advice and our help to go and lishment of. a joint organization to review bership in a European union consistent with do likewise. the progress made in carrying out the re­ her position in the British Commonwealth of covery program will be necessary. On Nations. THE MARSHALL PLAN-ARTICLE BY page 12 the signatory states announce that If this view is correct, a Europe, into which WALTER LIPPMANN the production program provides for mu­ Britain was federated, could offer only ad­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask tual help between the participating coun­ vantages to Canada, the other dominions, and unanimous consent to have printed in tries over a wide field, and for a number of to the world at large. Britain would be a practical steps for specific action, such as the tie between two of the most economically the body of the RECORD as part of my re­ international power project. In addition significant groups in the world. Her dual marks a very able and penetrating article broader proposals are made for the reduction membership would give her the opportunity which appeared yesterday, written by of trade barriers and the removal of finan­ to bring the two closer together. Politically Walter Lippmann, entitled "Evil for Good cial obstacles to intra-European trade." and militarily the dual mem,bership could eventually become a great force for peace Ends," dealing with the whole question But the most significant passage of all 1s and stability. of the argument of fear as a premise upon the one which deals with the obliteration of In closing, permit me to emphasize a few which to base support for the Marshall national boundaries as they may stand in points. In recent weeks the Russians have plan. the way of satisfactory arrangements for the directed a vicious and clever attack upon The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ hydroelectric plants of Italy and France. the motives of the United States in granting The report says that the committee "ex­ pore. Is there objection? The Chair assistance to Europe. I am fully aware of hears none, and it is so ordered .. amined many projects and chose a plan the delicacy of the situation. Gestures of which comprises six hydroelectric plants in good will on the part of the strong, or meas­

ExHIBIT A Fear is a bad motive in diplomacy and that f~ce this cou~try, domestic and in­ EVIL .FOR GOOD ENDS fright is a poor substitute for argument in ternatiOnal. I want to know what his dealing with a democratic people like our labor program is. I want to know where (By Walter Lippmann) own. The genuine motive of the Marshall There is a notion, held by some in Wash· pl.an is an interest in the revival of great he stands on matters of social security. ington, that the only way to win the support nations and in the unity of Europe and in I want to know what his policy is in re­ of Congress for the Marshall plan is to the peace of the world. In arguing the case gard to inflation. What is his agricul­ frighten it. I believe that nothing but mis­ for the Marshall plan, it is a mistake to rely · tural program? Where does he stand on chief can come of that, and that to organ­ upon fright. This plan calls for a sustained reclamation, soil conservation, power de­ ize a propaganda of fear would be wrong in effort over a period of more than 4 years, velopment, and taxes? I want to know itself, would not deserve to work, and would and 1f it has no better foundation in Ameri­ not in fact work. · his position on the legion of vital ques­ can life than fear:, the effort will not be sus­ tions which Members of the United States A campaign of fear. designed to ride rough­ tained. It is not possible to maintain a state shod over all doubts and hesitations would . of hysteria and fear over a period of 4 years. Senate are going to have to stand up and be at bottom an attempt to rob the Congress Either our people will decide that they are be counted on in the weeks immediately of its right to be convinced and its duty to being bamboozled by the cry of wolf-wolf, ahead. When those interested in his deliberate. The notion, though it is ·put or they will decide that they prefer the hor­ boom give me answers to those questions forward by fervent, even frantic, opponents rors of war itself to living a life of unending covering the fundamental question as to of the totalitarian system, is profoundly un­ anxiety. In either event they will not give the general's position on the great legis­ democratic. It lacks a decent respect for the Marshall plan the kind of support which lative problems which face this coun­ the dignity of representative government, it must have if it is to be successful. and it rests on the self-righteous assumption try-or, in other words, as to what his that the true believers in whatever it is that CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD-PROPOSED platform is-then I shall answer the in­ is to be stampeded through Congress are en­ APPOINTMENT OF GENERAL KUTER TO quiries received today as to just where I titled to · do evil that good may prevaiL BE CHAIRMAN. stand on the Eisenhower boom. The practitioners of this notion have been Mr. MORSE. I wish to speak on an­ I may say, as I said to the press the operating for nearly a year, ever since the other day, that I think a great many pro­ crisis of last March during which the Truman other matter, Mr. President, quite unre­ doctrine was improvised. That crisis, which lated to the remarks ·just made. I have gressives in America will show consider­ arose out of a diplomatic failure to antici- · been-and I think the word properly to able interest in General Eisenhower if · pate and to prepare for the recession of the be used in this instance is the word "del­ they can receive any assurance that he British _power in the Eastern Hemisphere, uged"-! have been deluged in recent shares the views on social and economic caused a panic within the administration. hours with communications from various questions held by my very good friend The panic caused it to stampede Congress and a distinguished Member of this bo.dy, into voting aid to Greece. The campaign of parts of the country, including my home State, in protest form, in criticism form, the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. fear employed to stampede Congress, though ToBEYL who is recognized as one of the it may have been successful in lining up the and in inquiry form as to whether or not . votes, committed the United States so pub­ the position I took in opposition to the official spokesmen of the Eisenhower licly and so irretrievably that it was then appointment of General Kuter as Chair­ boom. impossible to make a success of the Greek man of the Civil Aeronautics Board Now, what ,about my position in the policy. meant that I was serving notice by im­ Kuter case? · So that there may be no · In order to frighten Congress, the admin~ misunderstanding as to my position in istration put itself in a position where in plication that I am opposed to the boom for General Eisenhower for the Repub­ regard to the transfer of military officers fact it was married indissolubly to· any Greek to civilian positions, and their being per­ government in Athens which, no matter lican nomination for the Presidency. I what else it did or did not do, proclaimed . am at a complete loss, Mr. President, to mitted to retain at the same time their its anticommunism. The propaganda em­ figure out why anyone could make the active status in the Army and their sal­ ployed to sell the Truman doctrine for Greece interpretation that I am necessarily op­ aries in the Army, which in the case of aeprived . the United States of its leverage posed to the Eisenhower boom because General Kuter would have been some and influence in Greece. of the position I took on the Kuter mat­ $5,000 more than the salary he would re­ An intervention may have been necessary. ceive as a civilian, as chairman of a civil­ It might, if we had remained free agents, ter. But being a neophyte in American politics, Mr. President, I daily marvel at . ian commission, the Civil Aeronautics have been successful. But because of the Board, I want to read into the RECORD way it was sold to Congress, it has become the mysteries and the wonders of politi­ an entanglement in which American prestige cal strategy, . · at this time a statement I have prepared · is at stake on the outcome of a civil war If anyone thinks he or she is putting on the issue. I hope this statement will in which the Government we are supporting me on the spot by the inquiries I am re­ be a com.Plete answer to the inquiries I can and does compel .us to support it on its ceiving about my position on Eisenhower, am receiving on the matter of why I terms, not .on ours. he has another thought coming, because opposed the Kuter appointment. Something of the same sort is happening one is never on the spot, Mr. President, The statement is as follows: in Germany.· The net practical effect of tell­ I offered the motion in the Armed Services ing the world that we are going to stop com­ when his position is as crystal clear as my position is on either the Eisenhower Committee meeting to reject the President's munism by subsidizing anti-Communists is proposal that General Kuter be appointed that we are losing control over western Ger­ or Kuter issues. My opposition to the many. Whereas we can still spend .6 months Kuter appointment does not subject it­ Cl:lairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board but debating whether we shall give aid to our be allowed to keep his a«tive Army status self in the slightest degree whatsoever to and higher Army pay. I offered this motion great allies, the British and the Frerich, in any interpretation that the junior Sena­ western Germany we no longer have any such because I think the basic principle of the freedom of decision. tor' from Oregon will necessarily oppose President's proposal· is unsound. - For we have committed ourselves to, and for the Republican nomination ariy mili­ I raised objection to the proposal last week have staked our prestige so completely on· tary official who has become a civilian when it first reached the Armed Services malcing Bizonia a going concern, that we must at the time the matter of his possible Committee, and no new factors have been now subsidize the Germans no matter what nomination is under advisement by the presented in the meantime which in my they do or fail to do. We cannot bargain convention. opinion justified a reversal of the position with the Germans as we propose to bargain taken by the committee at that time. I suppose I ought to be flattered or My position on the matter is summed up with the British and the French, saying that highly complimented over the fact that we shall furnish assistance provided they in by the following points: their turn carry out the engagements they any interest is shown by any substantial 1. One of the basic principles of repre­ have made. number of people as to my position in sentative government which our founding In Germany we have to furnish the assist­ ·regard to who should be the Republican fathers safeguarded when they wrote the ance, and we cannot withhold it if the Ger­ nominee. I suppose it is because many Constitution was to make certain that our mans do not fulfill the~r part of the bar­ progressives and independent voters form of government would be a civilian gov­ gain. There is no bargain in Germany be­ seem to share my views on p<;>litical ernment free of military domination. It cause we have made ourselves so wholly re­ issues. I want to say to these inquirers doesn't seem to me we can justify making sponsible for the condition of life among who are after me to clarify my position exceptions to that principle simply because our Germans. We have therefore deprived the President is finding it difficult-because ourselves of the power to say to .the Ger­ on Eisenhower that I have taken no po­ of low salaries-to secure civilians to fill ci- mans that we shall stop the subsidy if Bavaria sition on General Eisenhower, and I do vilian posts. · and Lower Saxony choose to put their food not intend, Mr. President, to take any If the salaries for our top administrative into the black market rather than into the position on General Eisenhower until I · positions are too low, then the remedy is Ruhr. know where he stands on the great issues to increase the salaries; but not to transfer 1948 GONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 393 to those civilian posts military personnel, acterized each and every member of the legislative budget, as required under the unless and unt il those .military men resign Armed Services Committee. I think my law. What I wish to address myself to from the Army and return to .full civilian record shows that I never hesitate to for a moment is the newspaper report of stat us. support the President of the United In other words, I have insiSted in this the intention of the Joint Committee on controversy that the principle of filling ci­ States, irrespective of partisanship, the Economic Report to prepare some vilian jobs with civilians st,ems from the con­ when I think he is right on any issue­ legislation extending the time both for stitutional origin of our Government. even subjecting myself to great criticism the legislative budget and for the com­ 2. The proposal to transfer General Kuter within my party for doing so at times. mittee's economic !"eport. to the chairmanship of the CAB, and still My record also shows that I never hesi­ I suppose there is some truth in the permit him to retain his :active Army status tate to vote against him when I think old saying, "Better late than never." I and his much higher Army pay, would re­ he is wrong. To my way of thinking, think it is applicable to a great deal of sult in an unfair discriminatory wage policy that is only ca:rrying out the basic obli­ the work of the Economic Report Com­ on the Civil Aviation Board. · gation which rests upon a Member of It certainly is not fair to the other Com­ mittee to date. I say that most respect- missioners on that Board to pay the Chair­ the Senate if he is to live up to the prin­ , fullY. I want the RECORD to show that man of the Board better than $5,000 more cip1es of representative government. on May 19, 1947, the junior Senator from than they receive. Suc}l a policy does not Because of the inquiries, communica­ Oregon commented on this very problem, encourage either good feeling or tbe greatest tions, and protests which I have re­ and on the importance of our then and of efficiency in Government service. ceived since the action of the Armed there taking action to postpone the date 3. I opposed the transfer of General Kuter Services Committee, I make this state­ for filing tbe committee's economic re­ because I assume that when the Congress ment in order to make unequivocally port and for submitting a legislative passed the appropriation budgets for the clear the reasons for my action on the budget. I introduced a joint resolution, various branches of the military, those budg­ Kuter case, and the basis for my state­ which I judge it is .quite proper for me ets were not watered with surplus personnel; but rather the services of all the officers are ment that not even by a stretch of the to bring to the attention of the Joint needed in connection with carrying out the imagination can anyone justify infer­ Committee on the Economic Report at work and duties of the Military Establish­ ring from my position that it means this time. I do so because apparently ment. that I am for or against General Eisen­ from the newspaper story I have read However, the frequency with which it is hower as a possible nominee of the Re­ the committee is not aware that my May suggested that civlllan posts be iilled with publican Party for the Presidency. 19, 1.94'7, joint resolution is a pending military personnel raises a question with joint resolution, and was introduced in me-and I .know with a good many other REPORT OF JOINT ECONOMIC COMMIT- TEE-VETERANS' LEGISLATION order to cover the very problem which Senators-as to whether we should not look the committee apparently discussed into the question of decreasing the number Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I should o.f generals and admirals ln the Army and when it instructed my good friend from like to invite the attention of the Senator Ohio to prepare some legislation on this the Na vy if so many of them are so readily from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] to what I am available for the filling of civilian posts. point. The joint resolution is brief. It Perhaps the time has come to .get a large about to say, if he is present. If not, he reads as follows: can read it in the RECORD. number of them back to civilian status by Resolved, etc., That (a) the last sentence leglsla tion. In the New York Times of last Sun­ of section 138 (a) of the Legislative Reor­ 4. The committee was presented with a day, I read the following news items: ganization Act of 1946, as amended, is amend­ few precedents involving the transfer of ECONOMIC COl\D4ITTEE TO DELAY J:'l'S REPORT ed by stOking out ''February 1.5" and insert­ military men to civilian posts and, as is usual ing in lieu thereof "March 15." under such circumstances, the argument WASHINGTON, January 17.-The Joint Eco­ nomic Committee agreed today that it would (b) Section 5 (b) (3) of the Employment was made that Kuter's appointmez;tt should Act of 1946, as amended, is amended by strik­ be approved because o.f previous precedents. not have time to make an adequate report on President Truman's economic message by ing out "February 1" and inserting in lieu My answer to that was and is that two thereof· "March 1." wrongs never have made a right; and, further, February 1, as required by law. The group consequently authorized its chairman, Stm ­ I believe the time has come to put an end ator RoBERT A. TAFT, of Ohio, to prepare a Although my resolution has been pend­ to .such precedents. measure for congressional ena'Ctment post­ ing on the calendar for a great many I believe, if I hear th.e voice or the Ameri­ months, I invite the attention of the com­ can people correctly-and as a Member or the poning the dead line until March 1. Senate lt is part of my job to keep my ear to Senator TAFT indicated that slmiiar steps mittee to it now, and urge the committee . might have :to be taken with re.spect to the the ground and listen to the will of the to assist me in obtaining early action on people-t here is an overwhelming sentiment legislative budget. The joint Budget Com­ the joint resolution. I judge from the m ittee is required to report to Congress New York Times story that the resolu­ in support o.f putting an end to the practice February 15 its recommendation of a ceil­ or placing military personnel in civilian ing on Federal expenditures in the U49 tion would accomp1ish what the commit­ posts. tee wishes to accomplish. I wish to add 1 am perfectly willing to -yote to confirm fiscal year beginning July 1. Republicans were criticized 1n :some quar­ that I think the Joint Committee on the any competent ex-military official to a ci­ ters for the economic committee's failure Economic Report has a great job to do. vilian post, but I shall insist that he be in to make a report last year and. for th.e failure civilian status and not in active military I think the country is watching it in of tlh.e Senate and House to agree on terms connection with the whole question of status before I shall vote to confirm him. of the legislative budget. 5. It also is my position that it would have inflation. We have a right to look to the been no true ser-vice to the President If we Tbe Econom'ic Committee's report ts re­ committee to come forward with a con­ had reversed ourselves on the Kuter case be­ quired by the Employment Act of 1946, un­ der which it and the President's Council c.:t structive program which deals with in­ cause, as I told the committee-and there Economic Advisers were established. The flation. The weeks which have passed was gener al agreement with me on the since the special session of Congress have point--had we voted to approve o.f the trans­ committee was not able to organize its sta1f fer of General Kuter, it only would have re­ in time to make a report last year. not resulted in any significant downward sulted in a very controversial debate on the The legislative budget procedure was set movement in prices. They have not re­ 1loor of the Senate; and, 1n my judgment, a up under the Legislative Reorganization sulted in any check on inflation. In majority of the Senate would have refused Act nf 1946. The Budget Committee, con­ many, many instances prices are climb­ to sustain the committee. sisting of members of the Senate and House inr: and climbing. I say that because a good many Members taxing and app.ropriating committees, met the February 15 dead line last year a.nd rec­ Although it is not very comfortable or of the Senate not on the Armed Services personally pleasing for me to constantlY Committee have informed me; personally, ommended an expenditure ceiling represent­ since the issue first arose that they would ing a $6,000,000,000 cut in the President's be saying, "I told you so." .nevertheless, oppose this confirmation on the fioor of the ' budget. But while the :House approved it, attention must be called to what the Senate. I think general opposition has de­ the Senate scaled down the cut to $4,500,- RECORD shows as to the position which veloped in the Senate to the idea of appoint­ 000,000, .and the two C.hambers never did some of us took in the special session of ing military men, still active in the Military agree .on a COJ?promise. Congress. Three of us on this side voted Establishment, to civilian posts and permit­ I think all of us can recall the inter­ against the bill which was put through ting them to retain their active status in esting situation of last year, which devel­ in the special session. As the RECORD thi'l Army or the Navy. oped over our failure to ever reach an shows, we stated in that debate that it , I wish to emphasize that the position agreement within the Republican major­ would not accomplish any effective check I have taken in this case is completely ity as to what the budget cut should be on inflation; and it has not. I repeat: it nonpartisan. I am satisfied that the in total amount. We ended up the ses­ never will. So, as I say, I am looking same attitude of nonpartisanship char- sion by failing to come forward with a to the joint committee coming forward 394 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 21' with a program which has some really one, if we on this side of the aisle will Maj. Gen. Lauris Norstad (brigadier gen­ effective chance of doing something devis~ it. eral, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the United States, to be Deputy Chief of for about inflation, which remains, as of this EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED hour, the No. 1 domestic problem facing Operations, United States Air Force, with the the country. It is the No. 1 political As in executive session, rank of lieutenant general with rank from The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ October 1, 1947; obligation of the Republican Party, which Maj. Gen. Curtis Emerson LeMay (brigadier has a majority in the Congress in this pore laid before the Senate messages general, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the session, to do something about checking from the President of the United States United States, to be commanding general, inflation and the rising cost of living. submitting sundry nominations, which United States Air Force in Europe, with the We must answer to those veterans, for were referred to the appropriate com­ rank of lieutenant general with rank from example, who are writing to us a large mittees. October 1, 1947; (For nominations this day received, Maj. Gen. Idwal Hubert Edwards (brigadier number of letters containing such senti­ ge:herai, U. S. Air Force) , Air Force of the ments' as are expressed in a paragraph see the end of Senate proceedings.) United States, to be Deputy Chief of Staff for from a letter which I received this morn- . EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF A COMMITTEE Personnel and Administration, United States ing from a veteran in college. He says.: Air Force, with the rank of lieutenant general As in executive session, with rank from October 1, 1947; I trust the Republican Party will do some­ The following favorable reports of Maj. ,Gen. Howard Arnold Craig (brigadier thing effective about the spiraling cost of . nominations were submitted: general, U. S. Air· Force), Air Force of the living. It is getting critical. We have ham­ By Mr. GURNEY, from the Committee on United States, to be Deputy Chief of Staff for burger once a week for our meat dish, and Materiel, United States Air Force, with the the prediction is higher prices yet. I got a Armed Services: Lt. Gen. Joseph Lawton Collins, Army of rank of lieutenant general with rank from job this week after living off savings all fall October 1, 1947; term. the United States (brigadier general, U. S. Army), to be Deputy Chief of Staff, United Maj. Gen. Benjamin Wiley Chidlaw (lieu­ He is a veteran in school. I digress a States Army, with the rank of general; tenant colonel, U. S. Air Force), Air Force of Maj. Gen. Willard Stewart Paul, Army of the United States, to be Deputy Commander, moment to say that our party has the Air Materiel Command, with the rank of responsibility on the House side of doing the United States (brigadier general, U. S. Army), to be Director, Personnel and Ad­ lieutenant general with rank from October something about the veterans' legislation ministration, , with the 1, 1947; which remains bottled up in the House of rank of lieutenant general; Maj. Gen. Elwood Richard Quesada (major, Representatives. As the author of that Maj. Gen. Stephen J. Chamberlin, Army of U. S. Air Force) , Air Force of the United legislation on this side, I say again what the United States (brigadier general, U. S. States, to be commanding general, Tactical I have said before, that until my party Army), to be Director of Intelligence, United Air Command, with the rank of lieutenant does something about it in the House and States Army, with the rank of lieutenant general with rank from October 1, 1947; general; Maj. Gen. Edwin William Rawlings (major, · gets that legislation on the way to the U. S. Air Force), Air Force of the United White House, it must assume responsi­ Maj. Gen. Ma-nton Sprague Eddy, An:by of the United States (brigadier general, U. S. States, to be Air Comptroller, United States bility for its nonpassage. I will take my Army), to be Director of Army Education Air Force, with the rank of lieutenant gen­ chances on a Presidential veto once the eral with rank from October 1, 1947; System and Commandant, Command and Brig. Gen. Franklin Otis Carroll, and sun­ bills are passed by the House of Repre­ General Staff College, with the rank of sentatives and sent to the President. dry other officers, for temporary appointment lieutenant general; in the Air Force of the United States; This veteran is one of the students who Col. Wendell Westover, Army of the United Brig. Gen. Doyle Overlton Hickey, and would benefit from that legislation. I States (colonel, Cavalry Reserve), for tempo­ -;undry other officers, for temporary appoint­ think he should have had the benefits of rary appointment as brigadier general in the ment in the Army of the United States; it at the beginning of the fall term. I Army of the United States under the pro­ Maj. Gen. Manton Sprague Eddy, and sun­ feel that we should have done something visions of section 515 of the Officer Person­ dry other officers, for appointment in the nel Act of .1947; such appointment to con­ Regular Army of the United States; about the problem in the special session tinue in force only for the duration of his as­ Maj. Gen. Raymond Hartwell Fleming, and of Congress, so that he could have had signment as executive for Reserve and ROTC sundry other officers, for appointm~nt in the the benefits of it at the beginning of the affairs, Special Staff, United States Army; National Guard of the United States of the winter term. We certainly should do Samuel T. Rhodes, Infantry, Andrew J. Army of the United States; something now so that he may get the Roach, Quartermaster Corps, and Robert K. Maj. Gen. William Henry Draper, Jr., and benefits of this legislation which has Weaver, Infantry, for appointment in the sundry other officers, for appointment in tlie Regular Army of the United States in the Officers' Reserve Corps of the Army of the passed, the Senate, in the spring term. grade of and arm or serv­ United States; I read further from the veteran's ice specified, with dates of rank to be de­ Earl E. Stone, and sundry other officers, letter: termined by the Secretary of the Army, under to be rear admirals in the Navy; . We thm1ght we might give school work the provisions of section 506 of the Officer Vice Adm. John L. McCrea, United States full time for 9 months and then try. to re­ Personnel Act of 1947; Navy, to have 'the grade, rank, pay, and allow­ coup our savings in the summer, but it be­ First Lt. Charles S. Gersoni, Medical Service ances of a vice admiral while serving as came all too apparent that our savings were Corps, for promotion in the Regular Army; deputy commander in chief, Pacific Fleet; dwindling too fast. Maj. Gen. Henry Spiese Aurand, Army of Rear Adm. Arthur C. Miles, United States the United 8tates (brigadier general, U. S. Navy, to have the grade, rank, pay, and allow­ Mr. President, I do not like a "hatchet" Army), for appointment as Director, Service, ances of a vice admiral while serving as Chiet job any better than does anyone else, but Supply, and Procurement, United States of the Material Division, Office of the· Under so long as I feel that we Republicans Army, with the rank of lieutenant general Secretary of the Navy; have bogged down with regard to com­ under the provisions of section 504 of the Maurice E. Curts and Dixwell Ketcham, for Officer Personnel Act of 1947; appointment to the permanent grade of rear ing forward with a constructive program Gordon M. Johnson and sundry other o·f­ admiral in the Navy; on the critical domestic issues facing the ficers for appointment in the Regular Army Capt. Homer N. Wallin, United States country, I shall continue to needle and of the United States; Navy, for temporary appointment to the needle, if that is what is necessary in Maj. Gen. Leslie Richard Groves, Army of grade of rear admiral in the Navy; · order to get some action in support of a the United States (brigadier general, assist­ Admiral DeWitt C. Ramsey, United States ant to the Chief of Engineers and lieutenant sound, constructive, pro~ressive Repub­ Navy, to have the grade, rank, pay, and al­ c9lonel, U. S. Army), for appointment as Army lowances of an admiral while serving as lican program. The alternative is run­ member of the Military Liaison Committee to commander in chief, Pacific and United ning the risk of another Democratic ad­ the Atomic Energy Commission and Chief of States Pacific Fleet; . ministration, which to date has certainly the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project v ·ice Adm. Forrest P. Sherman, United failed miserably in meeting the needs of with the rank of lieutenant general under States Navy, to have the grade, rank, pay, and our postwar economy insofar as effectlve the provisions of section 504 of the Officer allowances of a vice admiral while sening as stabilization is concerned. However, I Personnel Act of 1947; commander, United States Naval Forces in Lt. Gen. Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg (major the Mediterranean; think a majority of our people believe general, U. S. Air F'orce), Air Force of the Vice Adm. John D. Price, United States and I agree that at least the President is United States, to be Vice Chief of Staff, Navy, to have the grade, rank, and al­ , trying to secure the adoption by Con­ United States Air. Force, with the rank of lowances of ·a vice admiral while serving as gress of either his program or a better general with rank from October 1, 1947; Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air); 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 395 Vice Adm. Harold B. Sallada, United States The matters referred to are as fol­ Information on the background and pur­ Navy, to have the grade, rank, pay, and allow­ lows: poses of the coffee agreement is set forth ances of a vice admiral while serving as in the report of January 8, 1941, by the Secre-· commander, Air Force, United States Pacific To the Senate of the United St ates: tary of State to the President (Senate Execu­ Fleet; To the end that I may receive the advice tive A, 77th Cong., 1st sess.). Capt. Howard M. Shaffer, and sundry other and consent of the Senate to ratification, I Advice and consent to ratification of the staff officers, for appointment to the per­ transmit herewith a protocol for the exten­ coffee agreement was given by the Senate on manent grade of rear admiral in the Navy: sion for 1 year from October 1, 1947, subject February 3, 1941. The agreement was rati­ Midshipman John C. Shannon (Naval Acad­ to certain conditions, of the Inter-American fied by the President on February 12, 1941, emy), to be ensign in the Navy; Coffee Agreement, signed in Washington on and the instrument of ratification by the Charles R. Mischke and Charles B. Teal November 28, 1940. The protocol was open United States deposited with the Pan Ameri­ (Naval Reserve Officers' Training Corps); for signature at the Pan American Union can Union on April 14, 1941. On April 15, Jerry W. Bat es to be an ensign in the Navy in Washington from September 11, until 1941, a protocol was signed at Washington, from the 6t h day of June 1947 in lieu of ap­ November 1, 1947. It was signed during that bringing the agreement into force on April pointment as ensign in the Supply Corps of period for the United States of America, sub­ 16, 1941, among the governments which had the Navy as previously nominated and con­ ject to ratification, and for the 14 other up to that time deposited ratificat ions or ap­ firmed; American Republics which became parties provals of the agreement. The Congress of Edward F . Krueger to be an ensign in the to the Inter-American Coffee Agreement. the United States, by joint resolution ap­ Civil Engineers Corps of the Navy from the I transmit also for the information of the proved April 11, 1941, provided for the carry­ 4th day of June 1948 in lieu of appointment Senate a report by the Secretary of State ing out of the obligations of the United as en sign in the Navy as previously nom­ with respect to the protocol. · States under the agreement on and after the inat ed; Inasmuch as the previous extension of the entry into force of the agreement and during Lowell K. Cunningham and several other Inter-American Coffee Agreement expired on the continuation in force of tne obligations civilian college graduates to be lieutenants October 1, 1947, and in view of the fact that of the United States thereunder (55 Stat. (junior grade) in the Medical Corps of the the present protocol will extend the agree­ 133). Navy; ment for only 1 year from that date, I rec­ The agreement, which was to expire on Marshall V. Perry (civilian college gradu­ ommend that early consideration be given to October 1, 1943, was twice extended without ate) to be an ensign in the Civil Engineer the protocol by the Senate. modification for 1-year periods by unani­ Corps of the Navy; HARRY S. TRUMAN. mous approval of the signatory countries. Thomas H. Boothman, and sundry other THE WHITE HOUSE, January 21, 1948. That action was ta'Ken pursuant to the pro­ civilian college graduates to be ensigns in (Enclosures: (1) Report of the Secretary visions of article XXIV of the agreement, the Supply Corps of the Navy; of State; (2) Protocol for the extension of which authorize the continuation of the Robert C. Doerpinghaus and William E. the Inter-American Coffee Agreement-cer­ agreement upon acceptance by all partici­ Nims, civilian college graduates, to be lieu­ tified copies in the English, Spanish, Por­ pating governments of a recommendation by tenants (junior grade) in the Civil Engineer tuguese, and French languages.) the Inter-American Coffee B:Jard that the Corps of the Navy; duration of the agreement be extended. By Patricia L. Ratcliffe to be ensign in the a protocol open for signature at the Pan Nurse Corps of the Navy, to correct spelling DEPARTMENT OF STATE, American Union from September 1, 1945, of name; and Washington, January 20, 1948. until November 1, 1945, the agreement was William L. Eagleton and sundry other The PRESIDENT, extended, with certain modifications, for an officers to be commander, lieutenant com­ The White House: additional 1-year period from October 1, manders, and lieutenants ln the Navy. The undersigned, the Secretary of State, 1945. By a protocol open for signature at Maj. Gen. Thomas E. Watson to have the has the honor to lay before the President, the Pan American Union from September 3, grade, rank, pay, and allowances of lieuten­ with a view to its transmission to the Sen­ 1946, until November 1, 1946, the agreement ant general in the Marine Corps while serv­ ate to receive the advice and consent of that was extended, subject to certain conditions, body to ratification, if his judgment approve for a further 1-year period from October 1, ing as commanding general, Fleet Marine thereof, a cert ified copy of a protocol for the Force, Pacific; ext ension for 1 year from October 1, 1947, 1946. Those extensions also were approved Maj. Gen. Clifton B. Cates to be the Com­ subject to certain conditions, of the Inter­ by the domestic coffee trade. mandant of the Marine Corps with the rank American Coffee Agreement signed in Wash­ Inasmuch as the previous extension of the of general for a period of 4 years from the ington on November 28, 1940. The protocol, agreement expired on October 1, 1947, and 1st day of J anuary 1948; and in accordance with the. provisions of article in view of the fact that the present protocol Maj. Gen. William P. T. Hill to be Quarter­ 4 thereof, was open for signature at the Pan will extend the agreement for only 1 year master General of the Marine Corps, with American Union in Washington from Sep­ from that date, the Department of State the rank of major general, for a period of 2 tember 11 , 1947, until November 1, 1947, and recommends its early approval on behalf of years from February 1, 1948. during that period was signed for the United the Government of the United States of America. INTER-AMERICAN COFFEE AGREEMENT- States of America, subject to ratification, and for the 14 other American republics which Respectfully submitted. REMOVAL OF INJUNCTION OF SECRECY became parties to the Inter-American Coffee G. C. MARSHALL. FROM PROTOCOL Agreement. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ The protocol retains the framework of the PROTOCOL FOR THE EXTENSION OF THE INTER­ pore. As in executive session, the Chair Inter-American Coffee agreement for a 1- AMERICAN COFFEE AGREEMENT FOR 1 YEAR year period, but suspends the provisions of FROM OCTOBER 1, 1947 lays before the Senate Executive A, articles I to VIII, inclusive, of that agree­ Eightieth Congress, second session, a ment, which relate to coffee quotas . . Whereas an Inter-American Coffee Agree­ ment (hereinafter referred to as "the Agree­ protocol for the extension for 1 year Article 3 of the protocol provides that the from October 1, 1947, subject to certain ment") was signed in Washington on No­ Inter-American Coffee Board shall · under­ vember 28, 1940; and conditions, of the Inter-American Coffee take to complete by April 1, 1948, its recom­ mendations regarding the type of coopera­ Whereas by a Protocol signed in Washing­ Agreement, signed in Washington on No­ ton April 15, 1941, the Agreement was vember 28, 1940. tion which appears most likely to contribute to the development of sound and prosperous brought into force on April 16, 1941, in re­ The Chair wishes to call the atten­ conditions in international trade in coffee spect of the Governments on behalf of which tion of the Senate to the requirement equitable for both consumers and producers. the Protocol was signed on April 15, 1941; that the injunction of secrecy be re­ Article 3 of the protocol provides further that and mov~d from the treaty. Is it satisfactory the Inter-American Coffee Board shall under­ Whereas article XXIV of the said Agree­ to the Senator from Michigan that the take to make arrangements prior to October ment provides that it should continue in injunction of secrecy on the treaty be 1, 1948, for the transfer of its functions, as­ force until October 1, 1943; and removed? sets, and records to an appropriate inter­ Whereas by unanimous consent the Gov­ American or other international organiza- ernments signatory to the Agreement twice Mr. VANDENBERG. That i!) entirely tion. ' extended the said Agreement unchanged for satisfactory. The 1-year extension provided for by the 1-year periods, these extensions being duly The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ protocol has been recommended by an in­ attested by two certified and signed Declara­ pore. Without objection, the injunction terdepartmental committee consisting of rep­ tions passed by the Inter-American Coffee of secrecy will be removed from the pro­ resentatives of the interested agencies of the Board on May 12, 1943 and July 25, 1944, re­ tocol, and it will be referred the Com­ United States Government. The domestic spectively, which were dltly deposited in the to coffee trade has indicated that it considers Pan American Union on June 11, 1943, and mittee on Foreign Relations and printed that the extension of the agreement for 1 September 11, 1944, respectively, in accord­ in the RECORD, together with accom­ year under the terms set forth in the ance with the provisions of article XX!V panying papers. protocol would be a desirable measure. of the Agreement; and 396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 21 Whereas by a Protocol signed and deposited ican · Union which shall furnish certified The following-named persons for appoint­ with the Pan American Union under date copies to the Governments signatory to this · ment as Foreign Service officers of class 6, of. October 1, 1945, the said Agreement was Protocol. vice consuls of career, and secretaries in the extended for one year from October 1, 1945, CARLOS MARTINS PEREIRA E SOUZA diplomatic service of the United States of with certain changes recommended by the . Brazil America: Inter-American Coffee Board; and ANDRES URIBE c. Thomas J. Corcoran, of New York. Whereas by a Protocol signed and depos­ Colombia William D. Craig, of California. ited with the Pan American Union under J. RAFAEL 0REAMUNO Wayne W. Fisher; of Iowa. date of October 1, 1946, the said Agreement Costa Rica Francis C. Grant, Jr., of Pennsylvania. was extended for one year from October 1, GMO. BELT Matthew J. Looram, Jr., of New York. 1946, subject to certain conditions recom­ Cuba Eugene V. McAuliffe, of Massachusetts. mended by the Inter-American Coffee Board. JULIO ORTEGA James D. Moffett, of Minnesota. Now, therefore, in support of a recom­ Dominican Republic John F. O'Donnell, Jr., of Massachusetts. mendation made by the Inter-American C9f­ C. J. AROSEMEN A Howard W. Potter, Jr., of New York. fee Board on September 11, 1947, the Gov­ Ecuador RECONSTRUCTION ~!NANCE CORPORATION ernments signatory to the present Protocol, C ARLOS A. SIRI The following-named persons to be mem­ considering that it is fea,sible, pending fur­ El Salvador bers of the Board of Directors of the Recon­ ther efforts toward completion of interna­ ENRIQUE L6PEZ HERRARTE struction Finance Corporation for terms of tional and inter-American arrangements for Guatemala 2 years from January 22, 1948: dealing with commodity problems, that the JOSEPH D. CHARLES Harvey Jones Gunderson, of South Dakota. Agreement should b.e prolonged for one ad­ Haiti Henry T. Bodman, of Michigan. ditional year, subject to the conditions stated JULIAN R. C ACERES Henry A. Mulligan, of New York. below, have agreed as follows: Hondw·as John D. Goodloe, of Kentucky. v. S .\ NCHEZ GAVITO JR.· Harley Hise, of California. ARTICLE 1 Mexico Subject to the provisions of Article 2 here­ GUILLERMO SEVILLA S ACASA UNITED STATES MARSHAL of, the Agreement shall continue in force Nicaragua Rupert Hugo Newcomb, of Mississippi, to between the Governments signatory to the C . . ALZAMORA be United St ates m arshal for the southern present Protocol for a period of one year I Peru district of Mississippi, · vice Wyatt T. Reese, from October 1, 1947. • WILLARD L . THORP, term expired. ARTICLE 2 (Subject to Ratification) UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE United States of America During the period specified in Article 1 The following-named candidates for ap­ above, the Governments signatory to the M. A. FALC6N-BRICEKO pointment in the Regular Corps of the Pub­ present Protocol agree that the provisions Venezuela lic Health Service: of Article I through and including VIII of To be surgeons . (equivalent to the Army the Agreement shall be inoperative. I hereby certify that the foregoing docu­ ment is a true and faithful copy of the origi­ rank of major), effective date of acceptance: ARTICLE 3 nal, in English, of the Protocol for the Ex­ Frank S. French (a) During the period specified in Article 1 tension of the Inter-American ·Coffee Agree­ Emanuel E. Mandel above, the Inter-American Coffee Board shall ment for one year from October 1, 1947, To be pharmacist (equivalent to the Army undertake to complete by April 1, 1948, its deposited in the Pan American Union .. rank of major), effective date of acceptance: recommendations for the consideration of Washington, D. C., December 4, 1947 George B. Hutchison the governments now participating in the (SEAL] WILLIAM MANGER, COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY Agreement and of other governments that Secretary of the Governing Board of The following-named employees of the might be interested in participating in an the Pan American Union. Coast and Geodetic Survey to the positions understanding regarding the type of coopera­ RECESS TO FRIDAY indicated: tion, whether inter-American or other inter­ To be ensign in the Coast and Geodet ic national, that appears most likely to con­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. I move that the Survey, from the date indicated: tribute to the development of sound and Senate take a recess until Friday, Janu- Ward A. Kemp, October 10, 1947. prosperous conditions in international trade ary 23, at 12 o'clock noon. · To the rank of captain in the Coast and in coffee equitable for both consumers and Geodetic Survey, from the date indicated: producers. The motion was agreed to; and Cat 1 o'clock and 35 minutes p. m.) the Sen­ Jack Senior, January 1, 1948. _ (b) Such recommendations shall be in ac­ Ronald D. Horne, March 1, 1948. cordance with general principles of com­ ate took a recess until Friday, January Charles K. Green, March 1, 1948. modity policy .which are embodied in the 23, 1948, at 12 o'clock meridian. To the rank of commander in the Coast Chapter on Inter-governmental Commodity and Geodetic Survey, from the date indi· Arrangements drafted in the First Session of NOMINATIONS cated: the Preparatory Committee on the United Henry C. Warwick, January 1, 1948. Nations Conference on Trade ·and Employ­ Executive nominations received by the Benjamin H. Rigg, March 1, 1948. ment or which may be embodied in the Char­ Senate January 21, 1948: Albert J. Hoskinson, March 1, 1948. ter for an International Trade Organization DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE To the rank of lieutenant commander in if such Charter is concluded prior to the A. Ogden Pierrot, of Virginia, for appoint­ the Coast and Geodetic Survey, from the submission of such recommendations by the date indicated: Board. ment as a Foreign Service officer of class 2 and a secretary in the diplomatic service of Ernest B. Lewey, January 1, 1948. (c) The Inter-American Coffee Board shall the United States of America. John C. Mathisson, March 1, 1948. undertake to m ake arrangements prior to George E. Morris, March 1, 1948. October 1, 1948, for the transfer of .its func­ The following-named persons for appoint­ tions, assets and rec,ards to an appropriate ment as Foreign Service officers of class 3, !N THE NAVY inter-American or other international or­ consuls, and ·secretaries in the diplomatic Rear Adm. Cato D. Glover, Jr., United States ganization. service of the United States of America: Navy, for permanent appointment to the Francis A. Flood, of Oklahoma. ARTICLE 4 grade of rear admiral in the Navy. Owen T. Jones, of Ohio. Rear Adm. Henry R. Oster,. United States The present Protocol shall be open for John W. Henderson, of Iowa, for appoint­ Navy, for permanent appointment to the signature at the Pan American Union from ment as a Foreign Service officer of class 4, a grade of rear admiral in the Navy. September 11, 1947, until November 1, 1947, consul, and a secretary in the diplomatic provided, however, that all signatures shall service of the United States of America. · The following-named officers for appoint• be deemed to have been affixed under date ment in the Supply Corps of the Navy in the The following-named persons for appoint­ grades hereinafter stated: of October 1, 1947, and the Protocol shall ment as · Foreign · Service officers of class 5, be considered as having entered into force vice consuls of career, and secretaries in the LIEUTENANT on that date with respect to the govern­ diplomatic service of the United States of James A. Warren ments on behalf of which it is signed. America: In witness whereof the undersigned, being LIEUTENANTS (JUNIOR GRADE) Elleard B. Heffern, of Missouri. Charles F. Grad Leon J. Dura duly aut horized thereto by their respec­ Charles E. Higdon, of Tennessee. tive Governments, have signed the present Harvey E. Lewis Elbert S. Rawls, Jr. Samuel Owen Lane, of California. John E. Aicken Protocol. Richard F. Lankenau, of Indiana. Done at the City of Washington in the William L. Magistretti, of California. ENSIGNS English, Spanish, Portuguese and French Armin H. Meyer, of Illinois. Stewart W. ·Damon RobertS. Haley languages. The original instrument in each Clinton L. Olson, of California. Robert A. Evans, Jr. Richard J. O'Brien language shall be deposited l.n the Pan Amer- David Post, of Pennsylvania. Fritz H. Hediger '1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 397.

IN THE MARINE CORPS my remarks in the RECORD. I am advised The CAB is 2 years behind in its docket. The following-named officers for appoint­ by the Public Printer that the remarks Employee morale is at a very low ebb. ment to the permanent grade of major gen­ exceed the usual amount allowed to the Here we have two of the most responsible eral in the Marine Corps: extent of $230.75. Notwithstanding the boards that are subject to the appointing Alfred H. Noble excess amount, I ask unanimous consent power of the President in a state o:' in­ Graves B. Erskine that the extension may be made. e:tnciency and disintegration. The Pres­ The following-named officers for appoint­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ident recently suggested the name of an ment to the permanent grade of brigadier the request of the gentleman from New Air Forces man to be head of the CAB, general in the Marine Corps: Jersey [Mr. AUCHINC~OSS]? but that was not satisfactory because it Edward A. Craig There was no objection. was proposed that he be chairman of a Thomas J. Cushman Mr. MORTON asked and was given civilian board but at the same time draw permission to extend his remarks in the his Air Force pay as a general of the Air Appendix of the RECORD on the subject Forces. The CAB could have come under of grain allocation for the beverage dis­ the control of the Army Air Force. How HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tilling industry. can one man serve two masters? Mr. BAKEWELL asked and was given The situation is one which should re­ WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1948 permission to extend his remarks in the ceive prompt attention by the Congress, for the appointing authority is either The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Appendix of the RECORD. . Mr. MILLER of Nebraska asked and unable or unwilling to designate compe:. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Mont­ tent personnel to insure the carrying cut gomery, D. D., offered the following was given permission to extend his re­ marks in the Appendix of the RECORD of the air safety program. The lives and prayer: in two instances, in one to include an safety of the air-traveling public should Blessed Lord, in meditation and prayer address by Mr. Straus, of the Reclama­ no longer be endangered by politics, in­ we would ponder these great injunctions.: tion Bureau, and in the other to include decision, or callous indifference. Know thyself, control thyself, give thy­ resolutions passed by the Nebraska Rec­ RETIRED . RAILROAD EMPLOYEES AND self. Through the dawning of each day lamation Association. THEIR SURVIVORS ARE IN THE FOR­ may their growth be determined in our Mr. BOGGS of Delaware asked and GOTTEN CLASS lives, thus fulfilling our God-given best. was given permission to extend his re­ Mr. VANZANDT. Mr. Speaker, I ask 0 Lord, the greatness of a nation de­ marks in the Appendix of the RECORD and pends not upon its resources but how it unanimous consent to address the House include an editorial. for 1 minute and to revise and extend uses them; forbid that we should waste Mr. TWYMAN asked and was given or foolishly dissipate them. Let our my remarks. permission to extend his remarks in the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to thoughts be centered in a passion for Appendix of the RECORD and include an higher things; make us strong in Thy the request of the gentleman from Penn­ editorial from the Peoria Journal.of Jan­ sylvania? strength, wise in Thy wisdom, and loving uary 4. in Thy love. Give us the spirit of cour­ There was no objection. Mr. TOLLEFSON asked and was given Mr. VANZANDT. Mr. Speaker, since age to overcome our faults, casting out permission to extend his remarks in the the beam from our own eye, and extend­ the Eightieth Congress convened in Jan­ Appendix of the RECORD and include an uary 1947, hours have been consumed ing our horizons of br<>therhood and. un­ editorial. derstanding. In-the name of our SaVIQur. with oratory designed to indoctrinate the Mr. VANZANDT asked and was given American people with the plight of those Amen. permission to extend his remarks in the in various parts of the world who have The Journal of the proceedings of Appendix of the RECORD and include an been victims of the war and, as a result, yesterday was read and approved. article entitled "Naval Air Service Has deprived of the necessities of life. In ExTENSION OF REMARKS Record of No Passenger Fatalities Dur­ response, this Congress has already ap­ ing 1947." propriated millions of dollars to aid un­ Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin asked and Mr. RICH asked and was given per­ fortunate people in various countries, to was granted permission to extend his re­ mission to extend his remarks in the Ap­ say nothing of billions of dollars appro­ marks in the RECORD and include a table pendix of the RECORD and include an edi­ priated by previous Congresses. from the Department of Agriculture. torial from the Bristol Courier entitled While these acts of world-wiqe charity Mr. MACK asked and was granted per­ "The Tariff Issue." were being practiced at the direct ex­ mission to extend his remarks in the THE CRIPPLED CAB AND CAA pense of the American taxpayers, mil­ RECORD and include a radio speech made lions of our own citizens are in dire and to the people of his district. · Mr. BAKEWELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask desperate straits because of their in- Mr. CROW asked and was granted per­ unanimous consent to address the House . ability to purchase the bare necessities mission to extend his remarks in the for 1 minute and to revise and extend my of life on account of the present high RECORD and include a statement by James remarks. cost of living. According to the Bureau F. O'Neal, national commander of the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to of Labor Statistics, the increase in the American Legion, made before the For­ the request of the gentleman from Mis­ cost of living reached an all-time high eign Relations Committee of the Senate. souri? of 67.2 ·percent above the August 1939 Mr. SNYDER asked and was granted There was no objection. level. permission to extend his remarks in the Mr. BAKEWELL. Mr. Speaker, I no­ Mr. Speaker, in my congressional dis­ RECORD and include an editorial from the ticed in the morning paper that there has trict there are thousands of retired em­ Martinsburg Journal on the subject They been another air accident near Boston. ployees under the Social Security and Are Not Broke. Fortunately, no lives were lost, but this Railroad Retirement Acts. These groups Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak­ seems to be due to the courage and the are sufiering greatly because of the er, I ask unanimous consent to extend pluck of the passengers and crew. While meager benefits they are receiving. It my remarks in the RECORD and include a we have continuous air crashes in the should be remembered that these groups magazine article. I am advised by the United States of America, the Civil Aero­ represent the stalwart citizens of yester­ Public Printer that the length of the ar­ nautics Board is without a chairman. day, who, by their labor and the pay- ' ticle is in excess of the amount allowed The Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics ment of taxes, played such an important under the rules to the extent of $177. Authority has offered his resignation. role in building this great Nation. Notwithstanding, I ask unanimous con­ At a press conference within the last In the President's recent message on sent that it may be printed. 2 weeks, it was indicated that the ap­ the state of the Union, he endorsed the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to .pointing authority did not even realize sentiment of many of us. in Congress the request of the gentleman from Wis­ that another vacancy existed on the that the provisions of the Social Security consin? CAB. And this morning's papers an­ Act should be liberalized. There was no objection. nounce the resignation of still another It is common knowledge that veterans' , Mr. AUCffiNCLOSS. Mr. Speaker, 2 member. Another member of the CAA benefits have been increased at 'two dif­ days ago I received permission to extend has asked for a 4-year leave of absence. ferent intervals the past several years.